In this paper, we have reviewed the calculation of ground states energy level up to spin 14+, electric quadrupole moments up to spin 12+, and reduced transition probabilities of Hafnium isotopes with even neutron N = 100-108 by Interacting Boson Model (IBM-1). The calculated results are compared with previous available experimental data and found good agreement for all nuclei. Moreover, we have studied potential energy surface of those nuclei. The systematic studies of quadrupole moments, reduced transition strength, yrast level and potential energy surface of those nuclei show an important property that they are deformed and have dynamical symmetry SU(3) characters.
Numerical modeling to evaluate pile head deflection under the lateral loadeSAT Journals
Abstract The complex behavior of pile head deflection under the lateral load can be studied using various analytical methods and the softwares. Often the lateral pile load testing is carried out in the field to confirm the calculated lateral pile capacity. However, even with the use of sophisticated latest softwares, the accurate deflection of pile head cannot be estimated. Hence an attempt has been made in this paper to evaluate the pile head deflection using the field load-deflection data and the corresponding soil and pile properties. A preliminary mathematical model has been developed using a technique of dimensional analysis (DA) to evaluate pile head deflection under different pile diameters, different pile materials and varying soil conditions. The estimated pile head deflection using DA equation is compared with 14nos. of measured lateral pile load test results conducted at the site. It can be observed from this study that, the dimensional analysis can be used effectively to estimate the pile head deflection. More variables based on more field results can be introduced in the mathematical model to increase the accuracy in the estimation of pile head deflection. Keywords: Pile head deflection, Lateral pile load, Dimensional analysis
BOUND STATE SOLUTION TO SCHRODINGER EQUATION WITH MODIFIED HYLLERAAS PLUS INV...ijrap
In this work, we obtained an approximate bound state solution to Schrodinger equation with modified
Hylleraass plus inversely quadratic potential using Supersymmetric quantum mechanics approach.
Applying perkeris approximation to the centrifugal term, we obtained the eigen-energy and the normalized
wave function using Gauss and confluent hypergeometric functions. We implement Fortran algorithm to
obtained the numerical result of the energy for the screening parameter α = 0.1,0.2,0.3, 0.4 0.5 and .
The result shows that the energy increases with an increase in the quantum state. The energy spectrum
shows increase in angular quantum state spacing as the screening parameter increases.
Theoretical Convective Heat Transfer Model Developement of Cold Storage Using...IJERA Editor
Energy crisis is one of the most important problems the world is facing now-a-days. With the increase of cost of electrical energy operating cost of cold storage storing is increasing which forces the increased cost price of the commodities that are kept. In this situation if the maximum heat energy(Q) is absorbed by the evaporator inside the cold room through convective heat transfer process in terms of –heat transfer due to convection and heat transfer due to condensation, more energy has to be wasted to maintain the evaporator space at the desired temperature range of 2- 8 degree centigrade. In this paper we have proposed a theoretical heat transfermodel of convective heat transfer incold storage using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Velocity of air(V), Temperature difference(dT), RelativeHumidity(RH)are the basic variable and three ranges are taken each of them in the model development. Graphical interpretations from the model justifies the reality
Chemical Thermodynamics-II , Semester 3, As per syllabus of the University of...AQEELAABDULQURESHI
Unit I:Physical Chemistry 1.1 Chemical Thermodynamics-II
1.Free Energy Functions: Helmholtz Free Energy, Gibb's Free Energy, Variation of Gibb's free energy with Pressure and Temperature.
2. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation
3. Thermodynamics of Open System: Partial Molal Properties, Chemical Potential and its variation with Pressure and Temperature, Gibb's Duhem equation.
4. Concept of Fugacity and Activity
5. van't Hoff reaction isotherm and van't Hoff reaction isochore.
Numerical modeling to evaluate pile head deflection under the lateral loadeSAT Journals
Abstract The complex behavior of pile head deflection under the lateral load can be studied using various analytical methods and the softwares. Often the lateral pile load testing is carried out in the field to confirm the calculated lateral pile capacity. However, even with the use of sophisticated latest softwares, the accurate deflection of pile head cannot be estimated. Hence an attempt has been made in this paper to evaluate the pile head deflection using the field load-deflection data and the corresponding soil and pile properties. A preliminary mathematical model has been developed using a technique of dimensional analysis (DA) to evaluate pile head deflection under different pile diameters, different pile materials and varying soil conditions. The estimated pile head deflection using DA equation is compared with 14nos. of measured lateral pile load test results conducted at the site. It can be observed from this study that, the dimensional analysis can be used effectively to estimate the pile head deflection. More variables based on more field results can be introduced in the mathematical model to increase the accuracy in the estimation of pile head deflection. Keywords: Pile head deflection, Lateral pile load, Dimensional analysis
BOUND STATE SOLUTION TO SCHRODINGER EQUATION WITH MODIFIED HYLLERAAS PLUS INV...ijrap
In this work, we obtained an approximate bound state solution to Schrodinger equation with modified
Hylleraass plus inversely quadratic potential using Supersymmetric quantum mechanics approach.
Applying perkeris approximation to the centrifugal term, we obtained the eigen-energy and the normalized
wave function using Gauss and confluent hypergeometric functions. We implement Fortran algorithm to
obtained the numerical result of the energy for the screening parameter α = 0.1,0.2,0.3, 0.4 0.5 and .
The result shows that the energy increases with an increase in the quantum state. The energy spectrum
shows increase in angular quantum state spacing as the screening parameter increases.
