This document discusses the synthesis of three sulphonamide drugs: sulphacetamide, sulphamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. It was written by Dr. Nidhi Gupta of the MM College of Pharmacy at MM University in Mullana, Ambala.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of molecules to determine molecular weights and identify unknown chemical compounds. It works by first ionizing molecules, then separating the ions by mass in the mass analyzer, and detecting the ions to produce a mass spectrum. The spectrum shows the masses of molecules in a sample and can be used to quantify known compounds and study molecular structure and properties.
This document discusses different types of isomerism including structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. Structural isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Types of structural isomerism include chain isomerism, positional isomerism, and functional group isomerism. Chain isomerism involves compounds having the same molecular formula but different carbon chain structures. Positional isomerism involves compounds having functional groups at different positions. Functional group isomerism involves compounds having different functional groups. Stereoisomerism occurs when compounds have the same connectivity of atoms but different arrangements in space.
Combinatorial synthesis is a technique used in organic chemistry and materials science to efficiently generate and study large numbers of structurally similar compounds. The document is authored by Dr. Nidhi Gupta of M.M. College of Pharmacy at Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) in Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India and likely discusses her work in the field of combinatorial synthesis.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography is a document by Dr. Nidhi Gupta about the topic of high performance liquid chromatography. Dr. Nidhi Gupta is an assistant professor at MMCP in Mullana, Ambala, India. The document provides information about high performance liquid chromatography but does not include any specific details.
This document provides information on qualitative tests and structures and uses of various carboxylic acids. It describes litmus, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and ester tests to identify carboxylic acids. It also provides the structures and common uses of acetic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl phthalate, methyl salicylate, and acetyl salicylic acid. The uses described include industrial, medical, food/beverage, and other applications.
Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. They can undergo oxidation reactions where the alcohol is converted to an aldehyde or ketone with the loss of hydrogen atoms. Substitution reactions on alcohols involve replacing the hydroxyl hydrogen with another group like a halide to form alkyl halides.
Methods of preparation_aldehyde and ketones.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
Carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbon-oxygen double bond. They are prepared through oxidation reactions of primary alcohols to form aldehydes and secondary alcohols to form ketones. The author thanks the reader for their time.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of molecules to determine molecular weights and identify unknown chemical compounds. It works by first ionizing molecules, then separating the ions by mass in the mass analyzer, and detecting the ions to produce a mass spectrum. The spectrum shows the masses of molecules in a sample and can be used to quantify known compounds and study molecular structure and properties.
This document discusses different types of isomerism including structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. Structural isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Types of structural isomerism include chain isomerism, positional isomerism, and functional group isomerism. Chain isomerism involves compounds having the same molecular formula but different carbon chain structures. Positional isomerism involves compounds having functional groups at different positions. Functional group isomerism involves compounds having different functional groups. Stereoisomerism occurs when compounds have the same connectivity of atoms but different arrangements in space.
Combinatorial synthesis is a technique used in organic chemistry and materials science to efficiently generate and study large numbers of structurally similar compounds. The document is authored by Dr. Nidhi Gupta of M.M. College of Pharmacy at Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) in Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India and likely discusses her work in the field of combinatorial synthesis.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography is a document by Dr. Nidhi Gupta about the topic of high performance liquid chromatography. Dr. Nidhi Gupta is an assistant professor at MMCP in Mullana, Ambala, India. The document provides information about high performance liquid chromatography but does not include any specific details.
This document provides information on qualitative tests and structures and uses of various carboxylic acids. It describes litmus, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and ester tests to identify carboxylic acids. It also provides the structures and common uses of acetic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl phthalate, methyl salicylate, and acetyl salicylic acid. The uses described include industrial, medical, food/beverage, and other applications.
Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. They can undergo oxidation reactions where the alcohol is converted to an aldehyde or ketone with the loss of hydrogen atoms. Substitution reactions on alcohols involve replacing the hydroxyl hydrogen with another group like a halide to form alkyl halides.
