This document discusses different types of stones that are commonly used as building materials. It describes several stones including granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, slate, and basalt. These stones are classified based on factors like hardness, texture, and chemical composition. The document outlines the characteristics of good building stones, which include being durable, easily obtainable, and weathering well. It also lists common uses of stone in construction such as for floors, walls, roads, and filters.
Laterite Monuments of Malabar region, Western India
Dr Kasthurba A K presents on the laterite monuments of Malabar region in Western India. She discusses the properties and weathering of laterite stone, highlighting various prehistoric megaliths, maritime forts from the 16th-18th centuries like Bekkal Fort and Tellicherry Fort, as well as religious structures built with laterite. Laboratory experiments show laterite's compressive strength and susceptibility to salt crystallization weathering when damp. Conservation requires protecting weaker laterite from damp conditions to prevent strength decline and deterioration.
The document discusses laterite, a type of weathered rock found in tropical regions that has traditionally been used as a building material in India. It provides background on laterite formation and properties. It then describes several examples of historic laterite buildings in India, including prehistoric megaliths, maritime forts from the 15th-18th centuries, religious structures, and traditional residences. The document also discusses laboratory experiments that examined laterite's weathering mechanisms and properties like compressive strength. It finds that laterite is sensitive to salt crystallization and weathering can be reduced by protecting weaker laterite from damp conditions.
Me551:geo551 geology of industrial minerals 5 Tolun Vural
This document provides information on manganese and other industrial minerals including nepheline syenite, silica, rare earth elements, strontium, sodium sulfate, talc, trona, niobium, zeolites, and zircon. It discusses the schedule for an industrial minerals class including field reports, presentations, and exams. It then provides detailed information on the properties, production, uses, deposits, and substitutes of manganese, nepheline syenite, silica, silicon, and quartz crystals.
This document provides an overview of earth masonry materials and techniques. It discusses the various components used in earth masonry like bricks, rubble, sand, cement and mortar. It describes the production processes for these materials and their functional requirements. The document also outlines some limitations of earth masonry, particularly its weaknesses during earthquakes due to the use of cement-based mortars.
Stone masonry involves shaping stone into geometric shapes and arranging them, often with mortar. There are different types of stonemasons who specialize in tasks like quarrying, sawing, carving, fixing, and memorial carving. Stonemasons use various tools like chisels and mallets to shape igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary stones. They undergo comprehensive training and the trade has existed for thousands of years, playing an important role in building cathedrals, castles, and other stone structures throughout history. Modern tools have made aspects of the work easier but many traditional techniques remain.
This document provides information about building stones used in construction. It discusses the characteristics of good building stones, including hardness, durability, porosity, decomposition and others. It also describes common uses of building stones and various tests conducted to examine stones, such as crushing, weathering, porosity, attrition and others. Finally, it discusses quarrying, dressing, classification and deterioration of stones.
Preservation basics wood-stone-brick by richavenBrian Rich
This document appears to be from a presentation on preservation basics for wood, stone, and brick materials. It discusses types of wood and defects, techniques for testing and repairing wood. For stone, it covers mineral composition, deterioration types, and cleaning methods like water washing, chemical cleaning, abrasive cleaning and laser cleaning. It also discusses stone consolidation. For brick and masonry, it briefly touches on handmade brick, deterioration like spalling and cracking, and repair techniques like raking joints and repointing with mortar.
This document discusses different types of stones that are commonly used as building materials. It describes several stones including granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, slate, and basalt. These stones are classified based on factors like hardness, texture, and chemical composition. The document outlines the characteristics of good building stones, which include being durable, easily obtainable, and weathering well. It also lists common uses of stone in construction such as for floors, walls, roads, and filters.
Laterite Monuments of Malabar region, Western India
Dr Kasthurba A K presents on the laterite monuments of Malabar region in Western India. She discusses the properties and weathering of laterite stone, highlighting various prehistoric megaliths, maritime forts from the 16th-18th centuries like Bekkal Fort and Tellicherry Fort, as well as religious structures built with laterite. Laboratory experiments show laterite's compressive strength and susceptibility to salt crystallization weathering when damp. Conservation requires protecting weaker laterite from damp conditions to prevent strength decline and deterioration.
The document discusses laterite, a type of weathered rock found in tropical regions that has traditionally been used as a building material in India. It provides background on laterite formation and properties. It then describes several examples of historic laterite buildings in India, including prehistoric megaliths, maritime forts from the 15th-18th centuries, religious structures, and traditional residences. The document also discusses laboratory experiments that examined laterite's weathering mechanisms and properties like compressive strength. It finds that laterite is sensitive to salt crystallization and weathering can be reduced by protecting weaker laterite from damp conditions.