Theoretical Convective Heat Transfer Model Developement of Cold Storage Using...IJERA Editor
Energy crisis is one of the most important problems the world is facing now-a-days. With the increase of cost of electrical energy operating cost of cold storage storing is increasing which forces the increased cost price of the commodities that are kept. In this situation if the maximum heat energy(Q) is absorbed by the evaporator inside the cold room through convective heat transfer process in terms of –heat transfer due to convection and heat transfer due to condensation, more energy has to be wasted to maintain the evaporator space at the desired temperature range of 2- 8 degree centigrade. In this paper we have proposed a theoretical heat transfermodel of convective heat transfer incold storage using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Velocity of air(V), Temperature difference(dT), RelativeHumidity(RH)are the basic variable and three ranges are taken each of them in the model development. Graphical interpretations from the model justifies the reality
Chemical Thermodynamics-II , Semester 3, As per syllabus of the University of...AQEELAABDULQURESHI
Unit I:Physical Chemistry 1.1 Chemical Thermodynamics-II
1.Free Energy Functions: Helmholtz Free Energy, Gibb's Free Energy, Variation of Gibb's free energy with Pressure and Temperature.
2. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation
3. Thermodynamics of Open System: Partial Molal Properties, Chemical Potential and its variation with Pressure and Temperature, Gibb's Duhem equation.
4. Concept of Fugacity and Activity
5. van't Hoff reaction isotherm and van't Hoff reaction isochore.
Analytical Solution Of Schrödinger Equation With Mie–Type Potential Using Fac...ijrap
we have obtained the analytical solution of Schrödinger wave equation with Mie – type potential
using factorization method. We have also obtained energy eigenvalues of our potential and the
corresponding wave function using an ansatz and then compare the result to standard Laguerre’s
differential equation. Under special cases our potential model reduces two well known potentials such as
Coulomb and the Kratzer Feus potentials.
Numerical study of natural convection in an enclosed square cavity using cons...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study, Constrained Interpolated Profile (CIP) method was used to simulate the natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in an enclosed square cavity with differentially heated side walls. The fundamental idea of this method is to solve the advection phase equation with CIP method and the non-advection phase equation is calculated with finite difference method. CIPNSE is applied to predict the temperature and velocity profiles in a square cavity for various Rayleigh number: Ra=103, 104 and 105. The streamline and isotherms obtained under these conditions were then compared with those published in literature and found a good agreement. Keywords: Constrained Interpolated Profile (CIP), Finite Difference Method (FDM) and Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), Natural Convection, Square Cavity, Stream-Function Vorticity
The variational iteration method for calculating carbon dioxide absorbed into...iosrjce
In this paper, the variational iteration method (VIM) is used to get an approximate solution for a
system of two coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations which represent the concentrations of carbon
dioxide 퐶푂2 and phenyl glycidyl ether. In this system there are boundary conditions of Dirichlet type and the
other is a mixed set of Neumann and Dirichlet type. Our calculations evidenced by tables and figures for the
analysis of the maximal error remainder values. The variational iteration method gives approximate solutions
with fast convergence. Comparison with the results obtained by the Adomian decomposition method (ADM)
reveals that the numerical solutions obtained by the VIM converge faster than those of Adomian's method. The
software we used in our study of these calculations is Mathematica®
9.
Descriptive New features of high angular momentum rotational states in some r...IOSR Journals
The results from the variable moment of inertia (VMI) and cubic polynomial (CP) models with the available experimental information on transition energies for the yrast band levels in all studied nuclei. These models has been generalized so as to be applicable to transitional and vibrational nuclei by requiring that the extended models reduce at low angular momentum, to the polynomial dependence which gives excellent fits to the experimental spectra in the spherical, transitional and deformed regions. The level structure indicate a transition from collective to few-particle characteristics at high spin, possibly suggesting a change shape from prolate through triaxial to oblate. The loss of collectivity occurs at much lower angular momentum than predicted by calculations. The calculated Qt-value of the yrast band of the nucleus with N = 90.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Simulate the dispersion pattern of Suspended Particulate Matter in the vicini...IJERA Editor
Air quality modeling is an essential tool for most air pollution studies. This work deals with the use of the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) model at a Thermal Power Plant. The study is performed over a period of 5-days. The objective of this study was to simulate the dispersion pattern of SPM in the vicinity of Thermal Power Plants at Neyveli. In order to simulate the dispersion pattern of Suspended Particulate Matter in Neyveli, a short term meteorological monitoring was conducted from 26.05.2008 to 30.05.2008. ISCST3 model was employed to simulate the concentration of Suspended particulate matter felt on the downwind locations of the neighbourhood of the Thermal power stations based on the observed wind data. The most predominant wind directions were from SSE and NW. Hence, the pollutants were transported towards NNW and SSE respectively. It is well evidenced from the pollution roses shown that diurnal variations of the dispersion of SPM in the neighbourhood of Thermal Power Plants. The concentrations of SPM were well below the 8 hour Ambient Air Quality standards.
This document presents a novel Copula based approach to generate critical sea states given a target reliability index based on the return period of the extreme event. Copula based approach is much more flexible and powerful when compared to conventional approaches using linear correlation coefficient.
Numerical simulation on laminar convection flow and heat transfer over an iso...eSAT Journals
Abstract A numerical algorithm is presented for studying laminar convection flow and heat transfer over an isothermal vertical horizontal plate embedded in a saturated porous medium. By means of similarity transformation, the original nonlinear partial differential equations of flow are transformed to a pair of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Subsequently they are reduced to a first order system and integrated using Newton Raphson and adaptive Runge-Kutta methods. The computer codes are developed for this numerical analysis in Matlab environment. Velocity and temperature profiles are illustrated graphically. Heat transfer parameters are derived. Keywords
Some approximation properties of modified baskakov stancu operatorseSAT Journals
Abstract In the present paper, we prove a global direct theorem for the modified Baskakovstancu operators in terms of Ditzian-Totik modulus of smoothness. Here, we have modified our operators by taking weight function of Beta operators and then generalizing it as stancu type generalized operators. We will also see that taking weight function of Beta operators will give better approximation. We study a global direct theorem using simultaneous approximation for ourstancu type generalized operator in 퐿푝 0,∞ . Here, first we estimate recurrence relation for moments and then develop some global direct results by making our stancu type generalized operators positive using differential and integral operators. In this paper, our effort is to give better global approximation for our stancu type generalized operator than the earlier integral modifications of Baskakov operators studied by various authors. Here, we will extend our results for the whole interval 0,∞ . In this paper, we will also make use of the fact that second modulus of smoothness introduced by Ditzian-Totik is equivalent to modified k-functional and 퐿푝푟[0,∞) is not contained in 퐿1푟[0,∞) for obtaining results. Here, Riesz-Thorin theorem and Leibnitz theorem is used extensively for doing simultaneous approximation. We have also used Fubini’s theorem for obtaining results. Key words: Stancu type generalization, simultaneous approximation, modulus of smoothness.
