The document makes the case for concerted action on adolescent health, it explains CAH's "4S framework" to strengthen the response of the health sector to adolescents, CAH's systematic approach to scaling up health service provision to adolescents, and the rationale and objectives of CAH's work in focus countries.
It is intended for staff from other departments in WHO working on health issues of relevance to adolescents (e.g. reproductive health or mental health), staff in WHO's Regional and Country Offices, staff in other organizations supporting efforts or working themselves to improve the health of adolescents, and policy makers and programme managers in ministries of health.
VicHealth is the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation established by the Victorian Parliament in 1987 through a levy on tobacco. Its mission is to improve health for all Victorians by changing social, economic, cultural and physical environments. VicHealth's priorities from 2009-2013 included reducing smoking, improving nutrition, physical activity, social participation, and UV exposure. VicHealth uses a social model of health that addresses the social determinants of health like SES, gender, location. It aims to reduce inequality, empower communities, improve accessibility to healthcare, and collaborate with other sectors. Potential outcomes of VicHealth funded projects could include improved nutrition, physical activity, and sun protection behaviors by addressing relevant determinants of health through community programs.
Unique features, Aims, Purposes and Models of Public HealthNabin Lamichhane
The document discusses several unique features of public health, including its basis in social justice philosophy, inherently political nature, dynamic and ever-expanding agenda, link with government, grounding in science, focus on prevention, and uncommon culture among professionals. It also examines different models of public health, such as social, medical, bio-physical, and salutogenic models. The values of public health are described as saving lives and reducing illness, injury, and violence by preventing exposure to health risks.
This document summarizes a research article that examined the state of health education and community mobilization in Nigeria's healthcare delivery system. It discusses how community mobilization and participation plays a key role in utilizing health services. It also reviews how health education and primary healthcare have been implemented in Nigeria historically. While there are challenges, the document outlines prospects for health education in Nigeria, including its potential to help achieve important development goals and encourage moral and ethical values in communities.
Government Role in Promoting Healthy Eating jkonoroth
The document discusses the Australian government's role in promoting healthy eating through conducting nutrition surveys, establishing nutrient reference values, and developing resources like the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and dietary guidelines. It provides details on how the government uses survey data and guidelines to inform policies, programs, food labeling laws, and educate the public.
This document discusses key concepts in health policy, including definitions of health policy, the aims of health policies in maintaining and improving population health status, and essential concepts like health status, health services, organization and financing of health systems, and the roles of public health, health commissioning, and ensuring appropriateness of care. It also covers international trends, provider-purchaser models, and major challenges for developing countries, including health reform, decentralization, tools for policymaking, and ensuring equity in health.
WHO is the leading authority on global health within the United Nations. It provides leadership, shapes health research agendas, sets standards and policies, and monitors health trends. A key achievement was eradicating smallpox in the late 1970s through a global vaccination campaign coordinated by WHO. WHO works to ensure universal access to quality healthcare and helps countries plan their health systems and workforce. The definition of health includes physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
The document discusses a health promotion project called the "Hello Neighbor Project" that aims to raise awareness and support for vulnerable people living in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside neighborhood. The neighborhood struggles with high rates of poverty, crime, drug use, and sex work. The project aims to educate the public and reduce stereotyping of the area. Major determinants of health affecting residents are low income and lack of social status, as well as low education levels. These factors contribute to health issues like poor nutrition and frequent hospitalization. The document recommends implementing social services like affordable housing, education, and income assistance to improve living conditions and access to healthcare.
The document discusses primary healthcare (PHC) in Asia based on the principles of the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration. It outlines the paradoxes in Asia regarding health and development. While Asia faces issues like poverty, inequality, and inefficient health systems, it is also home to cutting-edge medicine and a large workforce. The document advocates for strengthening PHC in Asia to achieve "health for all" and addresses recommendations from young people and medical students to successfully implement PHC through community participation, meaningful youth involvement, integrated approaches, and a focus on marginalized groups.
VicHealth is the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation established by the Victorian Parliament in 1987 through a levy on tobacco. Its mission is to improve health for all Victorians by changing social, economic, cultural and physical environments. VicHealth's priorities from 2009-2013 included reducing smoking, improving nutrition, physical activity, social participation, and UV exposure. VicHealth uses a social model of health that addresses the social determinants of health like SES, gender, location. It aims to reduce inequality, empower communities, improve accessibility to healthcare, and collaborate with other sectors. Potential outcomes of VicHealth funded projects could include improved nutrition, physical activity, and sun protection behaviors by addressing relevant determinants of health through community programs.
Unique features, Aims, Purposes and Models of Public HealthNabin Lamichhane
The document discusses several unique features of public health, including its basis in social justice philosophy, inherently political nature, dynamic and ever-expanding agenda, link with government, grounding in science, focus on prevention, and uncommon culture among professionals. It also examines different models of public health, such as social, medical, bio-physical, and salutogenic models. The values of public health are described as saving lives and reducing illness, injury, and violence by preventing exposure to health risks.
This document summarizes a research article that examined the state of health education and community mobilization in Nigeria's healthcare delivery system. It discusses how community mobilization and participation plays a key role in utilizing health services. It also reviews how health education and primary healthcare have been implemented in Nigeria historically. While there are challenges, the document outlines prospects for health education in Nigeria, including its potential to help achieve important development goals and encourage moral and ethical values in communities.
Government Role in Promoting Healthy Eating jkonoroth
The document discusses the Australian government's role in promoting healthy eating through conducting nutrition surveys, establishing nutrient reference values, and developing resources like the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and dietary guidelines. It provides details on how the government uses survey data and guidelines to inform policies, programs, food labeling laws, and educate the public.
This document discusses key concepts in health policy, including definitions of health policy, the aims of health policies in maintaining and improving population health status, and essential concepts like health status, health services, organization and financing of health systems, and the roles of public health, health commissioning, and ensuring appropriateness of care. It also covers international trends, provider-purchaser models, and major challenges for developing countries, including health reform, decentralization, tools for policymaking, and ensuring equity in health.
WHO is the leading authority on global health within the United Nations. It provides leadership, shapes health research agendas, sets standards and policies, and monitors health trends. A key achievement was eradicating smallpox in the late 1970s through a global vaccination campaign coordinated by WHO. WHO works to ensure universal access to quality healthcare and helps countries plan their health systems and workforce. The definition of health includes physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
The document discusses a health promotion project called the "Hello Neighbor Project" that aims to raise awareness and support for vulnerable people living in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside neighborhood. The neighborhood struggles with high rates of poverty, crime, drug use, and sex work. The project aims to educate the public and reduce stereotyping of the area. Major determinants of health affecting residents are low income and lack of social status, as well as low education levels. These factors contribute to health issues like poor nutrition and frequent hospitalization. The document recommends implementing social services like affordable housing, education, and income assistance to improve living conditions and access to healthcare.
