The document provides instructions on grammar lessons for an English class. It covers giving instructions using adverbs of sequencing like first, then, and after that. It also discusses using modal verbs like must, have to, and should for giving strong instructions. Sample instructions are provided on completing a landing card and directions to a location. Suggestions are made using phrases like what about and why not. Questions are included to test understanding.

1. Sun rise 12
‫‌كردنی‬‫ه‬‫ئاماد‬:‌‫عبدالعزیز‌هاشم‌میكائیل‬
‌‫مۆبایل‬:07504411840
1-grammar
2-readings
3-episode
4-vocabulary
5-sounds
‫‌لبژاردن‬‫ه‬‫‌و‌شیوازی‌پرسیاری‌ه‬‫ه‬‫‌و‬‫ه‬‫شیكردن‬

2. Unite one : grammar
giving instructions :‫كردن‬ ‫نمايي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬
‫نمايي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫بؤ‬‫زكردن‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ئاوةلفرماني‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دةوتري‬‫يان‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬‫بةكار‬‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫كردن‬:
Adverbs of sequensing :
1-first ,.. : ‫یةكةمجار‬ 2-then : ‫دواتر‬ 3- after that,..: ‫ي‬ ‫ثاش‬‫ئةو‬
4-next ,.. : ‫ئینجا‬ 5-finally,..: ‫لةكؤتاییدا‬
• ‫ت‬َ‫دةضي‬‫ر‬‫دة‬ ‫ة‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ئةطينا‬‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫وةكو‬ ‫ت‬َ‫بي‬ ‫يز‬ِ‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫نانيان‬َ‫هي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ويستة‬َ‫ثي‬.
• then ‫لةدواي‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫ئةوانةي‬ ‫و‬‫هةمو‬‫لة‬ ‫جطة‬
• ‫لةدواي‬‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤئةوةي‬‫ت‬َ‫نري‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫طانة‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫ئةم‬‫ةوةش‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫شانةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ئةم‬‌‫تةواو‬‫ت‬َ‫بضي‬‫ر‬‫دة‬:
• 1-you have to : +(infinitive without to )to َ‫بةبي‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫ضاوط‬
• 2- you need to: +(infinitive without to )to َ‫بةبي‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫ضاوط‬
• 3- you should : +(infinitive without to )to َ‫بةبي‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫ضاوط‬

3. Giving instruction: ‫كردن‬ ‫رێنمایی‬ ‫یاسای‬
Adverbs of squencing +you needto ‫یان‬you should‫یان‬you have to +infinitive (with out to )+object
For completing a landing card: ‫بؤئةوةي‬‫ك‬َ‫بةوالتي‬‫طةيشتن‬ ‫تي‬‫ر‬‫كا‬‫كردنةوةي‬ِ‫ثر‬‫لةضؤنيةتي‬ ‫بكةي‬ ‫ا‬‫ز‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫شا‬‫ك‬َ‫كةسي‬
First, you have to fill in your name. :‫ي‬ ‫بنوس‬ ‫خؤت‬ ‫ي‬‫ناو‬‫ويستة‬َ‫ثي‬‫يةكةمجار‬
Then you need to write your flight details. ‫ي‬ ‫بنوس‬ ‫ئاسمانيةكانت‬ ‫طةشتي‬‫ةكاني‬‫ر‬‫انيا‬‫ز‬‫دواتر‬
After that, you add your address in the country. ‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ي‬ ‫دةنوس‬ ‫وآلتة‬ ‫لةم‬ ‫خؤت‬‫ناونيشاني‬ ‫ئةو‬‫ي‬ ‫ش‬
must ‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:
‫تةنها‬‫بكةين‬‫ك‬َ‫كةسي‬‫نمايي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ز‬َ‫بةهي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬‫كة‬‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬‫بةكار‬‫كاتة‬ ‫لةو‬.‫ة‬ِ‫ر‬‫تو‬‫ةكةي‬‫ر‬‫بيسة‬‫ئةوا‬‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬‫ي‬‫بةكار‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫ئةطةر‬
‫دةكات‬.
‫ضونكة‬must‫واتة‬‫ويستة‬َ‫ثي‬.‫واية‬‫كردن‬َ‫ثي‬‫فرمان‬‫وةكو‬‫بؤنمونة‬:you must fill the form.
•‫بؤ‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬must:
• Q/for strong instruction. You ……………. Fill all the forms.
(a- need to b- have to c- must d-should )
• Q/give strong instruction. You …………… visit the police station.
(a- have to b- must c- should d- need)

4. ‫كردن‬‫نمايي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬
• ‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:
•‫فرمانة‬ ‫و‬‫ئةو‬ ‫تةنها‬ ‫دوايان‬ ‫لة‬‫دةتوانين‬ ‫تر‬ ‫ئاوةلفرمانةكاني‬ ‫بؤ‬(‫كار‬)‫كة‬‫ين‬َ‫دابني‬‫طرنطة‬:‫بؤنمونة‬
• After that, add your address.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫جار‬ ‫بةي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫بةالم‬you‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬‫نة‬‫و‬‫بؤنمو‬‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬ ‫فرمان‬:
• After that, you add your address.
• ‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫دة‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫امانةكان‬‫ر‬‫ئاوةلف‬ ‫وةية‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بةم‬ ‫ئةوا‬ ‫يةكتر‬ ‫لةدواي‬ ‫ت‬َ‫هةبي‬ ‫ناييمان‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬َ‫ي‬
َ
‫كؤمةل‬ ‫ئةطةر‬‫ن‬َ‫هي‬‫ين‬:
• First of all, you (have to) go to the traffic lights. ‫يةكةمجار‬‫ؤ‬ِ‫بر‬‫اليتةكة‬ ‫افيك‬‫ر‬‫ت‬ ‫بؤ‬
•
•Then you (need to) turn left and go to the roundabout.
‫ضةثدا‬ ‫بةالي‬ ‫ويستة‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫دواتر‬‫يةوة‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫بسو‬ ‫فلكةكة‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫بةدةو‬ ‫ةها‬‫و‬‫هةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ؤ‬‫بر‬.
• After that, you (should) turn right. ‫ثاش‬‫ي‬‫بطر‬ ‫است‬‫ر‬ ‫الي‬ ‫ت‬َ‫ئةودةبي‬
• Finally, you take the first left, and you’ll see it opposite you.
•‫يةكةم‬ ‫كؤتاييدا‬ ‫لة‬‫فلكةي‬‫تؤ‬ ‫امبةر‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫تة‬َ‫دةكةوي‬ ‫بطرة‬ ‫ضةث‬ ‫الي‬

5. • Q/…………… ,you need to fill in your name………….. you
should write your address…………….., you have to sign in
the bottom .
• )a- first ,finally , then b-finally ,then , first c- first
,then , finally d- finally , first , then )
• Q/…………., You have to write your cv , …………, you need to
go to the office,………….. ,you should give it to them.
• (a-after that , next, first b- first ,after that , next c-
next ,first, after that d- first , next , after that)
‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬

6. Making suggestion : ‫كردن‬ ‫شنيار‬َ‫ثي‬
‫كردن‬ ‫شنيار‬َ‫ثي‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫هةية‬ ‫ياسامان‬ ‫ضوار‬:
1-what about + v(ing )‌‫+فرمان‌بة‬ o.?
Ex: what about going to Jordan?
Ex: what about having coffee?
‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫فرمانةكةي‬ ‫كة‬ ‫دي‬ ‫لةواني‬‫تةوة‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫جيا‬ ‫بةوة‬‫ة‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ئةم‬(ing)‫كؤتاييدا‬ ‫لة‬ ‫ةها‬‫و‬‫وةية،هةر‬َ‫ثي‬
‫هةية‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫نيشانةي‬.‫لةطةل‬ ‫ي‬‫جياواز‬why not‫فرمانةكةي‬‫كة‬ ‫ئةوةية‬ing‫وةية‬َ‫ثي‬‫نية‬ ‫ضاوط‬ ‫واتة‬.
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q/ ………… eating food? (a- why not b- let's c- what about d- I
suggest )
Q/what about ………….. foot ball ?
( a- play b- to play c- playing d-played )

7. 2-why not + base‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬ +o?
Ex: why not visit Duhok ?
Ex: why not watch the weekly program?
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫نيشان‬‫كؤتايي‬‫لة‬‫ةها‬‫و‬‫هةر‬،‫طة‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬‫فرمانةكة‬ ‫ةدا‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬‫لةم‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ةي‬
‫اوة‬‫ر‬‫دان‬.‫لةطةل‬ ‫ي‬‫جياواز‬what about‫واتة‬‫طة‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬‫فرمانةي‬‫كة‬‫ئةوةية‬
ing‫نية‬‫وة‬َ‫ثي‬.
Q/………….. stay at my home ? ( a- what about b- why
not c- let's d- I suggest )
Q/why not …………. For walk ? ( a- going b- to go c-
went d- go )
Q/ Your friends have vacation .suggest to have picnic at
Dokan. (a- why not having picnic? b-why not have to
picnic ? c-why not have picnic at dokan ? d- why not
go to picnic for Shaqlawa?

8. ‫شنياركردن‬َ‫ثي‬
3- Let’s + base +o.
Ex: Let's find out about flights.
Ex: let's read the story .
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫نية‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ئةوياساية‬‫ةدا‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬ ‫لةم‬.‫طة‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬‫فرمانةكةي‬.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q/ …………… talk about the problem. ( a- why not b- what about c-
Let's d- I suggest )
Q/Let's ………….. a piece of cake . ( a- eating b- eat c- to eat d-
eats )
Q/ ……….. have a rest. You’ve been working hard.( a- what about b-
why not c- I suggest d- let's )
Q/your friend is sick suggest to him to go to doctor.(a- I suggest to go to
doctor b- I am suggesting to go to doctor c- let's go to doctor d-
I suggest go to doctor.)

9. 4- I suggest (you , we )+base +o.
Ex:I suggest you check prices on the internet.
Ex: I suggest we listen for some music.
Ex : I suggest that you play tennis.
‫بنيي‬َ‫تي‬:‫فرمان‬‫ةها‬‫و‬‫،هةر‬ ‫هةية‬ ‫فرمان‬ ‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫كة‬‫لةوداية‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬‫ي‬‫جياواز‬‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬ ‫ةكة‬
‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬.‫بكةر‬ ‫ةها‬‫و‬‫هةر‬ ، ‫نية‬ ‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫كة‬ ‫تر‬‫لةواني‬‫تةوة‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫جيا‬‫بةوة‬(you ,we)‫لة‬
‫ت‬َ‫دةي‬ ‫وفرمانةكة‬ ‫شنيار‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ي‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬ ‫وان‬َ‫ني‬.‫دةتوانين‬‫ةها‬‫و‬‫هةر‬(that)‫دواي‬ ‫لة‬(I suggest)
‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬‫بةكار‬.
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
• Q/……………. You visit the tower. ( a- I suggest b- what about
c- why not d- let's )
• Q/ I suggest …………… a picnic. ( a- have b- you have c- to
have d- having )
• Q/ you are tired, ………….you have a rest . ( a- what about
b- I suggest c- let's d- why not )

10. comparative and superlative forms :
‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ثلةي‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬(‫باال‬)‫وباالترين‬
‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫باآل‬‫ثلةكاني‬‫بؤ‬‫ناو‬
ً
‫وئاوةل‬‫ئاوةلفرمان‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬((comparative‫وباآلترين‬((superlative‫وةية‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بةم‬
‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬:
1-‫ئةطةر‬‫تةنها‬ ‫ئةوا‬‫و‬‫كهاتبو‬َ‫ثي‬‫طة‬ِ‫بر‬‫لةيةك‬‫ناوةكة‬
َ
‫ئاوةلفرمانةكةوئاوةل‬er‫باالتر‬‫لةثلةي‬ ‫بةآلم‬‫باال‬ ‫ثلةي‬‫لة‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ين‬
est‫ت‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬‫بؤ‬.
2-‫ئةم‬،‫و‬‫هاتبو‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬‫و‬‫نةبز‬‫هةر‬‫ئةو‬‫ي‬ ‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬‫و‬‫هاتبو‬ ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬‫و‬‫نةبز‬‫ثيتي‬‫بة‬‫كؤتاييان‬‫كة‬‫وئاوةلناوةي‬‫ئاوةلفرمان‬‫تةنها‬ ‫ئةوا‬er‫لةثلةي‬
‫باالو‬est‫نمونة‬ ‫دةكةين‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬‫ي‬‫بؤ‬ ‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬‫لة‬(:(tall –taller – the tallest‫يان‬
(old-older –the oldest)‫يان‬(fast –faster –the fastest)
3-‫ئةطةر‬‫ثيتي‬ ‫بة‬‫كؤتايي‬‫ئاوةلناوةكة‬‫يان‬‫ئاوةلفرمان‬e‫تةنها‬ ‫ئةوا‬‫و‬‫هاتبو‬r‫و‬‫باال‬ ‫ثلةي‬‫لة‬‫دةكةين‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬st‫لة‬ ‫دةكةين‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬ ‫بؤ‬
‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬:‫بؤنمونة‬
•(Large-larger-the largest)‫يان‬(nice-nicer –the nicest)
4-‫ئةطةر‬َ‫تي‬َ‫ثي‬‫ئةو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬َ‫ثي‬‫لة‬‫بةآلم‬‫و‬‫هاتبو‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬‫و‬‫نةبز‬‫كي‬َ‫ثتي‬ ‫بة‬‫كؤتايي‬‫ئاوةلناوةكة‬‫يان‬‫ئاوةلفرمانةكة‬‫ثيتي‬ ‫ئةوا‬‫و‬‫هاتبو‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬‫و‬‫بز‬‫كي‬
‫ئينجا‬ َ‫دةبل‬ ‫تة‬َ‫دةبي‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬‫و‬‫نةبز‬er‫يان‬est‫نمونة‬ ‫دةكةين‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬ ‫بؤ‬:
•(big-bigger –the biggest)‫يان‬(fat –fatter –the fattest)‫يان‬
•(thin-thinner – the thinnest)