Analytical Solutions of the Modified Coulomb Potential using the Factorizatio...ijrap
We have solved exactly Schrödinger equation with modified Coulomb Potential under the framework of factorization method. Energy levels and the corresponding wave functions in terms of associated Laquerre
function are also obtained. For further guide to interested readers we have computed the energy eigenvalue for some selected elements for various values of n and l .
Analytical Solution Of Schrödinger Equation With Mie–Type Potential Using Fac...ijrap
we have obtained the analytical solution of Schrödinger wave equation with Mie – type potential
using factorization method. We have also obtained energy eigenvalues of our potential and the
corresponding wave function using an ansatz and then compare the result to standard Laguerre’s
differential equation. Under special cases our potential model reduces two well known potentials such as
Coulomb and the Kratzer Feus potentials.
Numerical study of natural convection in an enclosed square cavity using cons...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study, Constrained Interpolated Profile (CIP) method was used to simulate the natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in an enclosed square cavity with differentially heated side walls. The fundamental idea of this method is to solve the advection phase equation with CIP method and the non-advection phase equation is calculated with finite difference method. CIPNSE is applied to predict the temperature and velocity profiles in a square cavity for various Rayleigh number: Ra=103, 104 and 105. The streamline and isotherms obtained under these conditions were then compared with those published in literature and found a good agreement. Keywords: Constrained Interpolated Profile (CIP), Finite Difference Method (FDM) and Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), Natural Convection, Square Cavity, Stream-Function Vorticity
The variational iteration method for calculating carbon dioxide absorbed into...iosrjce
In this paper, the variational iteration method (VIM) is used to get an approximate solution for a
system of two coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations which represent the concentrations of carbon
dioxide 퐶푂2 and phenyl glycidyl ether. In this system there are boundary conditions of Dirichlet type and the
other is a mixed set of Neumann and Dirichlet type. Our calculations evidenced by tables and figures for the
analysis of the maximal error remainder values. The variational iteration method gives approximate solutions
with fast convergence. Comparison with the results obtained by the Adomian decomposition method (ADM)
reveals that the numerical solutions obtained by the VIM converge faster than those of Adomian's method. The
software we used in our study of these calculations is Mathematica®
9.
Descriptive New features of high angular momentum rotational states in some r...IOSR Journals
The results from the variable moment of inertia (VMI) and cubic polynomial (CP) models with the available experimental information on transition energies for the yrast band levels in all studied nuclei. These models has been generalized so as to be applicable to transitional and vibrational nuclei by requiring that the extended models reduce at low angular momentum, to the polynomial dependence which gives excellent fits to the experimental spectra in the spherical, transitional and deformed regions. The level structure indicate a transition from collective to few-particle characteristics at high spin, possibly suggesting a change shape from prolate through triaxial to oblate. The loss of collectivity occurs at much lower angular momentum than predicted by calculations. The calculated Qt-value of the yrast band of the nucleus with N = 90.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Simulate the dispersion pattern of Suspended Particulate Matter in the vicini...IJERA Editor
Air quality modeling is an essential tool for most air pollution studies. This work deals with the use of the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) model at a Thermal Power Plant. The study is performed over a period of 5-days. The objective of this study was to simulate the dispersion pattern of SPM in the vicinity of Thermal Power Plants at Neyveli. In order to simulate the dispersion pattern of Suspended Particulate Matter in Neyveli, a short term meteorological monitoring was conducted from 26.05.2008 to 30.05.2008. ISCST3 model was employed to simulate the concentration of Suspended particulate matter felt on the downwind locations of the neighbourhood of the Thermal power stations based on the observed wind data. The most predominant wind directions were from SSE and NW. Hence, the pollutants were transported towards NNW and SSE respectively. It is well evidenced from the pollution roses shown that diurnal variations of the dispersion of SPM in the neighbourhood of Thermal Power Plants. The concentrations of SPM were well below the 8 hour Ambient Air Quality standards.
This document presents a novel Copula based approach to generate critical sea states given a target reliability index based on the return period of the extreme event. Copula based approach is much more flexible and powerful when compared to conventional approaches using linear correlation coefficient.
Numerical simulation on laminar convection flow and heat transfer over an iso...eSAT Journals
Abstract A numerical algorithm is presented for studying laminar convection flow and heat transfer over an isothermal vertical horizontal plate embedded in a saturated porous medium. By means of similarity transformation, the original nonlinear partial differential equations of flow are transformed to a pair of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Subsequently they are reduced to a first order system and integrated using Newton Raphson and adaptive Runge-Kutta methods. The computer codes are developed for this numerical analysis in Matlab environment. Velocity and temperature profiles are illustrated graphically. Heat transfer parameters are derived. Keywords
Some approximation properties of modified baskakov stancu operatorseSAT Journals
Abstract In the present paper, we prove a global direct theorem for the modified Baskakovstancu operators in terms of Ditzian-Totik modulus of smoothness. Here, we have modified our operators by taking weight function of Beta operators and then generalizing it as stancu type generalized operators. We will also see that taking weight function of Beta operators will give better approximation. We study a global direct theorem using simultaneous approximation for ourstancu type generalized operator in 퐿푝 0,∞ . Here, first we estimate recurrence relation for moments and then develop some global direct results by making our stancu type generalized operators positive using differential and integral operators. In this paper, our effort is to give better global approximation for our stancu type generalized operator than the earlier integral modifications of Baskakov operators studied by various authors. Here, we will extend our results for the whole interval 0,∞ . In this paper, we will also make use of the fact that second modulus of smoothness introduced by Ditzian-Totik is equivalent to modified k-functional and 퐿푝푟[0,∞) is not contained in 퐿1푟[0,∞) for obtaining results. Here, Riesz-Thorin theorem and Leibnitz theorem is used extensively for doing simultaneous approximation. We have also used Fubini’s theorem for obtaining results. Key words: Stancu type generalization, simultaneous approximation, modulus of smoothness.
