Conservation terminologies for site and monumentsALI HYDER GADHI
The document discusses key terminology used in architectural conservation. It defines terms like monuments, groups of buildings, sites, conservation, maintenance, restoration, preservation, protection, patina, anastylosis, consolidation, and liberation. Understanding standard terminology is important for developing international cooperation and correctly interpreting international documents in the field of conservation. Over time, the scope of what is considered cultural heritage has expanded and terms like 'cultural heritage' and 'architectural heritage' became more commonly used.
Smp2 part b policy statements kingston seymour only_finalSevern Estuary
This document summarizes coastal management plans for several policy units along the east bank of the River Severn in England. For unit KIN 1, the preferred policy is managed realignment over all three epochs (0-20 years, 20-50 years, and 50-100 years) to allow for habitat creation and reduced flood risk. For unit KIN 2, the preferred policy is no active intervention for all epochs due to naturally stable geology. For unit KIN 3, the preferred policy is hold the line for all epochs to maintain protective sand dunes and manage flood risk to properties.
This document provides a summary of Don Boone's professional experience and education. It details his most recent role as Plans and Requirements Branch Chief for the Air National Guard Readiness Center from 2009 to 2014, where he managed a staff supporting infrastructure projects at 173 ANG installations. Prior to this, he held roles as Design and Construction Program Manager and Facility Manager with increasing levels of responsibility. He has a Master's degree in National Security and Strategic Studies from the US Naval War College and a Bachelor's degree in Landscape Architecture.
Jersey City Reservoir - Preparing for the Futurejcreservoir
The document summarizes the efforts to preserve Jersey City Reservoir No. 3. A $300,000 grant was received to develop a preservation plan including an historic structures report and application to the NJ Register of Historic Places. A world-class team including preservation, landscape, civil, and structural engineers was selected. The historic structures report assessed the structures, tested them, and established stabilization priorities and costs. The application to the NJ Register was approved, protecting the site. A concept design was created to retain the reservoir's character while increasing public access and use through circulation improvements, building stabilization and construction, and new spaces. The work is ongoing with fundraising, continued stabilization, and engaging the public.
From the Emerald City to Your City GIS for Effective Service and ROIGreg Babinski
Greg Babinski, the finance and marketing manager of King County GIS Center and past president of URISA, discusses how geographic information systems (GIS) can provide return on investment (ROI) for communities. He gives examples of how King County leverages GIS to maximize assets like geographic, demographic, and financial resources. Studies have found that King County realized $776 million in benefits from 1998-2010 from using GIS. Babinski advocates enhancing GIS effectiveness and ROI through organizations like URISA's GIS Management Institute. He aims to show attendees how smart communities can apply GIS principles from the "Emerald City" of Seattle to their own cities.
King County Assessor's Office presentation on property valuestquezon
The King County Assessor's Office assesses over 700,000 residential and commercial properties annually and sets tax levy rates for 163 taxing districts. It aims to deliver excellent customer service, ensure fair property valuations, and maximize accountability. The office physically inspects 1/6 of parcels each year and oversees personal property and tax exemption programs. Local taxing districts like cities and schools collect property taxes based on assessments.
Challenges and Opportunities for King County to Successfully Complete the Sta...marcus evans Network
Pam Elardo, King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks Wastewater Treatment Division - Speaker at the marcus evans Water & Wastewater Management Summit, held in Summerlin, NV, May 3-4, 2012, delivered her presentation entitled Challenges and Opportunities for King County to Successfully Complete the State-of-the-Art Brightwater Facility Siting through Operations
This document discusses passive cooling strategies that can be used in Dubai to reduce energy consumption in buildings and move towards more sustainable practices. It outlines how traditional Arabic architecture effectively used passive design through elements like wind towers, courtyards, and shading. Modern Dubai has moved towards glass tower designs that increase cooling loads. The document examines the Madinat Jumeirah resort as a case study that successfully incorporated passive strategies like wind towers, courtyards, shading, and vegetation to reduce the need for mechanical cooling. It concludes that integrating passive design principles with architecture and mechanical systems can significantly reduce energy use in Dubai's hot climate.
Conservation terminologies for site and monumentsALI HYDER GADHI
The document discusses key terminology used in architectural conservation. It defines terms like monuments, groups of buildings, sites, conservation, maintenance, restoration, preservation, protection, patina, anastylosis, consolidation, and liberation. Understanding standard terminology is important for developing international cooperation and correctly interpreting international documents in the field of conservation. Over time, the scope of what is considered cultural heritage has expanded and terms like 'cultural heritage' and 'architectural heritage' became more commonly used.