Methods of preparation_aldehyde and ketones.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
Carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbon-oxygen double bond. They are prepared through oxidation reactions of primary alcohols to form aldehydes and secondary alcohols to form ketones. The author thanks the reader for their time.
Chemical reactions_aldehyde and ketones.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
The document discusses carbonyl compound reactions, specifically the benzoin condensation and Perkin condensation. The benzoin condensation involves the dimerization of two aromatic aldehydes using a cyanide ion catalyst to form an aromatic acyloin compound like benzoin. The reaction mechanism involves nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ion to one aldehyde, followed by rearrangement and addition to the second aldehyde producing benzoin after proton transfer and cyanide elimination. The Perkin condensation is also discussed but no details are provided.
The document summarizes the structures and uses of various carbonyl compounds including aldehydes and ketones. It describes 8 compounds - benzaldehyde, vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, formaldehyde, paraldehyde, acetone, chloral hydrate, and hexamine. For each compound, it provides the chemical structure and lists their main uses which range from use as flavoring agents and precursors to other chemicals to applications in cosmetics, plastics, paints, and medicine.
Hybridisation and Method of preparation of alkenes.pptNIDHI GUPTA
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond functional group. Ethylene (C2H4) is an example alkene. The carbon atoms in alkenes adopt sp2 hybridization, resulting in a flat structure with 120 degree bond angles between atoms. An alkene's double bond consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond between the carbon atoms, restricting rotation about the double bond.
This document discusses the preparation and properties of amines. It describes four types of amines based on the number of carbons bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines can be prepared through ammonolysis reactions, where an amine or ammonia displaces a halide on a primary or methyl halide. This produces primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines depending on the starting material. Amines have relatively high melting and boiling points due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. They are basic and can turn litmus blue, with solubility in water depending on the carbon chain length.
Primary amines react with alkyl halides to form secondary amines. Primary and secondary amines react with acyl halides and anhydrides to form amides through nucleophilic attack of the amine on the carbonyl group. Benzenesulphonyl chloride reacts with primary and secondary amines to form sulphonamides. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form alcohols, while secondary amines form oily nitrosoamines through the Libermann reaction. Tertiary amines form salts with nitrous acid. Amphetamine is a phenylethylamine used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity.
This document summarizes information about various alkyl halides. It discusses the chemical structures, properties and uses of ethyl chloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, dichloromethane and iodoform. Many of these compounds are or were used as solvents, refrigerants, degreasers, paint strippers, dry cleaning fluids and disinfectants due to their volatility and ability to dissolve organic materials.
Structure and Uses of different carboxylic acids.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
This document discusses the structures and uses of various carboxylic acids, including acetic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl phthalate, methyl salicylate, and acetyl salicylic acid. It outlines key industrial, medical, and household applications for each acid such as use in food/beverage production, pharmaceuticals, cleaning products, and agriculture.
Alkenes undergo general chemical reactions and their stability depends on the number of substituents. More substituted alkenes are more stable than less substituted ones due to a phenomenon called hyperconjugation. They also have a lower heat of hydrogenation. The stability of alkenes increases with more substituents.
The document summarizes the chemical reaction of chlorination of alkanes. It describes the reaction as a chain reaction, where (1) chlorine radicals are produced from chlorine molecules through homolytic fission initiated by heat or light. (2) The chlorine radicals react with methane to form methyl radicals and HCl molecules. (3) The methyl radicals react with chlorine molecules to form methyl chloride and new chlorine radicals. This sequence propagates the chain reaction until (4)-(6) termination steps form stable products and end the reaction.
Hybridisatoion and Method of Preparation of alkanes.pptNIDHI GUPTA
Alkanes are the simplest organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. They form single covalent bonds and have no functional groups. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 where n is the number of carbon atoms. Methane (CH4) is the first member and ethane (C2H6) is the second. Alkanes have sp3 hybridization giving them a tetrahedral molecular geometry. One method to prepare alkanes is through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes which involves passing a mixture of the unsaturated hydrocarbon and hydrogen over nickel at high temperatures.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Part-2.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
1. Here are the steps to name the molecule:
1) Identify the functional group (carbonyl group) which gives the compound the name of a ketone.