The document discusses primary healthcare (PHC) in Asia based on the principles of the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration. It outlines the paradoxes in Asia regarding health and development. While Asia faces issues like poverty, inequality, and inefficient health systems, it is also home to cutting-edge medicine and a large workforce. The document advocates for strengthening PHC in Asia to achieve "health for all" and addresses recommendations from young people and medical students to successfully implement PHC through community participation, meaningful youth involvement, integrated approaches, and a focus on marginalized groups.
Public health originated in 1840 with the first public health act passed in the UK in 1848. Professor Winslow later defined public health as "the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organizing community efforts for sanitation, health education, disease prevention and treatment."
The key functions of public health include preventing and controlling disease, protecting and promoting a healthy environment, promoting healthy behaviors, identifying community health needs, developing new methodologies and research, and ensuring health for all through policies, plans and health services.
The principles of public health emphasize collective responsibility for health, the major role of government in formulating and implementing health policies and rules, and a focus on whole populations through primary and secondary prevention
1. The document discusses achieving universal health care through primary health care as outlined in the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration. It identifies specific actions needed, such as community-based approaches using community health workers, and innovation and technological approaches. 2. It also discusses challenges faced by developing countries, including inadequate resources and lack of coordination between governments and donors. 3. The conclusion states that a robust primary health care system that is cost-effective can help reduce preventable deaths, but it requires political will and expanded access to basic health services.
The document discusses global health policies and initiatives. It outlines health policy aims like maintaining and improving population health status. It discusses key global health strategies like Health for All by 2000, the Millennium Development Goals, and Sustainable Development Goals. It provides details on initiatives like the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, GAIN (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition), and progress made in combating diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
The document discusses the key differences and relationships between health education and health promotion. Health education focuses on giving individuals information to change their behaviors, while health promotion seeks broader social, economic, and political changes to improve health at the environmental and policy levels. Both work in tandem as complementary strategies. The document also outlines the five areas of focus from the Ottawa Charter of health promotion: building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services.
Presentation delivered by Dr Haifa Madi, Director, Health Protection and Promotion at the 62nd Session of the WHO Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean
COMBI - a toolkit for social communication in fighting NCDsPPPKAM
This document discusses COMBI, a toolkit for social communication developed by the WHO to help fight non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It presents COMBI as a 10-step process that emphasizes achieving specific behavioral outcomes, not just increasing awareness. COMBI stresses connecting recommendations to individual needs, understanding alternative behaviors, and listening to communities. The document provides Penang's COMBI plan as an example, with the overall goal of reducing NCDs through behaviors like improved nutrition and physical activity. It emphasizes setting clear behavioral objectives and conducting a situational market analysis to understand barriers and enablers to behavior change from the community's perspective before implementing activities.
Health promotion is directed at improving health through actions on determinants of health beyond just healthcare. It involves populations as a whole through education, policy, and environmental changes. Key principles include intersectoral collaboration between health and other sectors like education and agriculture. Health promotion aims to empower communities, create supportive environments, develop personal health skills, and form healthy public policy through multisectoral partnerships.
This is a slide show for media activism in the field of healthcare in India.
Medical journalism is the dissemination of health-related information through mainstream media outlets. Medical issues are widely reported, and these reports influence doctors, the general public, and the government. The coverage is often criticized for being misleading, inaccurate, or speculative.
News coverage is often criticized for being misleading, inaccurate, or speculative, and this has been traced to several problems that include lack of knowledge by reporters, lack of time to prepare a proper report, and lack of space in the publication.
Most news articles fail to discuss important issues such as evidence quality, costs, and risks versus benefits.
There is also another extensive, more academic branch of medical journalism which is based on evidence. Evidence-based research is more accurate and thus it is a much more reliable source than medical news disseminated by tabloids. Medical journalism in this regard is a professional field and is often disregarded. There are also some medical journalism institutions that provide assistance to medical researchers to enable them to perform more reliable studies.
The document traces the historical development of health promotion from ancient times to the present. It discusses early concepts and practices of health promotion in Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, Hebrew, and Roman civilizations dating back to 5000 BC. Key developments included the establishment of public health infrastructure and hygiene practices. The concept of "health promotion" emerged in the 19th century and was further advanced through reports in the 1970s-80s. The Ottawa Charter of 1986 established health promotion as a strategy for public health policy. Subsequent global conferences refined and expanded the strategy through the present day.
Health promotion aims to reach optimal health through activities that increase well-being, prevent disease, and control existing disease. It involves empowering communities, policymakers, professionals, and the public to support health-promoting policies, systems, and behaviors. Approaches to health promotion include creating healthy populations by addressing needs across life stages, promoting healthy lifestyles, and developing healthy environments. Challenges to health promotion in developing countries include poverty, economic priorities focused on growth over health, low education levels, political instability, and influence of commercial interests.
This document discusses the relationship between health and social development. It states that better health is important for human well-being and economic progress, as healthy populations live longer and are more productive. Social development aims to empower marginalized groups and improve social and economic status. The document also discusses indicators of social development like GDP, HDI, population, standards of living, education, employment and environment. Health is seen as important for productivity, with health investments promoting economic development and social progress. Reasons for uneven development between countries include trade, population growth, industrialization, and political instability.
This document discusses oral health and inequality. It begins with definitions of oral health and conditions. It then discusses the background and current status of oral health, noting most common issues are cavities and periodontal disease. There is widespread oral health inequity both between and within countries, influenced by social determinants like income, education and access to care. This impacts populations through higher disease prevalence and patterns associated with lower education. The document outlines nursing implications and roles in public health, holistic care, and using primary, secondary and tertiary interventions like education, screening, and referrals.
Health care organization system is vital link for maintain good coverage at all over the India for delivering quality assurance work to people of community.
Decentralization
Tools of Policy making
Financing Health care
Public-Private Partnership
Health Research
International Organizations
Equity
Health Reforms in Developing Countries
Stake Holders
The document is Jordan's position paper for the World Health Organization (WHO) addressing three topics: ensuring health coverage for all, combating non-communicable diseases, and improving health care services for aging populations. Jordan supports the WHO's goals of universal health coverage, prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and expanding preventative care for the elderly. Jordan has taken steps domestically such as providing free preventative services and increasing public health spending to work towards these goals. Internationally, Jordan advocates for collaboration between countries to share resources and expertise to tackle these global health issues.
The document discusses several global health initiatives by the World Health Organization and World Bank to address various health issues worldwide. It describes initiatives to reduce malaria and tuberculosis, such as Roll Back Malaria and Stop TB. It also outlines initiatives to strengthen immunization programs through GAVI, combat HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria with the Global Fund, establish tobacco control frameworks with the WHO FCTC, and prevent non-communicable diseases through a global strategy. The document also summarizes the WHO's comprehensive mental health action plan from 2013-2020 to improve access to services and prevent human rights violations against those with mental health issues.