11. comparative and superlative forms :
‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ثلةي‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬(‫باال‬)‫وباالترين‬
5-‫ثيتي‬ ‫بة‬ ‫كؤتايي‬ ‫ئةطةر‬y‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫هةبو‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬‫و‬‫نةبز‬‫ثيتي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫وةلة‬ ‫و‬‫هاتبو‬y‫ثيتي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬i‫ئينجا‬er‫يان‬est
‫ت‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬ ‫بؤ‬.‫وةكو‬:
•Happy-happier-the happiest‫يان‬silly –sillier – the silliest
6-‫كردني‬ ‫ياد‬‫ز‬ ‫بة‬ ‫تةنها‬ ‫ئاوةلفرمان‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫ئاوةلناو‬ َ‫هةندي‬ly‫وةكو‬quick+ly= quickly‫يان‬happy
+ly = happily‫يان‬careful+ly=carefully
7-‫بة‬ ‫كؤتايي‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ئاوةلفرمانانةي‬ ‫ئةم‬ly‫باال‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫لة‬more‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫ولة‬most‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬
‫وةكو‬ ‫ن‬‫ياتر‬‫ز‬ ‫طة‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫يةك‬ ‫لة‬ ‫ضونكة‬:
•Quickly-more quickly-most quickly‫يان‬
•carefully –more carefully –most care fully
•8-‫بةهةمان‬‫باال‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ياتر‬‫ز‬ ‫طة‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫لةيةك‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ئاوةلناوانةي‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫وة‬َ‫شي‬more‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫وبؤ‬ ‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬
most‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬.‫وةكو‬
•Successful-more successful-most successful‫يان‬
•beautiful – more beautiful –most beautiful
9-‫ي‬‫هؤ‬ ‫بة‬ ‫واتة‬ ‫ناياسايين‬ ‫هةن‬ ‫ئاوةلناو‬ َ‫هةندي‬er‫يان‬est‫بة‬ ‫يان‬more‫يان‬most‫كو‬
َ
‫بةل‬ ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ناطؤ‬
‫وةكو‬ ‫ن‬َ‫بكري‬ ‫لةبةر‬ ‫ئةوانة‬ ‫ويستة‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫بؤية‬ ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫بةناياسايي‬:
•Good –better –the best‫يان‬bad –worse –the worst

12. comparative and superlative forms :
‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬(‫باال‬)‫وباالترين‬
•‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫تر‬ ‫كي‬َ‫شتي‬ ‫لةضاو‬ ‫ك‬َ‫شتي‬ ‫كةمكرنةوةي‬ ‫بؤ‬less‫باال‬ ‫بؤ‬(‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬)‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬least‫ثلةي‬ ‫بؤ‬
‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫باالترين‬:
•‫بؤنمونة‬:
•‫لةوة‬ ‫كةمترزيرةكترة‬ ‫ئةمة‬‫ين‬َ‫بلي‬ ‫ئةكةر‬ ‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫لةثلةي‬:this one is less successful than that
one
•‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ ‫يرةكي‬‫ز‬ ‫لة‬ ‫كةمترينة‬ ‫ئةوة‬‫ين‬َ‫بلي‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫باالترين‬ ‫لةثلةي‬:this one is least successful.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ستةدا‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ناني‬َ‫هي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬
•1-‫باالية‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ستةيةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫لة‬(‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬)‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬than‫هةية‬.‫لةدواي‬ ‫كة‬(‫وئاولناوةكة‬ ‫ئاوةلفرمان‬)‫ت‬َ‫دي‬.
•2-‫هةية‬ ‫ناو‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫بةز‬ ‫واتة‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫شت‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬ ‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫باال‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬‫لة‬.
•‫نمونة‬:Tom is taller than me.
•‫يان‬He is more beautiful than his brother.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ئ‬ ‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫بةز‬‫باشترة‬ ‫تر‬ ‫ئةواني‬ ‫و‬‫لةهةمو‬ ‫ك‬َ‫شتي‬ ‫واتة‬ ‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬‫يان‬ ‫ناوةكة‬
َ
‫اوةل‬
‫ئاوةلفرمانكة‬the‫هةية‬ ‫ستةكةدا‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬ ‫ناو‬ ‫يةك‬ ‫وتةنيا‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬.
•‌‫نمونة‬:
• Ex -China has the best economy in the east.
• Ex -Kurdistan is the most beautiful on earth.

13. Noun1+ auxiliaries+ comparative adjective or adverb +than +noun2
‫باال‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫ياساي‬(‫د‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬) )
auxiliaries :verb to be(is , am , are) ,verb to have(has .have)
Ex: Dana is taller than Dara.
Ex. Iraq has larger population than Syria.
Ex: The Chinese now have a better life than their parents did.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q/Shaqlawa is ……………....... than Koya. ( a- bigger b- big c- the
biggest d- too big )
Q/ Japan have …………..economy than Jordan. ( a- most developed b-
more developed c- developed b- too developed)

14. (‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬ ‫ياساي‬)
S+ auxiliaries+ the + superlative adjective or adverb ‫باالترين‬ ‫ثلةي‬‫ئاوةلفرماني‬‫ئاولناويان‬) ) +o.
Ex : He is the best man in the city.
Ex: Dana is the most important person in the office.
•:‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬
Q/He is the ………………student . ( a- better b- good
c-best d- bad )
Q/ We have the ………… country. ( a- more beautiful
b-most beautiful c- beautiful d- not beautiful )

15. past simple and past perfect tenses: ‫تةواوةكان‬ ‫ة‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬
past simple: ‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬‫ر‬
•‫ت‬َ‫بي‬ ‫وويدا‬ِ‫ر‬‫ابردوو‬ِ‫ر‬‫كةلة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫ووداوي‬ِ‫ر‬‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ت‬َ‫بةكاردي‬:
(S + v(ed) + o. ‫ياساكة‬‫بكةر‬‫لة‬ ‫كهاتووة‬َ‫ثي‬+‫ابردوو‬ِ‫ر‬‫فرماني‬+‫تةواوكةر‬:(
Ex: he played the game .
Ex: they arrived early.
•‫تةوة‬َ‫دةناسري‬ ‫ي‬‫بةزؤر‬ ‫خوارةوة‬ ‫ووشانةي‬‫ئةم‬‫لةطةل‬‫سادة‬ ‫ابردووي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫رستةي‬:
‌‫كات‬* +ago : five centuries ago, ten days ago , 4 months ago , 11 hours ago,….
Ex: I visited him ten months ago.
Ex: I saw the film 2 years ago.
‫ابردووةكان‬ِ‫ر‬‫سالة‬** :in 1994 , in 2010 , in 1990,……..
Ex: I was born in 1985.
Ex: She became a teacher in 2005.
***Yesterday : ‫واتة‬:‫ني‬َ‫دوي‬
Ex: I met him yesterday.
Ex: They released the man yesterday.
****Last+‫:كات‬ last year , last week ,last month, last ten days ,‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬ ‫وةيةش‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بةم‬night before last,…….
Ex: Tom won the price last year.
Ex: The war started last week.
‫بذاردن‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q/ They ……………. London last month. (a- arrive b- arrives c- arrived d- to arrive)
Q/ We helped the boy ……………… (a- tomorrow b- next morning c- today d- yesterday)

16. Present perfect : ‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫بة‬ ‫كةي‬ ‫نية‬‫ن‬‫وو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بةآلم‬‫وويداوة‬ِ‫ر‬‫ابردوو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬ ‫يكراو‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كي‬َ‫كاتي‬‫كةلة‬‫ك‬َ‫ووداوي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫تةواو‬‫انةبردووي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ب‬‫وودياوة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواو‬‫ةآلم‬
‫دةوامة‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ستا‬َ‫ئي‬‫تاوةكو‬:
S + have ‌‫یان‬has + p.p + o. ‫لة‬ ‫كهاتووة‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ياسايةكة‬:
Ex: The population has increased to about 300 million.
Ex: They have escaped from the jail.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ووشةي‬‫دوو‬‫ر‬‫هة‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫لةطةل‬for ,since‫اوة‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كي‬َ‫مةبةستي‬ ‫بؤ‬‫كيان‬َ‫يةكي‬‫ر‬‫هة‬ ‫بةآلم‬ ‫ن‬َ‫دي‬‫بةكار‬:
For: ‫او‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫:بؤماوةيةكي‬ for 10 days , for two years , for seven weeks, …………
Ex: NY has remained America’s top city for nearly 200 years.
Ex: We have stayed at London for two weeks.
Since :‫و‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كي‬َ‫كاتي‬ : since 2010 , since last night , since January, ……………..
Ex: She has lived there since 2010.
Ex: They have occupied our country since 2003.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ابر‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫ووداوي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬ ‫ثةيوةندي‬‫ئةوةي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ن‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫تةواو‬‫انةبردووي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫طةل‬ ‫لة‬ ‫تر‬‫ووشةي‬ َ‫هةندي‬‫دروست‬ ‫ستا‬َ‫ئي‬‫دوولة‬
‫ت‬َ‫بكري‬:‫ئةمانةن‬ ‫ووشةكان‬:
Already , just , now , not … yet.
S + (have ‫یان‬has )+ already ‫یان‬just ‫یان‬now + p.p +o ‫ووشةية‬ َ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ياساي‬ ‫ئةمة‬
Ex: She has just visited her uncle.
Ex: We have already finished the job.
Ex: Asians have now become NY’s newest immigrant group.

17. Present perfect : ‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬
S + have‌‫یان‬ has+ not +p .p +yet. Not …yet ‌‫ئةمة‌یاساي‬
Ex:He hasn't finished the job yet.
Ex: I haven’t seen the man yet.
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q/He has …………….. the job. ( a- did b- do c- done
d- does)
Q/ The boy …………….. the game . ( a- has won b- have won
c- is win d- to win )
Q/ Use already in this sentence. I see him . ( a- I already see
him. b- I see him already. c- I have already seen him . d-I
am already see him. )
Q/ we haven’t fished ………….. ( a- just b- yet c- already
d- now)
Q / I have lived there since …………… ( a- four days b- ten
months c-now d- January)

18. Present perfect continuous: ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ٍ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫تةواو‬‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬
•‫د‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ستاش‬َ‫ئي‬ ‫تاوةكو‬ ‫ويداوةو‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫كةوا‬‫بدةين‬ ‫نيشان‬ ‫ئةوةية‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬‫جةخت‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ةوامة‬
‫ي‬َ‫لي‬ ‫كردنةوة‬.
•‫ة‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫ذ‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ود‬‫و‬‫در‬ ‫ماوةكة‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ئةوةي‬ ‫نيشانداني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬ ‫ئةوة‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ةها‬‫و‬‫هةر‬
S + has, have +been +v(ing ) +o . ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
Ex: I have been waiting for 2 hours . ‫ذ‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ود‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ماوةيةكي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫كردن‬ ‫ان‬‫و‬ِ‫ضاوةر‬
Ex: We have been living there ten months.
Ex: It has been raining .
Ex: Asian immigrant numbers have been increasing steadily.
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q / I have ……………….. for long time . ( a- waiting b- been waiting c-
waits d-been waited )
Q /The woman …………………….. 4 hours. ( a- has been waiting b- wait c-
have been waiting d- is waited )
Q / I have watched the movie . change to present perfect continuous.(a- I am
watching the movie b- I was watching the movie c- I have been watching
the movie d- I watched the movie )