2) Name the parent chain (hexane) which contains the carbonyl group.
3) Number the parent chain starting from the end that gives the carbonyl carbon the lowest number.
4) Include the position of the carbonyl group as a prefix.
The IUPAC name is therefore: 3-hexanone
2. (a) 3-ethyloctane
(b) 1,4-dibromohexane
(c) 2,3,4-trimethylheptane
(d)
Classification, Nomenclature of Organic Compounds.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
This document provides information on the classification, nomenclature, and isomerism of organic compounds. It discusses how organic compounds are classified based on their structure as acyclic, cyclic, aromatic, etc. It also describes the IUPAC system for systematically naming organic compounds based on functional groups and molecular structure. Key points covered include naming conventions for alkanes, alkenes, alkyl halides, and other compound classes.
Thin layer chromatography is a technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures on a sheet coated with an adsorbent material like silica gel or aluminum oxide. The mixture components separate vertically as they travel different distances up the sheet at different rates depending on how strongly they interact with the stationary and mobile phases. Each component appears as a distinct spot, and its retention factor (Rf) indicates how far it traveled relative to the solvent front. Factors like the solvent system, amount of material, adsorbent, and temperature affect the separation. TLC is a simple, fast, and inexpensive chromatography method used to analyze pharmaceuticals, foods, and other chemical mixtures.
1) Paper chromatography is a technique that uses paper as the stationary phase to separate dissolved chemical substances based on their different migration rates across the paper.
2) The principle involves either partition chromatography where substances partition between the water in the paper pores and a mobile phase, or adsorption chromatography where the paper acts as a solid stationary phase and the liquid mobile phase moves through it.
3) The procedure involves selecting a paper type, preparing the sample, spotting it on the paper, developing the chromatogram by immersing the paper in a mobile phase, drying the paper, and detecting spots.
i. Fluorescence and phosphorescence are the two types of luminescence. Fluorescence emission stops when the incident light is removed, while phosphorescence emission continues even after the light is removed.
ii. A fluorimeter uses a mercury vapor lamp, filters, and a photocell to measure fluorescence. It passes light through a primary filter to select the excitation wavelength, through the sample, and then through a secondary filter to transmit the fluorescent emission to the photocell.
iii. Fluorimetry can be used to determine substances like uranium, boron, calcium, vitamins, and aromatic pollutants through measurement of their fluorescent properties. It allows both qualitative and quantitative analysis of various samples.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components of a mixture. It works by selectively partitioning the components between a stationary and mobile phase inside a column. Components are then sequentially eluted from the column. First, a sample is injected into an inert gas stream and carried into a separation column. The various components interact differently with the column's stationary phase and are separated as they move through. A detector then measures the quantity of components exiting the column, allowing identification and quantification. Gas chromatography offers high separation efficiency, small sample needs, good selectivity for similar compounds, and a wide range of applications, though it is limited to analyzing volatile substances.
This document discusses nepheloturbidometry, which uses light scattering measurements to determine the concentration of suspended particles in liquids. It can be used for both low concentrations (nephelometry) and high concentrations (turbidometry) by measuring either scattered light or transmitted light. A nepheloturbidimeter has detectors to measure both scattered light at 90 degrees and transmitted light at 180 degrees, allowing it to analyze suspensions of unknown concentration. Factors like particle properties, light source, sample cells, and detectors can affect light scattering measurements. Nepheloturbidimetry has various applications like analyzing water clarity, determining carbon dioxide, and quantifying ions at low levels.
Gel exclusion chromatography, also known as size exclusion chromatography, separates analytes based on their size or hydrodynamic volume. Smaller analytes have a longer retention time as they are able to penetrate the pores in the stationary phase beads, while larger analytes pass through more quickly. The principle allows for separation of a number of molecular weights within each column. Detectors are used to monitor the concentration of analytes as they elute from the column. Though useful for determining relative molecular weights, gel permeation chromatography has limitations including poor resolution of peaks for polymer samples where molecular weights are closely spaced.