Analytical Solutions of the Modified Coulomb Potential using the Factorizatio...ijrap
We have solved exactly Schrödinger equation with modified Coulomb Potential under the framework of factorization method. Energy levels and the corresponding wave functions in terms of associated Laquerre
function are also obtained. For further guide to interested readers we have computed the energy eigenvalue for some selected elements for various values of n and l .
Stellar Measurements with the New Intensity FormulaIOSR Journals
In this paper a linear relationship in stellar optical spectra has been found by using a
spectroscopical method used on optical light sources where it is possible to organize atomic and ionic data.
This method is based on a new intensity formula in optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Like the HR-diagram ,
it seems to be possible to organize the luminosity of stars from different spectral classes. From that organization
it is possible to determine the temperature , density and mass of stars by using the new intensity formula. These
temperature, density and mass values agree well with literature values. It is also possible to determine the mean
electron temperature of the optical layers (photospheres) of the stars as it is for atoms in the for laboratory
plasmas. The mean value of the ionization energies of the different elements of the stars has shown to be very
significant for each star. This paper also shows that the hydrogen Balmer absorption lines in the stars follow
the new intensity formula.
Bound State Solution to Schrodinger Equation With Modified Hylleraas Plus Inv...ijrap
In this work, we obtained an approximate bound state solution to Schrodinger equation with modified
Hylleraass plus inversely quadratic potential using Supersymmetric quantum mechanics approach.
Applying perkeris approximation to the centrifugal term, we obtained the eigen-energy and the normalized
wave function using Gauss and confluent hypergeometric functions. We implement Fortran algorithm to
obtained the numerical result of the energy for the screening parameter α = 0.1,0.2,0.3, 0.4 0.5 and .
The result shows that the energy increases with an increase in the quantum state. The energy spectrum
shows increase in angular quantum state spacing as the screening parameter increases.
Bound State Solution to Schrodinger Equation with Hulthen Plus Exponential Co...ijrap
In this work, we obtained an approximate bound state solution to Schrodinger with Hulthen plus
exponential Coulombic potential with centrifugal potential barrier using parametric Nikiforov-Uvarov
method. We obtained both the eigen energy and the wave functions to non -relativistic wave equations. We
implement Matlab algorithm to obtained the numerical bound state energies for various values of
adjustable screening parameter at various quantum state.. The developed potential reduces to Hulthen
potential and the numerical bound state energy conform to that of existing literature.
EVALUATING STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL & ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC CHALCOGE...Editor IJCATR
To evaluate the structural, optical & electrical properties of the zinc chalcogenides (ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe & ZnTe), the Full
Potential Linearized – Augumented Plane Wave plus Local Orbits (FP – LAPW+lo) method. For the purpose of exchange-correlation
energy (Exc) determination in Kohn–Sham calculation, the standard local density approximation (LDA) formalism has been utilized.
Murnaghan’s equation of state (EOS) has been used for volume optimization by minimizing the total energy with respect to the unit
cell volume. With the result of electronic density of states (DOS), the structural, optical and electrical properties of Zinc chalcogenides
have been calculated. The second derivative of energy, as a function of lattice strain has been successfully used to estimate the elastic
constants of these binary compounds. The results are in good agreement with other theoretical calculations as well as available
experimental data.
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE AND CHEMICAL REACTION ON CONVECTIVE HEAT AND MASS TRA...IAEME Publication
The present work deals with the effect of size of the nano-particle and the liquid like layer formed duo to the natural chemical reaction of the liquid with the metical particle. The particle size and the layer around the particle certainly alter the heat and mass transfer.
Heat Capacity of BN and GaN binary semiconductor under high Pressure-Temperat...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we have calculated the molar heat capacity for cubic zinc blende (cZB) BN and GaN binary semiconductors at high pressure-temperature (PT). For the calculation of heat capacity, we firstly obtained the Debye temperature (ϴD) variation with temperature and at higher temperature it becomes constant with temperature in quasi-harmonic approximation limits. We have also calculated the static Debye temperature (ϴD) from elastic constant for the both BN and GaN binary semiconductors. The elastic constants are calculated from the energy-strain relation using plane wave method in DFT approach. All the calculated results are well consistence with experimental and reported data
Neutron evaporation spectra alongwith γ-multiplicity has been measured from the 185Re* compound nucleus at the excitation energies ~27 and 37 MeV. Statistical model analysis of the experimental data has been carried out to extract the value of the inverse level density parameter k at different angular momentum regions (J) corresponding to different γ-multiplicity. It is observed that, for the present system the value of k remains almost constant for different J. The present results on the angular momentum dependence of the nuclear level density (NLD) parameter ã (=A/k), for nuclei with A ~180 is quite different from our earlier measurements in case of light and medium mass systems. The present analysis provides useful information to understand the angular momentum dependence of NLD at different nuclear mass regions.
ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE MODIFIED COULOMB POTENTIAL USING THE FACTORIZATIO...ijrap
We have solved exactly Schrödinger equation with modified Coulomb Potential under the framework of
factorization method. Energy levels and the corresponding wave functions in terms of associated Laquerre
function are also obtained. For further guide to interested readers we have computed the energy
eigenvalue for some selected elements for various values of n and l .
Cohesive and Thermal Properties of Sodium Cyanide-Halide Mixed Crystals IIJSRJournal
In order to analyse the cohesive and thermal properties of sodium cyanide-halide mixed crystals an Extended Three Body Force Shell Model (ETSM) has been applied by incorporating the effect of translational-rotational (TR) coupling. We have conducted theoretical research on cohesive and thermal properties, such as cohesive energy (, molecular force constant (f), compressibility (), Restrahlen frequency (, Debye temperature (D), Gruneisen parameter (), Moelwyn Hughes constants (F1) and the ratio of volume thermal expansion coefficient (v) to volume specific heat (Cv), as a function of temperature within the temperature range 50K T 300K at concentration x=0, 0.27, 0.58 and 1. The current model computations and the findings of the available experiments are in good agreement. The ETSM is a sufficiently realistic model and may be applied to a variety of other mixed crystals in this family.
Similar to SU(3) Symmetry in hafnium isotopes with even neutron N=100-108 (20)
Super Capacitor Electronic Circuit Design for Wireless ChargingIJAAS Team
Keeping time as base, a gadget has been proposed, where electrical accessories like Mobiles are charged within a fraction of minutes which is highly efficient and time saver as compared to the present time chargers which take nearly two hours to get fully charged. Objective of this project is to create a circuit which will be charged quickly and wireless. Wireless charging circuit works on the principle of inductive coupling. AC energy has been converted to DC energy through diode rectifier. Oscillator circuit produces high frequency passed by transmitter circuit to transmit magnetic field which is received by receiver circuit. A wireless charging concept with super capacitor will lead to faster charging and long operative life. Here super capacitor is used as a storage device. A Super capacitor has magnificent property, it can charge as well as discharge very quickly and linearly alike battery. The main difference between battery and super capacitor is specific energy, Super capacitor have 10-50 time less than battery.
On the High Dimentional Information Processing in Quaternionic Domain and its...IJAAS Team
There are various high dimensional engineering and scientific applications in communication, control, robotics, computer vision, biometrics, etc.; where researchers are facing problem to design an intelligent and robust neural system which can process higher dimensional information efficiently. The conventional real-valued neural networks are tried to solve the problem associated with high dimensional parameters, but the required network structure possesses high complexity and are very time consuming and weak to noise. These networks are also not able to learn magnitude and phase values simultaneously in space. The quaternion is the number, which possesses the magnitude in all four directions and phase information is embedded within it. This paper presents a well generalized learning machine with a quaternionic domain neural network that can finely process magnitude and phase information of high dimension data without any hassle. The learning and generalization capability of the proposed learning machine is presented through a wide spectrum of simulations which demonstrate the significance of the work.
Using FPGA Design and HIL Algorithm Simulation to Control Visual ServoingIJAAS Team
This is a novel research paper provides an optimal solution for object tracking using visual servoing control system with programmable gate array technology to realize the visual controller. The controller takes in account the robot dynamics to generate the joint torques directly for performing the tasks related to object tracking using visual servoing. Also, the notion of dynamic perceptibility provides the capability of the designed system to track desired objects employing direct visual servoing technique. This idea is assimilated in the suggested controller and realized in the programmable gate array. Additionally, this paper grants an ideal control framework for direct visual servoing robots that incorporates dynamic perceptibility features. With the aim of evaluating the proposed FPGA based architecture, the control algorithm is applied to Hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HIL) set up of three degrees of freedom rigid robotic manipulator with three links. Furthermore, different investigations are performed to demonstrate the behavior of the proposed system when a trajectory adjacent to a singularity is attained.
Mitigation of Selfish Node Attacks In Autoconfiguration of MANETsIJAAS Team
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are composed of mobile nodes connected by wireless links without using any pre-existent infrastructure. Hence the assigning of unique IP address to the incoming node becomes difficult. There are various dynamic auto configuration protocols available to assign IP address to the incoming nodes including grid based protocol which assigns IP address with less delay and low protocol overhead. Such protocols get affected by presence of either selfish nodes or malicious nodes. Moreover there is no centralized approach to defend against these threats like in wired network such as firewall, intrusion detection system, proxy etc. The selfish nodes are the nodes which receive packet destined to it and drop packet destined to other nodes in order to save its energy and resources. This behavior of nodes affects normal functioning of auto configuration protocol. Many algorithms are available to isolate selfish nodes but they do not deal with presence of false alarm and protocol overhead. And also there are certain algorithms which use complex formulae and tedious mathematical calculations. The proposed algorithm in this paper helps to overcome the attack of selfish nodes effect in an efficient and scalable address auto configuration protocol that automatically configures a network by assigning unique IP addresses to all nodes with a very low protocol overhead, minimal address acquisition delay and computational overhead.
Vision Based Approach to Sign Language RecognitionIJAAS Team
We propose an algorithm for automatically recognizing some certain amount of gestures from hand movements to help deaf and dumb and hard hearing people. Hand gesture recognition is quite a challenging problem in its form. We have considered a fixed set of manual commands and a specific environment, and develop a effective, procedure for gesture recognition. Our approach contains steps for segmenting the hand region, locating the fingers, and finally classifying the gesture which in general terms means detecting, tracking and recognising. The algorithm is non-changing to rotations, translations and scale of the hand. We will be demonstrating the effectiveness of the technique on real imagery.
Design and Analysis of an Improved Nucleotide Sequences Compression Algorithm...IJAAS Team
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). With continuous technology development and growth of sequencing data, large amount of biological data is generated. This large amount of generated data causes difficulty to store, analyse and process DNA sequences. So there is a wide need of reducing the size, for this reason, DNA Compression is employed to reduce the size of DNA sequence. Therefore there is a huge need of compressing the DNA sequence. In this paper, we have proposed an efficient and fast DNA sequence compression algorithm based on differential direct coding and variable look up table (LUT).