Smp2 part b policy statements kingston seymour only_finalSevern Estuary
This document summarizes coastal management plans for several policy units along the east bank of the River Severn in England. For unit KIN 1, the preferred policy is managed realignment over all three epochs (0-20 years, 20-50 years, and 50-100 years) to allow for habitat creation and reduced flood risk. For unit KIN 2, the preferred policy is no active intervention for all epochs due to naturally stable geology. For unit KIN 3, the preferred policy is hold the line for all epochs to maintain protective sand dunes and manage flood risk to properties.
This document provides a summary of Don Boone's professional experience and education. It details his most recent role as Plans and Requirements Branch Chief for the Air National Guard Readiness Center from 2009 to 2014, where he managed a staff supporting infrastructure projects at 173 ANG installations. Prior to this, he held roles as Design and Construction Program Manager and Facility Manager with increasing levels of responsibility. He has a Master's degree in National Security and Strategic Studies from the US Naval War College and a Bachelor's degree in Landscape Architecture.
Jersey City Reservoir - Preparing for the Futurejcreservoir
The document summarizes the efforts to preserve Jersey City Reservoir No. 3. A $300,000 grant was received to develop a preservation plan including an historic structures report and application to the NJ Register of Historic Places. A world-class team including preservation, landscape, civil, and structural engineers was selected. The historic structures report assessed the structures, tested them, and established stabilization priorities and costs. The application to the NJ Register was approved, protecting the site. A concept design was created to retain the reservoir's character while increasing public access and use through circulation improvements, building stabilization and construction, and new spaces. The work is ongoing with fundraising, continued stabilization, and engaging the public.
From the Emerald City to Your City GIS for Effective Service and ROIGreg Babinski
Greg Babinski, the finance and marketing manager of King County GIS Center and past president of URISA, discusses how geographic information systems (GIS) can provide return on investment (ROI) for communities. He gives examples of how King County leverages GIS to maximize assets like geographic, demographic, and financial resources. Studies have found that King County realized $776 million in benefits from 1998-2010 from using GIS. Babinski advocates enhancing GIS effectiveness and ROI through organizations like URISA's GIS Management Institute. He aims to show attendees how smart communities can apply GIS principles from the "Emerald City" of Seattle to their own cities.
King County Assessor's Office presentation on property valuestquezon
The King County Assessor's Office assesses over 700,000 residential and commercial properties annually and sets tax levy rates for 163 taxing districts. It aims to deliver excellent customer service, ensure fair property valuations, and maximize accountability. The office physically inspects 1/6 of parcels each year and oversees personal property and tax exemption programs. Local taxing districts like cities and schools collect property taxes based on assessments.
Challenges and Opportunities for King County to Successfully Complete the Sta...marcus evans Network
Pam Elardo, King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks Wastewater Treatment Division - Speaker at the marcus evans Water & Wastewater Management Summit, held in Summerlin, NV, May 3-4, 2012, delivered her presentation entitled Challenges and Opportunities for King County to Successfully Complete the State-of-the-Art Brightwater Facility Siting through Operations
This document discusses passive cooling strategies that can be used in Dubai to reduce energy consumption in buildings and move towards more sustainable practices. It outlines how traditional Arabic architecture effectively used passive design through elements like wind towers, courtyards, and shading. Modern Dubai has moved towards glass tower designs that increase cooling loads. The document examines the Madinat Jumeirah resort as a case study that successfully incorporated passive strategies like wind towers, courtyards, shading, and vegetation to reduce the need for mechanical cooling. It concludes that integrating passive design principles with architecture and mechanical systems can significantly reduce energy use in Dubai's hot climate.
