1. The readily available water storage capacity varies between soil types, ranging from 17-42 mm in topsoil of sandy loams. This, along with crop evapotranspiration rates and irrigation system capacity, determines the optimal irrigation interval.
2. The water content considered "full" or at field capacity is surprisingly high, between 36-48% for many soil types. The refill point for starting irrigation is also quite wet, ranging from 17-37% water content depending on the sandy loam soil.
3. Proper understanding of a soil's readily available water storage, field capacity, and refill point is key to determining efficient irrigation scheduling and avoiding over- or under-watering of crops
Ohio Rain Gardens: A How to Guide
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
This presentation by Mumba Mwape, a master's student at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, was presented at the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute’s Research Forum on Thursday, May 11, 2017. Mumba is a 2016-2017 student support grantee of the Institute.
Presentation on: Grain Size Analysis at MDU Rohtak
by Jyoti sharma at the National workshop on: 'Water Conservation and Pollution' organised by the National Committee Of International Association Of Hydrogeologists' (INC-IAH) and Manav Rachna Educational Institution.
Based on a research study at MDU, Rohtak by Vidyyut Sharma (3rd yr. geology hons.)and Jyoti Sharma. The presentation highlighted issues related to the chronic water logging problem at Rohtak and the scope for Rain Water Harvesting as a solution to the problem.
Ohio Rain Gardens: A How to Guide
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
This presentation by Mumba Mwape, a master's student at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, was presented at the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute’s Research Forum on Thursday, May 11, 2017. Mumba is a 2016-2017 student support grantee of the Institute.
Presentation on: Grain Size Analysis at MDU Rohtak
by Jyoti sharma at the National workshop on: 'Water Conservation and Pollution' organised by the National Committee Of International Association Of Hydrogeologists' (INC-IAH) and Manav Rachna Educational Institution.
Based on a research study at MDU, Rohtak by Vidyyut Sharma (3rd yr. geology hons.)and Jyoti Sharma. The presentation highlighted issues related to the chronic water logging problem at Rohtak and the scope for Rain Water Harvesting as a solution to the problem.
What is subsoil manuring?
• A mechanical/engineering intervention
• Large volumes (10-20 t/ha) of Nitrogen rich manures
placed within the clay matrix of soil in a single deep
ripping operation.
EHST 3370 Exam 1 Study GuideHomework (Due 12816)1) What are t.docxjack60216
EHST 3370 Exam 1 Study Guide/Homework (Due 1/28/16)
1) What are the five components of an onsite wastewater system, and what function(s) does each component serve?
2) What are some typical concentrations of total nitrogen (mg/L), total phosphorus (mg/L), and BOD5 (mg/L) for 1) wastewater effluent and 2) septage?
3) What are the five principles of On-site Wastewater Treatment?
4) Why are long, narrow septic system trenches preferred over wider, short trenches?
5) If effluent surfaces in a yard, why is it a concern?
6) How can wastewater from an onsite system impact ground water quality?
7) What coastal environmental problems may be partly linked to wastewater management (other factors, but wastewater can contribute also)?
8) On average, how much water does each person use per day?
9) What is the difference between pollutant concentrations and pollutant loadings?
10) How does the concentration of organic matter in water affect dissolved oxygen?
11) How does temperature affect dissolved oxygen?
12) What is the difference between total suspended solids and total dissolved solids?
13) What is the difference between volatile and fixed solids?
14) If most E. coli and fecal coliform bacteria are not harmful to humans, why do we test for them and get concerned if they are found in the water samples?
15) How does the speciation of nitrogen (form) affect it’s mobility in soil (NO3 in comparison to NH4)?
16) What forms of nitrogen are dominant in septic tanks?
17) What are FOGs and how do they affect septic systems?
18) List three things required in the report to obtain a permit to apply septage to a field? Who must develop the report?
19) What are three methods of land application of septage?
20) List three potential negative issues with land application of septage.
21) List three factors for determining where septage can be land applied.
22) How is septage typically treated (with what material) before land application?
23) What are the soil depth requirements to apply septage on fields with group I, II and III soils?