This document outlines six key principles of primary care medicine: continuity of care, comprehensiveness, coordination of care, community orientation, prevention, and family orientation. It discusses how these principles relate to providing holistic and coordinated care for patients over time while serving the broader health needs of the community. Factors like social determinants, economics, culture and family support networks are important to consider under the primary care model to fully address a patient's health issues and needs.
This document provides an overview of Healthy People 2020, a national initiative to improve health and achieve health equity through setting evidence-based 10-year national objectives. It discusses the background and history of Healthy People, the development of Healthy People 2020, its framework of 39 topic areas and over 580 objectives, and how various stakeholders can use and engage with Healthy People 2020 to promote health and prevent disease.
The document discusses social determinants of health, which are defined as the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work and age that impact health outcomes. These circumstances are shaped by wider social, economic and political forces. Historical evidence from studies like the Black Report and Whitehall studies showed social gradients in health according to factors like socioeconomic status and occupation. Theoretical frameworks explain how social factors influence health through pathways like psychosocial stress and limited access to resources. A conceptual framework outlines how structural factors like income and education act through intermediate factors like housing and healthcare access to impact health. Addressing social determinants requires multisectoral approaches and involvement of various stakeholders.
An overview of the health situation of youth today is provided in this chapter, which also explores the serious health challenges this vulnerable group is facing with the context of local and global developments. Socio-economic, cultural, educational and other factors affecting young people’s health are examined, and reference is made to particular issues and areas of concern. Emphasis is given to the importance of involving young people in identifying problems and developing solutions to ensure that programmes, policies and health services address their needs.
The Members of the WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health emphasized the crucial need for the three agencies to provide complementary support to countries, by working within a common technical framework, in order to strengthen and expand the activities in countries aimed at promoting adolescent health in a more systematic fashion. The Common Agenda for Action encourages the three UN agencies with principal interest and experience in the area of adolescent health, to support activities in countries in complementary ways. The Common Agenda is intended to reflect the policies of the three agencies and serve as a basis for discussion at country level in the determination of their support of country-level programming. It also provides specific suggestions for collaborative activities to advance programming for adolescents at different levels.
Public health originated in 1840 with the first public health act passed in the UK in 1848. Professor Winslow later defined public health as "the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organizing community efforts for sanitation, health education, disease prevention and treatment."
The key functions of public health include preventing and controlling disease, protecting and promoting a healthy environment, promoting healthy behaviors, identifying community health needs, developing new methodologies and research, and ensuring health for all through policies, plans and health services.
The principles of public health emphasize collective responsibility for health, the major role of government in formulating and implementing health policies and rules, and a focus on whole populations through primary and secondary prevention
1. The document discusses achieving universal health care through primary health care as outlined in the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration. It identifies specific actions needed, such as community-based approaches using community health workers, and innovation and technological approaches. 2. It also discusses challenges faced by developing countries, including inadequate resources and lack of coordination between governments and donors. 3. The conclusion states that a robust primary health care system that is cost-effective can help reduce preventable deaths, but it requires political will and expanded access to basic health services.
The document discusses global health policies and initiatives. It outlines health policy aims like maintaining and improving population health status. It discusses key global health strategies like Health for All by 2000, the Millennium Development Goals, and Sustainable Development Goals. It provides details on initiatives like the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, GAIN (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition), and progress made in combating diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
The document discusses the key differences and relationships between health education and health promotion. Health education focuses on giving individuals information to change their behaviors, while health promotion seeks broader social, economic, and political changes to improve health at the environmental and policy levels. Both work in tandem as complementary strategies. The document also outlines the five areas of focus from the Ottawa Charter of health promotion: building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services.
Presentation delivered by Dr Haifa Madi, Director, Health Protection and Promotion at the 62nd Session of the WHO Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean
COMBI - a toolkit for social communication in fighting NCDsPPPKAM
This document discusses COMBI, a toolkit for social communication developed by the WHO to help fight non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It presents COMBI as a 10-step process that emphasizes achieving specific behavioral outcomes, not just increasing awareness. COMBI stresses connecting recommendations to individual needs, understanding alternative behaviors, and listening to communities. The document provides Penang's COMBI plan as an example, with the overall goal of reducing NCDs through behaviors like improved nutrition and physical activity. It emphasizes setting clear behavioral objectives and conducting a situational market analysis to understand barriers and enablers to behavior change from the community's perspective before implementing activities.
Health promotion is directed at improving health through actions on determinants of health beyond just healthcare. It involves populations as a whole through education, policy, and environmental changes. Key principles include intersectoral collaboration between health and other sectors like education and agriculture. Health promotion aims to empower communities, create supportive environments, develop personal health skills, and form healthy public policy through multisectoral partnerships.
This is a slide show for media activism in the field of healthcare in India.
Medical journalism is the dissemination of health-related information through mainstream media outlets. Medical issues are widely reported, and these reports influence doctors, the general public, and the government. The coverage is often criticized for being misleading, inaccurate, or speculative.
News coverage is often criticized for being misleading, inaccurate, or speculative, and this has been traced to several problems that include lack of knowledge by reporters, lack of time to prepare a proper report, and lack of space in the publication.
Most news articles fail to discuss important issues such as evidence quality, costs, and risks versus benefits.
There is also another extensive, more academic branch of medical journalism which is based on evidence. Evidence-based research is more accurate and thus it is a much more reliable source than medical news disseminated by tabloids. Medical journalism in this regard is a professional field and is often disregarded. There are also some medical journalism institutions that provide assistance to medical researchers to enable them to perform more reliable studies.
The document traces the historical development of health promotion from ancient times to the present. It discusses early concepts and practices of health promotion in Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, Hebrew, and Roman civilizations dating back to 5000 BC. Key developments included the establishment of public health infrastructure and hygiene practices. The concept of "health promotion" emerged in the 19th century and was further advanced through reports in the 1970s-80s. The Ottawa Charter of 1986 established health promotion as a strategy for public health policy. Subsequent global conferences refined and expanded the strategy through the present day.
Health promotion aims to reach optimal health through activities that increase well-being, prevent disease, and control existing disease. It involves empowering communities, policymakers, professionals, and the public to support health-promoting policies, systems, and behaviors. Approaches to health promotion include creating healthy populations by addressing needs across life stages, promoting healthy lifestyles, and developing healthy environments. Challenges to health promotion in developing countries include poverty, economic priorities focused on growth over health, low education levels, political instability, and influence of commercial interests.
This document discusses the relationship between health and social development. It states that better health is important for human well-being and economic progress, as healthy populations live longer and are more productive. Social development aims to empower marginalized groups and improve social and economic status. The document also discusses indicators of social development like GDP, HDI, population, standards of living, education, employment and environment. Health is seen as important for productivity, with health investments promoting economic development and social progress. Reasons for uneven development between countries include trade, population growth, industrialization, and political instability.
This document discusses oral health and inequality. It begins with definitions of oral health and conditions. It then discusses the background and current status of oral health, noting most common issues are cavities and periodontal disease. There is widespread oral health inequity both between and within countries, influenced by social determinants like income, education and access to care. This impacts populations through higher disease prevalence and patterns associated with lower education. The document outlines nursing implications and roles in public health, holistic care, and using primary, secondary and tertiary interventions like education, screening, and referrals.
