Supra condylar fracture.pptx
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Supracondylar fractures of the humerus occur just above the elbow joint. They are most common in children and usually result from a fall onto an outstretched hand, causing hyperextension of the elbow. There are two main types - extension type fractures tilt the distal fragment backwards while flexion types tilt it forwards. Displacements can include posterior or medial shifting of the fragments. Treatment depends on the degree of displacement and may include closed reduction, percutaneous pinning, or open reduction and internal fixation. Complications can include nerve injuries, vascular injuries, malunion and contracture.
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This document discusses a prospective study to evaluate the usage of antimicrobial agents in a tertiary care hospital in India. It notes that while medicines play an important role in healthcare, irrational drug use is common, especially in developing countries. Antimicrobial resistance has become a major problem in treating infectious diseases. Therefore, antimicrobial utilization studies are important to promote appropriate usage. The study aims to assess patterns of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial use over two months by collecting data on prescriptions and patient records to evaluate rationality and analyze prescribing behaviors.
IRON DEFICIENCY.pptx
This document provides guidance on evaluating the potential causes of anemia through a patient's history and clinical examination. It outlines three main causes of anemia: blood loss, malabsorption, and physiological demands. For each cause, it lists specific conditions to consider and what to look for during a physical exam and diagnostic tests. The key complaints, exam findings, and initial investigations are described to help identify the underlying reason for a patient's anemia.
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS.pptx
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks its own tissues. It is more common in young women. SLE can affect many parts of the body, including the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood vessels, and brain. Symptoms are wide-ranging and may include rashes, painful or swollen joints, fever, chest pain, hair loss, and fatigue. The cause is unknown but involves genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and the presence of autoantibodies. Treatment involves managing symptoms with medications like hydroxychloroquine, steroids, and immunosuppressants. Prognosis has improved but SLE can
evaluation of heat stress.pptx
This document discusses heat stress evaluation for workers in hot environments. It presents various heat stress indices like WBGT, which is the most commonly used method. A case study describes a worker who died from heat stroke after experiencing symptoms for two hours while doing lawn work in conditions that exceeded the heat stress threshold. The document provides steps to calculate WBGT and determine if exposure exceeded limits. It recommends preventive measures like scheduling hot work during cooler times, increasing water intake, and educating workers on heat-related disorders.
Heat Stress.pptx
Heat stress is a condition where the body's ability to cool itself is exceeded by the amount of internal and external heat it experiences. It is measured using factors like air temperature, humidity, velocity, and radiant heat. The human heat balance equation accounts for radiant, conductive, evaporative, stored, and metabolic heat. Several heat stress indices exist, including effective temperature, corrected effective temperature, predicted 4-hour sweat rate, Belding-Hatch index, Oxford index, and wet bulb globe temperature, with each taking different climatic and individual factors into account to assess heat stress levels and safety limits.
HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY.pptx
The document discusses India's growing healthcare industry, which is expected to become one of the top three globally by 2020. It provides jobs for over 4.5 million people directly or indirectly and has seen growth in medical tourism. The document also outlines the various public and private sectors in India's healthcare system, including primary care centers, hospitals, health insurance schemes, and traditional medicine practices. It defines key healthcare terms and describes the levels, functions, and delivery of healthcare in India.
UTERINE FIBROIDS.ppt
1) Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are benign muscle tumors that are very common in women.
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3) Options include pain management, myomectomy (surgical removal of fibroids), hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), or uterine artery embolization to reduce blood flow to the fibroids.
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Healthy Eating Habits:
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Myasthenia gravis is a neurological disease. It affects the grave muscles in our body. Myasthenia gravis affects how the nerves communicate with the muscles. Drooping eyelids and/or double vision are often the first noticeable sign. It is involving the muscles controlling the eyes movement, facial expression, chewing and swallowing. It also effects the muscles neck and lip movement and respiration.
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Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemia
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Supra condylar fracture.pptx
- 2. DEFINITION • Supracondylar fracture of the humerus is one which occurs in the distal third of the bone • Fracture line lies proximal to the lower end of humerus • Comprises of • Trochlea and capitulum • May passes through • Apice of coronoid and olecreanon fossae
- 3. MECHANISM • Fall on an out stretched hand • Hyperextension fracture of distal end- above condyles • Common in pediatric age group • Fracture line usually transverse
- 6. • Less common 1% • Tilted forwards • Flexion of distal fragments relation to proximal fragment • Pushed upwards and forwards • Common type 99% • Tilted backwards • Extension of the distal fragment of humerus relation to proximal fragment • Pushed backwards and upwards • Backward angulation • Twisted inwards • Slight shift to either on rigt or left TYPES Extension Flexion
- 7. DISPLACEMENTS • Posterior or backward shift • Posterior or backward tilt • Proximal shift • Medial or lateral shift • Medial tilt &internal rotation Distal fragments may displaced to
- 8. PRESENTING COMPLAINTS History of Trauma Pain Swelling deformity inability to move affected elbow
- 9. CLINICAL FEATURES • Patient hold the elbow in a flexed position by holding the forearm with other elbow • Swelling • Tense ,filling up the hollow around the elbow and obscuring bony points • Displaced backward upward medially • Movements restricted and painful
- 10. EXAMINATION • Posterior prominence of elbow joint • Equilateral triangular relationship of OLECRANON MEDIAL LATERAL • Careful palpation elicit tenderness –distal humerus • Restricted movements
- 11. • RADIAL & ULNAR PULSE • Median nerve • Radial nerve
- 12. RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION • AP view fracture line run transversely above condyles distal fragment – dispaced & rotated laterally. • LATERAL view line runs upwards & backwards
- 13. GARTLAND CLASSIFICATION TYPE I undisplaced TYPE II partially displaced, posterior cortex intact TYPE III complete displacement
- 14. TREATMENT • Undisplaced fracture immobilisation + posterior elbow slab, elbow in 90o flexion • Displaced fracture 1. closed reduction & percutaneous K wire fixation 2. continuous traction -SMITH’S, DUNLOP’S 3. open reduction & K wire.
- 15. BAUMANN’S ANGLE intersection of a line drawn perpendicular to the humeral axis and line drawn along the growth plate of the lateral condyle of the elbow.
- 16. COMPLICATIONS IMMEDIATE Injury to brachial artery, nerves. EARLY volkmann’s ischaemia LATE 1. malunion- cubitus varus or gun stock deformity 2. myositis ossificans 3. volkmann’s ischaemic contracture.
- 17. THANK YOU