Review: Dual Band Microstrip Antennas for Wireless ApplicationsIJAAS Team
In this manuscript, a review of dual band microstrip antennas for wireless communication is presented. This review manuscript discusses regarding the geometric structures, different methods of analysis for antenna characteristics, and different types of wireless applications.
Building Fault Tolerance Within Wsn-A Topology ModelIJAAS Team
Wireless Sensor network plays a crucial role which helps in visualizing, processing, and analyzing the information wirelessly. WSN is a network which consists of huge amount of sensor devices which are of low cost and low powered also known as sensor nodes. These type of networks are generally used in real time applications such as monitoring of environmental conditions, militaries, industries etc., .but the problem that exists in WSN is may be due to different failures such as node failure, link failure, sink failure, interference, power dissipation and collision. If these faults are unable to handle then the desired network criteria’s may not be reached properly which results in inefficiency of the network. So, the main idea behind the investigation is to form a different networking topology which works in the event of failure.
Simplified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Based on Switching Schemes wit...IJAAS Team
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SU(3) Symmetry in hafnium isotopes with even neutron N=100-108
1. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS)
Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2020, pp. 142~148
ISSN: 2252-8814, DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v9.i2.pp142-148 142
Journal homepage: http://ijaas.iaescore.com
SU(3) Symmetry in hafnium isotopes with even neutron
N=100-108
I. Hossain1
, Fadhil I. Sharrad2
, Huda H. Kassim3
, Amir A. Mohammed-Ali4
, A. S. Ahmed5
1,5
Department of Physics, Rabigh College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
2,3,4
Department of Physics, College of Science, Kerbala University, Iraq
2
College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Dec 19, 2019
Revised Feb 25, 2020
Accepted Apr 2, 2020
In this paper, we have reviewed the calculation of ground states energy level
up to spin 14+, electric quadrupole moments up to spin 12+, and reduced
transition probabilities of Hafnium isotopes with even neutron N = 100-108
by Interacting Boson Model (IBM-1). The calculated results are compared
with previous available experimental data and found good agreement for all
nuclei. Moreover, we have studied potential energy surface of those nuclei.
The systematic studies of quadrupole moments, reduced transition strength,
yrast level and potential energy surface of those nuclei show an important
property that they are deformed and have dynamical symmetry
SU(3) characters.
Keywords:
HF
Energy level
Reduced transition probabilities
Deformation parameter
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
I. Hossain,
Department of Physics, Rabigh College of Science & Arts,
King Abdulaziz University,
21911 Rabigh, Saudi Arabia.
Email: mihossain@kau.edu.sa
1. INTRODUCTION
The interacting boson model offers a simple Hamiltonian, capable of describing collective nuclear
properties across a broad range of nuclei, based on general algebraic group theoretical techniques which have
also recently found application in problems in atomic, molecular, and high energy physics [1-4]. The three
limiting symmetries of this Hamiltonian, U(5), SU(3), and O(6), correspond to the geometrical shapes,
spherical vibrator, symmetric rotor, and γ-unstable rotor, respectively [5]. The even-mass Hafnium 172-180
Hf
isotope shave been extensively investigated experimentally using a wide variety of reactions. The excited
states in the even-even 172-180
Hf isotopes have been investigated from (γ, γ'), (d, p), (α, 2nγ), (α, 4nγ), (n, γ),
(n, n'γ) and Coulomb excitation reactions which gave information about the experimental energy levels and
the electromagnetic transition probabilities B(E2) in these isotopes [6-15].
In this study, the calculations of energy levels of even-even 172-180
Hf isotopes have been done by
using interacting boson model. The ground state band, the reduce probabilities of E2 transitions
(B(E2)values), and electric quadrupole moment QL are calculated and compared with available
experimental data.
2. Int J Adv Appl Sci ISSN: 2252-8814
SU(3) Symmetry in Hafnium Isotopes with even neutron N=100-108(I. Hossain)
143
2. THEORETICAL MODEL
2.1 Interacting boson model (IBM)
The IBM-1 Hamiltonian can be expressed as [16, 17]:
H = 𝜀 𝑠(𝑠†
. 𝑠̃) + 𝜀 𝑑(𝑑†
. 𝑑̃) + ∑
1
2
(2𝐿 + 1)
1
2 𝐶𝐿𝐿=0,2,4 [[𝑑†
× 𝑑†](𝐿)
× [𝑑̃ × 𝑑̃]
(𝐿)
]
(0)
+
1
√2
𝜐2 [[𝑑†
×
𝑑†](2)
× [𝑑̃ × 𝑠̃]
(2)
+ [𝑑†
× 𝑠†](2)
× [𝑑̃ × 𝑑̃]
(2)
]
(0)
+
1
2
𝜐0 [[𝑑†
× 𝑑†](0)
× [𝑠̃ × 𝑠̃](0)
+ [𝑠†
× 𝑠†](0)
×
[𝑑̃ × 𝑑̃]
(0)
]
(0)
+
1
2
𝑢0[[𝑠†
× 𝑠†](0)
× [𝑠̃ × 𝑠̃](0)
]
(0)
+ 𝑢2 [[𝑑†
× 𝑠†](2)
× [𝑑̃ × 𝑠̃]
(2)
]
(0)
(1)
Then the IBM-1 Hamiltonian in (1) can be written in general form as [18-20]:
𝐻̂=𝜀𝑛̂ 𝑑+a0 𝑃̂.𝑃̂+a1 𝐿̂.𝐿̂+a2 𝑄̂.𝑄̂+a3 𝑇̂3.𝑇̂3+a4 𝑇̂4.𝑇̂4 (2)
Where𝑛̂ 𝑑= (s†
, d†
)isthe total number of dboson operator, 𝑝̂= 1 2⁄ [(𝑑̃.𝑑̃) − (𝑠̃. 𝑠̃)] is the pairing operator,
𝐿̂=√10[𝑑†
× 𝑑̃]
1
is the angular momentum operator, 𝑄̂=[d†
×𝑠̃+s†
×𝑑̃]
(2)
+𝜒[d†
×𝑑̃]
(2)
is the quadrupole
operator (𝜒 is the quadrupole structure parameter and take the values 0 and ±
√7
2
[19, 20]), 𝑇̂𝑟 = [d†
×𝑑̃]
(r)
is
the octoupole (r=3) and hexadecapole (r=4) operator, and e = ed -es is the boson energy.