Health care organization system is vital link for maintain good coverage at all over the India for delivering quality assurance work to people of community.
Decentralization
Tools of Policy making
Financing Health care
Public-Private Partnership
Health Research
International Organizations
Equity
Health Reforms in Developing Countries
Stake Holders
The document is Jordan's position paper for the World Health Organization (WHO) addressing three topics: ensuring health coverage for all, combating non-communicable diseases, and improving health care services for aging populations. Jordan supports the WHO's goals of universal health coverage, prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and expanding preventative care for the elderly. Jordan has taken steps domestically such as providing free preventative services and increasing public health spending to work towards these goals. Internationally, Jordan advocates for collaboration between countries to share resources and expertise to tackle these global health issues.
The document discusses several global health initiatives by the World Health Organization and World Bank to address various health issues worldwide. It describes initiatives to reduce malaria and tuberculosis, such as Roll Back Malaria and Stop TB. It also outlines initiatives to strengthen immunization programs through GAVI, combat HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria with the Global Fund, establish tobacco control frameworks with the WHO FCTC, and prevent non-communicable diseases through a global strategy. The document also summarizes the WHO's comprehensive mental health action plan from 2013-2020 to improve access to services and prevent human rights violations against those with mental health issues.
This document outlines six key principles of primary care medicine: continuity of care, comprehensiveness, coordination of care, community orientation, prevention, and family orientation. It discusses how these principles relate to providing holistic and coordinated care for patients over time while serving the broader health needs of the community. Factors like social determinants, economics, culture and family support networks are important to consider under the primary care model to fully address a patient's health issues and needs.
This document provides an overview of Healthy People 2020, a national initiative to improve health and achieve health equity through setting evidence-based 10-year national objectives. It discusses the background and history of Healthy People, the development of Healthy People 2020, its framework of 39 topic areas and over 580 objectives, and how various stakeholders can use and engage with Healthy People 2020 to promote health and prevent disease.
The document discusses social determinants of health, which are defined as the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work and age that impact health outcomes. These circumstances are shaped by wider social, economic and political forces. Historical evidence from studies like the Black Report and Whitehall studies showed social gradients in health according to factors like socioeconomic status and occupation. Theoretical frameworks explain how social factors influence health through pathways like psychosocial stress and limited access to resources. A conceptual framework outlines how structural factors like income and education act through intermediate factors like housing and healthcare access to impact health. Addressing social determinants requires multisectoral approaches and involvement of various stakeholders.
An overview of the health situation of youth today is provided in this chapter, which also explores the serious health challenges this vulnerable group is facing with the context of local and global developments. Socio-economic, cultural, educational and other factors affecting young people’s health are examined, and reference is made to particular issues and areas of concern. Emphasis is given to the importance of involving young people in identifying problems and developing solutions to ensure that programmes, policies and health services address their needs.
The Members of the WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health emphasized the crucial need for the three agencies to provide complementary support to countries, by working within a common technical framework, in order to strengthen and expand the activities in countries aimed at promoting adolescent health in a more systematic fashion. The Common Agenda for Action encourages the three UN agencies with principal interest and experience in the area of adolescent health, to support activities in countries in complementary ways. The Common Agenda is intended to reflect the policies of the three agencies and serve as a basis for discussion at country level in the determination of their support of country-level programming. It also provides specific suggestions for collaborative activities to advance programming for adolescents at different levels.
The document summarizes the background, problems, and strategies for promoting adolescent health in India. It discusses:
- Definitions of adolescence and the physical and mental health problems they face like malnutrition, anemia, depression, early sex, and pregnancy.
- The importance of investing in adolescent health to reduce disease and mortality, protect human capital, and avoid health issues in later life.
- Strategies proposed under the Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health program including life skills training, education, counseling, and creating supportive environments.
- The existing policy and program scenario in India including the National Population Policy, National Youth Policy, and Reproductive and Child Health Program's ARSH strategy.
The document discusses young people's health and the importance of meeting their needs as a discrete group. It outlines the following key points:
1) Adolescence involves significant physiological and emotional changes that services must be skilled in addressing, like building resilience to issues like risky behavior, substance abuse, and mental health.
2) Relationships with authority figures are less helpful during adolescence's "chaos" so supportive adult role models are needed.
3) Issues during adolescence have potential for great impact on adult lives, so ignoring or mishandling them sets youth up for difficulties.
Health and Wellbeing Boards should consider soft outcomes over just data and view preventative and developmental aspects as important
cheerdance grade 10 pe presentation cheerndance basic mortion , basic stance, cheerleadinng and cheerdancing. Cheerleading is an activity in which the participants cheer for their team as a form of encouragement. It can range from chanting slogans to intense physical activity. It can be performed to motivate sports teams, to entertain the audience, or for competition
International health organizations work to improve global health and deal with health issues across national boundaries. The main organizations discussed are the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations (UN), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), US Department of Global Health, and Global Health Council. Each organization works to combat diseases, increase access to healthcare, provide aid during disasters, and address other public health challenges around the world through initiatives, partnerships, and technical support.
The document summarizes key health issues affecting young people aged 15-24 globally. Over 1.8 million young people die each year mostly from preventable causes. Leading causes of death include road accidents, violence, HIV, and complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Many health issues experienced during youth like tobacco use, malnutrition, and mental health problems can have lifelong health consequences. Promoting healthy behaviors in adolescence through policies, programs, and services is critical to improving current and future public health.
This document discusses global health trends, issues, and concerns. It explains that the United Nations designated the World Health Organization to lead on global health matters and coordinate efforts between member nations. Current global health issues include ensuring fair access to healthcare and protecting against threats that affect people worldwide. The document will provide information about global health issues and initiatives to address problems through readings and activities to improve understanding of health concerns around the world.
MAPEH10 3rd quarter module 1 health 10.pptxjaysongulla1
The document discusses global health issues, concerns, and initiatives. It explains that the World Health Organization was designated by the UN to coordinate health issues among member nations. Current global health challenges include ensuring fair access to healthcare and protecting against threats that affect people worldwide. The document then discusses the UN's Millennium Development Goals, which aim to address issues like poverty, disease, and environmental degradation by 2015 through improved global health programs and policies. It also outlines several global health initiatives focused on combating diseases.
Global health initiatives aim to improve health and healthcare equity worldwide through both medical and non-medical efforts. They rose alongside globalization and increased public awareness of shared global health challenges. Major initiatives work towards the UN's 8 Millennium Development Goals, including eradicating poverty and hunger, improving education, gender equality, child and maternal health, and combating diseases. Key organizations coordinating global efforts include the WHO, World Bank, Global Fund, GAVI, and others working in areas like immunization, tuberculosis, malaria, non-communicable diseases, and more. Overall, global health initiatives are needed for nations to work together towards the important goal of saving lives and improving health outcomes globally.