19. Past perfect : ‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ةواو‬
•‫ويداوة‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬‫تر‬‫كي‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬َ‫ثي‬‫لة‬‫كة‬‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫باسكردني‬‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫بةكار‬.‫ستةية‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫رةدا‬َ‫لي‬‫سادةية‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫كيان‬
‫تةواوة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫تر‬‫وئةوةي‬.‫ويداوة‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬َ‫ثي‬‫تةواو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬.
‫د‬‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬‫شةوةي‬َ‫ثي‬‫كةلة‬‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬‫بةكار‬‫شةية‬‫و‬‫و‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ئةم‬ ‫كاتةكان‬ ‫وان‬َ‫ني‬ ‫ثةيوةندي‬‫نيشانداني‬‫بؤ‬ ‫دةتوانين‬‫ن‬َ‫ادةنري‬:Until ,by
S + had +p.p +o ‫تةواو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
Until +s +v(ed).+o , s +had+p.p +o . until ‫ناني‬َ‫هي‬‫بةكار‬‫ياساي‬
Ex: Until Europeans started arriving, America’s population had remained small.
‫سادةية‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ستةية‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ئةم‬‫ستةية‬ِ‫ر‬‫تةواوة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬
By +َ‫سال‬ +s +had +p.p +o . by ‫ناني‬َ‫هي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬‫ياساي‬
Ex: By 1900, NY’s population had passed one million.
‫ندن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q / She had …………… the exam. (a- pass b- passing c- passed d- to pass )
Q / ……….. we left the party, the weather had rained .( a- for b- until c- since d-
just )
Q / By 2004 the USA …………. Iraq from Saddam regime.( a- has liberated b- had
liberated c- have liberated d- liberated)
Q / Until the teacher ………….. the class, the student …………….. noisy. (a- enter, has
make b- entered ,had made c-had made, entered d- enter , make )

20. Unite two : grammar
Prepositions of time : ‫كات‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ثةيوةندي‬ ‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬
1-On : on Sunday , on Monday…………. ‫ذكاني‬‫ؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫لةطةل‬‫حةفتة‬‫نمونة‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬:
Ex:The meeting is on Monday.
Ex:I have appointment on Saturday.
2-From …. To : from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm , ‫ئةم‬‫بةيةكةوة‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫بةز‬‫انة‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ن‬َ‫دي‬
3-At: at 2:15 pm , at 10:30am………. ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬‫ر‬َ‫كاتذمي‬‫لةطةل‬ at
Ex: I have meeting at 11:30 am .
Ex: we have conference at 10:00 pm.
4-In : in the morning , in the afternoon ,in the evening , ‫بةكا‬‫ذ‬‫ؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫ناو‬‫كاتةكاني‬‫لةطةل‬‌‫ر‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬
Ex:I will see in the afternoon.
Ex:I have meeting at 9:00 in the morning
5-During :during June ,during May ,during summer ,during the ww2 .‫مانطةكان‬‫لةطةل‬
‫طرنطةكان‬‫داوة‬‫و‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫ةكان‬‫ز‬‫ةر‬‫و‬‫و‬
Ex: I was at Duhok during summer.
Ex: my father was soldier during the ww2.
EX:We’re going to write our report during May.

21. Prepositions of time
6-By : by Thursday 31st , by Monday 12th …‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬‫ؤذ‬ِ‫بةروارور‬ ‫لةطةل‬
Ex:We’re planning to send it to everyone by Thursday the 31st.
7-Before /after : before 4:00 , after 3:00 . ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫سةعات‬ َ‫لةطةل‬
Ex:We aim to finish everything just before / after 4.00.
8-Between : between 10:00 and 12:00. ‫لةطةلداية‬. and ‫ـتةوة‬َ‫جيادةكري‬ ‫بةوة‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫او‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كاتي‬‫دوو‬ ‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬
Ex: They want to do most of the work between 10.00 and 3.00.
Till /until:until tonight , till tonight , until today, َ‫بي‬ ‫ماوةيةك‬ ‫كةمةبةستي‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ماناي‬ ‫رةي‬َ‫طوي‬‫بة‬ ‫يان‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬ ‫ووشانة‬‫ئةم‬ ‫لةطةل‬:
Ex:I’ll have to work until late tonight.
Ex: I 'll have to work till late tonight.
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q / We have meeting …………….Monday……….. 4:00.
In , at b- on , to c- on, at d- from, to)
Q/The conference is ……………10:00 ………….. 2:00.
(a-from ,to b- to, from c- in , to d- until , till)
Q / they will be here ………….. 4:00 and 5:00 ………….. the afternoon.
From , between b- between , in c- on , until d-after , on )
Q / they are trying to achieve the aim …………. Saturday 25th ………….. January.
To , on b-in , by c-by , on d- by , during )
Q / I will stay with you ………… the night.
In b-until c- after d- by )

22. Negative Questions َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
•‫؟‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دةكري‬‫ست‬‫و‬‫در‬ ‫ن‬‫ضو‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬
•‫يةكةم‬‫ي‬‫هةنطاو‬:‫ةكة‬‫ر‬‫يدة‬‫ر‬‫يا‬‫فرماني‬‫و‬‫بكةر‬‫ضةوانةكردنةوةي‬َ‫ثي‬.‫بؤنمونة‬
You are are you?
You can can you?
•‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ي‬‫هةنطاو‬:‫واتة‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ين‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬‫ضةوانةكردنةوةيان‬َ‫ثي‬‫دواي‬ ‫ئينجا‬(not)‫ياد‬‫ز‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ي‬
‫سينةوة‬‫و‬‫دةنو‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫ئينجا‬ ‫دةكةين‬.‫بؤنمونة‬:
You are aren't you?
You can can't you?
•‫نمونة‬:
• You are going to leave the party.
•َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫بؤ‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬((negative question‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬:Aren’t you going
to leave the party?
•َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫ستةيةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ئةم‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫بؤطؤ‬:
You can leave me alone.
Can't you leave me alone?

23. Negative Questions َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫فرماني‬‫ئةطةر‬(‫كار‬)َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬‫بؤ‬ ‫ئةوكات‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬(‫بكةر‬+(don't + s)
,(doesn't‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬‫بةكار‬.‫واتة‬((is , are, can‫ن‬‫و‬‫نةبو‬ ‫ستةدا‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬:‫نمونة‬:
You have to don’t you have to…..?
She visits me doesn’t she visit me?
•‫نمونة‬:
He play for our team. َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫بؤ‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ doesn’t he play for our team?
They drive very fast. َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫بؤ‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ don’t they drive very fast?
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫فرماني‬ ‫ئةطةر‬(‫كار‬)َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫بؤ‬ ‫ئةوكات‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬(‫بكةر‬+didn't
)‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬.‫نمونة‬‫بؤ‬:
You lost the game. ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ ‫بؤ‬ didn’t you lose the game?
They played very bad. ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫بؤطؤ‬ didn’t they play very bad?
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ك‬َ‫كاتي‬didn’t‫ض‬‫تةوة‬َ‫دةبي‬ ‫فرمانةكة‬‫ئةوكات‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬‫ط‬‫و‬‫او‬.

24. Negative question:‫ي‬‫نةر‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ي‬‫هؤ‬‫بة‬ ‫دةتوانين‬why‫بكةين‬‫ست‬‫و‬‫در‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
You can stop the noisy. ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫بؤ‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫بؤطؤ‬: Why can't you stop the noisy?
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q /…………… going too bit fast? (a- is you b- you are c- aren’t you b- don’t you )
Q /She live in the city. ………….. live in the city ? (a- do you b- don’t you c- can't she
d- doesn’t she )
Q / You can leave me alone. ………… leave me alone?( a- why can they b- why can't
you c-why will you)
d- don’t you )
Q/ You stayed for a long time. The negative question is . (a-don’t you stay for a long
time? b- can't you stay for a long time ? c- didn’t you stay for a long time ? d-
aren’t you staying for a long time ?)

25. Future Continuous: ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬
‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫وات‬ ‫ستا‬َ‫ئي‬ ‫نةك‬ ‫دةكات‬ ‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫باس‬ ‫بةآلم‬‫ت‬َ‫بي‬ ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬‫لة‬ ‫تؤ‬ ‫ة‬
‫دةبيت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬ ‫يكي‬‫ر‬‫خة‬ ‫يكراو‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كي‬َ‫كاتي‬ ‫لة‬ ‫و‬‫داهاتو‬
• . •‫ياساكة‬:s + will +be
+v(ing)+o.
Ex: I will be playing football.
Ex: They will be watching the match.
‫ثرسيار‬‫ياساي‬:‫هةية‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬:
•‫ثرسيار‬ ‫يةكةمي‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:‫بة‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ثرسيا‬ ‫ئةم‬‫وةالمي‬yes‫يان‬no‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬:will + s+ be
+v(ing)+o?
Ex: Will you be travelling to London? Yes , I will. ‫يان‬ no , I won't .
Ex: Will they be digging the land? Yes , they will. ‫يان‬ no , they won't
.

26. Future Continuous: ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬
•‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ةمي‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:will + s + be + v(ing)+ o?( +‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬)wh
•‫لة‬‫بريتين‬ ‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬(what ,why ,when ,where……..)‫بة‬ ‫يان‬‫و‬‫هةمو‬ ‫كة‬wh‫دةكةن‬َ‫ثي‬‫دةست‬
‫بةيان‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫يان‬.
Ex: What will you be doing this time next month? ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ ‫→لةوةالمدا‬ I will be
playing tennis.
Ex: Where will they be living next year? ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ ‫لةوةآلمدا‬ →They will be living in
the city.
‌‫تیبینی‬:‌‫‌بیت‬‫ه‬‫‌وام‌د‬‫ه‬‫‌رد‬‫ه‬‫‌كی‌داهاتووی‌ب‬‫ه‬‫‌ی‬‫ه‬‫‌‌رست‬‫ه‬‫‌‌ب‬‫ه‬‫‌م‌پرسیار‬‫ه‬‫‌المی‌ئ‬‫ه‬‫و‬.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q / He'll …………….. at college next year. (a- be study b- studying c- be
studying d- studies )
Q /What will you be doing next month? Answer ……….(a-I will watch movie.
b- I am playing football. c- I learn English. c- I will be working in a
company.)
Q / Will you be working next year? Yes …… (a- I am b- I will c- I do d- I
can )

27. Future Continuous: ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬
•‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ةمي‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:will + s + be + v(ing)+ o?( +‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬)wh
•‫لة‬‫بريتين‬ ‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬(what ,why ,when ,where……..)‫بة‬ ‫يان‬‫و‬‫هةمو‬ ‫كة‬wh‫دةست‬‫دةكةن‬َ‫ثي‬
‫بةيان‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫يان‬.
Ex: What will you be doing this time next month? ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ ‫→لةوةالمدا‬ I will be
playing tennis.
Ex: Where will they be living next year? ‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬ ‫لةوةآلمدا‬ →They will be living in
the city.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q / He'll …………….. at college next year. (a- be study b- studying c- be
studying d- studies )
Q /What will you be doing next month? Answer ……….(a-I will watch movie.
b- I am playing football. c- I learn English. c- I will be working in a
company.)
Q / Will you be working next year? Yes ………..… (a- I am b- I will c- I do
d- I can )
‌‫‌بیت‬‫ه‬‫‌وام‌د‬‫ه‬‫‌رد‬‫ه‬‫‌كی‌داهاتووی‌ب‬‫ه‬‫‌ی‬‫ه‬‫‌‌رست‬‫ه‬‫‌‌ب‬‫ه‬‫‌م‌پرسیار‬‫ه‬‫‌المی‌ئ‬‫ه‬‫و‬.

28. ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬present perfect continuous :
S + (have ,has ) +been + v(ing). َ‫ي‬‫ئةر‬‫ياساي‬
Ex: I have been watching TV. ‫ة‬‫و‬‫خاياندو‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬‫ماوةيةكي‬‫كة‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫بةكار‬‫ك‬َ‫داوي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤ‬
Ex: She has been waiting for many hours.
•‫هةية‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ر‬‫ثرسيا‬‫ياساي‬:
•‫يةكةم‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:‫بة‬‫وةالمي‬‫كة‬yes‫يان‬No‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬:o?+s + been +v(ing)+(have, has)
Ex: Have you been waiting ? yes , I have . ‫يان‬ no , I haven’t .
Ex :Has she been running for 2 hours? Yes, she has --- no ,she hasn’t.
•‫ثرسيار‬‫ةمي‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬.:‫تةوة‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫دةد‬‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ي‬‫تةواو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫بة‬‫وةالمي‬.
Wh + have,has + s+been+v(ing) + o?
Ex: What has she been doing ? ‫وةالم‬ → She has been doing her homework.
Ex: Where have they been staying ? ‫→وةالم‬ They have been staying in the hotel.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q /we have ………………. For a long time . (a- be wait b-be waiting c- been waiting
d-wait)
Q / I stay at London .change to present perfect continuous (a- I have stayed in
London b- I had stayed in London. c- I have to stay at London. D- I have been
staying in London)
Q/ what has she been doing? (a- she has played tennis. b- she had played tennis.
c- she has been playing tennis . d- she has to play tennis.

29. ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬present perfect continuous :
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫دةتوانين‬at‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫ياساي‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫هةر‬‫لةطةل‬
‫نيشانداني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬‫بةكار‬‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ولةطةل‬‫وداني‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬
‫اودا‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كي‬َ‫كاتي‬ ‫لة‬‫ك‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫كا‬:at‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬ ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫ناو‬‫تة‬َ‫دةكةوي‬this
time ,the moment‫بؤنمونة‬ ،‫ت‬َ‫دي‬:
Ex: I will be playing tennis at this time next year.
Ex: What will you be doing (at) this time next year?
Ex: What are you doing at the moment?
Ex: I am studying at the moment .
Ex: What were you doing (at) this time last year?
Ex: I was swimming at this time last year.

30. too and (not) … enough ‫ئاوةلناوةكان‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬:
• s+ auxiliary+ too + adjective + infinitive ‫ك‬َ‫كاري‬ ‫بؤ‬ َ‫ناطونجي‬ ‫كة‬‫ت‬َ‫بكري‬‫ديار‬ ‫ئةوةي‬ ‫بؤ‬‫كة‬َ‫كةسي‬ ‫سيفةتي‬‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬
• Ex: He’s too young to go to college.
• Ex: You are too lazy to pass the exam.
•‫بذاردن‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
• Q / We are ………………. To win the game. (a- slow b- too slow c-slowly d-slower)
• Q /He is .......... small ……… the competition . (a- too , enter b- enter , too c- too, to enter d- too ,
entered)
•
• S + auxiliary + (not) + adjective + enough + infinitive َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫وةيةكي‬َ‫بةشي‬‫كة‬َ‫كةسي‬ ‫نةشياوبووني‬‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ياساية‬‫ئةم‬:
• Ex: He’s not old enough to be a college student.
• Ex: You aren’t tall enough to play basket ball .
•‫بذاردن‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
• Q / She isn’t …………….. to go to college. ( a- old b-too old c- old enough c- as old as)
• Q / We aren’t …….enough to…….. in the river. ( a- strong , swim b- swim , strong c-swimming, strong d-
strongest swim)
•‫ياساي‬much ,(‫رراوة‬َ‫ذمي‬ ‫ي‬‫ناو‬‫بؤ‬),many(‫رراوة‬َ‫نةذمي‬ ‫ي‬‫ناو‬‫بؤ‬)‫ت‬َ‫بي‬ ‫زؤر‬ ‫كة‬‫ك‬َ‫شتي‬‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ َ‫ي‬‫ئةر‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
• s+ auxiliary +too + much/many + noun + infinitive َ‫ي‬‫ئةر‬‫ياساي‬:
• ex: there are too many students in the class.
• Ex :There is too much work to do.
• Ex: I’ve got too much revision to do.
•‫بذاردن‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
• Q / She has got too …………. cars to sell.( a- much b- many c- small d-big )
• Q / There is too much …………. to do. ( a-homework b- jobs c- tasks d- duties )

31. •‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:too‫ولةطةل‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫رراو‬َ‫نةذمي‬ ‫رراو‬َ‫ذمي‬ ‫ي‬‫ناو‬ ‫لةطةل‬few ,little‫وةي‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بةهةمان‬much ,many‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬:
Ex: There’s too little time to do everything. ‫رراوة‬َ‫نةذمي‬
Ex: There are too few hours in the day to do everything. ‫رراوة‬َ‫ذمي‬
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q /There isn’t too …………... food to eat. (a- little b-few c- many d- a mount)
Q / We haven’t too ………….. hours to do the jobs. (a- much b- little c- few d-how many )
•‫ت‬َ‫نةبي‬‫بووني‬‫ويست‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ندةي‬َ‫هي‬‫كة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫شتي‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ياساي‬:
S+ auxiliary+ (not) enough + noun + infinitive َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ياساي‬:
Ex: There aren’t enough hours in the day to revise.
Ex: I haven’t got enough money to buy the house.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q /she hasn’t …………… to enter the course. (a- much time b- time c- enough time d-
long time )
Q / there isn’t …………. Water to wash the car. (a- any b- many c- much d-enough )

32. Unit three: grammar
Active and Aassive; by + agent ‫ناديار‬ ‫وبكةر‬ ‫ديار‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬:
‫ستةيةكي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫بؤطؤ‬‫سادةي‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطر‬ ‫هةنطاوانة‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ديار‬ ‫بكةر‬‫بةر‬ ‫ينة‬:
•1-‫البردني‬‫ديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ةكي‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫ي‬‫بكةر‬.
•2-‫بكةر‬ ‫ني‬َ‫لةشوي‬ ‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫داناني‬.
•3-‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫تاك‬ ‫يةكة‬َ‫نوي‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬ ‫ئةطةر‬was‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫كؤ‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫بةالم‬ ‫لةدواي‬ ‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬
were‫لةدواي‬ ‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬.‫ابر‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫فرماني‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫كة‬ ‫كدا‬َ‫لةكاتي‬ ‫ئةمة‬‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬
‫و‬‫بو‬.
•4-‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫ةكي‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫فرماني‬(PP.)‫وةي‬َ‫بةشي‬ ‫هةن‬ ‫فرمان‬ َ‫هةندي‬
‫يادكردني‬‫ز‬‫بة‬ ‫ين‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫ياسايي‬–ed‫ناياسايين‬ ‫تر‬ ‫كي‬َ‫هةندي‬ ‫بةالم‬.َ‫بةبي‬–ed‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬
‫لة‬ ‫ةيان‬‫ر‬‫ذما‬ ‫ن‬َ‫بكري‬ ‫لةبةر‬ ‫ويستة‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ئةمانة‬ ‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬200‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫هة‬ ‫بةي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫بةالم‬ ‫ياترة‬‫ز‬ ‫فرمان‬
‫ياسايين‬ ‫فرمانةكان‬.‫يادكردني‬‫ز‬ ‫بة‬ ‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫تة‬َ‫ببي‬ ‫ئةوةي‬ ‫واتة‬–ed‫تة‬َ‫دةبي‬ ‫وةيةش‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بةم‬‫هةر‬ ‫ئةوة‬
‫وةكوياسايي‬ ‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:play-played-played‫ناياساييةكة‬ ‫بةالم‬:write-wrote-
written
•5-‫داواي‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫ئينجا‬by agent‫ةكة‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫بكةر‬ ‫هةمان‬ ‫ئةوكات‬‫و‬‫كرابو‬
‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬َ‫ولةثي‬ ‫ين‬َ‫دةني‬ ‫داي‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لةكؤتايي‬ ‫بةآلم‬ ‫نينةوة‬َ‫دةهي‬by‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬.
•6-‫ي‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫لةسةر‬ ‫كار‬ ‫تةنها‬ ‫مة‬َ‫ئي‬ ‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫ياتر‬‫ز‬ ‫شة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫لةيةك‬ ‫ةكة‬‫ر‬‫تةواوكة‬ ‫ئةطةر‬‫ةكةم‬
‫دةكةين‬.

33. Active and passive :‫‌ر‌نادیار‬‫ه‬‫‌ر‌دیار‌وبك‬‫ه‬‫بك‬
• ‫بكةر‬ Subject ‫فرمان‬Verb Object‫تةواوكةر‬
• Active: Early humans invented the first tools. ‫ديار‬ ‫بكةر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
• Passive: The first tools were invented by early humans.‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
• Subject Verb p.p by + agent
• Q /: Russian launched the first satellite. ‫ديار‬ ‫بكةر‬
• A / The first satellite was launched by Russian. ‫ناديار‬‫بكةر‬
• Q / Dana wrote the letter to his brother.
• A / The letter was written by Dana to his brother.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q/The house …………. by the man. (a- is buying b- was buying c-was bought d- are
bought)
Q / The coach trained the team .passive is……. (a-the team trained by coach b-the coach is
training the team. c-the team is trained by the coach d-the team was trained by the
coach )
Q/ The cars ……by Toyota company. ( a- is made b- are make c- was made d- are made )

34. Expressing Certainty and Possibility – Present and Past
: ‫ن‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫مان‬‫و‬‫بةطو‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫نيابو‬
َ
‫دل‬ ‫بريني‬‫ر‬‫دة‬–‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ك‬َ‫لةشتي‬ ‫ن‬‫و‬‫نيابو‬
َ
‫دل‬ ‫بؤ‬:
•Must‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬ َ‫ي‬‫ئةر‬ ‫بؤ‬:َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫بةالم‬can't‫ت‬َ‫نري‬َ‫دةهي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬.‫هةية‬ ‫ةوةي‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫ياسايةنةي‬ ‫ئةم‬:
• S + must /can't +be + noun. ‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
• Ex: This must be an ancient stone tool.
• Ex: You can’t be serious!
• Ex :you must be joking .
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q / Show certainty . This …………….. an old castle. ( a-could be b-
may be c- must be d-might be )
• Q / you are certain. she ……………. Joking . (a- could be b- can't be
c- may be d- can be )

35. Expressing Certainty and Possibility – Present and Past
: ‫ن‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫مان‬‫و‬‫بةطو‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫نيابو‬
َ
‫دل‬ ‫بريني‬‫ر‬‫دة‬–‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬
• S + must /can't +be +v(ing )+noun.‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
• Ex: We must be standing on an ancient site.
• Ex: They can't be living in the cave.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q /They …………. for oil. (a-must be b- can't be c- must
be searching d- may )
• S + must /can't +have +been +noun/adjective. ‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
• Ex: There must have been early humans in this area.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q / certainty in present perfect. (a- there must be
prehistoric. b- there must have been prehistoric.
• c- there must being prehistoric. d- There can't be
prehistoric.)

36. Expressing Certainty and Possibility – Present and Past
: ‫ن‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫مان‬‫و‬‫بةطو‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫نيابو‬
َ
‫دل‬ ‫بريني‬‫ر‬‫دة‬–‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬
• S + must / can't +have +p .p+ noun/ adjective . ‫و‬‫ابردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
• Ex: Early humans must have lived here long ago.
•‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬:
Q / pre historic …………… lived there .
(a- must be b- can't be c-must have d-could be )
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ك‬َ‫لةشتي‬ ‫ن‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫مان‬‫و‬‫بةطو‬ ‫يان‬ ‫ن‬‫و‬‫نةبو‬ ‫دلنيا‬ ‫بؤ‬:may be ,might
be ,could be
•‫هةية‬ ‫ةوةي‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫ياسايانةي‬ ‫ئةم‬:
S + could /may/might +be + noun /adjective. ‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
Ex: This ancient tool could be a knife.
Ex: The cave may be empty, but there might be something in it.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q/ It can't fly ,but have four legs and can walk .It ……… a fox or cow.
(a- must be b- may be c-can't d-will be)

37. Expressing Certainty and Possibility – Present and Past
: ‫ن‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫مان‬‫و‬‫بةطو‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫نيابو‬
َ
‫دل‬ ‫بريني‬‫ر‬‫دة‬–‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬
• S +could/may/might+be+v(ing)+o. ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ياساي‬
• Ex: Other ancient remains may be lying all around us.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q / very ancient heritage may ……………. under the castle. (a- be laid
b- be lying c- been lay b- lays )
S + could /may /might +have +been/p.p +noun/adjective. ‌‫ابردوو‬ ِ‫یاساي‌ر‬
Ex: There could have been people here 70,000 years ago.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q/ There …………… people there 2000 years ago. (a- will be b- may
have c- may been d- might have been)

38. present continuous passive; ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫دةمي‬‫ر‬‫لةسة‬ ‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬‫بؤ‬ ‫ين‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةيطؤ‬ ‫ن‬‫ضؤ‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ستةيةك‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةطةر‬:
•‫لة‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫كهاتو‬َ‫ثي‬‫ديار‬‫بكةر‬‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫كةوا‬ ‫انين‬‫ز‬‫ب‬‫ئةوة‬‫ةتا‬‫ر‬‫سة‬:S +( am,is,are)+v(ing)+o
• Ex: He is building the house.
• S be v(ing ) o.
• o + be + being +p.p. ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ناديا‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ياساي‬ ‫ئةمة‬:
Ex :He is building the house. )‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫بكةر‬( active)
The house is being built. )‫بكةر‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ناديا‬ passive)
•‫لة‬ ‫بريتين‬ ‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ ‫هةنطاوةكاني‬ ‫كةواتة‬:
•‫ئةو‬ ‫طاي‬َ‫لةجي‬ ‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫داناني‬ ‫ستةو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫بكةر‬ ‫البردني‬.
•‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫كؤبو‬ ‫يةكة‬َ‫نوي‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬ ‫ئةطةر‬are‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫تاك‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫بةآلم‬‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬is‫لةدواي‬‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬.
•‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫دواتر‬being‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬.
•‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ين‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫فرماني‬ ‫ئينجا‬(p.p.)
•‫لةكؤت‬ ‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ئةوةي‬ ‫يةكةمة‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫لةطةل‬ ‫مة‬َ‫ئي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئيش‬ ‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫هةبو‬ ‫ستةدا‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ئةطةر‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ايي‬
‫دةنوسينةوة‬ ‫ي‬‫خؤ‬ ‫وةكو‬.‫دةك‬ ‫جيا‬ ‫لةيةكتريان‬ ‫هةية‬ ‫شةيةكي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ةم‬‫و‬‫ودو‬ ‫يةكةم‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫بةز‬‫اتةوة‬
‫وةكو‬(in,on,for.)