The parameters are a0 the strength of the pairing, a1 angular momentum, a2 quadrupole, a3 octoupole and a4
hexadecapole interaction between the bosons.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Ground state band
In Figure 1 shows that the even-even 174-180
Hf isotopes have a rotational (deformed nuclei)
dynamical symmetry SU(3). The rotational limit of the IBM-1 has been applied for the even-even 172-180
Hf
isotopes due to the values of the 𝐸41
+ 𝐸21
+⁄ ratio(𝐸41
+ 𝐸21
+⁄ = 3.33) [19, 20]. The best fitting for
the Hamiltonian parameters are presented in Table 1 which gives the best agreement with the experimental
data [21-26]. In the framework of the IBM-1, the isotopic chains of Hafnium (Z = 72) nuclei, having
a number of proton-bosons holes 5, a number of neutron-bosons holes are (9, 10, 11) for even 172-176
Hf, and
(10, 9) for even 178-180
Hf isotopes, respectively.
Figure 1. Comparison the IBM-1 calculations with the available experimental data [22-28] of the 𝐸41
+ 𝐸21
+⁄
ratio for even-even 172-180
Hf nuclei.
3. ISSN: 2252-8814
Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2020: 142 – 148
144
Table 1.The parameters of even-even 172-180
Hf nuclei.
CHQ (𝜒)a4
MeV
a3
MeV
a2
MeV
a1
MeV
a0
MeV
e
MeV
NNuclei
-1.3300000000-0.0210.0240000000014172
Hf
-1.3300000000-0.0190.02300000000015174
Hf
-1.3300000000-0.02420.02000000000016176
Hf
-1.3300000000-0.02580.02100000000015178
Hf
-1.3300000000-0.02680.02100000000014180
Hf
Figure 2 indicates the energy of ground state band in experimental and theoretical data. This figure
has shown the IBM-1 calculations for ground band (energies, spin and parity) in good agreement with those
of the experimental data [22-28].
Figure 2. Ground state energy level in the IBM-1 calculations and experimental data [22-28] of
even-even 172-180
Hf isotopes.
3.2. B(E2) and QL value
The general form of the electromagnetic transitions operator in IBM-1is [19, 20, 29]:
𝑇̂(L)
=𝛾0[𝑠̂+
× 𝑠̂~
](0)
+ 𝛼2[𝑑̂+
× 𝑠̂~
+ 𝑠̂+
× 𝑑̂~
](2)
+ 𝛽𝐿[𝑑̂+
× 𝑑̂~
](𝐿)
(3)
Where γ0, α2 and βL (L = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) are parameters specifying the various terms in
the corresponding operators. Equation (4) yields transition operators for E2 transitions with appropriate
values of the corresponding parameters.[19]:
𝑇 𝐸2
= α2 [d†
s + s†
d](2)
+β2[ d†
d](2)
(4)
Where (s†
, d†
) and (s, d) are creation and annihilation operators for s and d bosons, respectively [30],
while α2and β2are two adjustable parameters that measure the strength of each term. The electric transition
probabilities, B(E2) values are defined in terms of reduced matrix elements by Iachello and Arima (1987)
as [20,29]:
2 21
2,
2 1
E
i f f i
i
B E J J J T J
J
(5)
For the calculations of the absolute B(E2) values, the parameters, α2 and β2 of (4), were adjusted
according to reproduce the experimental B(E2;21
+
→ 01
+
). Table 2 shows the values of the α2 and β2
parameters, which were obtained in the present calculations. The comparison of calculations values of B(E2)
transitions with experimental data[22-29], are given in Table 3, for all isotopes under study.
4. Int J Adv Appl Sci ISSN: 2252-8814
SU(3) Symmetry in Hafnium Isotopes with even neutron N=100-108(I. Hossain)
145
Table 2. Effective charge (in eb) used to reproduce B(E2)valuesfor172-180
Hf nuclei.
β2α2NA
-0.29690.100414172
Hf
-0.27800.094015174
Hf
-0.28980.098016176
Hf
-0.28980.098015178
Hf
-0.30710.103814180
Hf
Table 3.The B(E2) values for 172-180
Hf nuclei (in e2
b2
).
