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STRESS AND ITS ADAPTATION [Autosaved].pptx

This document discusses types of stress, models of stress, stress adaptation, stress management strategies, and the nursing management of stress. It outlines the following types of stress: eustress/positive stress which enhances function, distress/negative stress which leads to issues like anxiety and depression, acute stress which is short-term, chronic stress which affects long-term health, and traumatic stress from unexpected events. It also discusses the general adaptation syndrome model of stress involving alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages. Stress management strategies mentioned include the ABC approach, relaxation techniques, cognitive strategies, and complementary therapies. Nursing management of stress follows Neuman's system model of flexible, normal, and lines of resistance.

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STRESS AND ITS ADAPTATION C V KRISHNAPRIYA MSC NURSING 1st YEAR
TYPES OF STRESS
1] EUSTRESS OR POSITIVE STRESS It Is A Good, short And Beneficial It Enhance Physical And Mental Function
DISTRESS OR NEGATIVE STRESS • Bad One Leads To Anxiety And Depression • It Disturb Homeostasis And Health • Example Difficult Work Environment
OTHER TYPES • Acute Stress Most Common Form Of Stress And Short Term Common Causes Include Noise, Assault, accident • Chronic Stress It Affect Mental And Physical Health Common Causes Include And health Of Chronically Ill Family Member
TRAUMATIC STRESS Stress From A Catastrophic[unexpected] Event Leads To Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Example Natural Disaster ,Sexual Assault, Accident
STRESSORS AND ITS TYPES
• STRESSORS THE PHYSICAL,ENVIRONMENTAL and Social Causes That Leads To Stress
MODELS OF STRESS
MODELS OF STRESS • Response Based Model • Adaptation Based Model • Stimulus Based Model
RESPONSE BASED MODEL Formulated By Selye [ 1976 ] Also Known As Selye Model Of Stress Stress As Specific Response Of Body To Any Demand Made On It Stress Is Demonstrated By A Physiological Reaction General Adaptation Syndrome Drawback It Is Purely Physiological
STIMULUS BASED MODEL • This Approach Treated Life Changes Or Life Events [Stimuli] As Stressors • Example High Stressed Job ,Over Crowding • It Is Based On A Fact That All People Have A Common Threshold Of Stimulus And Illness Result At Any Point After The Threshold • Drawback It Does Not Allow Individual Difference Hence It Is Difficult To Using This Model In Nursing
stressor Individual physiological system Stress As Response Stress as stimulus Psychological and physiological system Alarm Resistance exhaustion
ADAPTATION MODEL  Four Factors Determine Whether A Situation Is Stressful  Person Experience With Similar Stressors  Practices And Norms Of Person Peer Group Impact Of Social Environment In Assisting An Individual To Adopt An Stressors  Resources That Can Be Used To Dealt With Stressors  Ability To Cope Up With Stress  This Model Is Based On The Fact That People Experienced Increased Stress When They Are Unprepared To Cope Up With Stressful Situation  Most Applicable To Nursing
COPING • The Term Coping Generally Refers To Adaptive Coping Strategies Which Reduces Stress • If It Increases Stress Means Maladaptive Coping Strategies • Defence mechanism Are Generally Excluded From Area Of Coping
MANIFESTATION OF STRESS
ADAPTATION • Adaptation Is The Process By Which The Physiological And Psychological Dimension Change In Response To stress. Adaptation Thus Is An Attempt To Maintain Optimal Functioning • It Was Given By Selye
PHYSIOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS Local Adaptation Syndrome General Adaptation Syndrome
LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME • To Control Effect Of Physical Stressors Locally • It Is Of Two Types • Reflex Pain Response It Is A Localized Response Of CNS To Stimulus Pain. Example Removal Of Hand From Hot Surface, Accommodation Of Eye To Light . • Inflammatory Response e.g. Blood Clotting, Wound Healing
GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME • ALARM STAGE Initial Stage When Stressors Are Identified During This Stage Sympathetic Nervous System Activate And Produce Adrenaline Causes Flight And Flight Response
RESISTANCE STAGE In Which Body Remains To Repair Itself However If Stress Is Not Managed Cortisol Level Gets Increased High Level Of Cortisol For Longer Period Causes Immune Suppression EXHAUSTION STAGE Inability To Defend Against Stressors Body Capacity To Respond To Stressor Is Been Seriously Compromised Peron Become Ill Or Even Die Due To High Cortisol
HEALTH PROBLEMS RELATED TO STRESS
STRESS MANAGEMENT • ABC STRATEGY A - Awareness About Stressors B - Balance The Line Between Positive And Negative Stress C - Control Over Negative Effect Of Stress
Try friend program F –Feeling Worried ? Ask Why R – Relax And Feel Good [ Learn Relaxation Skills ] I - Inner Thoughts [ Learn To Identify Negative Thoughts ] E - Explore Plan [ Learn Problem Solving Skills ] N -Nice Work So Reward Yourself D - Divine
MEDITATION
PET THERAPY
MUSIC THERAPY
GUIDED IMAGERY
BIOFEEDBACK
DIET THERAPY • Avoid Coffee • Take Food Rich In Fiber As It Contain High Serotonin Level That Reduces Stress And Anxiety • Take Vitamin B 6 Like Egg, spinach ,Legumes, peas It Maintain Body Serotonin Level • Omega 3 Fatty Acid Anti Inflammatory Effect And Improve Depressive Symptoms
Magnesium Is Nature Tranquilizer [Used For Treating Stress ] Mushroom Relieve Stress And Fatigue And Improving Stamina Because Of Adaptogen[it Increase State Of Non Specific Resistance In Stress And Decrease Sensitivity To Stressors
HOME REMEDIES • Twelve leaves Of Basil Plant Chewing In Morning And Evening Prevent Stress As It Contain Adaptogen
APPLICATION OF ALLIED SCIENCES • Psychologist For Counselling And To Find Out Effective Coping Strategies • Dietician For Nutritional Therapy • Mental Health Therapist
NURSING MANAGEMENT
NURSING THEORY BETTY NEUMANN SYSTEM MODEL
• Flexible Line Of Defense Include Primary Prevention Like Prevention Of Stressors ,Diet ,Sleep, Healthy Body And Mind • Normal Line Of Defense Include Secondary Prevention managing Or Helping Client In Making Effective Coping Strategies • Line Of Resistance Include Tertiary Prevention Like Effective Stress Management To Treat Disorder
RECENT TRENDS • Smart Watches Now Recently Added Features That Detect Electrodermal Activity Like Change In Skin Temperature ,Heart Rate Variation It Act Like Biofeedback To Manage Stress • Urine Neurotransmitter Like Serotonin, Vanillyl Mandelic Acid, Dopamine Are Used To Detect Stress Disorder
JOURNAL REFERENCE Feasibility Of Biomarker To Measure Stress, burnout and Fatigue In Emergency Nurses – A Cross Sectional Study Miller Lm ,Weaver N, Walker H R. Bmj 2023 Aug 29 Conducted Among 300 Emergency Nurses In Australia .A Validated Psychometric Tools Will Be Used In Stage 1 To Measure Depression ,Anxiety, Stress, burn Out Then In Stage 2 Biomarkers Collected Like Hair Cortisol ,Salivary Alpha Amylase After Their Shift An Correlation Of Psychometric Tools And Biomarker Is 90% They Proved That It Is Used To Measure Occupational Stress
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY • Book reference 1. Stuart.W.G ,Laraia.T .m. Principle and Practices of Psychiatric Nursing.8th edition : Mosby Publication; 2009 .pgno [280-85] 2. Sreevani .R. A Guide to Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing . 4th edition : Jaypee Publication ;2010 .pg no [180-190 ] 3. BRAR.K.N. Textbook Of Advanced Nursing Practice.1st Edition .New Delhi :Jaypee Publication ;2015.Pgno 383-404 4. Basheer. P.S .A Concise Textbook Of Advanced Nursing Practice .2nd Edition :Emmess Publication ;2017. Pgno 228-235 5. Prakash .P. A Textbook of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing .4 th edition : Jaypee Publication ;2009 .pgno [500- 530]
6] Kumar .J.S .A Textbook of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing .Emmess Publication ;2014.pgno [735-740] Journal reference Mithen L M ,Weaver N ,Walker FR .Feasibility of Biomarkers to Measure Stress, Burnout and Fatigue in Emergency Nurses : A Cross Sectional Study .BMJ OPEN.2003 Aug 29 ;13[8] : doi ;10.1136
STRESS AND ITS ADAPTATION [Autosaved].pptx