39. present continuous passive;‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫دةمي‬‫ر‬‫لةسة‬ ‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
Ex: The government is rewarding the successful employers.(active)
The successful employers are being rewarded.(passive)
‫شةية‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫كؤية‬ َ‫ي‬‫نو‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬‫ضونكة‬
Ex: We are renewing the school in the modern shape. ( active )
The school is being renewed in the modern shape.(passive )
• ‫سينةوة‬‫و‬‫دةنو‬ ‫وةكو‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬‫ي‬‫خؤ‬

40. present continuous passive;‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫دةمي‬‫ر‬‫لةسة‬ ‫ناديار‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q /The city is ………………… with new streets. (a- be increase
b- have been increased c- being increased d- been)
Q / The house ……………. Developed today. (a- is been b- are
be c- is being d-are being )
Q / We are making the airplanes. (The passive is) . (a-the
airplanes is made b- the airplanes are being made. c-the
airplanes have made . d- the airplanes was made.)
•‫كة‬‫ئةوةية‬‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لةطةل‬‫تةواو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫وان‬َ‫ني‬‫ي‬‫جياواز‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬
‫تةواو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬have been ,has been‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫بةآلم‬ ‫هةية‬are
being,is being‫هةية‬.‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫نمونةي‬ ‫ئةم‬‫وةكو‬:
Present perfect ( (‫تةواو‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ : An organization has been created.
Present continuous (‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬‫ر‬) : A lot of work is being done.

41. passive with going to: going to ‫بؤ‬ ‫ناديار‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫بؤطؤ‬going to‫لةدواي‬‫ئةوةية‬ ‫تةنها‬‫ناديار‬‫بكةر‬ ‫بؤ‬going to
‫ناديار‬‫بكةر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬be +p.p‫ت‬َ‫دي‬.
•َ‫لةوشوي‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫داناني‬‫ستةو‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬‫البردني‬ ‫هةنطاوةكاني‬ ‫هةمان‬‫واتة‬‫ئةو‬ ‫ني‬
‫داناني‬‫دواتر‬is‫يان‬are‫ئةو‬‫دواي‬ ‫ئينجا‬ ‫تاك‬‫يان‬ ‫كؤ‬ ‫رةي‬َ‫بةطوي‬going to‫ت‬َ‫دي‬
‫دواتر‬ ‫ئينجا‬be+p.p‫ت‬َ‫دي‬.‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫نمونانة‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫وةكو‬
Ex: They are going to repair the building.‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫(بكةر‬active)
This building is going to be repaired.‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ناديا‬ ‫(بكةر‬passive)
•‫تةنها‬‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤ‬‫اوة‬‫ر‬‫يادك‬‫ز‬ ‫وشةية‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ئةم‬
• Ex: They are going to open the restaurants. (active)
• Restaurants are going to be opened. (Passive)

42. passive with going to: going to ‫بؤ‬‫ناديار‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬:
• Q / The cars are …………………….damaged .
(a- going to b- been going c- going to be d- being gone )
• Q /The house is going ………………. From now.
a- to been repaired b- to be repaired
• c-have repaired d- to repaired
• Q /We are going to open the supermarket. (Passive is )
a- the super market is opened.
b- the supermarket is been opened.
c- the super market is going to be opened .
d- the supermarket is being opened.

43. ‫مي‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬(informal)‫مي‬‫ر‬‫فة‬ ‫بؤ‬(formal)‫ضةوانةوة‬َ‫بةثي‬ ‫يان‬:
•‫مي‬‫ر‬‫فة‬ ‫قسةكردني‬(formal)‫دةكات‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫دةست‬‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫بةم‬:
•It is said /it is thought/it is believed +that…
Ex: People said that early humans lived here.
Ex: It is said that early humans lived here.
•‫مي‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬ ‫قسةكردني‬(informal)‫دةكات‬َ‫ثي‬‫دةست‬‫بةمانة‬:
people say that ,A lot of people say that, they say that
Ex: A lot of people say that the prices are become high today.
Ex:They say that I am failed in the exam.

44. ‫مي‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬(informal)‫مي‬‫ر‬‫فة‬ ‫بؤ‬(formal)‫ضةوانةوة‬َ‫بةثي‬ ‫يان‬:
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ئة‬‫ئةوةندة‬‫تةنها‬ ‫مي‬‫ر‬‫فة‬‫بؤ‬ ‫مي‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬‫قسةكردني‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬‫بؤ‬‫الدةبةين‬ ‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫و‬
‫ميين‬‫ر‬‫فة‬‫كة‬‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬ ‫ني‬َ‫شوي‬‫لة‬ ‫تر‬ ‫وهي‬:‫نمونة‬:
Ex : People say that early human lived here. (informal)‫مية‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬
It said that early human lived there.(formal)‫مية‬‫ر‬‫فة‬
Ex : A lot of people say that the oil will be finished next
century.‫مي‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬
It thought that the oil will be finished next century.‫مي‬‫ر‬‫فة‬
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q / ……………. the citadel is repairing now .formal.
(a- they say that b-people say that c- it believed that
d- a lot of people say that )

45. Lesson 1: Ways of comparing quantities: ‫ة‬ِ‫بر‬‫دكردني‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬‫ةييةكان‬‫ر‬‫ذما‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫هةية‬‫ةكانمان‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫وانةكردني‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ضةندين‬:
1-‫ي‬ِ‫بر‬‫سةدي‬:percentage
•25%,75%,80%,50%...‫هتد‬
EX: The lowest projection for 2050 is about 30% less than the
highest.
EX: Over 50% of the world’s people now live in urban
communities.
2-‫ي‬ِ‫بر‬‫ي‬ ‫بةش‬ ‫يان‬ ‫تي‬‫ر‬‫كة‬fractions‫نمونة‬:
• half (of)=1/2, a third of=1/3, a quarter of=1/4, a fifth of=1/5,,
،‫نج‬َ‫ثي‬‫يةك‬‫لة‬,‫ضوار‬، ‫لة‬ ‫يةك‬‫يةك‬َ‫سي‬‫لة‬،‫نيوة‬‫لة‬
a sixth of=1/6, a seventh of=1/7
، ‫لة‬ ‫يةك‬ ‫حةفت‬‫شةش‬‫يةك‬،‫لة‬
•an eighth of1/8, a tenth of=1/10, a twentieth of=1/20
• ‫بيستيةك‬، ‫لة‬، ‫لة‬‫دةيةك‬‫لة‬ ‫يةك‬ ‫هةشت‬

46. Lesson 1: Ways of comparing quantities:‫ةييةكان‬‫ر‬‫ذما‬‫ة‬ِ‫بر‬‫دكردني‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬
Ex: Three quarters of the Earth’s surface is water.
Ex: A half of the students passed the exam.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:
1-‫ئةم‬‫ثيتي‬ ‫هةميشة‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫جؤ‬A‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫شيان‬َ‫لةثي‬OF‫بةآلم‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫لةدواي‬half‫نية‬ ‫لةطةل‬ ‫ئةوانةي‬ ‫جار‬ ‫بةي‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬.
Ex : You already know half and quarter.
•
2-‫لة‬‫دةكةينةوة‬ ‫بضوكتر‬ ‫بتوانين‬‫تا‬‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بةش‬‫هةميشة‬ ‫ئةوا‬ ‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫كؤ‬ ‫تةكة‬‫ر‬‫كة‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫ئةطةر‬‫ئةوةي‬ ‫جياتي‬
‫هةشت‬ ‫لةسةر‬‫شةش‬ ‫ين‬َ‫بلي‬(sixth eight)‫ك‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ضا‬ َ‫ي‬ ‫س‬‫ين‬َ‫دةلي‬(three quarter)‫نمونة‬‫بؤ‬:
Ex: Three quarters of the Earth’s surface is water.(no sixth eighth)
•
•‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬:
Q /…………… of the forest was cut by people.
(a- second b- a half c-three times d-first )
Q / Change the 25% to fraction …………….
(a- a half b- a seventh c- a quarter d-a tenth )
Q /Eighth in percentage is …………… (a- 20% b- 30% c-50% d-12.5%)
Q /choose the right fraction for (66.7) (a-2/3 b-3/4 c-1/8 d-1/3)

47. Lesson 1: Ways of comparing quantities:‫ةييةكان‬‫ر‬‫ذما‬‫ة‬ِ‫بر‬‫دكردني‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫سةدي‬‫ي‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ي‬ ‫بةش‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫بر‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬:change fractions to percentage
•A half -50% ,a quarter -25% ,a tenth – 10% ,an eighth -12.5%
Q / A third change to percentage:…………… (a-20% , b-33.5% , c-50% ,
d-80%)
Q / 12.5% is : (a- half b- fifth c- eighth d- tenth )
3-‫ةي‬‫ر‬‫ذما‬‫يزكردن‬‫ر‬ordinal numbers :
•First ,second ,third , fourth, fifth ,sixth…………
Ex: He is the first in the class.
Ex: The three friends came second ,third, fourth in the race.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q / Dana came the …………. In the class. (a- twice b-half c-first d-
25%)
Q / He was the …………….in the race. (a-second b-quarter c-50%
d- five times)

48. Lesson 1: Ways of comparing quantities:‫ةييةكان‬‫ر‬‫ذما‬‫ة‬ِ‫بر‬‫دكردني‬‫ر‬‫او‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬
4-‫ي‬ِ‫بر‬‫ي‬‫جار‬ ‫ضةند‬amount/quantity:
•Twice ,three times ,four times ,five times….
•‫ندة‬َ‫هي‬ ‫نج‬َ‫ثي‬،‫ندة‬َ‫هي‬ ‫ضوار‬،‫ندة‬َ‫هي‬ ‫جار‬َ‫سي‬،‫ندة‬َ‫هي‬‫جار‬‫و‬‫دو‬
Ex:Water near the surface is five times the amount /
quantity in the atmosphere.
Ex: The new city is three times bigger than old one.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q /This building is ………… higher than yours.
(a- half b- four times c-fourth d-second )
Q / The amount of water in the atmosphere is nearly
…………. the amount in all living things.
.(a-five times b- first c-third d-50%)

49. Lesson 2: conjunction + present + future: ‫ي‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬
‫بةستنةوة‬+‫سادة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬+‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬‫ستةي‬‫ر‬
•‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬ ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬if ,when ))‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬ ‫وةية‬َ‫شي‬‫بةم‬:
• If /when +present simple +future simple. ‌‫یاسای‬‌‫‌رجی‬‫ه‬‫‌ی‌م‬‫ه‬‫رست‬‫‌م‬‫ه‬‫‌ك‬‫ه‬‫ی‬
‫سادة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬‫ستةي‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬
If /when + S+ base + o , s +will +base +o.‌‫ه‬‫‌ی‌یاساك‬‫ه‬‫‌و‬‫ه‬‫رونكردن‬
Ex: When the population reaches eight billion, we will face
many problems.
Ex: If the population reaches as high as ten billion, we will
face disaster.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫دةتوانين‬‫وة‬َ‫شي‬ ‫بةهةمان‬after‫و‬as‫ست‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬‫بةكار‬‫ة‬.‫بؤ‬
‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫وستكردني‬‫و‬‫در‬:
As/after+ present simple +future simple . (as, after)‫ياساي‬( ‫ست‬‫ر‬‫يةكةم‬‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬‫ةي‬ )

50. Lesson 2: conjunction + present + future:
‫بةستنةوة‬ ‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬+‫سادة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬+‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬
As/after+ present simple +future simple . (as, after)‫(ياساي‬ ‫ست‬‫ر‬‫يةكةم‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ةي‬ )
Ex: After the plant cover disappears, farming will become impossible.
Ex: As food prices increase, families will have less to eat.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ئ‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬ ‫دةبةستينةوة‬ ‫بةيةكتريان‬ ‫ن‬‫ضؤ‬ ‫ت‬َ‫هةبي‬‫ستةمان‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ئةطةر‬‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫سة‬‫انةي‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ام‬:
1-‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬‫بة‬‫جية‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫وةالمي‬ ‫ئةوةيتريش‬‫جية‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫كة‬‫بكةين‬‫ستةية‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةوة‬‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬ ‫ي‬‫جياواز‬‫طةيشتن‬َ‫تي‬ ‫ي‬‫هؤ‬
‫لةماناكةيان‬.
2-‫ستةي‬‫ر‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫سادةو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫تة‬َ‫دةبي‬‫هؤكار‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةنجام‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫هةية‬ ‫مان‬‫هؤكار‬‫ئةنجام‬ ‫ي‬
‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫تة‬َ‫دةبي‬.
3-‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬‫بةستنةوة‬((if/when/as/after‫ت‬َ‫دةبي‬ ‫كة‬‫ن‬َ‫دي‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬ ‫هةميشة‬
‫ت‬َ‫بي‬ ‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬.
4-‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬‫دان‬ ‫شةوة‬َ‫لةثي‬ ‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةطةر‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬‫ر‬‫هة‬‫ئةطةر‬‫بةآلم‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬
‫ت‬َ‫ني‬َ‫نامي‬‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬‫ئةوكان‬ ‫شةوة‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫كةوتة‬ ‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬.‫نمونة‬:They will win
the game as they prepared well.