EXP.IBM-1EXP.IBM-1EXP.IBM-1EXP.IBM-1EXP.IBM-1
𝐽𝑖 → 𝐽 𝑓 180
Hf178
Hf176
Hf174
Hf172
Hf
0.93610030.00.95210039301.07269000.30.877500.80.00.85400.89.21
+
→ 01
+
--0000800.00430000..0.00050.00000.00900.0000--0.000022
+
→ 01
+
90089190030.--900939--0000.3--0000.0--000.9.22
+
→ 02
+
--0090.3--009.03--00.098--008033--00038023
+
→ 02
+
1.45569093931.3746909.99--90.933--9030.9--9030.041
+
→ 21
+
--00.383--00.8380.01400.00000.04160.0000--00000041
+
→ 22
+
1.50999099981.4460909880--00.93.--009938--00033942
+
→ 22
+
--00.900--9003..--9000.9--9000.3--90003061
+
→ 41
+
1.44959093931.4817909030--900098--00.039--00803962
+
→ 42
+
--003900--9000.3--90083.--900.30--900.9381
+
→ 61
+
1.34089000331.714090998.--9098.0--00390.--0039.082
+
→ 62
+
--003999--900933--900099--9009.3--900333101
+
→ 81
+
--900038--900.30--903308--003.09--00038.102
+
→ 82
+
--903983--9030.0--9009..--90009.--903.00121
+
→ 101
+
--90930.--903900--000033--000039--003099122
+
→ 103
+
--909.90--903093--90.333--903.00--903.3321
+
→ 21
+
--909.00--909309--900309--90900.--90903041
+
→ 41
+
--909883--909300--90009.--909903--90990361
+
→ 61
+
0.93610030.00.9521003930--900.09--9090.0--90908.81
+
→ 81
+
--0000800.00430000..--90090.--90900.--90900.101
+
→ 101
+
90089190030.--900939--9000.0--9003.0--90909.121
+
→ 121
+
Table 3 shows that, in general, most of the calculated results in IBM-1 reasonably consistent with
the available experimental data, except for few cases that deviate from the experimental data.
The quadrupole moment (QL) is an important property for nuclei that can determine if the nucleus is spherical
(Q=0), deformed oblate (Q < 0) or prolate (Q > 0) shapes. The electric quadrupole moments of the nuclei can
be derived from the transition rate B(E2,Li→Lf) values according to (6) [31]:
QL = [16π 5⁄ ]1 2⁄
[L(2L − 1) (2L + 1)(L + 1)(2L + 3)⁄ ]1 2⁄
[B(E2, Li → Lf)]1 2⁄
(6)
Where L is the angular momentum. Table 4 presents the calculation of the electric quadrupole
moment QL within the framework of IBM-1 for the even-even Hf nuclei. The presented results for QL are
compared with previous experimental results [32].
Table 4. The electric quadrupole moment QL(in eb)
EXP.IBM-1EXP.IBM-1EXP.IBM-1EXP.IBM-1EXP.IBM-1
QL 180
Hf178
Hf176
Hf174
Hf172
Hf
-2.00(2)-1.9616-2.02(2)-1.9759-2.10(2)-2.0963---1.8953---1.897121
+
--1.7639-1.7870-1.9059-1.7141--1.700122
+
---2.4966--2.5147--2.6676--2.4121---2.414441
+
--2.7463--2.7659--2.9335--2.6531---2.655961
+
--2.8908--2.9111--3.0865--2.7924---2.795681
+
--2.9851--3.0054--3.1851--2.8829---2.8868101
+
--3.0514--3.0713--3.2530--2.9461---2.9509121
+
3.3. Potential energy surface (PES)
In recent years, the potential energy surface by Skyrme mean field method was mapped onto
the PES of the IBM Hamiltonian[33-36].The expectation value of the IBM-1 Hamiltonian with the coherent
state (|𝑁,𝛽, 𝛾〉)is used to create the IBM energy surface [20, 37]. The state |𝑁,𝛽, 𝛾〉is a product of boson
creation operators (𝑏𝑐
†
) over the boson vacuum|0〉, i.e.
5. ISSN: 2252-8814
Int J Adv Appl Sci, Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2020: 142 – 148
146
|𝑁, 𝛽, 𝛾〉 = 1 √𝑁!⁄ (𝑏𝑐
†
)
𝑁
|0〉 (7)
With
𝑏𝑐
†
= (1 + 𝛽2)−1/2
{𝑠†
+ 𝛽 [cos γ(𝑑0
†
) + √1 2⁄ sin γ(𝑑2
†
+ 𝑑−2
†
)]} (8)
The energy surface, as a function of 𝛽and𝛾, has been given by [10]
𝐸(𝑁, 𝛽, 𝛾) =
𝑁𝜀 𝑑 𝛽2
(1+𝛽2)
+
𝑁(𝑁+1)
(1+𝛽2)2
(𝛼1 𝛽4
+ 𝛼2 𝛽3
cos 3𝛾 + 𝛼3 𝛽2
+ 𝛼4) (9)
Where the αi’s are related to the coefficients CL, ν2, ν0, u2 and u0 of (1).𝛽 Measures the total deformation of
nucleus, when 𝛽 = 0, the shape is spherical, and when 𝛽 ≠ 0 the shape is distorted. 𝛾 is the amount of
deviation from the focus symmetry and correlates with the nucleus. If 𝛾 = 0 the shape is prolate, else if 𝛾 =
60 the shape becomes oblate.
The calculated potential energy surfaces for the even-even 172-180
Hf are presented in Figure 3.From
this figure all nuclei are deformed and have rotational-like characters. The prolate deformation is deeper than
oblate in all nuclei.
Figure 3. The potential energy surfaces for even-even 172-180
Hf nuclei.
4. CONCLUSION
We have reviewed theoretical calculations of 172-180
Hf isotopes with N= 100, 102, 104, 106 and 108
using IBM-1. The even-even 176-180
Hf isotopes have bosons total numbers of 14, 15, 16, 15 and 14. They
were considered fully rotational (fully deformed) nuclei, and the dynamical symmetry of these isotopes is
SU(3). The low-lying ground states, electric transition probabilities B(E2), and electric quadrupole moment
QL are obtained for these isotopes using IBM-1 were compared with the available experimentally data. A
good agreement was obtained between theoretical IBM-1for all the observable studied. The potential energy
surfaces for Hf isotopes shows that all nuclei are deformed and have dynamical symmetry SU(3) characters.
APPENDIX
PACS numbers: 21.60.Ev, 27.70.+q, 23.20._
g, 23.20. Lv.
6. Int J Adv Appl Sci ISSN: 2252-8814
SU(3) Symmetry in Hafnium Isotopes with even neutron N=100-108(I. Hossain)
147
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank University of Kerbala, College of Science, and Department of Physics for supporting
this work.
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