Me551:geo551 geology of industrial minerals 5 Tolun Vural
This document provides information on manganese and other industrial minerals including nepheline syenite, silica, rare earth elements, strontium, sodium sulfate, talc, trona, niobium, zeolites, and zircon. It discusses the schedule for an industrial minerals class including field reports, presentations, and exams. It then provides detailed information on the properties, production, uses, deposits, and substitutes of manganese, nepheline syenite, silica, silicon, and quartz crystals.
This document provides an overview of earth masonry materials and techniques. It discusses the various components used in earth masonry like bricks, rubble, sand, cement and mortar. It describes the production processes for these materials and their functional requirements. The document also outlines some limitations of earth masonry, particularly its weaknesses during earthquakes due to the use of cement-based mortars.
Stone masonry involves shaping stone into geometric shapes and arranging them, often with mortar. There are different types of stonemasons who specialize in tasks like quarrying, sawing, carving, fixing, and memorial carving. Stonemasons use various tools like chisels and mallets to shape igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary stones. They undergo comprehensive training and the trade has existed for thousands of years, playing an important role in building cathedrals, castles, and other stone structures throughout history. Modern tools have made aspects of the work easier but many traditional techniques remain.
This document provides information about building stones used in construction. It discusses the characteristics of good building stones, including hardness, durability, porosity, decomposition and others. It also describes common uses of building stones and various tests conducted to examine stones, such as crushing, weathering, porosity, attrition and others. Finally, it discusses quarrying, dressing, classification and deterioration of stones.
Preservation basics wood-stone-brick by richavenBrian Rich
This document appears to be from a presentation on preservation basics for wood, stone, and brick materials. It discusses types of wood and defects, techniques for testing and repairing wood. For stone, it covers mineral composition, deterioration types, and cleaning methods like water washing, chemical cleaning, abrasive cleaning and laser cleaning. It also discusses stone consolidation. For brick and masonry, it briefly touches on handmade brick, deterioration like spalling and cracking, and repair techniques like raking joints and repointing with mortar.
Stone and rocks - Building Materials and ConstructionGeeva Chandana
This document discusses rocks and stones used in construction. It begins by classifying rocks based on their geological formation (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic), physical texture (stratified, unstratified, foliated), and chemical composition (siliceous, argillaceous, calcareous). It then describes the sources, quarrying, dressing, and seasoning of stones. Common building stones are discussed along with their characteristics, uses, testing, artificial stones, and factors that affect durability. The document provides an overview of different rock and stone types used in construction materials.
Rocks can be classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Igneous rocks form from cooling lava, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks by heat and pressure. Common rocks used for construction include granite, limestone, sandstone, quartzite, slate, and marble. Each has distinct properties making it suitable for uses like flooring, walls, countertops, or roofing. Proper testing ensures rocks meet requirements for strength, durability and appearance for their intended application in buildings.
The document discusses important types of rocks used as building stones. Sandstones and quartzites that are free of defects are widely used as building materials. Limestones vary in properties and appearance, but types in polluted or coastal areas should be avoided as chemicals can cause disintegration. Marble occurs in different colors and textures, has low absorption, and is strong yet can be shaped and polished for decorative architectural designs. Slate has distinct cleavage and is used for paving and roofing in hilly areas where available.
The document discusses alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete, which is a chemical reaction between alkalis in cement and certain reactive aggregates containing silica. This reaction forms an expansive gel that can cause cracking and deterioration in concrete structures over time. The document outlines factors that contribute to concrete durability against ASR, including aggregate type, cement content, water-cement ratio, and permeability. It also describes causes of ASR, defects caused by ASR, and techniques for mitigating ASR, such as limiting reactive aggregates or alkalis in cement and using mineral admixtures.
Alkali reaction in concrete can occur when alkali hydroxides from cement react with certain aggregates, causing expansion and cracking over many years. The two main types are alkali-silica reaction (ASR), which involves reactive silica aggregates, and alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR), which involves dolomite aggregates. ASR forms a swelling gel that can damage concrete, while ACR forms brucite and calcite causing expansion. Both reactions are indicated by cracking, and can be reduced through the use of pozzolans like fly ash or lithium compounds.
Uranium mill tailings are the residual wastes from milled ore after uranium extraction. They consist of slurries of sand and clay-like particles. Tailings are disposed of in specially engineered tailings impoundment systems, with various methods used for construction including upstream, downstream, and centerline dams. Tailings impoundments require long-term management to prevent environmental contamination through radiation, dust, and water pollution. Restoration techniques include stabilizing surfaces, providing covers, and monitoring effluents and the environment. Effective long-term management of uranium tailings wastes remains complex and problematic.
The document discusses the durability of concrete and the factors that affect it. It defines durability as the ability of concrete to resist weathering, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired properties. The main factors discussed are abrasion, biological factors, temperature effects, freezing and thawing, and various types of chemical attacks including carbonation, chloride attack, acid attack, and sulfate attack. Prevention and mitigation methods are provided for each factor.