24) What are the setback requirements for septage application sites and property lines, occupied homes, and streams?
25) What is the difference between BOD and COD?
26) List 3 designated water resource uses
27) What are 3 typical pollutants that cause water use impairment?
28) How many onsite systems are in use in NC? How many new systems are installed each year in NC? How many systems are repaired each year in NC?
29) Define biomat, and list one positive and one negative associated with a biomat in terms of system performance.
30) Which component of an onsite system is most important for wastewater treatment?
Biosolids
Citation
Modified from:
Lesikar, B.J., A. Kenimer and D.Gustafson. 2005. Septage-Biosolids – PowerPoint Presentation. in (M.A. Gross and N.E. Deal, eds.) University Curriculum Development for Decentralized Wastewater Management. National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Develop ...
the present ppt describes about irrigation methods following from the ancient periods to up to now. the present ppt also describes about sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. it gives an elaborate knowledge on irrigation methods.
New generation soil conditioning technologyDavy Ottevaere
Davy will discuss why only ‘degraded’ soils are considered poor and in need of improvement when, perhaps, all soils lack certain Presentation for SoilsCon17 (http://www.timohare-associates.com) on physical, chemical and/or microbiological features to be in an optimum state for plant development, requiring a new generation of soil conditioning technology.
The mechanical measures of soil conservation include various engineering techniques and structures which are adopted to supplement the biological methods when the latter alone are not sufficiently effective. These are also called as engineering measures.
soil plant water relationship determinationhailu55
The relationship is related to the properties of soil and plants
that affect the movement, retention and use of water.
A simple analogy:
Soil – Water Reservoir
Plant Roots – pump with many inlets
As the rate of pumping depends on the character of the pump,
the rate of extraction of water from the soil by the plant depends
on the character of the soil.
Soil Water Classification
Gravitational water:
It is the water in the large pores that moves downward freely under the influence of gravity
It drains out so fast that it is not available to the crops.
The time of draining out varies from one day in sandy soils to three days in clay soils.
Capillary Water:
It is the amount of water retained by the soil after gravitational water has drained out.
It is the water in the small pores which moves because of capillary forces and is called capillary water.
Capillary water is the major source of water available for the plant
Hygroscopic Water
Soil moisture further reduced by ET until no longer moves because of capillary forces.
The remaining water which is held on particle surfaces so tightly is called hygroscopic water.
Here, the water is held by adhesive force. And therefore, it is unavailable to the plant.
soil water constants
Field Capacity (FC)
Following saturation when all macro pores are drained by gravity and drainage ceases, usually defined 2 days following saturation by rainfall.
Measured as the moisture content at -5 kPa (0.05 bar or 0.5 m tension)
Permanent Wilting point (PWP)
The point where plants cannot extract any more water – only very small pores are filled with water.
Defined as the moisture content at -1500 kPa (15 bar or 150 m tension)
Total Available Water
Total Available Water (TAW): the water available to crops
expressed in mm/m (mm of water per meter depth of soil).
TAW = (FC – PWP)*b*Dz
Readily Available Water (RAW):
This is the level to which the available water in the soil can be used up without causing stress in the crop.
For most crops, 50 to 60% of the total available water is taken as readily available.
RAW = MAD*TAW
Where, MAD = maximum allowable deficit
Crop Water Requirement
CU is the controlling factor for irrigation scheduling.
That is, CU determines the quantity of water to be added by irrigation and helps in day to day management of irrigation systems.
Actually, total water demand of crops is made up of:
i) Crop water use: includes evaporation and transpiration
ii) Leaching requirement: a fraction of water to be added to remove salts from the root zone.
iii) Losses of water due to deep seepage in canals and losses due to the inefficiency of application.
ETc = Evaporation + Transpiration
ETc is normally expressed in mm/day.
Factors Affecting ETc:
Weather parameters (To, RH, Wind, etc.)
Crop Characteristics (type, variety and length of growing period)
Management and Environmental aspects
(control of diseases, soil salinity, etc.)
What is subsoil manuring?
• A mechanical/engineering intervention
• Large volumes (10-20 t/ha) of Nitrogen rich manures
placed within the clay matrix of soil in a single deep
ripping operation.