51. Lesson 2: conjunction + present + future:
‫بةستنةوة‬ ‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬+‫سادة‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬+‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬
‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬ ‫نمونةي‬:
Ex: Q/she study well . she pass the exam . (combine use :if )
A /If she study well ,she will pass the exam.
Ex: Q/they use all water . the trees became fruit less.
(combine use : after )
A/After they use all water, the trees will become fruitless .
‫دن‬‫ر‬‫هةلبذا‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q / the team …….. the game as they ……… to it. (a- prepare,
will win b-will win ,prepare c-prepared, will win d-
would win , prepare )
Q /after we ……….. building , we ……….. nature. (a- increased,
will save b- will save , increase c-increase ,will save d-
increase , will saved )

52. Lesson 3 : forms of conditional statements:
1 ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬:
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:َ‫ثي‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫باسك‬‫كة‬ ‫و‬‫شو‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ئةمةي‬‫يةكةم‬‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ة‬‫و‬‫كهاتو‬:
(‫سادة‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫داهاتو‬ ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬+‫سادو‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬if+)
•‫لة‬ ‫ة‬‫و‬‫كهاتو‬َ‫ثي‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬:
‫تةواوكةر‬+‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬would++‫بكةر‬,+‫سادة‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬if /when +
S+ v(ed)+o , s+ would + base + o.
Ex: If humans lived in space, they would grow their
crops this way.
Ex: Humans would grow their crops this way if they
lived in space.‫اوة‬‫ر‬‫ك‬‫ستةكان‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بة‬ َ‫كي‬‫ر‬‫طؤ‬َ‫جي‬ ‫ضونكة‬ ‫نةماوة‬ ‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬ ‫رة‬َ‫لي‬

53. Lesson 3 : forms of conditional statements:
1 ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬:
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫بةستنةوةي‬ ‫ي‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬ ‫دةتوانين‬as long as‫يةكةم‬‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬
‫طاي‬َ‫جي‬ ‫لة‬ ‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬‫بةكار‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫ودو‬if‫هةية‬ ‫ي‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ئة‬ ‫ماناي‬‫ئةويش‬‫ضونكة‬:‫نمونة‬
Ex: As long as we look after our land well, it will be
productive. ‫يةكةم‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬
Ex: Our land will be productive as long as we look after it
well. ‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬‫ستةكان‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ني‬َ‫شوي‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬‫نةماوة‬ ‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬. .(‫يةكةم‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫)مة‬
Ex: As long as people used hydroponics in space, they would
have fresh food.‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬
Ex: People would have fresh food in space as long as they
used hydroponics. ‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬) )‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬ ‫نةماني‬

54. Lesson 3 : forms of conditional statements:
1 ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ةكاني‬‫ز‬‫وا‬َ‫شي‬:
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q/If we worked hard, we……………. The exam.
(a- will pass b- would pass c- would have d- would
have been )
Q /as long as he ………… fast , he would make accidents.
(a- drive d-to drive c-drove d-driving )
Q /The student would fail ………….they …………. During the
test period.
(a- as long as , playing b-as long as , play
c- played ,as long as d-as long as , played)
Q/……… the child .……. their parents ,they would be nice.
(a- if ,obey b- if, obeyed c- if ,to obey d- if
,obeying )

55. Lesson 4: third conditional :‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
If +s+had+p.p+o , s +would +not +have +p.p +o. ‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬‫ر‬ ‫ياساي‬
Ex: If the grassland had remained, those storms would not have happened.
•‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫ةوةفا‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫نمونةي‬ ‫لةم‬‫طاي‬َ‫جي‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ ‫بةؤهي‬ ‫نةماية‬‫ستةكان‬ِ‫ر‬:
•Ex: Those storms would not have happened if the grassland had
remained.‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬:
Q / If they …………… the lesson , they would have got high mark.
(a- had not postponed b-have postponed
c-postponed d-postponed )
Q / They …………… the enemy if they had not broken leaders order.
A-Would defeat b-would have defeated
c-will defeat d-will have defeat )
Q /if we had not ………….. accident ,we would …………….. the party on time .
a-Make , have attend b-made , have attend
c-made ,have attended d-have been attended

56. Lesson 4: third conditional :‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫د‬ ‫لةوة‬ ‫باس‬ ‫بةآلم‬ ‫ة‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫كة‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ستةية‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ئةم‬‫ئةم‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ةكات‬
‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫واتة‬‫و‬‫دةبو‬‫تر‬ ‫وةكي‬َ‫بةشي‬ ‫وداوةكة‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةوا‬‫ر‬‫هؤكا‬ ‫شتةنةبواية‬((unreal‫نية‬ ‫حةقيقي‬ ‫ة‬.
•‫ناحةقيقي‬ ‫ي‬‫وداو‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫هةي‬ ‫تريش‬ ‫طاي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬:‫بؤنمونة‬:
The farmers could have / might have grown different crops. (But they didn’t).
The farmers should have / ought to have thought more carefully. (But they
didn’t).
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫دةتوانين‬could have ,would have, should have ,ought have‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬
‫لةجياتي‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫وةالمي‬ ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬would have::‫نمونة‬:
Ex: If the farmers had known more about soil science, they might have saved
their farms.
Ex: If they had received the right advice ,the farmers could have stayed in
Oklahoma .
•‫يزة‬‫ر‬‫فا‬ ‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬ ‫نمونةي‬ ‫لةم‬‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬ ‫نةماوة‬َ‫كي‬‫ر‬‫طؤ‬َ‫جي‬:
Ex: The farmers could have stayed in Oklahoma if they had received the right
advice.

57. Lesson 4: third conditional :‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫جي‬‫ر‬‫مة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ثرسيار‬:
Q / They ………. the match if the team had played well.
(a- would won b-could have won c-will win d-would
win )
Q /If the farmer………. Sensitively, they might have grown more.
(a-have used b- used c- had used d- have been used)
Q /If the so had not escaped from the battle ,they…………. The
victory.
a-May have b-might have gotten c-will have gotten d-might
get )
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫جياتي‬ ‫لة‬ ‫دةتوانين‬if only‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬ ‫بةطار‬ ‫طةية‬ِ‫بر‬ ‫ئةم‬:I really ,really wish‫نمونة‬:
Ex: If only they had thought more carefully!
I really, really wish they had thought more carefully

58. Lesson 1: full and reduced relative clauses:
‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬‫تةواو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫وناتةواو‬
•‫بني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ئةمانةن‬ ‫كة‬‫دةكةين‬‫باس‬‫رةدا‬َ‫لي‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬ ‫ي‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬‫و‬‫دو‬:
•1-who:‫و‬‫بو‬‫ظ‬‫ؤ‬‫مر‬ ‫يةكةم‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬‫ئةطةر‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬.
•2-which:‫و‬‫نةبو‬ ‫ظ‬‫ؤ‬‫مر‬‫يةكةم‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬‫ئةطةر‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬.
•‫كيان‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ر‬‫هة‬ ‫لةجياتي‬ ‫دةتوانين‬that‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬ ‫بةكار‬.
•‫لة‬‫ك‬َ‫يةكي‬‫ر‬‫هة‬who ,which‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ئةطةر‬‫بكةر‬‫دةبنة‬‫جار‬ َ‫هةندي‬
‫نمونةية‬ ‫لةم‬ ‫،وةكو‬‫و‬‫نةبو‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬:
Ex: A printer is an office machine which / that allows us to
produce paper copies.
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬‫رةدا‬َ‫لي‬which
Ex: A website designer like Steve is an expert (who) /
(that) we can ask to create internet sites.
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬who‫رةدا‬َ‫لي‬

59. Lesson 1: full and reduced relative clauses:
‫وناتةواو‬‫تةواو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ث‬ ‫ي‬‫انيار‬‫ز‬ ‫يان‬ ، ‫دةكةن‬ ‫تةواو‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ماناي‬ ‫بةستنةوة‬ ‫ي‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬ ‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫ستانةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫جؤ‬ ‫لةم‬‫ةي‬‫ر‬‫با‬‫ر‬‫دة‬ ‫ويست‬َ‫ي‬
‫دةدةن‬ َ‫ثي‬ ‫شتةكةمان‬ ‫يان‬ ‫كةسةكة‬.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ئةوان‬‫ئيتر‬ ‫و‬‫هةبو‬ ‫بكةر‬ ‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫لة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫كاتي‬ ‫تةواوكةر‬‫دةبنة‬ ‫ة‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫جار‬ َ‫هةندي‬‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫دةبنة‬
‫يةكةم‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬.‫نمونة‬:
• These are the new computers which are going to replace the old
ones. ‫ة‬ ‫بكةر‬.‫ة‬‫ر‬‫تةواوكة‬ ‫ئةمةش‬ which
• These are the new computers which the manager bought last
month.‫ة‬‫ر‬‫تةواوكة‬ ‫ستةيةدا‬‫ر‬‫لة‬
• ‫تةواوكةر‬ ‫بكةر‬
(subject) (object)
• There’s the manager who bought the new computers.
• ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫تةواوكة‬
• There’s the manager (who) the company asked to buy the new computers.
• ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫تةواوكة‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بكة‬

60. Lesson 1: full and reduced relative clauses:
‫وناتةواو‬‫تةواو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫بؤ‬who‫بةر‬‫دةطرينة‬ ‫هةنطاوانة‬ ‫ئةم‬:
•1-‫ئينجا‬ ‫دةنوسينةوة‬‫يةكةم‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬who‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬‫ئةو‬‫لةدواي‬.
•2-‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬‫و‬‫ودواترفرمان‬ ‫الدةبةين‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫بكةر‬ ‫ئينجا‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ي‬
‫لةدواي‬who‫دةنوسينةوة‬.
•3-‫دةنوسينةوة‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫تةواوكةر‬‫دواتر‬.
Ex: This is the man. He give me the book.‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬
• This is the man who give me the book.(who) ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬
Ex: The doctor is very clever. He treats the very sick
man.‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬
• The doctor who treats the very sick man is very clever.
.(who)‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬

61. Lesson 1: full and reduced relative clauses:
‫وناتةواو‬‫تةواو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫ي‬‫ئامراز‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫بؤ‬which‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫بكةر‬‫تةنها‬
‫و‬ ‫الدةبةين‬which‫ين‬َ‫دادةني‬ ‫ني‬َ‫شوي‬‫لة‬:‫نمونة‬
Ex:. I buy the computer today . The computer is new. ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬‫دو‬
I bought the computer today which is new.(which) ‫بةستنةوةي‬‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬
Ex: These cars are very old. They are able to use now.
These cars are very old which are able to use today.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q /He is the man …………….. helped me in my life. (a-
which b-when c-who d-when )
• Q /This is the mobile phone ………….. I bought
yesterday. (a-when b-who c-where d-which )

62. Lesson 2: clauses introduced by
when, where and why: ‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬ ‫ستة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بةستنةوةي‬
1-When:‫ت‬َ‫هةبي‬ time ‫بؤ‬‫ماناي‬ ‫شةيةك‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫يان‬ ‫ندن‬َ‫خوي‬ ‫قؤناغةكاني‬ ‫ئةطةر‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫كات‬‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫يان‬ ‫كات‬
Ex: Grade 11 was (the time) when I decided my future career.
2-Where: ‫ت‬َ‫هةبي‬place ‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ين‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫ن‬َ‫شوي‬ ‫بؤ‬
Ex:Witney College was (the place) where I studied Office Skills.
3-Why : ‫هةية‬ reason ‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫يان‬ ‫دةكاتةوة‬ ‫ن‬‫و‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫كةوة‬َ‫كةسي‬ ‫لةالي‬ ‫ك‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫كا‬ ‫ئةنجامداني‬ ‫ي‬‫هؤكار‬ ‫بؤ‬
• My interest in IT was (the reason) why I applied for my new job.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q / The financial crisis is the reason …………. I left the school. (a-why b-
when c-where d-who )
Q /Baghdad is the place ………….. he doesn’t want to visit. (a-when b- why
c-where d-which)
Q/ Summer is the time ………… I want to have picnic. (a-where b-when c-
who d-which )
Q / Grade 11 is the …………..where he decided to left the school.(a-place b-
reason c-time d-tool)

63. Lesson 3: relative clauses with extra information
‫ي‬‫انيار‬‫ز‬‫يادة‬‫ز‬‫ستةكاندا‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫دواي‬ ‫لة‬ ‫كة‬‫تةوة‬َ‫دةناسري‬‫بةوة‬ ‫ستةدا‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫يادة‬‫ز‬ ‫ي‬‫انيار‬‫ز‬who ,which))‫ت‬َ‫دي‬
َ‫دةتوانري‬ ‫ةكة‬‫ر‬‫انيا‬‫ز‬‫و‬‫يزةدا‬‫ر‬‫فا‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫وان‬َ‫لةني‬ ‫يان‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫هاتو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬َ‫لةثي‬ ‫و‬‫يز‬‫ر‬‫فا‬‫ةها‬‫و‬‫وهةر‬‫ت‬َ‫الببري‬‫ت‬
‫نادات‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫ياني‬‫ز‬‫وهيض‬:‫نمونة‬:
Ex:Fibre optics interested NASA scientists, who then used the
technology on Apollo.
‫ي‬‫انيار‬‫ز‬‫ئةوة‬‫يادةية‬‫ز‬ extra information
Ex: The Photophone, which Bell invented in 1880, was the first
practical use of fibre optics.
• Extra information ‫يادة‬‫ز‬ ‫ي‬‫انيار‬‫ز‬
• ‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q /Kurdistan people, who were very friendly, welcome new
tourists. Extra information is
(a-kurdistan people b-who were very friendly
c- welcome new tourists b- who were very very friendly
welcome new tourists.)

