The document discusses various types of surface changes on Earth, including both slow changes like weathering and erosion as well as rapid changes caused by events like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and landslides. It describes the physical, chemical, and biological weathering processes and different forms of erosion. Rapid changes are outlined, including how volcanic eruptions can sometimes lead to earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis. Different types of landslides and how tsunamis form are also summarized.

1. Surface ChangesHoward Ignatius, “Delicate Arch, Arches National Park” May 1, 2009 via Flickr, Creative Commons attribution

2. Two Types of ChangesSlowWeathering

3. ErosionFastVolcanic eruptions

4. Earthquakes

5. Landslides

6. TsunamisWeatheringPhysical or mechanical weatheringFrost WedgingWater expands when it freezesThermal expansionRocks break due to temperature changesExfoliation or unloading Rocks break into sheets form expansion of rockGlenn Scofield Williams, “The Art of Exfoliation” July 7, 2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons AttributionSamantha McGregor, “Weathering” October 5, 2009Samantha McGregor, “weathered roads” October 5, 2009

7. Chemical WeatheringSolutionMinerals dissolved into waterKarst TopographyGroundwater dissolving sedimentary rock (sinkholes, caves, springs)Steve Barringer, “ Child Angel III-niño angel” March 24, 2009 via Flickr, Creative Commons NoDervs LicenseAndrew Stawerz, “Cheddar Caves-Mirror Pool” June 11, 2006 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution

8. Oxidationoxygen combined with iron-bearing minerals “rusting”Andrea Schaffer, “Rust” March 10, 2007 via Flickr, creative commons Attribution

9. Biological WeatheringRoots of trees and other plants

10. Lichens, fungi, and other micro-organisms

11. Animals (including humans)Waka Jawaka, ”Roots" August 23,2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons AttributionMike McCaffrey, “DSC N9622 Photographic Fungus” August 15, 2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution

12. ErosionWater ErosionRain and streamsWind ErosionSand dunes and desertsSmabs Sputzer, “Weir at Marple Dale” August 11, 2008 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution.Vyanchslav Argenberg,“Siq, Petra (2007-06-072)”September 6, 2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution.

13. Erosion Continued…Ice ErosionGlaciers ( Great Lakes)Wave ErosionCoastsRicardo Martins, “Perito Moreno Glacier” April 30, 2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons AttributionKyknoord, “Line in the Sand” October 6, 2008 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution

14. Volcanic Eruptions Blasts Mixture of ash, gas, and rocksHot lava Covers ground, killing everythingIndia Amos, “Eruption of Mount Vesuvius” April 17, 2008 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution

15. Volcanoes: Domino EffectCan lead toEarthquakesCan lead to landslidesLandslidesMixing debris with waterTsunamisDirt overflows streamsClipart from PowerPoint

16. EarthquakesWhen two plates (parts) of the Earth Slide against each other

17. Causes the Earth to shakeClipart from PowerPoint