EHST 3370 Exam 1 Study GuideHomework (Due 12816)1) What are t.docxjack60216
EHST 3370 Exam 1 Study Guide/Homework (Due 1/28/16)
1) What are the five components of an onsite wastewater system, and what function(s) does each component serve?
2) What are some typical concentrations of total nitrogen (mg/L), total phosphorus (mg/L), and BOD5 (mg/L) for 1) wastewater effluent and 2) septage?
3) What are the five principles of On-site Wastewater Treatment?
4) Why are long, narrow septic system trenches preferred over wider, short trenches?
5) If effluent surfaces in a yard, why is it a concern?
6) How can wastewater from an onsite system impact ground water quality?
7) What coastal environmental problems may be partly linked to wastewater management (other factors, but wastewater can contribute also)?
8) On average, how much water does each person use per day?
9) What is the difference between pollutant concentrations and pollutant loadings?
10) How does the concentration of organic matter in water affect dissolved oxygen?
11) How does temperature affect dissolved oxygen?
12) What is the difference between total suspended solids and total dissolved solids?
13) What is the difference between volatile and fixed solids?
14) If most E. coli and fecal coliform bacteria are not harmful to humans, why do we test for them and get concerned if they are found in the water samples?
15) How does the speciation of nitrogen (form) affect it’s mobility in soil (NO3 in comparison to NH4)?
16) What forms of nitrogen are dominant in septic tanks?
17) What are FOGs and how do they affect septic systems?
18) List three things required in the report to obtain a permit to apply septage to a field? Who must develop the report?
19) What are three methods of land application of septage?
20) List three potential negative issues with land application of septage.
21) List three factors for determining where septage can be land applied.
22) How is septage typically treated (with what material) before land application?
23) What are the soil depth requirements to apply septage on fields with group I, II and III soils?
24) What are the setback requirements for septage application sites and property lines, occupied homes, and streams?
25) What is the difference between BOD and COD?
26) List 3 designated water resource uses
27) What are 3 typical pollutants that cause water use impairment?
28) How many onsite systems are in use in NC? How many new systems are installed each year in NC? How many systems are repaired each year in NC?
29) Define biomat, and list one positive and one negative associated with a biomat in terms of system performance.
30) Which component of an onsite system is most important for wastewater treatment?
Biosolids
Citation
Modified from:
Lesikar, B.J., A. Kenimer and D.Gustafson. 2005. Septage-Biosolids – PowerPoint Presentation. in (M.A. Gross and N.E. Deal, eds.) University Curriculum Development for Decentralized Wastewater Management. National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Develop ...
the present ppt describes about irrigation methods following from the ancient periods to up to now. the present ppt also describes about sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. it gives an elaborate knowledge on irrigation methods.
New generation soil conditioning technologyDavy Ottevaere
Davy will discuss why only ‘degraded’ soils are considered poor and in need of improvement when, perhaps, all soils lack certain Presentation for SoilsCon17 (http://www.timohare-associates.com) on physical, chemical and/or microbiological features to be in an optimum state for plant development, requiring a new generation of soil conditioning technology.
The mechanical measures of soil conservation include various engineering techniques and structures which are adopted to supplement the biological methods when the latter alone are not sufficiently effective. These are also called as engineering measures.
soil plant water relationship determinationhailu55
The relationship is related to the properties of soil and plants
that affect the movement, retention and use of water.
A simple analogy:
Soil – Water Reservoir
Plant Roots – pump with many inlets
As the rate of pumping depends on the character of the pump,
the rate of extraction of water from the soil by the plant depends
on the character of the soil.
Soil Water Classification
Gravitational water:
It is the water in the large pores that moves downward freely under the influence of gravity
It drains out so fast that it is not available to the crops.
The time of draining out varies from one day in sandy soils to three days in clay soils.
Capillary Water:
It is the amount of water retained by the soil after gravitational water has drained out.
It is the water in the small pores which moves because of capillary forces and is called capillary water.
Capillary water is the major source of water available for the plant
Hygroscopic Water
Soil moisture further reduced by ET until no longer moves because of capillary forces.