64. Lesson 4: expressing purpose :
‫مةبةست‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫بر‬‫ر‬‫دة‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫خوا‬‫شانةي‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫مةبةست‬‫يني‬ِ‫بر‬‫ر‬‫دة‬ ‫بؤ‬:
1-To +infinitive ( (‫ضاوط‬ ‫تةنها‬
Ex: Bell used fibre optics to build his Photophone.
2-In order to + ‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬
Ex: Fibre optics was used in order to look inside the human
body.
3-So as to +‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬
Ex: Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web so as to share
information.
4-So that +s + can /could /will+‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬
Ex :He gave it to the world so that everyone could use it freely.
5-For the purpose of +v(ing)
Ex: School Net was developed for the purpose of connecting
schools to the internet.

65. Lesson 4: expressing purpose :
‫مةبةست‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫بر‬‫ر‬‫دة‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:
•‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬(1‫و‬2‫و‬3)‫بةكار‬‫،بةالم‬‫ن‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫مةبةست‬‫يني‬ِ‫بر‬‫ر‬‫دة‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ياتر‬‫ز‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ناني‬َ‫هي‬to
‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬‫ترينشيان‬‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬‫ترةو‬ ‫مي‬‫ر‬‫نافة‬ ‫تر‬‫ئةواني‬‫و‬‫لةهةمو‬.
•‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬in order to +infinitive‫ترة‬ ‫مي‬‫ر‬‫فة‬‫يان‬‫و‬‫لةهةمو‬(formal)
‫ترة‬.‫ت‬َ‫نري‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬‫وقسةكردنيش‬ ‫نوسين‬‫كةلة‬.
•So as ,in order‫هةية‬‫يان‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫نة‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
• So as +not +to +infinitive (‫ط‬‫و‬‫)ضاو‬ َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ياساي‬
Ex: We’re leaving home early so as not to be late for the
big match.
• In order not to +infinitive َ‫ي‬‫نةر‬ ‫ياساي‬
Ex: We’re leaving home early in order not to be late for
the big match.

66. Lesson 4: expressing purpose :
‫مةبةست‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫بر‬‫ر‬‫دة‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫دةتوانين‬so that‫وةية‬َ‫شي‬‫بةم‬‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫دا‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫نة‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬:
So that + s +will +not +verb +o
Ex:We’re leaving home early so that we will not (won’t) be late for the big match.
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬:
Q /We are practicing ………… be stronger . (a- to b- for the purpose c-so that
d- for )
Q / They are preparing …………….. not to fail . ( a- so that b- to c- for the
purpose d- so as )
Q / The scientists reduced the energy ……………….. we will not lose it . (a- for the
purpose of b-in order not
c- so that d- so as )
Q / eople stayed at home ……………. avoiding the danger . (a- so as b- so that c-
for the purpose of d- to)
Q /the boy ran to the door ……………he can close it. (a-so that b- in order to c- so
as d- to )

67. Unite seven : grammar :
Lesson 1: participle clauses 1: describing actions
‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬:
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:ِ‫ر‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬‫اوة‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ئةنجام‬ ‫اوةوة‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ر‬‫ديا‬ ‫كي‬َ‫كةسي‬ ‫لةاليةن‬‫كة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬‫هةية‬ ‫طا‬َ‫ي‬:
•1-‫ئ‬ ‫ةكو‬‫و‬‫هةر‬ ‫داوة‬ ‫ئةنجامي‬‫كة‬ ‫دةكةين‬ ‫ةكة‬‫ر‬‫كا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫باس‬ ‫ودواتريش‬ ‫دةكةين‬ ‫كةسةكة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫باس‬ ‫يةكةمجار‬‫ةم‬
‫ياساية‬:
That was my +brother/cousin/father/uncle/ ‫ي‬‫ناو‬‫يان‬‫ك‬َ‫كةسي‬ .+v ( ing )+o. ‫يةكةم‬‫ياساي‬
Ex: That was my cousin talking on the phone.
Ex: that was my brother playing football.
2-‫طاي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬‫ئةم‬ ‫لةوةي‬ ‫بريتية‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬(watched, saw, heard, recorded,
noticed ,remembered)‫ياساية‬ ‫بةم‬:
S + watched, saw, heard, recorded, noticed ,remembered+ S+ v(ing)+o ‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ياساي‬
Ex: We watched my uncle appearing on TV.
Ex: I recorded Leon arguing for Priority

68. Unite seven : grammar :
Lesson 1: participle clauses 1: describing actions
‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫باسكردني‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫دةوام‬‫ر‬‫بة‬ ‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬:
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q1 / That was my cousin …………… guitar .
(a- play b-playing c-played d-to play )
Q2 /……………. Tom brown reading the story .
(a- he is b- they are c- that was d- he isn’t )
Q3 /Which form is write .
(a-this is my brother win the race b-that was my brother
winning the race c-that is my brother won the race d- that is
my brother to win the race )
Q4 /We watched my uncle ………………. On TV .
( a- appear b- appeared c- appearing d- to appear )
Q5 /I …………….. Dana talking about new events.
( a- remembered b- talked c- helped d- wrote )

69. Lesson 2: verb + infinitive; verb + ~ing form:
‫كة‬‫فرمانانةي‬ ‫ئةم‬‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫لةدوا‬ ‫تريان‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫لةدوا‬ ‫تريان‬ ‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬‫كة‬ ‫هةن‬ ‫فرمان‬ َ‫هةندي‬
•‫يةكةم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بةش‬:‫ف‬‫ضاوطة‬‫كة‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫لةدوا‬ ‫تريان‬ ‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬‫كة‬ ‫فرمانانةي‬‫ئةم‬‫رمانةكان‬
‫ئةمانةن‬:
• (afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, choose, decide, fail,
hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, prepare,
promise, refuse, seem, try, want)
‫لة‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫كهاتو‬َ‫كةثي‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫تر‬ ‫كي‬َ‫ةوةفرماني‬‫ر‬‫سة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫فرمانانة‬‫ئةم‬‫لةدواي‬(‫ضاو‬‫ط‬+to)
• (verb + infinitive) ‫فرمان‬ ‫ياساي‬+‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬
Ex: he agree to sell the house.
Ex: he tried to win the race.
Ex: she refused to play the game.
Ex: We decided to stop the war.

70. Lesson 2: verb + infinitive; verb + ~ing form:
‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫لةدوا‬‫تريان‬‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬ ‫كة‬‫فرمانانةي‬ ‫ئةم‬
‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بةش‬:‫لةدواي‬‫فرمانةي‬‫ئةم‬‫بةآلم‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫لةدوا‬‫تريان‬‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬ ‫كة‬‫فرمانانةن‬‫ئةم‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ان‬ing
‫ئةمانةن‬ ‫فرمانةكان‬‫ت‬َ‫دةطري‬‫ر‬‫وة‬:
(avoid, can’t help, consider, dislike, enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss, succeed
in, suggest) ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬. (ing )‫بة‬ ‫فرمان‬ ‫ئةمانة‬ ‫لةدواي‬
• Ex : he avoid commenting on the event.
• Ex: we dislike participating in the battle.
• Ex: I miss travelling to mountains .
• Ex: we enjoyed living in the camp.
‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بةش‬:‫كة‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫دوا‬ ‫لة‬‫تريان‬‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬ ‫كة‬‫فرمانانةي‬‫ئةم‬‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬+to‫ولةهةمان‬‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬
‫كاتيشدا‬‫بة‬‫فرمان‬ing‫ئةمانةن‬ ‫،فرمانةكان‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫ك‬َ‫كةمي‬ ‫ماناكان‬‫بةالم‬،‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬:
• (begin, continue, dislike, hate, like, love, prefer ,start.)
• Ex: She started to explain her ideas.
• Ex :We should start listening to her ideas.

71. Lesson 2: verb + infinitive; verb + ~ing form:
‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫لةدوا‬‫تريان‬‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬‫كة‬‫فرمانانةي‬‫ئةم‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫فرمانانة‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ك‬َ‫كاتي‬(like, love, hate, prefer)‫دواي‬ ‫لة‬would‫ضاوط‬ ‫هةميشة‬ ‫ئةوانة‬‫ن‬َ‫دي‬
‫دةكةين‬ ‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫تةنها‬ ‫ي‬ ‫باس‬ ‫ضونكة‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫لةدواييان‬:
• Ex:Would you like to come for dinner on Saturday?
• - Thanks, I’d (I would) love to!
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q / we …………… to achieve the goal .
( a-suggest b- miss c-hope d-succeed )
Q / they …………….. passing the hard test.
( a- succeed b-fail c-decide d-choose )
Q /I would …………… stay with you. (a- enjoy b- like c-keep d-finish)
Q / she failed ……………. The competition.
(a- winning b- won c- to win d- win )
Q /we consider …………… a lot of projects.
(a- making b- to make c-made d-makes)

72. Lesson 2: verb + infinitive; verb + ~ing form:
‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫لةدوا‬ ‫تريان‬‫كي‬َ‫فرماني‬ ‫كة‬ ‫فرمانانةي‬ ‫ئةم‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ولةطةل‬ ‫ن‬‫دةطر‬‫ر‬‫وة‬ ‫فرمان‬ ‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ش‬ ‫فرمانانة‬ ‫لةم‬ ‫ك‬َ‫هةندي‬‫ط‬‫و‬‫ضاو‬+to‫لةطةل‬ ‫ةها‬‫و‬‫هةر‬‫بة‬‫فرمان‬ing
‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬ ‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫ماناكانيان‬ ‫بةالم‬‫ن‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬:‫ئةمانةن‬ ‫فرمانةكان‬
• (Try, forget, go on, mean, stop, remember )
• Ex: We must try to escape from this huge forest.
• Let’s try following this stream.‫اوة‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ ‫ر‬‫ؤ‬‫ز‬ ‫ستةكة‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ماناي‬
•‫فرمانانة‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫لةسةر‬ ‫نمونة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫كؤمةلي‬:
• Ex: I will never forget learning to swim.
• Please don’t forget to buy some eggs tomorrow.
• Ex : We have to go on working till we finish the job.
• After leaving one job, he went on to get a new one.
• Ex:It’s getting dark. That means finding a place to sleep.
• I’m very sorry! I really didn’t mean to upset you
• Ex:I remember learning to swim when I was small.
• I must remember to buy some eggs tomorrow.
• Ex:Please stop driving so fast.
• I must stop to get some petrol.

73. Used to : ‫ناني‬َ‫هي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:used to‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫واز‬َ‫شي‬‫و‬‫بةدو‬:
‫يةكةم‬ ‫ياساي‬:‫لة‬ ‫ك‬َ‫كةكةسي‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬‫ك‬َ‫وداوي‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬
1-used to + infinitive; be ‫ة‬‫و‬‫وةطرتو‬َ‫ثي‬‫ي‬‫و‬‫خو‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬:
Ex:I used to live in a village when I was young.
Ex: I used to play football every day when I was small.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ل‬ ‫تةوة‬َ‫ةودةبةستري‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫يةكةم‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫لةم‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫ةطةل‬
‫ة‬‫و‬‫كهاتو‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫بةآلم‬‫ة‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ئةميش‬ ‫كة‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬‫بكةر‬ ‫لة‬+was‫يان‬were+
‫دواتريش‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫تةواوكةر‬.‫بةس‬ ‫ي‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬‫ةم‬‫و‬‫ودو‬‫يةكةم‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫وان‬َ‫ني‬‫لة‬‫تنةوةي‬
‫كات‬when‫هةية‬.

