This document contains lecture slides from a class on sustainable water and sanitation. It discusses different sources of water, including surface water sources like lakes and rivers, and groundwater sources. For lakes, it describes oligotrophic, eutrophic, and dystrophic lakes and their water quality characteristics. It also discusses protecting water sources through hygienic barriers, protection zones, and well construction. The document covers topics like groundwater flow, aquifer types, and potential sources of groundwater pollution.

1. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Sustainable water supply - surface
and groundwater
THT282 Introduction to sustainable water and sanitation
Professor Petter D. Jenssen
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences,
Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB)
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

2. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Lecture keywords
• Surface water sources
• Groundwater sources
• Protection of water sources
– Hygienic barriers
– Protection zones
– Well construction
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

3. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen Water resources
Accessible
Freshwater
= only 1/3 of the total 2.5 % !
Source: (1)
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

4. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Lecture keywords
• Surface water sources
• Groundwater sources
• Protection of water sources
– Hygienic barriers
– Protection zones
– Well construction
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

5. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

6. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Temperature stratification of (deeper)
lakes
Surface
Bottom
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

7. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Surface water sources - lakes
 Oligotrophic
 Eutrophic
 Dystrophic
7
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

8. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Surface water sources - lakes
 Oligotrophic
– very low in nutrients
– clear water
– often low in minerals and dissolved solids
– pH dependent on watershed geology/soils
– high oxygen status (DO)
– normally a good water source
8
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

9. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Surface water sources - lakes
Oligotrophic
– very low in nutrients
– clear water
– often low in minerals and dissolved solids
– pH dependent on watershed geology/soils
– high oxygen status (DO)
– normally a good water source
9
Water treatment
– pH adjustment
– Disinfection
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

10. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Surface water sources - lakes
Eutrophic
– turbid water
– rich in nutrients (algae blooms)
– low in minerals and dissolved solids (soft water)
– may have anaerobic conditions near the bottom
– poor water source, requires elaborate treatment
10
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

11. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Surface water sources - lakes
Eutrophic
– turbid water
– rich in nutrients (algae blooms)
– low in minerals and dissolved solids (soft water)
– may have anaerobic conditions near the bottom
– poor water source, requires elaborate treatment
11
Water treatment
– Sedimentation
– Coagulation/flocculation
– Carbon filtration
– Disinfection
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

12. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Surface water sources - lakes
 Dystrophic
– the water has high color (Pt units)
– low in nutrients
– often low pH
– surrounded by bogs/wetlands
– requires elaborate treatment to reduce color
12
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

13. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Surface water sources - lakes
Dystrophic
– the water has high color (Pt units)
– low in nutrients
– often low pH
– surrounded by bogs/wetlands
– requires elaborate treatment to reduce color
13
Water treatment
– Coagulation/flocculation
– Ozonation
– Disinfection
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

14. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Photo: R. Gjørven
Water from rivers/streams
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

15. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Agriculture
Photo: R. Gjørven
Water from rivers/streams
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

16. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Agriculture
Sewage
Photo: R. Gjørven
Water from rivers/streams
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

17. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Water from rivers/streams
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

18. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

19. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
How would you construct a water supply
system from a river/stream?
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

20. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Lecture keywords
• Surface water sources
• Groundwater sources
• Groundwater flow
• Groundwater vs. surface water
• Protection of water sources
– Hygienic barriers
– Protection zones
– Well construction
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

21. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater
Groundwater sources
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

22. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater quality
Groundwater sources
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

23. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater quality
23
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

24. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater pollution
24
Industry
Acid rain
Urban areas
Agriculture
Landfills
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

25. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater pollution
25
Acid rain
Urban areas
Agriculture
-NO3
-Pathogens
Landfills
Industry
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

26. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater pollution
26
Acid rain
Urban areas
Agriculture
-NO3
-Pathogens
Landfills
-toxic chemicals
Industry
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

27. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater pollution
27
Acid rain
Urban areas
Agriculture
-NO3
-Pathogens
Landfills
-toxic chemicals
Industry
-toxic chemicals
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

28. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater pollution
28
Acid rain
Urban areas
- leaky sewers
Agriculture
-NO3
-Pathogens
Landfills
-toxic chemicals
Industry
-toxic chemicals
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

29. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater
Calculation of groundwater flow and
aquifer yield
Aquifer type and geometry
Aquifer properties
Hydraulic conductivity
Transmissivity
Darcy´s law
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

30. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater – Aquifers
Source:
(31)
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

31. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Aquifers
• Unconfined aquifer
- The water is in direct contact with the atmosphere
- Usually shallow aquifers
• Confined aquifer
- The water is not in direct contact with the atmosphere
- the water bearing structure is confined by a layer with
lower hydraulic conductivty, often clay
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

32. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Unconfined aquifer
In an unconfined aquifer
there is:
• An unsaturated zone
(pores not saturated with
water, but filled also with
air)
• A saturated zone below
the water table
Unsaturated
zone
Saturated
(groundwater)
zone
Groundwater
table
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

33. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Unconfined aquifers
• More likely to be polluted by cesspools, pit latrines
and infiltration than a confined aquifer
• Water quality might be OK if cesspool or pit latrines
are at some distance, and not dug directly into
saturated zone
• The aquifer is better protected if unsaturated zone is
thick
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

34. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Aqufer mainly
recharged by rain
Aquifer mainly
recharged from the river
Unconfined aquifers
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

35. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Confined aquifer
• Less likely to be polluted by cesspools and pit latrines
than a unconfined aquifer (to some extent protected
by the confining layer)
• Water quality usually changes quite slow.
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

36. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Confined aquifer
• A confined aquifer often have an unconfined part
where the major part of natural recharge takes place
• Alternatively the recharge takes place by leakage
from adjacent aquifers through confining or semi-
confining layer(s)
Source:
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

37. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Saltwater intrusion
Sea
Salt water
Sweet water
Groundwater table
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

38. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Darcy´s law: q=K*i
38
Darcy´s law is an equation used to calculate flow in
porous media. The next few slides shows Darcy´s
law in one dimensional form and an example of how
you can calculate the average velocity of the water
flow.
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

39. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Darcy’s law
q = - K * i or Q = - A * K * i
where
q = specific flow (L/T) average flow velocity - over whole
specified cross section
K = hydraulic conductivity (L/T)
i = dh/dx or slope of ground water table (dimensionless)
Q = Volume flow (L3
/T)
A = cross-section area perpendicular to flow direction (L2
)
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

40. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
dx
dh
i = dh/dx (or slope of ground water table)
Hydraulic gradient i
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

41. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater flow direction -
triangulation
+57
+53
+52
+56
+55
+54
+53
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

42. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Average flow velocity in the soil pores (v)
q=K*i,
q = specific flow (m/d)
K = Hydraulic conductivity (m/d)
i = The slope of the groundwater surface (h/l)
v=q/ne
v = average velocity in the soil pores (m/d)
ne = porosity available for flow (0 - 1,0)
To find the average flow
velocity we have to
divide the specific flow
with the porosity
available for flow ne
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

43. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Porosity available for flow ne
Clay Gravel Boulders
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

44. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Retention of solids
Infiltration of liquids
Polluted groundwater
Nitrates
Viruses
Pathogens
Pit latrine - Risk of pollution
q=K*i
What is the average velocity of
the water particles (v)?
What is the travel time from the
pit latrine to the well (d)?
L=15m
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

45. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater vs. surface water
45
Property Groundwater Surface water
pH Higher lower
SS Low High
N Low Varying/higher
O2 Low High
Hygiene High quality Varying quality
Vulnerability Low Higher
Restablishment Slow Faster
Temperature Stable Varying
Capacity/yield Lower Higher
Recharge Slow Fast
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

46. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater vs. Surface water
• What do you think is the dominating water resource
in Norway and why?
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

47. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Soils of Scandinavia
by genetic origin
Exposed bedrock partly
with thin moraine
Moraine
Fluvial and glaciofluvial
sediments
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

48. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Lecture keywords
• Surface water sources
• Groundwater sources
• Selection of a water source
• Protection of water sources
– Hygienic barriers
– Protection zones
– Well construction
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

49. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Hygienic barriers
In Norway water supply systems serving
more than 100 people needs 2 hygienic
• Natural barriers
• Constructed barriers
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

50. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Natural barriers
Lakes
Extract the water from
the hypolimnion
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

51. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Natural barriers
Rivers
Extract the water
upstream of human
activity
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

52. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Constructed barriers
• Sand filtration (physical/biological)
• UV-disinfection (physical)
• Chlorination (chemical)
• Chemical precipitation (chemical)
• Membrane filtration (physical)
• Well protection (physical/biological)
• Restriction on human activities in the
watershed/recharge area (regulatory)
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

53. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Protection zones (groundwater in sediments)
Zone
0:
The
well-­‐head
area
Zone
1:
The
close
recharge
area
–minimum
residence
time
to
well
60days
Zone
2:
The
distant
recharge
area
-­‐
all
water
that
is
pumped
from
the
well
is
recharged
within
this
area
Zone
3:
The
maximum
protection
area
-­‐
area
where
activity
may
in=luence
the
groundwater
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

54. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Protection zones (groundwater in sediments)
Elverum groundwater works
Zone 0
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Source: NGU, GIN-veileder nr.7
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

55. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Protection zones (groundwater in bedrock)
The protection zone for a
groundwater supply from
a well in bedrock may
differ from a well in
sediments. In the
example to the right the
immediate fractures
feeding the well
constitute Zone 1. Zone
2 is the terrain draining
towards the fracture
zones.
Source: NGU, GIN-veileder nr.7
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

56. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater wells
56
Wells in rock
Drilled
Blasted
Wells in uncosolidated sediments
Tube well Dug
well
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

57. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Groundwater wells
57
Wells in rock
Drilled
Blasted
Wells in uncosolidated sediments
Tube well Dug
well
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

58. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Truck mounted drill rig
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

59. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Air compressor
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

60. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Well construction - drilled well in rock
Steel
tube
Lid with lock
Soil
Rock
Packer
seal
Water pipe
Jenssen 2000
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

61. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
61
Example of an uprotected well in rock
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

62. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Uppgrading of a drilled well in rock
Steel
tube
Water pipe
Soil
Rock Inner tube
plastic
Packer
seal
Jenssen 2000
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

63. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
63
New Improved old well
Well construction - drilled well in rock
Jenssen 2000 Jenssen 2000
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

64. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
64
Well construction - tube well
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

65. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
65
Well construction - tube well
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

66. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Well construction - dug well
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

67. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
Fence protection
Convex surface
Lid w/lock
Impermeable membrane
Clay
Watertight walls
Groundwater table
Watertight pipe boring
Gravel
Drainage trench to
divert surface water
Source: Folkehelseinstituttet (2007)
Well construction - dug well
tirsdag 23. oktober 12

68. NORWEGIAN
UNIVERSITY
OF
LIFE
SCIENCES
www.umb.no
Department
of
Plant
and
Environmental
Sciences,
P.D.
Jenssen
”The water cycle”
tirsdag 23. oktober 12