Flame photometry is a technique that uses the intensity of light emitted from atoms in a flame to determine the concentration of certain metal ions in a sample. When compounds containing alkali and alkaline earth metals are introduced into a flame, the atoms are excited and emit light of characteristic wavelengths as they return to lower energy states. A flame photometer measures the intensity of this emitted light, which is directly proportional to the concentration of the metal in the original sample, allowing for quantitative analysis. Key components of the instrument include a burner, nebulizer, optical system with filters, and photodetector. Samples and standards are aspirated into the flame and readings are used to construct a calibration curve to determine concentrations in unknown samples.
This document discusses affinity chromatography, which is a powerful method for purifying specific molecules from complex mixtures using biological interactions like enzyme-substrate binding. It works by immobilizing one molecule (the affinity ligand) to a solid support, then passing a sample over it so the targeting binding molecules are captured while others pass through. The target molecules can then be eluted by altering conditions like pH or adding a competing ligand. The key components are the support matrix, optional spacer arm, and selected ligand. Applications include separating mixtures, removing impurities, enzyme assays, and investigating binding sites.
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
It is a progressive disease of lungs.
Chemical reactions_aldehyde and ketones.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
The document discusses carbonyl compound reactions, specifically the benzoin condensation and Perkin condensation. The benzoin condensation involves the dimerization of two aromatic aldehydes using a cyanide ion catalyst to form an aromatic acyloin compound like benzoin. The reaction mechanism involves nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ion to one aldehyde, followed by rearrangement and addition to the second aldehyde producing benzoin after proton transfer and cyanide elimination. The Perkin condensation is also discussed but no details are provided.
The document summarizes the structures and uses of various carbonyl compounds including aldehydes and ketones. It describes 8 compounds - benzaldehyde, vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, formaldehyde, paraldehyde, acetone, chloral hydrate, and hexamine. For each compound, it provides the chemical structure and lists their main uses which range from use as flavoring agents and precursors to other chemicals to applications in cosmetics, plastics, paints, and medicine.
Hybridisation and Method of preparation of alkenes.pptNIDHI GUPTA
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond functional group. Ethylene (C2H4) is an example alkene. The carbon atoms in alkenes adopt sp2 hybridization, resulting in a flat structure with 120 degree bond angles between atoms. An alkene's double bond consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond between the carbon atoms, restricting rotation about the double bond.
This document discusses the preparation and properties of amines. It describes four types of amines based on the number of carbons bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines can be prepared through ammonolysis reactions, where an amine or ammonia displaces a halide on a primary or methyl halide. This produces primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines depending on the starting material. Amines have relatively high melting and boiling points due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. They are basic and can turn litmus blue, with solubility in water depending on the carbon chain length.
Primary amines react with alkyl halides to form secondary amines. Primary and secondary amines react with acyl halides and anhydrides to form amides through nucleophilic attack of the amine on the carbonyl group. Benzenesulphonyl chloride reacts with primary and secondary amines to form sulphonamides. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form alcohols, while secondary amines form oily nitrosoamines through the Libermann reaction. Tertiary amines form salts with nitrous acid. Amphetamine is a phenylethylamine used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity.
This document summarizes information about various alkyl halides. It discusses the chemical structures, properties and uses of ethyl chloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, dichloromethane and iodoform. Many of these compounds are or were used as solvents, refrigerants, degreasers, paint strippers, dry cleaning fluids and disinfectants due to their volatility and ability to dissolve organic materials.
Structure and Uses of different carboxylic acids.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
This document discusses the structures and uses of various carboxylic acids, including acetic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl phthalate, methyl salicylate, and acetyl salicylic acid. It outlines key industrial, medical, and household applications for each acid such as use in food/beverage production, pharmaceuticals, cleaning products, and agriculture.
