super computer

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 Any one of a class of extremely powerful computers isAny one of a class of extremely powerful computers is
Super Computer.Super Computer.
 They usually have more than one CPU (centralThey usually have more than one CPU (central
processing unit).processing unit).
 Super computers have a very large storage capacity,Super computers have a very large storage capacity,
and very fast input/output capabilityand very fast input/output capability
 It has a large volume of Database.It has a large volume of Database.

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 It usesIt uses vector arithmeticvector arithmetic — i.e. they— i.e. they
are able to operate on pairs of lists ofare able to operate on pairs of lists of
numbers rather than on mere pairs ofnumbers rather than on mere pairs of
numbers.numbers.
 Advance cooling techniqueAdvance cooling technique forfor
processor and memory circuits. (Theyprocessor and memory circuits. (They
are immersed in a cryogenic fluid toare immersed in a cryogenic fluid to
achieve the low temperatures at whichachieve the low temperatures at which
they operate fastest).they operate fastest).
 Speed of light, is the fundamentalSpeed of light, is the fundamental
speedspeed limit of Super Computer forlimit of Super Computer for
signal transmission and circuitsignal transmission and circuit
switching.switching.

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 It is used primarily forIt is used primarily for scientificscientific andand engineering workengineering work
andand researchresearch requiring exceedingly high-speedrequiring exceedingly high-speed
computations.computations.
 Supercomputers were originally used in applicationsSupercomputers were originally used in applications
related torelated to national securitynational security, including, including nuclear-weaponsnuclear-weapons
design and cryptographydesign and cryptography..
 Today, they are used in the field ofToday, they are used in the field of aerospace,aerospace,
petroleum, language translation, natural-languagepetroleum, language translation, natural-language
understanding, fault diagnosis, robotics, and supplyingunderstanding, fault diagnosis, robotics, and supplying
expert advice.expert advice.
 Studies of the structure of subatomic particlesStudies of the structure of subatomic particles
 TheThe origin and nature of the universe.origin and nature of the universe.
 Supercomputers have also become an indispensableSupercomputers have also become an indispensable
tool intool in weather forecastingweather forecasting

5. C-DAC Research Centre of PUNE brought the first
success for Indian in the field of Super Computer.
C-DAC was set up in 1988 with the mandate to build
India's own range of super-computers.
The most successful super computer of C-DAC
is “PARAM 10000”.
The Computing Capacity of this Computer is 100
Gigaflops, but the technology used in this Super
Computer can increase the Capacity to some
Teraflops range.
This System is a cluster of 40 no.’s of “Sun Ultra 450”
workstations.
Each Workstation consists of 40 “ULTRA SPACE

6. Each work station is connected with a 512
MB RAM.
The storage capacity of the entire cluster
is 300 GB.
“SOLARIS – 2,6 “operating system is used in
this system, which is generally based on
multithreading and multiprocessing concept.
Now PARAM - 10000 Super Computer
is successfully working in all six I.I.T’s and in
I.I.Sc. ,Bangalore.

7. Achievement Of INDIAAchievement Of INDIA
 C-DAC has bagged orders for as many as threeC-DAC has bagged orders for as many as three
"PARAM-10,000" machines. And two of these are"PARAM-10,000" machines. And two of these are
from abroad ; a Russian academic institute andfrom abroad ; a Russian academic institute and
Singapore University are keenly awaiting theSingapore University are keenly awaiting the
installation of "PARAM-10,000" machines on theirinstallation of "PARAM-10,000" machines on their
premises. The third machine will be used by thepremises. The third machine will be used by the
New Delhi-based National Informatics CentreNew Delhi-based National Informatics Centre
(NIC) for setting up a geometrics faculty(NIC) for setting up a geometrics faculty
designed to provide solutions in the area ofdesigned to provide solutions in the area of
remote sensing and image processing.remote sensing and image processing.
 C-DAC is also planning to develop advancedC-DAC is also planning to develop advanced
technologies for the creation of a nationaltechnologies for the creation of a national
information infrastructure.information infrastructure.

8.  PARAM-10,000" super-PARAM-10,000" super-
computer, capable ofcomputer, capable of
performing one trillionperforming one trillion
mathematical calculations permathematical calculations per
second.second.
 "PARAM-10,000", based on an"PARAM-10,000", based on an
open-frame architectures.open-frame architectures.
 "PARAM-10,000" is a hundred"PARAM-10,000" is a hundred
times more powerful than thattimes more powerful than that
the first PARAM machine built.the first PARAM machine built.

9. Constructive Approach of “PARAM-Constructive Approach of “PARAM-
10000”10000”
"PARAM-10,000" has applications as long-"PARAM-10,000" has applications as long-
range weather forecasting, drug design,range weather forecasting, drug design,
molecular modeling, remote sensing andmolecular modeling, remote sensing and
medical treatment.medical treatment.
Perhaps the most exciting application ofPerhaps the most exciting application of
"PARAM-10,000" will be in storing information"PARAM-10,000" will be in storing information
on Indian culture and heritage, beginning withon Indian culture and heritage, beginning with
Vedic times, in the form of a multimedia digitalVedic times, in the form of a multimedia digital
library on "PARAM-10,000“.library on "PARAM-10,000“.

