4. 1] EUSTRESS OR POSITIVE
STRESS
It Is A Good, short And Beneficial
It Enhance Physical And Mental Function
5. DISTRESS OR NEGATIVE
STRESS
• Bad One Leads To Anxiety And Depression
• It Disturb Homeostasis And Health
• Example Difficult Work Environment
6. OTHER TYPES
• Acute Stress
Most Common Form Of Stress And Short Term
Common Causes Include Noise, Assault, accident
• Chronic Stress
It Affect Mental And Physical Health
Common Causes Include And health Of Chronically Ill Family Member
7. TRAUMATIC STRESS
Stress From A Catastrophic[unexpected] Event
Leads To Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Example Natural Disaster ,Sexual Assault, Accident
11. MODELS OF STRESS
• Response Based Model
• Adaptation Based Model
• Stimulus Based Model
12. RESPONSE BASED MODEL
Formulated By Selye [ 1976 ] Also Known As Selye Model Of Stress
Stress As Specific Response Of Body To Any Demand Made On It
Stress Is Demonstrated By A Physiological Reaction General Adaptation
Syndrome
Drawback It Is Purely Physiological
13. STIMULUS BASED MODEL
• This Approach Treated Life Changes Or Life Events [Stimuli] As Stressors
• Example High Stressed Job ,Over Crowding
• It Is Based On A Fact That All People Have A Common Threshold Of Stimulus And
Illness Result At Any Point After The Threshold
• Drawback It Does Not Allow Individual Difference Hence It Is Difficult To Using
This Model In Nursing
15. ADAPTATION MODEL
Four Factors Determine Whether A Situation Is Stressful
Person Experience With Similar Stressors
Practices And Norms Of Person Peer Group Impact Of Social Environment In
Assisting An Individual To Adopt An Stressors
Resources That Can Be Used To Dealt With Stressors
Ability To Cope Up With Stress
This Model Is Based On The Fact That People Experienced Increased Stress When
They Are Unprepared To Cope Up With Stressful Situation
Most Applicable To Nursing
16. COPING
• The Term Coping Generally Refers To Adaptive Coping
Strategies Which Reduces Stress
• If It Increases Stress Means Maladaptive Coping
Strategies
• Defence mechanism Are Generally Excluded From Area
Of Coping
18. ADAPTATION
• Adaptation Is The Process By Which The
Physiological And Psychological Dimension Change
In Response To stress. Adaptation Thus Is An
Attempt To Maintain Optimal Functioning
• It Was Given By Selye
20. LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
• To Control Effect Of Physical Stressors Locally
• It Is Of Two Types
• Reflex Pain Response It Is A Localized Response Of CNS To Stimulus
Pain. Example Removal Of Hand From Hot Surface, Accommodation
Of Eye To Light .
• Inflammatory Response e.g. Blood Clotting, Wound Healing
21. GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
• ALARM STAGE
Initial Stage When Stressors Are Identified
During This Stage Sympathetic Nervous System
Activate And Produce Adrenaline Causes Flight And Flight
Response
22.
23. RESISTANCE STAGE
In Which Body Remains To Repair Itself However If
Stress Is Not Managed Cortisol Level Gets Increased High Level
Of Cortisol For Longer Period Causes Immune Suppression
EXHAUSTION STAGE
Inability To Defend Against Stressors
Body Capacity To Respond To Stressor Is Been
Seriously Compromised
Peron Become Ill Or Even Die Due To High
Cortisol
28. STRESS MANAGEMENT
• ABC STRATEGY
A - Awareness About Stressors
B - Balance The Line Between Positive And Negative Stress
C - Control Over Negative Effect Of Stress
29. Try friend program
F –Feeling Worried ? Ask Why
R – Relax And Feel Good [ Learn Relaxation Skills ]
I - Inner Thoughts [ Learn To Identify Negative Thoughts ]
E - Explore Plan [ Learn Problem Solving Skills ]
N -Nice Work So Reward Yourself
D - Divine
35. DIET THERAPY
• Avoid Coffee
• Take Food Rich In Fiber As It Contain High Serotonin Level
That Reduces Stress And Anxiety
• Take Vitamin B 6 Like Egg, spinach ,Legumes, peas It
Maintain Body Serotonin Level
• Omega 3 Fatty Acid Anti Inflammatory Effect And Improve
Depressive Symptoms
36.
37.
38. Magnesium Is Nature Tranquilizer [Used For Treating Stress ]
Mushroom Relieve Stress And Fatigue And Improving Stamina
Because Of Adaptogen[it Increase State Of Non Specific
Resistance In Stress And Decrease Sensitivity To Stressors
39. HOME REMEDIES
• Twelve leaves Of Basil Plant Chewing In Morning And
Evening Prevent Stress As It Contain Adaptogen
40. APPLICATION OF ALLIED SCIENCES
• Psychologist For Counselling And To Find Out Effective
Coping Strategies
• Dietician For Nutritional Therapy
• Mental Health Therapist
43. • Flexible Line Of Defense Include Primary Prevention Like
Prevention Of Stressors ,Diet ,Sleep, Healthy Body And Mind
• Normal Line Of Defense Include Secondary Prevention
managing Or Helping Client In Making Effective Coping
Strategies
• Line Of Resistance Include Tertiary Prevention Like Effective
Stress Management To Treat Disorder
44. RECENT TRENDS
• Smart Watches Now Recently Added Features That Detect
Electrodermal Activity Like Change In Skin Temperature
,Heart Rate Variation It Act Like Biofeedback To Manage
Stress
• Urine Neurotransmitter Like Serotonin, Vanillyl Mandelic
Acid, Dopamine Are Used To Detect Stress Disorder
45. JOURNAL REFERENCE
Feasibility Of Biomarker To Measure Stress, burnout and Fatigue In
Emergency Nurses – A Cross Sectional Study
Miller Lm ,Weaver N, Walker H R. Bmj 2023 Aug 29
Conducted Among 300 Emergency Nurses In Australia .A
Validated Psychometric Tools Will Be Used In Stage 1 To Measure
Depression ,Anxiety, Stress, burn Out Then In Stage 2 Biomarkers
Collected Like Hair Cortisol ,Salivary Alpha Amylase After Their
Shift
An Correlation Of Psychometric Tools And
Biomarker Is 90% They Proved That It Is Used To Measure
Occupational Stress
49. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Book reference
1. Stuart.W.G ,Laraia.T .m. Principle and Practices of
Psychiatric Nursing.8th edition : Mosby Publication; 2009 .pgno [280-85]
2. Sreevani .R. A Guide to Mental Health and Psychiatric
Nursing . 4th edition : Jaypee Publication ;2010 .pg no [180-190 ]
3. BRAR.K.N. Textbook Of Advanced Nursing Practice.1st
Edition .New Delhi :Jaypee Publication ;2015.Pgno 383-404
4. Basheer. P.S .A Concise Textbook Of Advanced Nursing
Practice .2nd Edition :Emmess Publication ;2017. Pgno 228-235
5. Prakash .P. A Textbook of Mental Health and
Psychiatric Nursing .4 th edition : Jaypee Publication ;2009 .pgno [500-
530]
50. 6] Kumar .J.S .A Textbook of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
.Emmess Publication ;2014.pgno [735-740]
Journal reference
Mithen L M ,Weaver N ,Walker FR .Feasibility of
Biomarkers to Measure Stress, Burnout and Fatigue in
Emergency Nurses : A Cross Sectional Study .BMJ OPEN.2003
Aug 29 ;13[8] : doi ;10.1136