This is a proposal for a population health program targeting adolescents aged 12-19 in an underserved African American community. The program aims to address risky sexual behaviors, substance abuse, mental health issues, violence, and obesity through education on safe sex practices, substance abuse counseling, mental health counseling, exercise promotion, and ensuring access to healthcare. The expected outcomes are a reduction in teen pregnancies and STIs, increased enrollment in counseling, and fewer obese adolescents. The program aligns with HP2020 goals and will use social cognitive theory and social media marketing. Potential barriers include lack of stakeholder participation and funding.
You are the local Director of Public Health in your region where HIV infection is a major public health issue and national leaders do not support drug use or barrier contraception. Describe how you would use your knowledge of public education, individual’s perception of risk and the use of the media, to promote healthy behaviour to limit disease impact, and increase the use and public acceptance of drug therapy.
Reinforce your answer with evidence based interventions as far as possible.
This document provides an introduction to the Adolescence Education Programme in India. Some key points:
- India has over 225 million adolescents aged 10-19, the largest cohort transitioning to adulthood.
- The program aims to address adolescents' reproductive and sexual health concerns including HIV/AIDS and substance abuse.
- India has ratified several international agreements supporting adolescent health and rights.
- Multiple government ministries and programs impact aspects of adolescent lives and development.
- Facts presented show many adolescents face early marriage, pregnancy, gender-based violence, and lack of sexual and reproductive health information and services. The education program seeks to improve outcomes for adolescents.
The goal III of UN SDG, aims to address all the major health priorities with regard to child and maternal health, end of communicable diseases, reducing the number of non-communicable diseases cases, ease of access to safe and affordable medicines and vaccines and ensure universal health coverage (UHC), to help build productive and resilient communities. What Millenium Development Goals lacked was focus with regard to entire health system and how they cater to health services for overall health and well-being whereas SDGs 2030 agenda from 2015-2030, has set the target towards focus on Universal Health Coverage (UHC), which includes access to health services and with financial risk protection. The most notable provision included in the SDG 2030 agenda is inclusion of non-communicable diseases, mental health, substance abuse, addiction and injuries.
The event shall include introductory for teachers, facilitators and health and care providers. It shall have children friendly and easily understandable and relate able fact sheet and activity information.
This document provides an overview of the role of hospitals in healthcare. It discusses:
- Hospitals play an integral role in providing both curative and preventive health services according to the WHO definition.
- Health is influenced by genetics, environment, lifestyle, economic status, and access to health services. Hospitals provide diagnostic, treatment, and rehabilitation services.
- Hospitals have evolved from religious institutions in ancient Greece and Rome to specialized facilities in the 19th century influenced by advances like anesthesia and antisepsis. Florence Nightingale revolutionized nursing.
HEALTH PROMOTION AND PRIMARY HEALTH CARE.docxSuraj Pande
The document discusses health promotion and primary health care. It describes how health promotion emerged in the early 20th century to focus on individual health beyond just disease control. Primary health care was later established based on principles of equity, community participation, and multi-sectoral involvement. The key elements of primary health care include health education, nutrition, sanitation, maternal/child services, immunization, treatment, and essential drugs. Nurses play an important role in primary health care through health education, nutrition programs, sanitation, maternal/child services, immunization, and treating minor ailments. Problems implementing primary health care in India include lack of resources, large population, and inequitable distribution of health services between rural and urban
Community Teaching Plan for Teaching Prevention of Adolescent Risky.docx4934bk
This document presents a community teaching plan aimed at preventing risky behaviors among adolescents. The plan was implemented through teaching a single neighboring adolescent. The goals were to increase participation in extracurricular activities and provide adolescents with supportive figures. Epidemiological data showed high rates of depression, substance abuse, STIs, and other issues among adolescents, demonstrating a need for prevention efforts. The teaching covered cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. The adolescent was engaged and met the learning objectives, suggesting the plan was successfully evaluated.
The Healthy People 2020 framework provides structure and guidance for improving national health by 2020. It was developed through an extensive collaborative process involving government agencies and public stakeholders. The framework's vision is for all people to live long, healthy lives, and its mission is to identify health priorities, increase public understanding of health determinants, provide measurable goals, engage multiple sectors, and identify research needs. Its overarching goals are to attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease and injury, achieve health equity, create health-promoting environments, and promote healthy behaviors across all life stages.
Similar to “Strengthening the health sector response to adolescent health and development” (WHO) 2010 (20)
1) The Youth Blast conference in Rio de Janeiro from June 7-12 will allow 3000 young people from around the world to discuss sustainable development in the context of Rio+20.
2) The first two days will focus on Brazilian youth, while the final three days from June 10-12 will be open to international youth and include translation.
3) The conference aims to empower youth to participate in Rio+20 and the UN process, and facilitate experience sharing on sustainable development issues. Participants will learn about Rio+20 and help develop the official youth position document.
The document discusses a youth delegate from Australia's experience attending the 56th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women, including her consultation with young Australian women prior to the session where they raised concerns about domestic violence, media pressures, and rural access to services. The delegate shares key issues discussed at the Commission and plans to continue engaging with young Australian women about gender equality issues.
This newsletter provides updates on preparations for the Rio+20 conference in June 2012 and ways for youth to get involved. It discusses negotiations over the outcome document, with concerns that commitments to sustainable development are being weakened. It also announces opportunities for youth to submit environmental best practices and solutions to influence the conference, as well as ways to get involved with the Major Group for Children and Youth, including policy task forces and working groups.
The document is a newsletter from the UN that provides information on upcoming youth events, including the Rio+20 conference in June and the Youth Blast conference to prepare youth participants. It also shares news from various UN offices, such as the Secretary General's priorities for youth employment and political inclusion, and opportunities for youth participation in video contests and art competitions. Finally, it advertises publications and programs from organizations like UNESCO, FAO, and ITU focused on skills development, entrepreneurship, and empowering girls in STEM careers.
The document is a newsletter providing information on youth issues from the UN. It includes:
1) A feature article about two Rwandan youth delegates who addressed the UN General Assembly, discussing their experiences and motivation to address youth issues.
2) News and updates from various UN offices, including information on registration for the Rio+20 conference, a new climate change and lifestyles guidebook, and grants from the UN-HABITAT Urban Youth Fund.
3) A section on Youth in Action which highlights participation opportunities for youth at Rio+20 and an upcoming launch of the 2011 World Youth Report on decent work.
Education is a priority for international development goals but millions still lack basic literacy and education. While primary education enrollment has increased, quality remains low and secondary and vocational education rates are still inadequate. Non-formal education and skills training are needed to help vulnerable youth access employment opportunities. Improving education quality, expanding access to secondary, vocational and non-formal programs, and targeting marginalized groups will help ensure all youth can develop skills to participate in the economy.
