Surfactants are substances that lower surface tension and form micelles. They have both a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head. Surfactants are used as detergents, emulsifiers, fabric softeners, and in oil recovery. The critical micelle concentration is the minimum amount of surfactant needed to reduce surface tension and form micelles.

2. INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
SURFACTANT STRUCTURE
PROPERTIES
APPLICATION
SURFACE & INTERFACIAL TENSION

3. • Surface active agents.
• Lower surface tension.
• Surfactants are substances that create self-assembled molecular clusters called micelles in a
solution (water or oil phase) and adsorb to the interface between a solution and a different
phase (gases/solids).
• Usually the molecules of the substances called surfactants have both an alkyl chain with 8–22
carbons.
• This chain is called a hydrophobic group & a functional group called the hydrophilic group

4. • Foarce per unit length acting at surface at right
angle.
• Surface is boundary between two phases,
where one of the two phase is gas or vapour.
• Indicates strength of cohesive foarce.
• Unit : N/m or dyne/cm
• Foarce per unit length acting at interface at
right angle.
• Interface is boundary between two phase
(liquid or solid).
• Indicate strength of adhesive foarce.
• Unit : N/m or dyne/cm

5. •Benzalkonium Chloride
•Cetyl trimethyl ammonium
• Methylbenzethonium
• Cetrimide
• Pahutoxin
• Sodium lauryl sulphate
• Triaton-X200
• Sodium acetyl sulphate
• Docusate
• Sodium stearte
• N-alkylamino acid
• Lecithin
• Betain
• Alkylbetaine
• Alkylamidopropylbetaine (APB)

7. •Nonionic surfactants represent a major component
material for applications ranging from personal care
to a wide range of industrial uses.
•Structurally, nonionic surfactants combine
uncharged hydrophilic and hydrophobic group that
make them effective in wetting and spreading and
as emulsifiers and foaming agents.
•Concurrently, they have minimal skin and eye
irritation effects and exhibit a wide range of critical
secondary performance properties.
•The hydrophilic component of nonionic surfactants
is currently based largely on poly(ethylene oxide)
(EO), which is petroleum-derived.

8. •Anionic surfactants work best to remove dirt,
clay, and some oily stains.
•When added to water, the anionic
surfactants ionize and have a negative charge.
•The negatively charged surfactants bind to
positively charged particles like clay.
•Anionic surfactants are effective in removing
particulate soils.
•Anionic surfactants are currently the types most
used, being incorporated in the majority of
detergent and cleaning-product formulas in daily
use.
Cationic surfactants have a positively charged
hydrophilic head; their advantage is their
compatibility with non-ionic and amphoteric
surfactants.
Cationic surfactants can also be tested
using methylene blue solution.
Cationic surfactants are positively charged,
and therefore are not effective as detergents in
cleansing systems.
Cationics bind too strongly especially to the
hair fiber and are not effectively removed in
the rinsing process.

9. •They should show positive results when tested
with either the basic methylene blue test
for anionic surfactants or the alternative
bromophenol blue test for cationic surfactants.
•Amphoteric surfactants have following excellent
surfactant properties such as its low irritation to
skin, eyes and mucous membranes, a moderate
antimicrobial activity, the lack of toxicity, good
mildness-enhancing ability, wetting power,
cleansing ability, foaming power, hard water
tolerance, and lime soap dispersibility, stability in
extreme pH conditions, compatibility with other
ingredients.

11. •Critical micelle concentration (CMC) is defined as the surfactant concentration at which
micelle formation is first seen in the solution.
•CMC is a parameter that is used to determine the minimum amount of surfactant required to
reduce the maximum surface tension of water.

13. An adhesive
* Is a compound
that adhere or
bonds two item
together.
Detergents
• Is a compund or
group of compund
intended to assist
cleaning
• The term is
often used to
differentiate
between soap &
other chemical
surfactants used
for cleaning
purpose
An emulsifier
* Is a substance
which stabilises
the emulsion.

14. Fabric Softner
* Is used to prevent static cling & makes the fabric soft.
Oil recovery
•Anionic surfactants are the most commonly used surfactant for oil recovery.
•Carboxylate, sulfates and sulfonates are three classes of anionic surfactants
used in oil recovery process.

15. Cleanising Conditioning Nanotechnology
The useful things about
micelle is that they can
help to suspend oil in
water.
When a small amount of
oily materials is put into an
aqueous solution of
surfactants it will migrate
into the center portion of
the micelle.
Since surfactants often
contain an oily part on
there molecules.
For them to work this way,
the surfactants have to be
left behind & also be non
irritating
The mixture of surfactant
which reduces the surface
tension can be used in
preparation of nanoparticles.
Silver nanoparticles can be
obtained in microemulsion
with various combinations of
Brij 30 and anionic surfactant
aerosol-OT.