2008 01 09 H D C Kidorf Farmington Hills H D Csfiller
Michigan Historic Preservation Network Presentation to Farmington Hills, Michigan, Historic District Commission and guests at regular meeting January 9, 2008, by volunteer Kristine M. Kidorf, Kidorf Preservation Consulting
This document provides an overview of a lecture on architectural conservation. It defines architectural conservation as protecting the material, historical, and design integrity of built heritage through planned interventions. It discusses the different approaches of preservation, conservation, restoration, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. Techniques for conserving ancient stone structures like cleaning, consolidating, and protecting with water repellents are outlined. The criteria for selecting sites for the UNESCO World Heritage List are presented, including representing cultural or natural significance or outstanding universal value. Students are assigned to document a visited site and submit a report on a selected Indian monument on the World Heritage List.
casestudy on conservation of historic township (leh)laxmi basnet
The document discusses conservation of historic townships in Nepal. It defines conservation as action taken to prolong the life and integrity of built heritage. Conservation helps develop expertise and learn about construction typology and materials over time. Some key points:
- Historic structures are important parts of cultural heritage that deteriorate without maintenance. Conservation aims to respect past cultures and prevent decay.
- Values that determine what needs conservation include emotional, architectural, aesthetic, archaeological, socio-economic, political and spiritual values.
- The methodology of conservation includes inventorying, inspecting, and documenting buildings before appropriate interventions like preservation, restoration or reconstruction.
- Degrees of intervention range from prevention of deterioration to conjectural restoration, with the
In July 2016, the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency agency informed local project partners that the proposed Downtown Kankakee Historic District district meets National Register of Historic Places criteria for both historical and architectural significance. The City of Kankakee, Kankakee Development Corp. and the Economic Alliance of Kankakee County, with Carlile Architects, are pursuing the honorary National Register of Historic Places designation in an effort to secure federal tax incentives for preservation-based property rehabilitation. For more information, call 815.935.1177.
HOW CONSERVATION WORKS TAKE PLACE IN MALAYSIAFakhrul Afifi
Conservation works is the most complex method in restoring the element and facade of the old building. Without conservation, the heritage building cannot long last until the expected age.
The document discusses architectural conservation and provides definitions and principles of conservation. It discusses the need to conserve architectural heritage and outlines the methodology and various stages of conservation projects. Socio-cultural dimensions are explored, emphasizing the importance of community involvement and public participation. Case studies from around the world are presented to showcase both successful and unsuccessful conservation efforts. Legislation and regulatory frameworks governing conservation are also examined.
The document provides guidelines for evaluating the significance of landmarks, historic buildings, and conservation districts in Zahran, Jordan. It establishes criteria like being associated with important historical events or people, embodying distinctive construction methods, and exhibiting important cultural or technological developments. It also lists standards for conserving historic places, such as maintaining character-defining elements, finding compatible new uses, and making any interventions physically and visually compatible. The guidelines emphasize the importance of contextual design that respects the form, scale, rhythm and materials of surrounding historic buildings.
The document outlines principles for preserving historic timber structures that recognize their cultural significance and vulnerability. It recommends thorough documentation, diagnosis, and monitoring before any intervention. Interventions should follow traditional means where possible, be reversible, and not hinder future preservation work or access to the structure's evidence. Replacement timber should match the original as closely as possible. Education is key to sustainable preservation of these important cultural heritage sites.
This document discusses different types of treatments for cultural heritage sites, including maintenance, protection, preservation, stabilization, rehabilitation, and restoration. Maintenance involves routine cleaning and minor repairs. Protection treats a site to guard it from deterioration or damage. Preservation treats a site to minimize deterioration and damage while maintaining its existing form and features. Restoration depicts a site as it appeared at a particular time by removing features from other periods. Rehabilitation allows compatible uses through repairs and additions while preserving historical elements. Stabilization maintains structural integrity through consolidation.
Gulf Coast Green 2019. Anna Mod. Topic: The intersection of historic preservation and sustainability. Includes discussion of the Texas Historic Preservation Tax Credit.
3.Finding New Uses for Former Military Land: Military Land in the Planning Pr...WilliamFenton5
This document discusses military land use in the planning process and provides context about Chatham Dockyard. It notes the various national and local legislation and policies that guide planning, including heritage designations and objectives to protect historic assets. Specific policies aim to sensitively develop and interpret the historic dockyard while respecting its character. The dockyard's vision is to be a premier maritime heritage destination. The document questions how any new development gets approved given all the protective designations and guidance, and provides examples of constructive conservation projects that have been implemented at the site.
The document discusses the process for developing watershed restoration and enhancement projects, including defining common terms, outlining the ideal project development process, describing available resources for assessments and plans, and providing a case study of a stream relocation project in Haines, Alaska that improved fish habitat.