Few instances of silica sand utilized in various areasJayshah651
Silica sand is one of the most common varieties of sand found in the world. Silica sand has been esteemed for a very long time. The presence of these minerals causes the sand's customary and more obscure shading to contrast with silica sand.
Introduction to Civil Engineering Materials..pptxWakarusaCo
The document provides an introduction to different types of stones used in civil engineering materials. It describes the geological, physical, and chemical classification of stones. The key classifications include igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks in the geological classification. It also discusses important properties of stones such as strength, hardness, porosity, and abrasion resistance. Various tests conducted on stones are outlined, including crushing strength, abrasion, and impact tests, to determine properties relevant for construction applications.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock primarily composed of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. It can form through precipitation from water, secretion by marine organisms, or from the shells of dead sea creatures. Limestone is widely used as the basic raw material for cement and is a major constituent of concrete. It is also used as a decorative building material due to its attractive white color and as a soil conditioner to neutralize acidity. Limestone has strength, durability and is resistant to weathering, making it suitable for construction applications.
Few instances of silica sand utilized in various placesJayshah651
Here, we have to list 10 silica sands used in various places. Silica sand has been esteemed for an extremely long time. Silica sand is one of the multiple common varieties of sand located in the world.
This document discusses stones used in civil engineering materials. It defines stone and classifies rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. It describes the physical and chemical characteristics of good building stones and tests performed on stones including weathering, durability, water absorption and compressive strength. The document also discusses quarrying methods such as digging, heating, wedging and blasting used to extract stones from quarries based on the type of rock.
A STUDY ON WASTE UTILIZATION OF MARBLE DUST IN HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE MIXIAEME Publication
- Marble dust is a waste material produced during the cutting and polishing of marble slabs in construction. Around 20-25% of processed marble becomes marble dust.
- The study aims to evaluate replacing fine aggregate in concrete mixes with marble dust at percentages of 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%.
- Test results found that the compressive strength of concrete was highest at 15% replacement of fine aggregate with marble dust, at 34.2 MPa for 28-day strength. Replacement levels of 10% and 20% also increased strength compared to the normal 0% mix.
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It defines building stone as a construction material derived from rocks in the earth's crust. Some key historical structures that used building stones are mentioned, such as the pyramids of Egypt and the Taj Mahal. The document also discusses the classification, characteristics, quarrying and uses of different types of building stones including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Good building stones are described as having properties like uniform appearance, strength, hardness, porosity and weathering resistance.
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It defines building stone as a construction material derived from rocks in the earth's crust. Some key historical structures that used building stones are mentioned, such as the pyramids of Egypt and the Taj Mahal. The document also discusses the classification, characteristics, quarrying and uses of different types of building stones including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Good building stones are described as having properties like uniform appearance, strength, hardness, low porosity and weathering resistance.
The document discusses different types of rocks and stones used in construction. It describes the rock cycle and how three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic - are formed through the interaction of molten rock and geological processes. Specific stone materials like granite, limestone, sandstone and their characteristics are explained in detail. The document provides information on the composition, texture, colour and applications of different stone types used in the building industry.
The document provides information on the manufacturing process of bricks. It discusses the key steps which include:
1) Preparation of clay by removing impurities, blending materials, and tempering the clay.
2) Molding the clay into brick shapes using hand or machine processes.
3) Drying the molded bricks either naturally by sun and air or artificially in dryers.
4) Burning the dried bricks in kilns at high temperatures to harden them.
This document discusses materials and methods used in stone and ceramic tile construction. It describes the different types of rocks used as building stones, including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It also discusses the classification, selection, and laying of different stone types. For ceramic tiles, it outlines the production process and different types including glazed, unglazed, porcelain, and terracotta tiles. It provides details on stone masonry techniques like ashlar, rubble, and properties to consider for stone selection.
Brian Rich gave this presentation on brick and clay masonry preservation at the LaGrande, OR, Preservation Workshop in 2020. The presentation discusses, in detail, how brick and other masonry products are made, installed, deteriorate, and methods of restoring these materials using best practices in historic preservation.
Panarchy & The Principles of Future-ProofingBrian Rich
The document discusses principles of future-proofing historic buildings and the built environment. It introduces the concept of panarchy, which describes how ecological and social systems adapt and transform over long periods through cycles of growth, adaptation, and collapse. The document outlines 12 principles of future-proofing buildings, such as preventing decay, increasing flexibility, extending service life, and diversifying systems to increase resilience against future shocks and stresses. Examples of adapted historic buildings that exemplify these principles are also presented.
Stone and rocks - Building Materials and ConstructionGeeva Chandana
This document discusses rocks and stones used in construction. It begins by classifying rocks based on their geological formation (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic), physical texture (stratified, unstratified, foliated), and chemical composition (siliceous, argillaceous, calcareous). It then describes the sources, quarrying, dressing, and seasoning of stones. Common building stones are discussed along with their characteristics, uses, testing, artificial stones, and factors that affect durability. The document provides an overview of different rock and stone types used in construction materials.