The document discusses the importance of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for youth development globally. It notes that while ICT access has benefited many youth, significant digital divides remain, particularly for those in developing countries where broadband access often costs over half of average monthly income. The United Nations and other organizations are working to promote universal and equitable ICT access for youth to foster social inclusion and bridge divides. Effective policies are needed to strengthen ICT infrastructure, incorporate technology into education, and ensure affordable connectivity for all youth worldwide.
The document discusses the importance of youth participation in fostering dialogue and mutual understanding between cultures. It recognizes that youth have expertise in this area and notes several UN initiatives designed to promote intercultural understanding through youth, including forums, exchange programs, and skills training. The document concludes that meaningful youth involvement, knowledge building, and skills development are key to furthering intercultural dialogue.
Demographic changes are influencing intergenerational relationships and challenging social protection systems. The UN recognizes the importance of intergenerational partnerships and has taken actions like supplementing the World Programme of Action for Youth to strengthen families and solidarity between youth and older generations. Research indicates the importance of relationships based on mutual understanding between generations for social cohesion, and policies are needed to promote opportunities for interaction between young and old.
Youth with disabilities face significant disadvantages globally. They are often excluded from education and have high rates of illiteracy and unemployment. Additionally, they frequently experience discrimination, social isolation, and lack of access to healthcare and relationships. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities aims to promote equal rights and opportunities for youth with disabilities.
The document discusses youth volunteerism and its importance. It notes that youth volunteerism is being used around the world and by the UN to address issues like female genital mutilation, increase civic engagement, and promote development. The UN encourages governments, organizations, and youth to promote volunteerism to empower young people and allow them to contribute to their communities and societies.
The document discusses youth participation and its importance. It notes that youth participation is a fundamental human right. The UN has recognized the importance of youth participation for many years through agreements like the World Programme of Action for Youth. However, more work is still needed to strengthen youth participation and involvement in decision making at all levels of society.
Over 85% of the world's 1 billion youth live in developing countries, with half working in agriculture. The UN works to address youth hunger through school feeding programs, youth organizations, and public awareness campaigns. Reducing hunger requires job opportunities for rural youth, access to resources, and youth participation in food security forums.
This technical paper has been produced by the United Nations Programme on Youth in the Division for Social Policy and Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and the NGO Restless Development, in the context of the International Year of Youth.
The purpose of this document is to explore cooperation between youth and the private sector. It is part of a series of technical papers aimed both at strengthening youth participation at all levels through cooperation among various stakeholders, as well as at highlighting the role of youth as agents of development. Building on Youth participation in development, which provides guidance to development agencies and policymakers, and the Activities kit, which provides guidance to young people on celebrating the International Year of Youth, this technical paper is a tool geared towards enhancing partnership between youth and the private sector.
1) Investing in youth from an early age through adolescence is critical for countries' economic growth and development as it establishes lifelong behaviors and skills.
2) Failing to invest in children and youth results in substantial economic and social costs to societies from issues like early dropout, poor health, and risky behaviors.
3) International organizations like the UN and World Bank promote investment in youth development and provide countries with over $1 billion annually and policy guidance to realize the potential of their youth populations.
This document summarizes key facts and challenges facing girls and young women globally. It notes that approximately half of the 1.8 billion young people in the world, or 900 million, are adolescent girls and young women. However, many face discrimination and health risks, with only 50% completing primary school in poor countries. They have higher rates of child marriage, HIV infection, and sex trafficking. Investing in girls' education and empowerment would boost social and economic development while respecting human rights.
Young people account for a large percentage of new HIV infections globally. While the rate of new HIV infections among youth has declined slightly, young people still face significant challenges. Coordinated efforts are needed between governments, organizations, and youth groups to improve access to sexual education and healthcare, strengthen HIV prevention programs, and increase meaningful youth participation.
Young people are actively working to raise awareness about and combat climate change through educational programs, tree planting, promoting renewable energy, and international negotiations. The United Nations supports youth involvement in climate action through programs at several agencies including UNESCO, FAO, and UNICEF. Youth have been granted a provisional constituency status, allowing them a voice in UN climate negotiations. Stronger youth participation is still needed to ensure an ambitious global climate agreement is reached.
The document discusses the plight of children and youth affected by armed conflict. It notes that children experience suffering such as death, injury, lack of access to education and healthcare. While girls face disproportionate targeting, boys also experience sexual violence. The UN has worked to draw attention to these issues and protect children's rights through the appointment of a Special Representative and cooperation between agencies. Notable progress includes the release of thousands of child soldiers and a commitment to impose sanctions on persistent violators of children's rights.
The document discusses youth unemployment globally. It notes that in 2009, 81 million young people were unemployed, the highest ever recorded. Between 2007-2009, the youth unemployment rate increased from 11.9% to 13%, representing 7.8 million more young unemployed. Young women face greater challenges finding work, with the female youth unemployment rate at 13.2% compared to 12.9% for males. The economic crisis dramatically increased youth unemployment rates and exposed many young workers to poverty and insecure employment conditions. Creating more jobs for young people is important for stronger economies and societies.
More from UN Focal Point on Youth, Division for Social Policy and Development (20)
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. ? What is adolescence?
Adolescence, the second decade of life, is a period in which an individual undergoes major
physical and psychological changes. Alongside this, there are enormous changes in the
person’s social interactions and relationships. Adolescence is a time of opportunity, but also
one of risk. It presents a window of opportunity to set the stage for healthy and productive
adulthood and to reduce the likelihood of problems in the years that lie ahead. At the same
time, it is a period of risk: a period when health problems that have serious immediate
consequences can occur or when problem behaviours that could have serious adverse effects
on health in the future are initiated.
Why invest in the health and development of
adolescents?
There are sound public health, economic and human rights reasons for investing in the health
and development of adolescents.1
Investing in the health of adolescents helps prevent the estimated 1.4 million deaths that
occur globally every year due to road traf c injuries, violence, suicide, HIV and pregnancy-
related causes. It can also improve the health and well-being of many millions of adolescents
who experience health problems such as depression, anaemia or HIV infection; and promote the
adoption of healthy behaviours that help prevent health problems that occur later in life, such
as cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer resulting from physical inactivity and tobacco use
initiated during adolescence. Finally, investing in adolescent health can prevent problems in the
next generation such as prematurity and low birth weight in infants born to very young mothers.
There is growing recognition of the economic bene ts of investing in the healthy development of
adolescents, and the economic costs of not doing so: Adolescents represent one fth of the global
population; healthy, competent adolescents who enter the work force can raise the economic
productivity of a country. Economists stress the importance of using this “demographic dividend”
for national development. On the other hand, not investing in the health and development of
adolescents contributes to the vicious cycle of ill-health and socioeconomic deprivation. For
example, girls from poor communities are more likely than those in more well-to-do communities
to get pregnant during their adolescence. This in turn leads to loss of educational and employment
opportunities, keeping them in poverty.
Almost all countries are signatories to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which
clearly states that adolescents have the right to obtain the health information and services
they need to survive and to grow and develop to their full individual potential. This is especially
true for those adolescents who are more likely than others to develop health problems because
social, economic and cultural factors increase their vulnerability.