This document discusses site planning and housing design considerations. It covers factors to consider when selecting a housing site such as physical characteristics, location, orientation, climate, and topography. It also discusses traditional and modern housing typologies in India as well as integrating services, parking, and sustainable practices like prefabrication into housing design. Specific site selection criteria discussed include access, topography, rights of way, neighboring properties, flood risk, and protecting natural environments. Sustainable design principles covered are social, economic, cultural, and institutional sustainability as well as using cost-effective and sustainable materials.
Optimising Existing Structures Through RetrofittingJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text tries to showcase and illustrate the role and importance of retrofitting in the domain of built environment to make cities and human living cost-effective and sustainable. It tries to demonstrate how retrofitting can be leveraged and used to make value addition to the buildings by increasing their life span and usability. besides changing their usage and creating spaces needed by the city. It can promote inclusiveness and make cities least consumers of energy, resources and reducing the constrution and demolition of urban waste. Text also brings out the advantages and limitation of the process.
Optimising Existing Structures Through RetrofittingJitKumarGupta1
Retrofitting remains most valuable and one of the best options to restore the existing derelict buildings to their original health and make buildings operationally efficient and usable for all human operations. Retrofitting should not remain confined only to meet the structural inadequacies or needs of repair and restoration. It needs to be extended and taken forward by making use of its enormous capacity it provides to make buildings energy efficient and more livable. Retrofitting can help in reshaping, reframing and putting to new use/options the existing structure, without resorting to demolition and destruction. Potential of retrofitting has not been properly studied, understood, appreciated and exploited in the context of building industry to make existing buildings more livable, cost-effective, operationally efficient, having larger/ extended life-span and reducing their adverse impact on the environment and ecology. It needs to be done on priority to make building industry more sustainable and least consumer of energy and resources besides generators of minimum waste.
There are two main types of historic designations: local historic districts and listings in the National Register of Historic Places. Local historic districts are designated by local ordinance to recognize and protect historically significant areas. The National Register is a federal list that recognizes historic significance but does not regulate private property owners. Both provide recognition of historic resources and can offer benefits like tax credits, but only local historic districts regulate changes to properties.
The document discusses the conservation of heritage buildings. It provides principles and guidelines for conservation from international charters like the Venice Charter. Conservation aims to prolong the life of historic buildings so present and future generations can experience them. It involves respecting original building materials, construction methods, spaces, and character-giving elements. Minimum intervention and reversible actions are recommended. Adaptive reuse requires understanding a building's structural behavior and using compatible new materials. Additions should be distinguishable from the original. The case study on the Senate House in Chennai describes conservation steps like repointing bricks, restoring plasterwork and stained glass windows, and removing plant growth.
Brian Rich gave this presentation on brick and clay masonry preservation at the LaGrande, OR, Preservation Workshop in 2020. The presentation discusses, in detail, how brick and other masonry products are made, installed, deteriorate, and methods of restoring these materials using best practices in historic preservation.
Panarchy & The Principles of Future-ProofingBrian Rich
The document discusses principles of future-proofing historic buildings and the built environment. It introduces the concept of panarchy, which describes how ecological and social systems adapt and transform over long periods through cycles of growth, adaptation, and collapse. The document outlines 12 principles of future-proofing buildings, such as preventing decay, increasing flexibility, extending service life, and diversifying systems to increase resilience against future shocks and stresses. Examples of adapted historic buildings that exemplify these principles are also presented.
2008 01 09 H D C Kidorf Farmington Hills H D Csfiller
Michigan Historic Preservation Network Presentation to Farmington Hills, Michigan, Historic District Commission and guests at regular meeting January 9, 2008, by volunteer Kristine M. Kidorf, Kidorf Preservation Consulting
This document provides an overview of a lecture on architectural conservation. It defines architectural conservation as protecting the material, historical, and design integrity of built heritage through planned interventions. It discusses the different approaches of preservation, conservation, restoration, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. Techniques for conserving ancient stone structures like cleaning, consolidating, and protecting with water repellents are outlined. The criteria for selecting sites for the UNESCO World Heritage List are presented, including representing cultural or natural significance or outstanding universal value. Students are assigned to document a visited site and submit a report on a selected Indian monument on the World Heritage List.
casestudy on conservation of historic township (leh)laxmi basnet
The document discusses conservation of historic townships in Nepal. It defines conservation as action taken to prolong the life and integrity of built heritage. Conservation helps develop expertise and learn about construction typology and materials over time. Some key points:
- Historic structures are important parts of cultural heritage that deteriorate without maintenance. Conservation aims to respect past cultures and prevent decay.