Rocks can be classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Igneous rocks form from cooling lava, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks by heat and pressure. Common rocks used for construction include granite, limestone, sandstone, quartzite, slate, and marble. Each has distinct properties making it suitable for uses like flooring, walls, countertops, or roofing. Proper testing ensures rocks meet requirements for strength, durability and appearance for their intended application in buildings.
The document discusses important types of rocks used as building stones. Sandstones and quartzites that are free of defects are widely used as building materials. Limestones vary in properties and appearance, but types in polluted or coastal areas should be avoided as chemicals can cause disintegration. Marble occurs in different colors and textures, has low absorption, and is strong yet can be shaped and polished for decorative architectural designs. Slate has distinct cleavage and is used for paving and roofing in hilly areas where available.
The document discusses alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete, which is a chemical reaction between alkalis in cement and certain reactive aggregates containing silica. This reaction forms an expansive gel that can cause cracking and deterioration in concrete structures over time. The document outlines factors that contribute to concrete durability against ASR, including aggregate type, cement content, water-cement ratio, and permeability. It also describes causes of ASR, defects caused by ASR, and techniques for mitigating ASR, such as limiting reactive aggregates or alkalis in cement and using mineral admixtures.
Alkali reaction in concrete can occur when alkali hydroxides from cement react with certain aggregates, causing expansion and cracking over many years. The two main types are alkali-silica reaction (ASR), which involves reactive silica aggregates, and alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR), which involves dolomite aggregates. ASR forms a swelling gel that can damage concrete, while ACR forms brucite and calcite causing expansion. Both reactions are indicated by cracking, and can be reduced through the use of pozzolans like fly ash or lithium compounds.
Uranium mill tailings are the residual wastes from milled ore after uranium extraction. They consist of slurries of sand and clay-like particles. Tailings are disposed of in specially engineered tailings impoundment systems, with various methods used for construction including upstream, downstream, and centerline dams. Tailings impoundments require long-term management to prevent environmental contamination through radiation, dust, and water pollution. Restoration techniques include stabilizing surfaces, providing covers, and monitoring effluents and the environment. Effective long-term management of uranium tailings wastes remains complex and problematic.
The document discusses the durability of concrete and the factors that affect it. It defines durability as the ability of concrete to resist weathering, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired properties. The main factors discussed are abrasion, biological factors, temperature effects, freezing and thawing, and various types of chemical attacks including carbonation, chloride attack, acid attack, and sulfate attack. Prevention and mitigation methods are provided for each factor.
Few instances of silica sand utilized in various areasJayshah651
Silica sand is one of the most common varieties of sand found in the world. Silica sand has been esteemed for a very long time. The presence of these minerals causes the sand's customary and more obscure shading to contrast with silica sand.
Introduction to Civil Engineering Materials..pptxWakarusaCo
The document provides an introduction to different types of stones used in civil engineering materials. It describes the geological, physical, and chemical classification of stones. The key classifications include igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks in the geological classification. It also discusses important properties of stones such as strength, hardness, porosity, and abrasion resistance. Various tests conducted on stones are outlined, including crushing strength, abrasion, and impact tests, to determine properties relevant for construction applications.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock primarily composed of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. It can form through precipitation from water, secretion by marine organisms, or from the shells of dead sea creatures. Limestone is widely used as the basic raw material for cement and is a major constituent of concrete. It is also used as a decorative building material due to its attractive white color and as a soil conditioner to neutralize acidity. Limestone has strength, durability and is resistant to weathering, making it suitable for construction applications.
Few instances of silica sand utilized in various placesJayshah651
Here, we have to list 10 silica sands used in various places. Silica sand has been esteemed for an extremely long time. Silica sand is one of the multiple common varieties of sand located in the world.
This document discusses stones used in civil engineering materials. It defines stone and classifies rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. It describes the physical and chemical characteristics of good building stones and tests performed on stones including weathering, durability, water absorption and compressive strength. The document also discusses quarrying methods such as digging, heating, wedging and blasting used to extract stones from quarries based on the type of rock.
A STUDY ON WASTE UTILIZATION OF MARBLE DUST IN HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE MIXIAEME Publication
- Marble dust is a waste material produced during the cutting and polishing of marble slabs in construction. Around 20-25% of processed marble becomes marble dust.
- The study aims to evaluate replacing fine aggregate in concrete mixes with marble dust at percentages of 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%.
- Test results found that the compressive strength of concrete was highest at 15% replacement of fine aggregate with marble dust, at 34.2 MPa for 28-day strength. Replacement levels of 10% and 20% also increased strength compared to the normal 0% mix.