1 The term “adolescent” is used to denote individuals between 10 and 19 years. The term “young people” is used
2 to denote those between 10 and 24 years.
3. The World Health Organization (WHO)
‘4-S framework’ for strengthening
2
health sector responses to adolescent
health and development
4S
Many things need to be done by many sectors to improve adolescent health and
development. The health sector has a crucial role to play, through a range of actors, including
government bodies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the private sector.2
Consistent with WHO’s aims and comparative advantage, the WHO Department of Child
and Adolescent Health and Development (WHO/CAH) contributes to the goal of improving
adolescent heath in two main ways: by recommending comprehensive, multisectoral and
evidence-informed adolescent health approaches; and by delineating and supporting the
critical contribution of the health sector, including the leadership role of health ministries.
The 4-S framework currently uses two programmatic “entry points” to strengthen the health
sector response to adolescent health and development: HIV prevention, care and support of
those with HIV; and preventing early pregnancy and pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity.
This is rstly because many adolescents and young people are living with HIV, and many also
experience sexual and reproductive health (SRH) problems. Secondly, these priorities are
the focus of many international development goals (notably the Millennium Development
Goals). Lastly, most countries have national programmes, strategies and budgets in place
to address these priorities. Through these entry points, the 4-S framework can be used to
address other public health issues affecting adolescents such as nutrition, mental health,
substance use and intentional or unintentional violence.
What problems are being addressed?
Many national SRH and HIV programmes highlight adolescents as requiring speci c
attention. However, their needs are often not addressed in a systematic or concerted
manner by such programmes.
Other sectors (e.g. education or employment) and civil society organizations (e.g. faith-
based groups) also actively promote and support adolescent health. In the health sector,
the health information and services provided by governments, NGOs, private sector
providers and others are often ad hoc.
2 The health sector includes the branch of government mandated to address health, as well as others
organizations working to contribute to the health of adolescents, such as medical and nursing education
institutions, non-governmental organizations (including not-for-pro t organizations and commercially
oriented ones), and civil society bodies. Their work includes efforts to improve understanding of
adolescents’ needs, to advocate for greater attention to adolescents’ issues, and to meet their needs and
ful l their rights.
3
4. National ministries of health could often ll more of a stewardship role so that diverse
efforts form part of one coherent national effort. National SRH and HIV programmes
should incorporate key elements of the 4-S framework for strengthening the health
sector response to adolescent health by:
1
gathering and using strategic information;
developing supportive, evidence-informed policies;
scaling up the provision and utilization of health services and commodities; and
strengthening action and linkages with other government sectors.
S 1. Gathering and using strategic information
The lack of accurate and up-to-date data on the health of adolescents hinders well-
informed policy and programme formulation.
In many countries, some data on adolescent health are gathered in research studies,
national or subnational surveys, and in established health information systems (HIS).
However, the results and analyses are not routinely available and consequently do not
inform policy and programme development.
Data on health outcomes (e.g. maternal mortality), behavioural outcomes
(e.g. not seeking health care in the presence of danger signs during pregnancy),
determinants of these behaviours (e.g. lack of knowledge of danger signs and lack of
support from the family to seek care), as well as outcomes of programmatic actions (e.g.
proportion of pregnant adolescents who seek antenatal care) are only rarely available.
Where such data do exist, they are generally not disaggregated by age and sex.
What are the implications for action by the health sector?
Ministries of health should facilitate the systematic collection, analysis, dissemination and
use of data – disaggregated by age and sex – on various aspects of adolescent health – for
the purposes of advocacy and informing relevant policy and programme development.
4
5. S 2. Developing supportive evidence-informed
policies
3
National SRH and HIV strategies typically identify adolescents as an important
group to address in situation analyses, but rarely specify what needs to be done
to address the needs and problems that are identi ed.
Even when national SRH and HIV strategies contain policy statements enabling
programmatic actions (e.g. they indicate that all adolescents should be provided
with information about HIV so that they can protect themselves) they do not
2
contain guiding statements informed by evidence (e.g. on what are the proven
approaches to provide adolescents with information and education).
What are the implications for action by the health sector?
National SRH and HIV strategies should include enabling and guiding policy
statements (based on sound evidence) on what programmatic actions need to be
3
carried out and how they should be implemented in order to effectively address
the speci c needs and problems of adolescents.
S 3. Scaling up the provision of health services
and commodities
In most countries, health services are provided to the general population –
including adolescents – by hospitals and clinics run by the government, by NGOs
and by individuals and organizations in the private sector. A range of barriers
hinder the use of health services by adolescents. To respond to this, in many
countries, NGOs are involved in providing health services that are intended to
speci cally respond to the needs of adolescents, and to be “friendly” to them.
These initiatives are often small in scale and limited in duration. With some
notable exceptions, they are of uncertain quality.
3 In this paper, the term policy is used to denote statements by the ministry of health which enable
a particular programmatic action (e.g. all adolescents in the country should be well informed
about HIV prevention) or guide a particular programmatic action (e.g. science teachers in all
secondary schools in the country should teach their students about HIV and how to avoid it).
Strategy: A document published by the ministry of health which outlines a set of actions to be
carried out to achieve a speci c objective (e.g. a national strategy to provide care and support
to people with HIV in a country would contain a set of complementary actions to be carried out
at the national and district levels, by different players within the health sector).
5
6. What are the implications for action by the health sector?
Ministries of health should play a leadership role in guiding the provision of
health services to adolescents, both within and outside the government.
4
They should put in place initiatives grounded in national HIV, SRH or other
programmes, aimed at expanding the coverage and improving the quality of health
services for adolescents (especially those who are more likely to face health and
social problems) in order to achieve clearly de ned health outcomes.
S 4. Strengthening other sectors
In some places, other sectors (such as education and youth) and civil society
bodies (such as faith-based institutions) do not make the essential contributions
to adolescent health that they need to. In places where they do, they are typically
involved in providing health information and education, in building life skills, in
empowering adolescents and in mobilizing communities to respond to the needs
of their adolescents. With notable exceptions:
these activities are frequently not evidence-based; or
no efforts are made to assess the impacts of such activities; or
activities are not carried out in collaboration with those of the health sector.
What are the implications for action by the health sector?
1. The health sector (and speci cally ministries of health) should engage with
other sectors and civil society bodies to actively contribute to addressing SRH
and HIV in adolescents, and supporting them to do so using evidence-based
approaches.
2. Other sectors and civil society bodies should make their contributions to the
health and development of adolescents, in collaboration with the health sector.
6
7. Strengthening national health sector
responses to adolescent health and
development
Systematic process
National level
Situation analysis / rapid
programme review
District level
Development of a health sector Orientation of district leaders
strategy within Health facility level
a multi-sectoral strategy
Orientation of district health Orientation of health
management teams facility staff
Development of national
quality standards
District level mapping exercise (Self-)Assessment of quality
to identify areas where
Dissemination of approved quality is low
national standards (to the Development of a district scale
regional / provincial level) up plan
Development of a plan to
Development/adaptation of Orientation of health facility improve quality
generic materials managers
Development of action plan
and national scale up plan
A systematic process has been developed for strengthening the health sector’s response
to adolescent health in individual countries, and speci cally for scaling up health service
provision to adolescents.