12.  iLEAPiLEAP OFFICEOFFICE LEAP Office is Complete Indian LanguageLEAP Office is Complete Indian Language
Software for Office applications. It is designed for all WordSoftware for Office applications. It is designed for all Word
Processing needs and other office automation applications.Processing needs and other office automation applications.
Many features are provided with LEAP Office to make the useMany features are provided with LEAP Office to make the use
of Indian languages extremely easy and more efficient It hasof Indian languages extremely easy and more efficient It has
language intelligence inbuilt in the form of features such aslanguage intelligence inbuilt in the form of features such as
multilingual spellchecker, official language dictionaries, onlinemultilingual spellchecker, official language dictionaries, online
keyboard, spelling reference etc It has a provision to sendkeyboard, spelling reference etc It has a provision to send
Indian language email without going to a separate editor.Indian language email without going to a separate editor.
Creating WebPages using LEAP Office is like creating anyCreating WebPages using LEAP Office is like creating any
other document.other document.
 iLEAPiLEAP iLEAP is an Indian language word processor oniLEAP is an Indian language word processor on
Windows. This software has been created keeping in mind theWindows. This software has been created keeping in mind the
requirements of individuals. It is an independent application,requirements of individuals. It is an independent application,
having a very simple user interface It is possible to switchhaving a very simple user interface It is possible to switch
between languages at the click of a mouse, the keyboard layoutbetween languages at the click of a mouse, the keyboard layout
can be selected at the click of a mouse. In order to adapt to thecan be selected at the click of a mouse. In order to adapt to the
Internet iLEAP has a provision to send Indian language emailInternet iLEAP has a provision to send Indian language email
from the file menu. It allows documents to be saved in HTMLfrom the file menu. It allows documents to be saved in HTML
format so that web content can be created with ease.format so that web content can be created with ease.

13.  ISM RangeISM Range ISM Office is designed to work withISM Office is designed to work with
Indian languages in standard Windows basedIndian languages in standard Windows based
applications. It has a number of utilities to make theapplications. It has a number of utilities to make the
functioning as smooth as possible. It has utilities suchfunctioning as smooth as possible. It has utilities such
as spell checkers, official language dictionaries etc.as spell checkers, official language dictionaries etc.
There is a rich repertoire of fonts for each script. ItThere is a rich repertoire of fonts for each script. It
comes ready with tools for in-house softwarecomes ready with tools for in-house software
development.development.
 GIST SDKGIST SDK GIST SDK is a software development toolGIST SDK is a software development tool
for Indian Languages on MS Windows. This is a set offor Indian Languages on MS Windows. This is a set of
software components that enables softwaresoftware components that enables software
developers to facilitate the use of Indian scripts withdevelopers to facilitate the use of Indian scripts with
MS Windows (32-bit) applications. Unlike otherMS Windows (32-bit) applications. Unlike other
solutions, the significant feature of GIST SDK is that itsolutions, the significant feature of GIST SDK is that it
enables the MS Windows 95/NT application toenables the MS Windows 95/NT application to
process ISCII data directly. ISCII enables alphabeticprocess ISCII data directly. ISCII enables alphabetic
sorting, transliteration and data exchange andsorting, transliteration and data exchange and
reusability in a uniform manner.reusability in a uniform manner.

14. Preserving the IndianPreserving the Indian
HeritageHeritage
 The Indian Heritage Group at C-DAC, Bangalore, is engaged inThe Indian Heritage Group at C-DAC, Bangalore, is engaged in
activities related to Sanskrit and Vedic text processing. As part ofactivities related to Sanskrit and Vedic text processing. As part of
the former, a preliminary NLU system for Sanskrit, called DESIKAthe former, a preliminary NLU system for Sanskrit, called DESIKA
has been developed A computational rendering of Paninianhas been developed A computational rendering of Paninian
grammar has also been successfully completed with a DoEgrammar has also been successfully completed with a DoE
funding and systems for Vedic Processing are being developed. Afunding and systems for Vedic Processing are being developed. A
Rgveda Samhita Knowledge Base has been prepared andRgveda Samhita Knowledge Base has been prepared and
computerized and a knowledge-base in all fourteen Vidya-sthana-computerized and a knowledge-base in all fourteen Vidya-sthana-
s of Ancient Indian Sciences has been built.s of Ancient Indian Sciences has been built.
 A project titled "Development of a Sanskrit Authoring System",A project titled "Development of a Sanskrit Authoring System",
funded through the TDIL Program of the erstwhile DoE, work onfunded through the TDIL Program of the erstwhile DoE, work on
development of tools for indexing, word-split,concordance,development of tools for indexing, word-split,concordance,
search/retrieval from plain, accented or lexically taggedsearch/retrieval from plain, accented or lexically tagged
Knowledge Base and Grantha script fonts are also beingKnowledge Base and Grantha script fonts are also being
developed.developed.