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It defines building stone as a construction material derived from rocks in the earth's crust. Some key historical structures that used building stones are mentioned, such as the pyramids of Egypt and the Taj Mahal. The document also discusses the classification, characteristics, quarrying and uses of different types of building stones including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Good building stones are described as having properties like uniform appearance, strength, hardness, porosity and weathering resistance.
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It defines building stone as a construction material derived from rocks in the earth's crust. Some key historical structures that used building stones are mentioned, such as the pyramids of Egypt and the Taj Mahal. The document also discusses the classification, characteristics, quarrying and uses of different types of building stones including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Good building stones are described as having properties like uniform appearance, strength, hardness, low porosity and weathering resistance.
The document discusses different types of rocks and stones used in construction. It describes the rock cycle and how three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic - are formed through the interaction of molten rock and geological processes. Specific stone materials like granite, limestone, sandstone and their characteristics are explained in detail. The document provides information on the composition, texture, colour and applications of different stone types used in the building industry.
The document provides information on the manufacturing process of bricks. It discusses the key steps which include:
1) Preparation of clay by removing impurities, blending materials, and tempering the clay.
2) Molding the clay into brick shapes using hand or machine processes.
3) Drying the molded bricks either naturally by sun and air or artificially in dryers.
4) Burning the dried bricks in kilns at high temperatures to harden them.
This document discusses materials and methods used in stone and ceramic tile construction. It describes the different types of rocks used as building stones, including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It also discusses the classification, selection, and laying of different stone types. For ceramic tiles, it outlines the production process and different types including glazed, unglazed, porcelain, and terracotta tiles. It provides details on stone masonry techniques like ashlar, rubble, and properties to consider for stone selection.
Brian Rich gave this presentation on brick and clay masonry preservation at the LaGrande, OR, Preservation Workshop in 2020. The presentation discusses, in detail, how brick and other masonry products are made, installed, deteriorate, and methods of restoring these materials using best practices in historic preservation.
Panarchy & The Principles of Future-ProofingBrian Rich
The document discusses principles of future-proofing historic buildings and the built environment. It introduces the concept of panarchy, which describes how ecological and social systems adapt and transform over long periods through cycles of growth, adaptation, and collapse. The document outlines 12 principles of future-proofing buildings, such as preventing decay, increasing flexibility, extending service life, and diversifying systems to increase resilience against future shocks and stresses. Examples of adapted historic buildings that exemplify these principles are also presented.
APT Northwest - Mid-century Modern Panel DiscussionBrian Rich
Brian Rich gave this presentation as an introduction to modern architecture design theory, prefacing a panel discussion on the preservation of mid-century modern architecture in Portland, OR in 2016.
Future-proofing Water Infrastructure - ACSA Seattle 2016Brian Rich
Presentation given at the 2016 Association for Collegiate Schools of Architecture conference in Seattle, WA. Brian Rich and Meghan Gattuso presented this paper together.
Future-Proofing and Panarchy in the Historic Built EnvironmentBrian Rich
Change is inevitable in all forms of the environment. Perhaps this truism is more common in the historic built environment because the buildings and structures have served their purpose for significant amounts of time. Our built environments are going through a process of change, that, if recognized as a cyclical process, can be managed in a manner that reduces or eliminates the severe impacts and suddenness of the change.
Panarchy, the process by which ecological and social systems grow, adapt, transform, and, ultimately, collapse over extended periods of time, is an adaptive cycle framework that can be used to understand and manage change. Panarchy was originally developed to understand the change in ecological environments and how they were resilient to the impacts of environmental changes. In the context of historic preservation, the creative destruction or “release” phase means the destruction of the building. Rehabilitation of historic buildings are a controlled release and move the building directly to the “reorganization” phase.
The Principles of Future-Proofing are a broader understanding of resilient buildings and a useful tool for evaluating the resilience of historic buildings. When the Principles are applied to historic built environments, we can develop thoughtful interventions that minimize the destructive potential of the “release” phase of the adaptive cycle. The goal is to develop interventions that respect the historic character of our buildings while adapting them to a new and different. Often times, interventions do not address some of the fundamental issues that cause a building to fall out of favor and be demolished. In these instances, the interventions eventually fail and may quickly lead to another release cycle.
This presentation discusses the application of Panarchy and adaptive cycles to the historic built environment and the development of the Principles of Future-Proofing as tools to understand and manage change in the historic built environment.
Additional information is available at
www.principlesoffutureproofing.com.
Future-Proofing Historic Buildings - A Proposed Rating SystemBrian Rich
This thesis presentation discusses the development of the Principles of Future-Proofing, development of a rating system for evaluating and applying future-proofing, and demonstrates the application of the rating system and Principles through 4 case study projects. Please contact me if you'd like additional information.