It begins with a set of actions at the national level, which are followed by subsequent
actions at the district and health facility levels.
National level
The ministry of health department with responsibility for improving adolescent health should
carry out the following actions and functions:
7
8. Implementing a national step-by-step process:
1. Conduct a situation analysis of adolescent health or a review of selected public health
programmes.
2. Develop a strategy to strengthen the health sector’s response to adolescent health, within
the context of a broader multisectoral strategy.
3. Develop national quality standards for health service provision to adolescents.4
4. Disseminate the approved national quality standards to the regional/provincial level.
5. Develop/adapt generic materials to promote and guide the implementation and monitoring
of activities to implement and monitor the standards.
6. Develop a costed national scale-up plan for implementing the standards.
7. Orient and engage leaders of district administrations, and leaders of district health
management teams.
In implementing these steps, the responsible
department also needs to:
institutionalize these activities within the work of appropriate government departments;
identify sources of technical support required throughout this
step-by-step process;
integrate activities and associated costs into existing work plans and budgets.
Ongoing functions:
communicate national policies to all relevant stakeholders and ensure their application;
ensure that district health management teams and health facilities have the resources they
need to deliver health services to adolescents, including: adequate staff; guidelines and
standard operating procedures; educational materials; equipment, medicines and other
supplies;
develop and/or adapt existing methods and tools to improve the competencies and attitudes
of health facility staff, and information materials for community members and adolescents;
support the documentation and sharing of experiences in strengthening health sector
responses to adolescent health.
4 National standards comprise statements describing the required quality and other characteristics of adolescent
health services, from the perspectives of service users and providers. These standards build on local experience
and are based on evidence from three areas: how to improve the competencies and attitudes of health service
providers and support staff; how to make changes in the facilities so that they are more “adolescent-friendly”;
and, how to provide information to the community to help generate demand among adolescents for health
services, as well as community support.
8
9. Monitoring:
Monitoring ministry of health performance should be carried out by of cials from the ministry
itself, as well as other stakeholders within and outside the government. Monitoring should
assess whether the national step-by-step actions and ongoing functions have been carried out.
The ndings will be used to guide any essential re-planning at the national level.
District level (District health management teams)
Leaders of district-level health management teams and their team members should carry out
the following actions and functions to implement the standards for improving health service
provision to adolescents:
Implementing the step-by-step process:
1. Orient and engage all relevant district leaders in strengthening health sector responses to
adolescent health.
2. Orient and engage district health management teams.
3. Conduct a district-level mapping exercise.
4. Develop a district scale up plan for provision of adolescent health services.
5. Orient health facility managers.
Ongoing functions:
act as a bridge between the national level and health facilities, thereby helping to ensure
that health facilities have the resources they need to deliver health services to adolescents,
including: adequate staff; guidelines and standard operating procedures; educational
materials; equipment, medicines and other supplies;
facilitate stronger working relationships among managers of health facilities, between
of cials in the health and other sectors, and between health facilities and community-based
organizations;
support health facility managers to carry out assessments of the quality of health service
provision, and to use these ndings to address gaps and areas of weakness;
support health facility managers to carry out the essential actions in their health facilities
and in the community.
Monitoring:
Monitoring of the district health management team performance should be carried out by of cials
from the national level in collaboration with the district health management team. Monitoring
should assess whether the step-by-step process and ongoing functions listed above have been
carried out. The ndings will be used to guide any re-planning that might be required at the district
and national levels.
9
10. Health facility level (Health facility managers)
Health facility managers should carry out the following actions and functions:
Implementing the step-by-step process:
1. Orient health facility staff.
2. Carry out a quality assessment of the health facility to determine areas where the quality is
low (in relation to the standards).
3. Develop a quality improvement plan.
4. Oversee the implementation of the quality improvement plan.
5. Carry out re-assessment of quality, to monitor progress towards the achievement of
standards for health service provision to adolescents.
Ongoing functions:
work with the district authorities to ensure that the health facility has the essential
resources to deliver health services to adolescents, including: adequate staff; guidelines
and standard operating procedures; educational materials; equipment, medicines and other
supplies;
support health facility staff to perform effectively;
ensure that the health facility is adolescent-friendly;
build and maintain relationships with community-based organizations in the catchment
area of the health facility.
Monitoring:
Monitoring of health facility performance should be done on an ongoing basis by health facility
staff. Periodically, it should also be done by of cials from the national and district levels, in
collaboration with health facility staff. Monitoring should assess whether the steps and the
functions listed above are being undertaken. In addition, they should include assessments
of the quality of health facilities and the utilization of health services by adolescents. This
information will contribute to essential re-planning at the district and national levels.
10
11. Key objectives for WHO/CAH’s work in focus countries
WHO/CAH developed the 4-S framework to strengthen the health sector’s response to adolescent
health. A systematic process to scale up the provision of health services and health-related
commodities to adolescents has been outlined.
In order to have a clear and shared sense of purpose in individual countries, the objectives of
the WHO 4-S framework for strengthening health sector responses to adolescent health and
development have been developed on four levels:
Community level
Community members are aware of the health-service needs of various groups of adolescents,
and support their provision.
Health service providers are non-judgemental and considerate in their dealings with
adolescents, and provide them with the health services and commodities they need.
Points of health service delivery carry out actions that enable adolescents to obtain the health
services they need, and are appealing and friendly to adolescents.
Adolescents are aware of why, when and where they can obtain health services, feel able and
willing to obtain them, and do in fact obtain them when needed.
District health management level
Key of cials are clear about the actions they need to take in order to implement and monitor
the agreed national plan to scale-up the provision and use of health services by adolescents,
and can carry out these actions.
National level
Key of cials in the HIV and SRH programmes are aware of the support WHO can provide, believe in
its value and are working to carry out the activities relating to the 4-S framework.
WHO country o ces
National WHO representatives (WRs) are aware of the 4-S framework and suppor it.
International and national professional of ces in place are well aware of the 4-S framework,
and are able to support the ministry of health in carrying out the four functions relating to the
4-S framework, drawing upon partners inside and outside the United Nations system.
WHO/CAH is now working with WHO regional of ces and WRs, and with other partners, to apply
this systematic approach in a number of countries, designated as “focus” countries. This focus
country work is intended to:
demonstrate the feasibility and value of applying the 4-S approach to strengthen the way
in which the ministry of health – and speci cally the national HIV and/or the national
reproductive health programmes – address the speci c needs of adolescents and young people;
demonstrate that WHO/CAH adds value to the work of key partners and stakeholders in
improving adolescent health and development;
serve the valuable purpose of being demonstration sites for other countries.
11