- Values that determine what needs conservation include emotional, architectural, aesthetic, archaeological, socio-economic, political and spiritual values.
- The methodology of conservation includes inventorying, inspecting, and documenting buildings before appropriate interventions like preservation, restoration or reconstruction.
- Degrees of intervention range from prevention of deterioration to conjectural restoration, with the
In July 2016, the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency agency informed local project partners that the proposed Downtown Kankakee Historic District district meets National Register of Historic Places criteria for both historical and architectural significance. The City of Kankakee, Kankakee Development Corp. and the Economic Alliance of Kankakee County, with Carlile Architects, are pursuing the honorary National Register of Historic Places designation in an effort to secure federal tax incentives for preservation-based property rehabilitation. For more information, call 815.935.1177.
HOW CONSERVATION WORKS TAKE PLACE IN MALAYSIAFakhrul Afifi
Conservation works is the most complex method in restoring the element and facade of the old building. Without conservation, the heritage building cannot long last until the expected age.
The document discusses architectural conservation and provides definitions and principles of conservation. It discusses the need to conserve architectural heritage and outlines the methodology and various stages of conservation projects. Socio-cultural dimensions are explored, emphasizing the importance of community involvement and public participation. Case studies from around the world are presented to showcase both successful and unsuccessful conservation efforts. Legislation and regulatory frameworks governing conservation are also examined.
The document provides guidelines for evaluating the significance of landmarks, historic buildings, and conservation districts in Zahran, Jordan. It establishes criteria like being associated with important historical events or people, embodying distinctive construction methods, and exhibiting important cultural or technological developments. It also lists standards for conserving historic places, such as maintaining character-defining elements, finding compatible new uses, and making any interventions physically and visually compatible. The guidelines emphasize the importance of contextual design that respects the form, scale, rhythm and materials of surrounding historic buildings.
The document outlines principles for preserving historic timber structures that recognize their cultural significance and vulnerability. It recommends thorough documentation, diagnosis, and monitoring before any intervention. Interventions should follow traditional means where possible, be reversible, and not hinder future preservation work or access to the structure's evidence. Replacement timber should match the original as closely as possible. Education is key to sustainable preservation of these important cultural heritage sites.
This document discusses different types of treatments for cultural heritage sites, including maintenance, protection, preservation, stabilization, rehabilitation, and restoration. Maintenance involves routine cleaning and minor repairs. Protection treats a site to guard it from deterioration or damage. Preservation treats a site to minimize deterioration and damage while maintaining its existing form and features. Restoration depicts a site as it appeared at a particular time by removing features from other periods. Rehabilitation allows compatible uses through repairs and additions while preserving historical elements. Stabilization maintains structural integrity through consolidation.
Gulf Coast Green 2019. Anna Mod. Topic: The intersection of historic preservation and sustainability. Includes discussion of the Texas Historic Preservation Tax Credit.
3.Finding New Uses for Former Military Land: Military Land in the Planning Pr...WilliamFenton5
This document discusses military land use in the planning process and provides context about Chatham Dockyard. It notes the various national and local legislation and policies that guide planning, including heritage designations and objectives to protect historic assets. Specific policies aim to sensitively develop and interpret the historic dockyard while respecting its character. The dockyard's vision is to be a premier maritime heritage destination. The document questions how any new development gets approved given all the protective designations and guidance, and provides examples of constructive conservation projects that have been implemented at the site.
The document discusses the process for developing watershed restoration and enhancement projects, including defining common terms, outlining the ideal project development process, describing available resources for assessments and plans, and providing a case study of a stream relocation project in Haines, Alaska that improved fish habitat.
This document discusses site planning and housing design considerations. It covers factors to consider when selecting a housing site such as physical characteristics, location, orientation, climate, and topography. It also discusses traditional and modern housing typologies in India as well as integrating services, parking, and sustainable practices like prefabrication into housing design. Specific site selection criteria discussed include access, topography, rights of way, neighboring properties, flood risk, and protecting natural environments. Sustainable design principles covered are social, economic, cultural, and institutional sustainability as well as using cost-effective and sustainable materials.