The 10 Principles of Future-Proofing and the Arctic BuildingBrian Rich
The concept of future-proofing is the process of anticipating
the future and developing methods of minimizing
the negative effects while taking advantage of the positive
effects of shocks and stresses due to future events.
This presentation discusses the use of the term "future-proof" and develops the first complete coherent set of Principles of Future-Proofing as well as demonstrating their application to the built environment.
10 Principles of Future Proofing Historic BuildingsBrian Rich
Brian's research at the University of Washington includes looking into principles of thought that prevent damage to historic buildings in the course of well-intentioned interventions and renovations.
Brian Rich gave this preservation to the Washington State Association of Counties in 2008. The presentation discusses how sustainable design goals can be achieved through renovation and rehabilitation of existing and historic buildings.
Conduct of Public Hearings for Landmark CommissionsBrian Rich
Brian gave this presentation as a training session for new Landmark Commissioners for the King County Landmarks Commission in Seattle, Washington in 2012.
Preservation & Sustainability - City of RedmondBrian Rich
Brian Rich gave this presentation to officials from the City of Redmond, Washington on the 14th of May 2012. The presentation discusses the connection between sustainable communities and historic preservation.
This document provides biographical information about Brian D. Rich, including his professional experience, projects, education, licenses, and volunteer activities. It highlights his expertise in historic preservation and sustainable design, with experience managing a variety of project types including educational, institutional, performing arts, civic, and transportation facilities. Specific projects discussed include the Lakota Middle School, UW Guggenheim Hall Renovation, Auditorium Theatre restoration in Chicago, and the Martindale-Kvisvik Chicken House restoration on Vashon Island.
The document discusses wood pathology and preservation techniques. It aims to (1) refresh understanding of wood characteristics, (2) review analysis of wood deterioration, and (3) understand options to arrest deterioration and repair techniques. The presentation outlines wood characteristics like growth rings and moisture content, modes of deterioration, non-destructive testing methods, repair techniques, and guidelines for documentation in construction contracts. It provides information on wood species, defects, deterioration processes, investigation and repair strategies.
Brian gave this presentation to Bassetti Architects to assist in their understanding of exposed concrete floors and the tips and tricks used to design good concrete floors.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Signmy Pandit
Explore the steadfast and reliable nature of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights that define the determined and practical Taurus, and learn how their grounded nature makes them the anchor of the zodiac.
SATTA MATKA SATTA FAST RESULT KALYAN TOP MATKA RESULT KALYAN SATTA MATKA FAST RESULT MILAN RATAN RAJDHANI MAIN BAZAR MATKA FAST TIPS RESULT MATKA CHART JODI CHART PANEL CHART FREE FIX GAME SATTAMATKA ! MATKA MOBI SATTA 143 spboss.in TOP NO1 RESULT FULL RATE MATKA ONLINE GAME PLAY BY APP SPBOSS
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainabilitysssourabhsharma
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
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1. STONE RESTORATION
Chemistry, Pathology, andTreatment of
Historic Stone Materials
APTIAtlanta 2006
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2. Silicate vs. Carbonate Minerals
• Two basic chemical compositions of all stone
• Understanding the mineralogy of the stone is critical to
• Understanding soiling problems
• Proper cleaning of the material
VS
Mineralogy
Silicate Ion
[SiO4] 4+
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3. Molecular Structure of Silicate Minerals
Mineralogy
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5. Silicate Stone With Increased Iron & Magnesium
• Chemically weaker stone
• Mechanically weaker stone
• Darker colors
Mineralogy
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8. Carbonate Minerals
• Can be detected by dropping acid on it and seeing if it reacts
• CaCO3 + HCl -> CA 2+ & CO2
Mineralogy
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9. Rock creation process – Circle of Life
Rock Identification
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10. Volcanic Rocks vs. Plutonic Rocks
• Volcanic = porphyritic textures – fine ground mass with large individual grains – cooled
quickly
• Plutonic = All large grains – cooled very slowly
Rock Identification
POP QUIZ!