74. Used to :‫ناني‬َ‫هي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬
• ‫ةم‬‫و‬‫دو‬ ‫ياساي‬:‫بؤ‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬‫ونامؤ‬ َ‫ي‬‫نو‬ ‫ي‬‫وداو‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬‫بدةي‬ ‫ئةنجامي‬ ‫يةكةمجار‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫كة‬ ‫ان‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫كي‬َ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫وكا‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫بةكار‬:
.
• ex: Now I’ve got used to living in a city.
• Ex; After moving from the country, it was hard to get used to living in the
city. But now I’m used to being here, and I’m happy with our new lifestyle.
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ش‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫لة‬ ‫ياسايةدا‬ ‫لةم‬used to‫شةي‬‫و‬‫و‬get‫يان‬got‫بة‬ ‫فرمان‬ ‫ئةويش‬ ‫ولةدواي‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ing‫بؤئةوةي‬
‫ة‬‫و‬‫وانةبو‬ ‫و‬‫ابردو‬‫ر‬ ‫بةآلم‬ ‫ستاداية‬َ‫ئي‬ ‫لة‬ ‫وداوةكة‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫كة‬ ‫بدات‬ ‫نيشان‬.‫ش‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫لة‬ ‫يانيش‬used to‫كة‬‫ن‬َ‫دي‬ ‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫ئةو‬
‫ن‬َ‫دةلي‬ ‫يان‬َ‫ثي‬verb to be‫يان‬be‫واتة‬(am ,is ,are,was,were)
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
• Q / Now I ……………….. staying in the office. (a- used to b- got used to
• c-have got used to d- were used to )
• Q / I ……………… play in the street when I was child
• . ( a- got used to b-used to c- am used to d- have used to )
• Q / at first it was not easy to swim in the river ,but now I ………………
swimming easily . (a- am used to b-used to
• c- was used to d- get used to )

75. Lesson 3: reported speech forms
‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬ِ‫طؤ‬‫بؤ‬ ‫وخؤ‬ ‫استة‬ِ‫ر‬‫قسةكردني‬‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫كا‬ ‫بؤهةر‬‫هةية‬‫مان‬‫ز‬‫جياوا‬‫ياسايةكي‬‫ضةند‬‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬‫بؤ‬‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫قسةكردني‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ي‬‫خؤ‬‫ي‬‫واز‬َ‫شي‬‫ك‬َ‫تي‬
‫ت‬َ‫دةوتري‬‫يان‬َ‫ثي‬‫شانة‬‫و‬‫و‬‫ئةم‬‫ةها‬‫و‬‫،هةر‬‫هةية‬
•‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬‫قسةكردني‬‫فرمانةكاني‬(reporting verb)‫ئةمانةن‬ ‫كة‬(asked ,said ,told,inquired)‫وهةر‬‫ن‬
‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬ ‫بؤ‬‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫قسةكردني‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ن‬َ‫نري‬َ‫دةهي‬‫بةكار‬‫خؤ‬‫ني‬َ‫لةشوي‬‫كيان‬َ‫يةكي‬.‫ياساك‬‫ئةمانةن‬‫ان‬:
1-‫ئةطةر‬‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ين‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬‫ن‬‫ضؤ‬‫و‬‫بو‬‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫واتة‬‫و‬‫بو‬ ‫و‬‫انةبردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫كاتةكاتة‬:
• It is +noun .s +syas +s+base +infinitive +o. ‫ياسا‬) )
• Ex: . on the telephone.
• It’s Nasreen. She says she needs to speak to you.
2-‫بؤ‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫بؤ‬‫ين‬ِ‫ر‬‫دةطؤ‬‫فرمانةكة‬‫ئةوكات‬،‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬‫بؤ‬ ‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫قسةكردني‬‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬‫طؤ‬:
s +called /phoned +‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬‫كي‬َ‫,ئاوةلفرماني‬ +s +said +s +v(ed)+infinitive . ‫ياسا‬
• Ex: Nasreen phoned yesterday, and she said she needed to speak to you.
• Ex: He called last week ,he wanted to visit our home.

76. Lesson 3: reported speech forms
‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫وخؤ‬‫استة‬ِ‫ر‬‫قسةكردني‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬ِ‫طؤ‬
3-‫لةطةل‬‫وو‬ِ‫خستنةر‬(offers)‫ودةعوةتكردن‬(invitation)‫ي‬‫وداواكار‬(request)‫دان‬‫نمايي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫هةروةها‬(instruction)
• S+reporting verb+me /him… + infinitive. +o ‫يةم‬َ‫سي‬‫ياساي‬:
Ex: She asked me to give Rondik a message.
Ex: I invite you to my birthday party tomorrow. (change to reporting)،‫هةية‬ ‫دةعوتكردن‬invite‫ووشةي‬
-He asked me to go to his birthday party tomorrow. ‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬ ‫دةعوتكردني‬‫بؤ‬ ‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬) said)
Ex : Don’t touch this suitcase. ‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نمايي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬
-He told me not to touch this suitcase. ‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬‫ر‬‫بةكا‬) told (‫رةدا‬َ‫لي‬‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬ ‫نمايي‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ر‬
Ex: Could you give me your car for today? (‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫لة)داواكار‬ ‫(هةية‬could /can/please)‫ووشةكاني‬
-He asked me to give him my car for today.
EX: I want to help you with your seeking for reality.(‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫وو‬ِ‫وة)خستنةر‬‫و‬ِ‫ر‬‫خستنة‬‫ئةوة‬ ‫اني‬‫ز‬‫دة‬ ‫ماناوة‬‫ي‬‫بةهؤ‬
-He offered me to help me in my seeking for reality.(‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬‫ي‬‫وو‬ِ‫)خستنةر‬‫نين‬َ‫بهي‬ ‫بةكار‬told‫يان‬
offered‫دةتوانين‬

77. Lesson 3: reported speech forms
‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬‫بؤ‬‫وخؤ‬‫استة‬ِ‫ر‬‫قسةكردني‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬ِ‫طؤ‬
4-‫بة‬‫وةالمي‬ ‫كة‬ ‫انةي‬‫ر‬‫ثرسيا‬ ‫ئةو‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫ةم‬‫ر‬‫ضوا‬ ‫ياسا‬yes‫يان‬no‫نين‬َ‫دةهي‬ ‫بةكار‬ ‫ياساية‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ت‬َ‫بي‬:
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬‫و‬‫ابردو‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫تة‬َ‫دةبي‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬ ‫ناوةكة‬‫لةدواي‬ ‫فرمانةي‬ ‫ئةم‬ ‫ياسايةدا‬ ‫لةم‬‫ستةي‬
‫استةوخؤدا‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬.
• S+reporting verb + if / whether + past form. ‫ةم‬‫ر‬‫ضوا‬‫ياساي‬
(Question: ‘Will Rondik be free …?’)‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬
Ex: She asked if Rondik would be free tomorrow. ‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬ ‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬
Ex :Are you going to the school?‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬
-He asked whether I went to school. ‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬‫قسةكردني‬

78. Lesson 3: reported speech forms
‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫وخؤ‬‫استة‬ِ‫ر‬‫قسةكردني‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬ِ‫طؤ‬
•-‫ن‬َ‫دةكري‬ ‫ثرسيار‬‫ي‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ئام‬‫بة‬‫كة‬‫انةي‬‫ر‬‫ثرسيا‬‫ئةم‬‫بؤ‬‫نجةم‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ياساي‬(who,when,what,where…..:)
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫استةوخؤدا‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬‫ستةي‬ِ‫ر‬‫لة‬ ‫ابردوو‬ِ‫ر‬‫تة‬َ‫دةبي‬‫ت‬َ‫دي‬‫ناوةكة‬‫لةدواي‬ ‫فرمانةي‬‫ئةم‬‫ياسايةدا‬‫لةم‬.
• a reporting verb + wh word ++ past form. ‫نجةم‬َ‫ثي‬ ‫ياساي‬
• ex: Question: When will Rondik be free on Saturday?‫استةوخؤ‬‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬
• -She asked when Rondik would be free on Saturday.‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬‫قسةكردني‬
• Ex: what will you do at home next holiday?‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬
• -He inquired what I would do at home next holiday.‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬
•‫بيني‬َ‫تي‬:‫ان‬ِ‫طؤر‬‫ئةم‬‫ئةو‬ ‫جيا‬‫كي‬َ‫ني‬َ‫لةشوي‬ ‫دواتر‬ ‫كي‬َ‫كاتي‬‫لة‬ ‫ت‬َ‫بكري‬ ‫جياواز‬‫كي‬َ‫كةسي‬‫ضةند‬‫لة‬ ‫ةكة‬‫ر‬‫ثرسيا‬‫ئةطةر‬‫وودةدةن‬ِ‫ر‬‫يانة‬‫ر‬‫كا‬:
•‫د‬ َ‫بةجي‬َ‫جي‬ ‫ةوة‬‫ر‬‫سة‬‫ياساكةي‬‫ئينجا‬‫اوة‬‫ر‬‫طوت‬َ‫ثي‬‫قسةكةي‬‫كة‬‫كةسةش‬‫ئةم‬ ‫كردووةو‬‫قسةكةي‬‫كة‬ ‫ت‬َ‫دةنوسري‬‫كةسة‬‫ئةم‬‫ي‬‫ناو‬‫ت‬َ‫ةكري‬.
• EX: ‘Will you be here tomorrow?’ Nasreen asked Zara. ‫كردووة‬‫اي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫لة‬‫نةسرين‬‫ةكة‬‫ر‬‫ثرسيا‬
• Nasreen asked Zara whether she would be there the next day. ‫ت‬َ‫دةنوسري‬‫تا‬‫ر‬‫لةسة‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫و‬‫نةسرين‬‫ي‬‫ناو‬
‫بكةر‬‫طاي‬َ‫لةجي‬.

79. Lesson 3: reported speech forms
‫استةوخؤ‬ِ‫ر‬‫نا‬ ‫بؤ‬ ‫وخؤ‬ ‫استة‬ِ‫ر‬‫قسةكردني‬ ‫يني‬ِ‫ر‬ِ‫طؤ‬
•‫دن‬‫ر‬‫بذا‬
َ
‫هةل‬ ‫ي‬‫ثرسيار‬:
Q/ I invite you to my weeding party.(the reporting is)
a. He told me to his wedding party.
b. He asked if I go to his weeding party.
c. He asked me to go to his wedding party.
d. He offered me to go to his wedding party.
Q /question :will you stay at hotel? The reporting is :
a. He asked if I would stay at hotel.
b. He told me to stay at hotel.
c. He asked whether I will stay at hotel.
d. He said he will stay at hotel.
Q /he …………… not to make noise. (a- asked us b-told us c-said us d-inquired us )

80. Lesson 4: participle clauses 2: with conjunctions
‫رستة‌بةردةوامةكان‌لةطةل‌ئامرازي‌بةستنةوة‬
‫بیني‬َ‫ی‬‫ت‬:‌‫ن‬َ‫ی‬‫ستةي‌‌بةردةوام‌د‬ ِ‫ئةم‌ووشانة‌لةسةرتاي‌ر‬(after, before, since, when, while, on.)‌‫هةروةها‬
‌‫ستةي‌‌بةردةوام‌لةسةرةتاي‬ ِ‫ر‬‌‫ت‬َ‫ی‬‫د‬‫ت‬َ‫ی‬‫انةبردووي‌سادة‌د‬ ِ‫ستةي‌ر‬ ِ‫ئینجا‌ر‬.
(after, before, since, when, while, on)+ participle +simple . ‌‫یاساي‬‫بةستنةوةكة‬
‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‫ت‬َ‫ی‬‫وةب‬َ‫ی‬‫ث‬ing ‌‫ستةي‌بةردةوام‌واتةفرمان‬ ِ‫ر‬ ‌‫انةبردووي‬ ِ‫ستةي‌ر‬ ِ‫ر‬‫سادة‬
• Ex: While staying through the Antarctic winter, scientists do various sorts of
research.
• Ex: After living through the six-month night, they love seeing the sun again.
• ‫بذاردن‬َ‫ل‬‫ثرسیاري‌هة‬:
• Q/On ………….their research, they all have to write their reports.(a-finished b-
finishes c-finishing d-to finish)
• Q /Before……….. to fly home, they always…….. a goodbye party.(a-leave ,have b-
have,leaving c-leave ,having d-leaving ,have )
• The end of grammar:‌‌‫زمان‌كؤتایي‌هات‬َ‫ی‬‫ر‬