15. Nurturing the Indian LanguagesNurturing the Indian Languages
 C-DAC has pioneered the Graphics and Intelligence based ScriptC-DAC has pioneered the Graphics and Intelligence based Script
Technology (GIST) which facilitates the use of Indian languages inTechnology (GIST) which facilitates the use of Indian languages in
IT. GIST is geared for the Internet enabled world where all activitiesIT. GIST is geared for the Internet enabled world where all activities
are gradually going online. In its endeavor to stay abreast withare gradually going online. In its endeavor to stay abreast with
technologies worldwide, GIST has been adopting the latesttechnologies worldwide, GIST has been adopting the latest
concepts to be able to stay tuned with the changing IT scenario.concepts to be able to stay tuned with the changing IT scenario.
 The underlying architecture of all the GIST products uses the Indian ScriptThe underlying architecture of all the GIST products uses the Indian Script
Code for Information Interchange (Code for Information Interchange (ISCIIISCII), their representation on screen and), their representation on screen and
printer (printer (ISFOCISFOC), common keyboard layout for different scripts (), common keyboard layout for different scripts (INSCRIPTINSCRIPT).).
C-DAC has put in an appreciable effort to get these standards in place.C-DAC has put in an appreciable effort to get these standards in place.
GIST products have cross compatibility to assure the users that theirGIST products have cross compatibility to assure the users that their
precious data is always safe and usable in future.precious data is always safe and usable in future.
 GIST has played an important role in some projects of national importanceGIST has played an important role in some projects of national importance
such as the Land Records Project, The Election I-Card, and Indian Railwaysuch as the Land Records Project, The Election I-Card, and Indian Railway
Ticketing etc. Today GIST forms a part of some of the mission criticalTicketing etc. Today GIST forms a part of some of the mission critical
activities of many organizations.activities of many organizations.

16. International AppreciationInternational Appreciation

18. Japan achieved this greatest success in the field of
Super Computer by defending the revolution of America.
The Japanese company NEC invented the even fastest
Super Computer of the world “EARTH SIMULATOR” by
keeping behind the American company IBM.
The Computing capacity of “NEC EARTH SIMULATOR” is
35600 Gigaflops.
“EARTH SIMULATOR” has remarkable capacity of
processing a large volume of information collected from
different satellites.
Hence this system can provide information regarding
different types of environmental changes, reports on
weather and atmosphere changes, earth temperature,
ocean and atmospheric pollutions, torrential rainfall, etc.

19. It also gives reports on Earth-quake and Vulcan flow by
analyzing the complex environmental effects and
natural changes.
“EARTH SIMULATOR” is based on the vector technology.
This technology was invented by the famous scientist
“SIMER CRAY”, who is the establisher of the famous
American Super Computer Company “CRAY”.
The specialty of vector technology is that it requires
lesser processors. Hence Japanese Super Computer
EARTH SIMULATOR has only 5120 processors, where as
American Super Computer ASCI - WHITE has 8192
processors.
Since Japan is situated in an earth-quake identified
area, hence this Super Computer is a very useful system
for them because it can provide prior information about
the earth-quake by specially analyzing the atmospheric
changes and change in earth temperature from time to
time.

20. Japanese have invented Super Computer for the social
purpose like “Environmental changes”, where as Americans have
invented the Super Computer for the war purpose like
“Computerized nuclear explosion”.
In every six month a list of the greatest 500 Super
Computers is being published. Specialists are hoping that
EARTH SIMULATOR will remain top for at least 2 years in the
list.
A special software “SUPER-UX” have been prepared for
“EARTH SIMULATOR” which is based on UNIX platform.
One machine language processing library is also associated
with “EARTH SIMULATOR”, which can process the languages
like FORTAN 90HPF , C & C++, etc. This is known as MP12
library.
Another mathematic library ASI / ES is also attached to the
system to perform different quick mathematical operations.

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 Deep Blue, a 32-node IBM PowerDeep Blue, a 32-node IBM Power
Parallel SP2 high-performanceParallel SP2 high-performance
computer withcomputer with 256256
microprocessorsmicroprocessors working inworking in
tandem had been designed bytandem had been designed by
““Thomas J. WatsonThomas J. Watson” to play chess” to play chess
game against human.game against human.
 Deep Blue was able to calculateDeep Blue was able to calculate
more than one billion positionsmore than one billion positions
per second. It also had a massiveper second. It also had a massive
opening database based on oneopening database based on one
million games from the past 100million games from the past 100
yearsyears

22. INDIA will soon sell Super Computers at half the price of such
machines made by companies in the US and Japan. The super
computer, “PARAM Padma”, has been developed at a cost of
about 500 million rupees (S$18.1 million) and It has been planed
to sell the new computer at about US$5 million each.
R.K. Arora, the executive director Computing (INDIA) has
planned to sell these, Centre for Development of Advanced
machines at half the price of a similar machine available in the
market.
The CDAC centre has sold about 52 of its earlier machines so
far to various research organizations and universities. Japan's
NEC Corp's Earth Simulator is considered the world's fastest
computer. Now INDIA has the technology, and if money is
available, INDIA has the capability to build a 20 teraflop machine.