The remaining water which is held on particle surfaces so tightly is called hygroscopic water.
Here, the water is held by adhesive force. And therefore, it is unavailable to the plant.
soil water constants
Field Capacity (FC)
Following saturation when all macro pores are drained by gravity and drainage ceases, usually defined 2 days following saturation by rainfall.
Measured as the moisture content at -5 kPa (0.05 bar or 0.5 m tension)
Permanent Wilting point (PWP)
The point where plants cannot extract any more water – only very small pores are filled with water.
Defined as the moisture content at -1500 kPa (15 bar or 150 m tension)
Total Available Water
Total Available Water (TAW): the water available to crops
expressed in mm/m (mm of water per meter depth of soil).
TAW = (FC – PWP)*b*Dz
Readily Available Water (RAW):
This is the level to which the available water in the soil can be used up without causing stress in the crop.
For most crops, 50 to 60% of the total available water is taken as readily available.
RAW = MAD*TAW
Where, MAD = maximum allowable deficit
Crop Water Requirement
CU is the controlling factor for irrigation scheduling.
That is, CU determines the quantity of water to be added by irrigation and helps in day to day management of irrigation systems.
Actually, total water demand of crops is made up of:
i) Crop water use: includes evaporation and transpiration
ii) Leaching requirement: a fraction of water to be added to remove salts from the root zone.
iii) Losses of water due to deep seepage in canals and losses due to the inefficiency of application.
ETc = Evaporation + Transpiration
ETc is normally expressed in mm/day.
Factors Affecting ETc:
Weather parameters (To, RH, Wind, etc.)
Crop Characteristics (type, variety and length of growing period)
Management and Environmental aspects
(control of diseases, soil salinity, etc.)
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
7. Sandy loams Clay loams
Big
water storage
28 – 42 mm Small
water storage
17 – 20 mm
Small
water storage
16 – 26 mm
9 farms
5 farms 5 farms
RAW in root zone
14. Soil type RAW
mm
Daily ET0
(November - March)
mm
Irrigation
interval
days
Daily Et0
Max
mm
Campania Fingal Cressy Smithton
Duplex sandy loam 28 - 42 4.4 6 - 10 9.9
Duplex sandy loam 17 - 20 4.2 4 - 5 8.6
Gradational 16 - 26 4.5 4 - 6 8.8
Ferrosol 18 - 25 3.7 5 - 7 6.4
Hydrosol 42 3.7 11 6.4
15. ETc and crop coefficient
Crop Kc ini Kc mid Kc end
Pasture 0.4 0.85-1.05 0.85
Broccoli 0.7 1.05 0.95
Carrots 1.05 0.95
Potato 1.15 0.75
Beans 0.5 1.05 0.9
Lucerne 0.4 1.2 0.95
Source - http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0490E/x0490e0b.htm
Crop coefficients, Kc, for non stressed, well-managed crops for use with
the FAO 56 Penman-Monteith ETo.
16. Irrigation system capacity
• The system capacity is the maximum
possible rate at which the machine can
apply water to the irrigated field area
• Expressed in mm/day - NOT the depth
applied per pass (mm)
)(mareairrigatedField
(L/day)rateflowpumpDaily
CapacitySystem 2
18. How wet does your soil have to be
to be ‘full’ ?
19. 36 – 44 %
48 % 48 %
Duplex soils Gradational
soils
Ferrosols
Hydrosol
Topsoil water content at field capacity
(full after irrigation)
20. 17 % 17 %
Topsoil water content at irrigation start up
21. 17 % 17 %
25 %
Topsoil water content at irrigation start up
22. 17 % 17 %
25 %
32 %
37 %
Topsoil water content at irrigation start up
23. Readily available water storage & irrigation interval
RAW varies a lot, even on the same soil type
(17 – 42 mm in top 30 cm of sandy loams)
RAW, crop ET & irrigation system capacity
all determine irrigation interval
Soil water content at ‘full point’ is surprisingly wet
And also at ‘refill’ point on many soils
(17, 25, 32, 37 % on sandy loams)
