The document discusses the process of obtaining and refining crude oil. To obtain a grade D, a student would explain how crude oil is obtained by drilling and separated into fractions by fractional distillation. Higher grades require identifying alkanes produced from crude oil, evaluating crude oil as a resource, and suggesting alternatives to crude oil based on environmental, economic, and social factors.

1. What level will you reach?...
To get a grade D: you will explain how we
obtain and separate crude oil
To get a grade C: you should give examples of
alkanes obtained from crude oil and be able to
draw structural and molecular formulae for
them
To get a grade B: you should evaluate crude oil
as a resource
To get a grade A/A*: you should suggest
alternatives to crude oil, based on
environmental, economic and social factors

2. What can you remember
about…
• how to obtain crude oil?
• how to separate crude oil?
• how alkanes are named?
• how good crude oil is as a fuel?
• any alternative fuels?
You have
5 minutes!

3. Crude Oil

4. • Microscopic plants and animals die and fall to the sea bed
• Layers of sand and mud form on top
• Pressure and high temperature cause oil to form
How crude oil was formed
• Oil obtained by drilling

5. Heated
Crude
Oil
350o
C
40o
C
Liquid petroleum gas
Naphtha
Petrol (gasoline)
Paraffin
Diesel
Fuel oil
Lubricating oil
Bitumen
Fraction Boiling pt.
< 25o
C
25 – 60o
C
60 – 180o
C
180 – 220o
C
220 – 250o
C
250 – 300o
C
300 – 350o
C
> 350o
C
Average number of
C atoms in chain
3
8
10
12
20
40
80
120
The Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

6. Properties of the fractions

7. The compounds produced by
the distillation of crude oil
are all hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are compounds
which contain the elements
hydrogen and carbon.

8. Naming hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Methane Ethane Propane
These hydrocarbons are said to be saturated.
(They have single bonds between carbon atoms).
C2H6 C3H8CH4

10. Fuels
Most alkanes are used as fuels to produce useful forms
of energy.
When completely burned alkanes form carbon dioxide
and water.

11. Equations for combustion
CH4
methane
+ O2
oxygen
CO2
carbon
dioxide
+ H2O
water
2 2
C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O
C2H4 + O2 CO2 + H2O2 2
5 3 4
3

12. Combustion of hydrocarbons
When burned with sufficient oxygen, hydrocarbons form
carbon dioxide and water

13. Global dimming
Particulates in soot come from the incomplete
combustion of fuel leaving carbon particles. These
particles cause Global Dimming by reflecting
sunlight away from the Earth.

14. Global Warming
• main cause: carbon
dioxide from burning
fossil fuels causing a
“greenhouse” effect
(also methane).
• Effect on the environment?
• Reducing the Problem?

15. Acid rain
• Main cause: sulfur compounds
in fuels burning to form sulphur
dioxide which dissolves in
rainwater to produce an acidic
solution ( also causes nitrogen
oxides from car exhausts.
• Effect on the environment?
• Reducing the problem?

17. Hydrogen: produced by passing an electric
current through water and the process
therefore requires lots of energy.
Hydrogen is highly flammable and would
have to be stored under special conditions.
Only product is water, therefore no
pollution.
Hydrogen + Oxygen Water + Energy

18. Ethanol is made by fermentation of sugar (this
process is used to make alcoholic drinks).
It is made from sugar cane which comes from
countries such as Brazil. Ethanol burns more
cleanly than petrol but produces less energy.
It also form carbon dioxide (but it is carbon
neutral since the plants absorbed it in the first
place.

20. What level did you reach?...
To get a grade D: you will explain how we
obtain and separate crude oil
To get a grade C: you should give examples of
alkanes obtained from crude oil and be able to
draw structural and molecular formulae for
them
To get a grade B: you should evaluate crude oil
as a resource
To get a grade A/A*: you should suggest
alternatives to crude oil, based on
environmental, economic and social factors