Alkenes undergo general chemical reactions and their stability depends on the number of substituents. More substituted alkenes are more stable than less substituted ones due to a phenomenon called hyperconjugation. They also have a lower heat of hydrogenation. The stability of alkenes increases with more substituents.
The document summarizes the chemical reaction of chlorination of alkanes. It describes the reaction as a chain reaction, where (1) chlorine radicals are produced from chlorine molecules through homolytic fission initiated by heat or light. (2) The chlorine radicals react with methane to form methyl radicals and HCl molecules. (3) The methyl radicals react with chlorine molecules to form methyl chloride and new chlorine radicals. This sequence propagates the chain reaction until (4)-(6) termination steps form stable products and end the reaction.
Hybridisatoion and Method of Preparation of alkanes.pptNIDHI GUPTA
Alkanes are the simplest organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. They form single covalent bonds and have no functional groups. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 where n is the number of carbon atoms. Methane (CH4) is the first member and ethane (C2H6) is the second. Alkanes have sp3 hybridization giving them a tetrahedral molecular geometry. One method to prepare alkanes is through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes which involves passing a mixture of the unsaturated hydrocarbon and hydrogen over nickel at high temperatures.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Part-2.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
1. Here are the steps to name the molecule:
1) Identify the functional group (carbonyl group) which gives the compound the name of a ketone.
2) Name the parent chain (hexane) which contains the carbonyl group.
3) Number the parent chain starting from the end that gives the carbonyl carbon the lowest number.
4) Include the position of the carbonyl group as a prefix.
The IUPAC name is therefore: 3-hexanone
2. (a) 3-ethyloctane
(b) 1,4-dibromohexane
(c) 2,3,4-trimethylheptane
(d)
Classification, Nomenclature of Organic Compounds.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
This document provides information on the classification, nomenclature, and isomerism of organic compounds. It discusses how organic compounds are classified based on their structure as acyclic, cyclic, aromatic, etc. It also describes the IUPAC system for systematically naming organic compounds based on functional groups and molecular structure. Key points covered include naming conventions for alkanes, alkenes, alkyl halides, and other compound classes.
Thin layer chromatography is a technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures on a sheet coated with an adsorbent material like silica gel or aluminum oxide. The mixture components separate vertically as they travel different distances up the sheet at different rates depending on how strongly they interact with the stationary and mobile phases. Each component appears as a distinct spot, and its retention factor (Rf) indicates how far it traveled relative to the solvent front. Factors like the solvent system, amount of material, adsorbent, and temperature affect the separation. TLC is a simple, fast, and inexpensive chromatography method used to analyze pharmaceuticals, foods, and other chemical mixtures.
1) Paper chromatography is a technique that uses paper as the stationary phase to separate dissolved chemical substances based on their different migration rates across the paper.
2) The principle involves either partition chromatography where substances partition between the water in the paper pores and a mobile phase, or adsorption chromatography where the paper acts as a solid stationary phase and the liquid mobile phase moves through it.
3) The procedure involves selecting a paper type, preparing the sample, spotting it on the paper, developing the chromatogram by immersing the paper in a mobile phase, drying the paper, and detecting spots.
i. Fluorescence and phosphorescence are the two types of luminescence. Fluorescence emission stops when the incident light is removed, while phosphorescence emission continues even after the light is removed.
ii. A fluorimeter uses a mercury vapor lamp, filters, and a photocell to measure fluorescence. It passes light through a primary filter to select the excitation wavelength, through the sample, and then through a secondary filter to transmit the fluorescent emission to the photocell.
iii. Fluorimetry can be used to determine substances like uranium, boron, calcium, vitamins, and aromatic pollutants through measurement of their fluorescent properties. It allows both qualitative and quantitative analysis of various samples.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components of a mixture. It works by selectively partitioning the components between a stationary and mobile phase inside a column. Components are then sequentially eluted from the column. First, a sample is injected into an inert gas stream and carried into a separation column. The various components interact differently with the column's stationary phase and are separated as they move through. A detector then measures the quantity of components exiting the column, allowing identification and quantification. Gas chromatography offers high separation efficiency, small sample needs, good selectivity for similar compounds, and a wide range of applications, though it is limited to analyzing volatile substances.