Optimising Existing Structures Through RetrofittingJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text tries to showcase and illustrate the role and importance of retrofitting in the domain of built environment to make cities and human living cost-effective and sustainable. It tries to demonstrate how retrofitting can be leveraged and used to make value addition to the buildings by increasing their life span and usability. besides changing their usage and creating spaces needed by the city. It can promote inclusiveness and make cities least consumers of energy, resources and reducing the constrution and demolition of urban waste. Text also brings out the advantages and limitation of the process.
Optimising Existing Structures Through RetrofittingJitKumarGupta1
Retrofitting remains most valuable and one of the best options to restore the existing derelict buildings to their original health and make buildings operationally efficient and usable for all human operations. Retrofitting should not remain confined only to meet the structural inadequacies or needs of repair and restoration. It needs to be extended and taken forward by making use of its enormous capacity it provides to make buildings energy efficient and more livable. Retrofitting can help in reshaping, reframing and putting to new use/options the existing structure, without resorting to demolition and destruction. Potential of retrofitting has not been properly studied, understood, appreciated and exploited in the context of building industry to make existing buildings more livable, cost-effective, operationally efficient, having larger/ extended life-span and reducing their adverse impact on the environment and ecology. It needs to be done on priority to make building industry more sustainable and least consumer of energy and resources besides generators of minimum waste.
There are two main types of historic designations: local historic districts and listings in the National Register of Historic Places. Local historic districts are designated by local ordinance to recognize and protect historically significant areas. The National Register is a federal list that recognizes historic significance but does not regulate private property owners. Both provide recognition of historic resources and can offer benefits like tax credits, but only local historic districts regulate changes to properties.
The document discusses the conservation of heritage buildings. It provides principles and guidelines for conservation from international charters like the Venice Charter. Conservation aims to prolong the life of historic buildings so present and future generations can experience them. It involves respecting original building materials, construction methods, spaces, and character-giving elements. Minimum intervention and reversible actions are recommended. Adaptive reuse requires understanding a building's structural behavior and using compatible new materials. Additions should be distinguishable from the original. The case study on the Senate House in Chennai describes conservation steps like repointing bricks, restoring plasterwork and stained glass windows, and removing plant growth.
Brian Rich gave this presentation on brick and clay masonry preservation at the LaGrande, OR, Preservation Workshop in 2020. The presentation discusses, in detail, how brick and other masonry products are made, installed, deteriorate, and methods of restoring these materials using best practices in historic preservation.
Panarchy & The Principles of Future-ProofingBrian Rich
The document discusses principles of future-proofing historic buildings and the built environment. It introduces the concept of panarchy, which describes how ecological and social systems adapt and transform over long periods through cycles of growth, adaptation, and collapse. The document outlines 12 principles of future-proofing buildings, such as preventing decay, increasing flexibility, extending service life, and diversifying systems to increase resilience against future shocks and stresses. Examples of adapted historic buildings that exemplify these principles are also presented.
APT Northwest - Mid-century Modern Panel DiscussionBrian Rich
Brian Rich gave this presentation as an introduction to modern architecture design theory, prefacing a panel discussion on the preservation of mid-century modern architecture in Portland, OR in 2016.
Future-proofing Water Infrastructure - ACSA Seattle 2016Brian Rich
Presentation given at the 2016 Association for Collegiate Schools of Architecture conference in Seattle, WA. Brian Rich and Meghan Gattuso presented this paper together.
Future-Proofing and Panarchy in the Historic Built EnvironmentBrian Rich
Change is inevitable in all forms of the environment. Perhaps this truism is more common in the historic built environment because the buildings and structures have served their purpose for significant amounts of time. Our built environments are going through a process of change, that, if recognized as a cyclical process, can be managed in a manner that reduces or eliminates the severe impacts and suddenness of the change.
Panarchy, the process by which ecological and social systems grow, adapt, transform, and, ultimately, collapse over extended periods of time, is an adaptive cycle framework that can be used to understand and manage change. Panarchy was originally developed to understand the change in ecological environments and how they were resilient to the impacts of environmental changes. In the context of historic preservation, the creative destruction or “release” phase means the destruction of the building. Rehabilitation of historic buildings are a controlled release and move the building directly to the “reorganization” phase.
The Principles of Future-Proofing are a broader understanding of resilient buildings and a useful tool for evaluating the resilience of historic buildings. When the Principles are applied to historic built environments, we can develop thoughtful interventions that minimize the destructive potential of the “release” phase of the adaptive cycle. The goal is to develop interventions that respect the historic character of our buildings while adapting them to a new and different. Often times, interventions do not address some of the fundamental issues that cause a building to fall out of favor and be demolished. In these instances, the interventions eventually fail and may quickly lead to another release cycle.