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14. Overall Scheme for Rock Identification
Lighter
Darker
Rock Identification
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15. Acid rain
Dry deposition
Salt crystallization
Freezing water
Hygric swelling
Biological effects (Biodeterioration)
Thermal effects
Types of Stone Deterioration
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16. Acid Rain
• Acid dissolves carbonate
rock
Types of Stone Deterioration
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17. Gypsum Crusting
• Black from fly ash (not calcium)
• May be on top of original surface or
in place of original surface
• Can merge with surface and then
break off
• Be careful to select the correct acid
wash
Types of Stone Deterioration
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18. Dry deposition
• Dissolved material from acid rain
is re-deposited as gypsum crusts
elsewhere on the rock on top of
original surface
• Usually found in protected parts
of the rock where rain will not
wash away the gypsum
• Gypsum can be re-absorbed back
into surface of rock and will not
come out
Types of Stone Deterioration
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19. Salt Crystallization
• Salts are dissolved from
within the rock, transit to
the surface and then
deposited when water
evaporates
• Efflorescence
Types of Stone Deterioration
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20. Freezing water
• Freeze thaw cycling
• Spalling
Types of Stone Deterioration
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21. Hygric swelling
• Rock absorbs water and can then be subject to freeze/thaw cycles, salt crystallization,
or other thermal effects
• Clay in stone helps swelling
• Egyptian Limestone (below, after 3 cycles)
Types of Stone Deterioration
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22. Biological Effects (Bio-
deterioration)
• Plant life creates complex acids to
dissolve and suck minerals out of
rock
• Plant life grows into crevices
• Light, Nutritive input,
temperature, and water affect bio-
deterioration
Types of Stone Deterioration
Microbiological
Macrobiological
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23. Thermal Effects
• Expansion and contraction creates weak planes in rock
Types of Stone Deterioration
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24. Water is an AID to soiling in Silicate rocks
Water PREVENTS soiling in Carbonate rocks
Types of Stone Deterioration
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25. Types of Stone Deterioration
POP QUIZ!
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30. Intermittent water spraying does least damage to delicate stone
Intervelometers – photo equipment timer can turn water on or off for a few
seconds throughout the day
Irrigation sprinkler timers – not as sensitive
Controlling the length of cleaning timing is critical
Test water for contaminants and acidity
5 micron filters required to remove iron in water
Water washing
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31. If stone is delicate, you may not want to try and wash out gypsum crusting
that has been reabsorbed
Partial Cleaning
• Not really possible with water except for reabsorbed gypsum
Cold water is better for removing gypsum
Warm water is better for emulsifying hydrocarbons
Water washing
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33. Aesthetic concerns – can alter color of
stone
Material Science concerns – can remove
excessive amounts of the stone or add
materials that lead to later deterioration
Very fast cleaning method – dwell time is
critical and must be carefully controlled
Difficult to isolate areas to be cleaned
Chemical Cleaning
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35. Acidic Cleaners 1
Chemical Cleaning
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36. Acidic Cleaners 2
Chemical Cleaning
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37. In all cases, salts must be cleaned out after neutralizing wash
RINSE, RINSE, RINSE!
Chemical Cleaning
• Don’t use alkaline cleaners on
quartz containing stone due to high
solubility of quartz in alkali
solutions.
• USE ACIDIC solutions on quartz!
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38. Advantages of Chemical Cleaning
• Speed of execution
Chemical Cleaning
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39. Disadvantages of Chemical Cleaning
• Usually requires pressure washing for adequate removal of chemical residues
• Usually requires acids either as a cleaning agent or neutralizing agent that can attack
the substrate
• With speed of execution comes limited control
• Can leave residues that lead to efflorescence and possibly salt damage
• Can alter color of stones by changing oxidation state of iron oxide compounds
• Can deposit fine white particles on surface
Chemical Cleaning
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41. Façade Gommage orThomann Hanry
Medium glass beads or aluminum oxide
Size 15-90 microns
Shape round-to-angular
Pressure 35-50 psi
Delivery air
Working Distance approximately 10 inches
perpendicular to surface
Containment can be difficult on non-flat surfaces (vacuum)
No competitive bidding – only one contractor can provide services
Abrasive Cleaning
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42. Armex
Medium sodium bicarbonate
Size 60-600 microns
Shape angular
Pressure 40-50 psi
Delivery air and water
Working Distance approximately 12 inches
60 degrees to surface
-Not as effective as other abrasive techniques
-May leave sodium bicarbonate residue (results in sodium sulfate salts)
Abrasive Cleaning
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43. Jos Quintec
Medium dolomite
Size 60-600 microns with 75%
between 70 & 270 microns
Shape round-to-angular
Pressure 30 psi
Delivery air and water
Working Distance approximately 12 inches,
vortex yields 45 degree
angle to surface
-Containment is a major problem
-Can be used by any trained contractor – competitive bidding easy
-Multiple nozzle sizes and shapes
Abrasive Cleaning
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44. Can be used on different stone (and other masonry) types in
juxtaposition
Cannot not be easily used on fragile stone surfaces
Containment is often a problem
Can be difficult to achieve uniform cleaning at times
Does not remove subsurface materials
Can easily be used in conjunction with other techniques
Requires trained operators
Dry techniques eliminate risk of staining
Wet techniques can mobilize salts
Soft pointing may be damaged during cleaning
Resoiling rates may be higher than for other techniques
Localized cleaning can easily be carried out
Cleaning is non seasonal
Cannot remove sub-surface soiling (migration of gypsum into stone)
Abrasive Cleaning - Summary
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45. Advantages
• Not a particle so it can be used on very delicate stone
• Only works on dark soiling on light colored stone
• dark absorbs laser energy
• if used on dark stone, it will damage the stone
• Physically the most gentle of all cleaning methods
• Partial cleaning possible – control over small areas
• Laser cleaning leaves “patina” of gypsum or oxalates
Laser Cleaning
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46. Disadvantages
• Primary risk is yellowing of the stone
• Sources include patina inherent to object,
alteration of structure of the marble,
transformation of iron minerals or organics in
soiling.