This document discusses nepheloturbidometry, which uses light scattering measurements to determine the concentration of suspended particles in liquids. It can be used for both low concentrations (nephelometry) and high concentrations (turbidometry) by measuring either scattered light or transmitted light. A nepheloturbidimeter has detectors to measure both scattered light at 90 degrees and transmitted light at 180 degrees, allowing it to analyze suspensions of unknown concentration. Factors like particle properties, light source, sample cells, and detectors can affect light scattering measurements. Nepheloturbidimetry has various applications like analyzing water clarity, determining carbon dioxide, and quantifying ions at low levels.
Gel exclusion chromatography, also known as size exclusion chromatography, separates analytes based on their size or hydrodynamic volume. Smaller analytes have a longer retention time as they are able to penetrate the pores in the stationary phase beads, while larger analytes pass through more quickly. The principle allows for separation of a number of molecular weights within each column. Detectors are used to monitor the concentration of analytes as they elute from the column. Though useful for determining relative molecular weights, gel permeation chromatography has limitations including poor resolution of peaks for polymer samples where molecular weights are closely spaced.
Flame photometry is a technique that uses the intensity of light emitted from atoms in a flame to determine the concentration of certain metal ions in a sample. When compounds containing alkali and alkaline earth metals are introduced into a flame, the atoms are excited and emit light of characteristic wavelengths as they return to lower energy states. A flame photometer measures the intensity of this emitted light, which is directly proportional to the concentration of the metal in the original sample, allowing for quantitative analysis. Key components of the instrument include a burner, nebulizer, optical system with filters, and photodetector. Samples and standards are aspirated into the flame and readings are used to construct a calibration curve to determine concentrations in unknown samples.
This document discusses affinity chromatography, which is a powerful method for purifying specific molecules from complex mixtures using biological interactions like enzyme-substrate binding. It works by immobilizing one molecule (the affinity ligand) to a solid support, then passing a sample over it so the targeting binding molecules are captured while others pass through. The target molecules can then be eluted by altering conditions like pH or adding a competing ligand. The key components are the support matrix, optional spacer arm, and selected ligand. Applications include separating mixtures, removing impurities, enzyme assays, and investigating binding sites.
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
It is a progressive disease of lungs.
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every DayLucas Smith
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every Day" and unlock the secrets to building a strong, lasting relationship. This comprehensive guide takes you on a journey to self-improvement, enhancing your communication and emotional skills, ensuring that your partner chooses you without hesitation. Forget about complications and start applying easy, straightforward steps that make her see you as the ideal person she can't live without. Gain the key to her heart and enjoy a relationship filled with love and mutual respect. This isn't just a book; it's an investment in your happiness and the happiness of your partner
Sectional dentures for microstomia patients.pptxSatvikaPrasad
Microstomia, characterized by an abnormally small oral aperture, presents significant challenges in prosthodontic treatment, including limited access for examination, difficulties in impression making, and challenges with prosthesis insertion and removal. To manage these issues, customized impression techniques using sectional trays and elastomeric materials are employed. Prostheses may be designed in segments or with flexible materials to facilitate handling. Minimally invasive procedures and the use of digital technologies can enhance patient comfort. Education and training for patients on prosthesis care and maintenance are crucial for compliance. Regular follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with other specialists, ensure comprehensive care and improved quality of life for microstomia patients.
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The story of Dr. Ranjit Jagtap's daughters is more than a tale of inherited responsibility; it's a narrative of passion, innovation, and unwavering commitment to a cause greater than oneself. In Poulami and Aditi Jagtap, we see the beautiful continuum of a father's dream and the limitless potential of compassion-driven healthcare.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials fo...rightmanforbloodline
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...bkling
Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.