• Slow – lasers do not cover a large area
• Can only be used on a narrow range of stone types
• Expensive
• Does not remove subsurface gypsum
• Requires a skilled Operator
Laser Cleaning
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47. WhatTypes of Stone
Benefit from
Consolidation?
• Limestone
• Marble
• Sandstone
Stone Consolidation
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48. Characteristics of the ideal
Consolidant
• LowVOC is not common
• There is no such thing as “reversible”
– removal damages stone
• Consolidant can be applied to all
substrates, but may not work equally
well
Stone Consolidation
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49. Types of Consolidants
• Epoxies are not used much anymore
• Toxicity of barium is a problem in
environment
• Calcium hydroxide = lime method
Stone Consolidation
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50. Consolidants can strengthen the face of stone, but are subject to UV light
degredation
Stone Consolidation
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51. Stone Adhesives include:
• Acrylics
• Methyl methacrylate (MMA)
• Acryloid B-72 (ethyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate co-polymer
• Acryloid B-48N (methyl methacrylate co-polymer)
• Addition of PolyVinyl Acetates (PVAC)
• Epoxies
• Manufacturers include Akemi and Sikadur
• Polyesters
• Manufacturers include Akemi and Sebralit
Adhesives and Pinning
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52. Mechanical aids to reconstructing
stone include:
Staples
Dowels
Drilled in anchors
Carbon Fiber Reinforcement
Strong-back support of masonry
Teflon
Nylon
Brass
Aluminum
Adhesives and Pinning
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53. Considerations in Pinning Materials
• Material Properties (strengths and weaknesses)
• Installation techniques
• Aesthetic effects
• Coefficients of Expansion (stone versus pins)
• Titanium = Limestone & Marble
• Steel = Concrete and cement mortars
• Aluminum and organic resins are higher than stone,
typically
• pH ranges affect steel corrosion
• Low pH = more acidic = more corrosion
Adhesives and Pinning
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54. Usually employed when:
• There is a structural necessity
• To alleviate further damage
• Provide visual integration
Compensating for Loss of Material
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55. Two basic methods:
Replacement
• In-kind
• Near in-kind
• In pre-cast imitation
Repair
• Surface
• Composite (plastic)
Compensating for Loss of Material
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56. Technical Considerations In Choosing A Compensation Method:
Is it reversible?
Does it damage the original?
Does it require removal of the original materials?
Equal to or less than the strength of the original materials?
Is it easy to work?
Is it stable?
Is it transferable to all cases?
Is it cost effective?
Does it satisfy aesthetic requirements?
Compensating for Loss of Material
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57. Additional Considerations
What is the scale of the loss?
What is the environment of the loss?
What are the available resources (materials, craftsman, etc)?
Additional outdoor considerations include:
• Durability of the method
• Good weathering properties
• No salt content
• Same properties as stone (thermal expansion, water absorption, exchange, strength,
etc.)
Compensating for Loss of Material
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58. Disadvantages of Replacement Option:
May not be a fulfilling aesthetic
Usually requires removal of the original materials
Not a simple process
Can be expensive
Compensating for Loss of Material
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59. Compensating for Loss of Material
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60. Two approaches to Composite
Stone Fill (Patching):
Integral Solution
• Color, texture, and volume all in one
material
Multi-layer solution
• Bulk material to create volume plus
a refined surface
Compensating for Loss of Material
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61. Advantages of Stone Patching:
Quick
Inexpensive
Relatively easy to match shape and color of original material
Disadvantages of Stone Patching:
Inorganic based products – may introduce salts, weak adhesion, variable
opacity, may require retouching
Solvent based products – toxicity, working properties, shrinkage, stability
Thermoplastic resin based – strength, working properties
Compensating for Loss of Material
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62. Components of a Stone Patching Material:
Binder
• Cement, Lime, Pozzolans, Plaster, wax, resins
Filler
• Stone Dust, Microballoons, Fumed Silica, Frit, Wax, Minerals, Crushed Stone
Color
• Dry Pigment, Glass, Stone Dust
Compensating for Loss of Material
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63. Compensating for Loss of Material
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64. Carving stone
Cutting out a Dutchman
Installing marble wall cap
Some photos…
InThe Field Hands On Experience
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65. In-classroom seminar by:
• George Wheeler, PhD, Columbia University Historic Preservation Program
In-the-field Demonstrations and Hands-On Practice by:
• Frank Genello, American College of Building Arts
• Simeon Warren, American College of Building Arts
SpecialThanks to:
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