This presentation discusses the application of Panarchy and adaptive cycles to the historic built environment and the development of the Principles of Future-Proofing as tools to understand and manage change in the historic built environment.
Additional information is available at
www.principlesoffutureproofing.com.
Future-Proofing Historic Buildings - A Proposed Rating SystemBrian Rich
This thesis presentation discusses the development of the Principles of Future-Proofing, development of a rating system for evaluating and applying future-proofing, and demonstrates the application of the rating system and Principles through 4 case study projects. Please contact me if you'd like additional information.
The 10 Principles of Future-Proofing and the Arctic BuildingBrian Rich
The concept of future-proofing is the process of anticipating
the future and developing methods of minimizing
the negative effects while taking advantage of the positive
effects of shocks and stresses due to future events.
This presentation discusses the use of the term "future-proof" and develops the first complete coherent set of Principles of Future-Proofing as well as demonstrating their application to the built environment.
10 Principles of Future Proofing Historic BuildingsBrian Rich
Brian's research at the University of Washington includes looking into principles of thought that prevent damage to historic buildings in the course of well-intentioned interventions and renovations.
Brian Rich gave this preservation to the Washington State Association of Counties in 2008. The presentation discusses how sustainable design goals can be achieved through renovation and rehabilitation of existing and historic buildings.
Preservation basics wood-stone-brick by richavenBrian Rich
This document appears to be from a presentation on preservation basics for wood, stone, and brick materials. It discusses types of wood and defects, techniques for testing and repairing wood. For stone, it covers mineral composition, deterioration types, and cleaning methods like water washing, chemical cleaning, abrasive cleaning and laser cleaning. It also discusses stone consolidation. For brick and masonry, it briefly touches on handmade brick, deterioration like spalling and cracking, and repair techniques like raking joints and repointing with mortar.
Conduct of Public Hearings for Landmark CommissionsBrian Rich
Brian gave this presentation as a training session for new Landmark Commissioners for the King County Landmarks Commission in Seattle, Washington in 2012.
Preservation & Sustainability - City of RedmondBrian Rich
Brian Rich gave this presentation to officials from the City of Redmond, Washington on the 14th of May 2012. The presentation discusses the connection between sustainable communities and historic preservation.
This document provides biographical information about Brian D. Rich, including his professional experience, projects, education, licenses, and volunteer activities. It highlights his expertise in historic preservation and sustainable design, with experience managing a variety of project types including educational, institutional, performing arts, civic, and transportation facilities. Specific projects discussed include the Lakota Middle School, UW Guggenheim Hall Renovation, Auditorium Theatre restoration in Chicago, and the Martindale-Kvisvik Chicken House restoration on Vashon Island.
The document discusses wood pathology and preservation techniques. It aims to (1) refresh understanding of wood characteristics, (2) review analysis of wood deterioration, and (3) understand options to arrest deterioration and repair techniques. The presentation outlines wood characteristics like growth rings and moisture content, modes of deterioration, non-destructive testing methods, repair techniques, and guidelines for documentation in construction contracts. It provides information on wood species, defects, deterioration processes, investigation and repair strategies.
Brian gave this presentation to Bassetti Architects to assist in their understanding of exposed concrete floors and the tips and tricks used to design good concrete floors.
1. Brian D. Rich, AIA, NCARB, LEED AP, CDT, CCCA, PMP*
Richaven PLLC
HISTORIC PRESERVATION
IN KING COUNTY
THE REGULATORY AND REVIEW PROCESS
OFTHE
KING COUNTY LANDMARKS COMMISSION
SUSTAINABLE PRESERVATION ARCHITECTURE & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT WWW.RICHAVEN.COM 206.909.9866
2. PART I – A BRIEF HISTORY OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION
PART II - WHAT ARETHE ELEMENTS OFTHE KING COUNTY HISTORIC PRESERVATION
PROGRAM?
PART III – SECRETARY OFTHE INTERIOR’S STANDARDS FORTHETREATMENT OF
HISTORIC PROPERTIES BYTHE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
PART IV - CULTURAL LANDSCAPES PART I – A BRIEF HISTORY OF HISTORIC
PRESERVATION
PART V - WHAT IS A COA AND HOW DOES IT WORK?
PART VI – APPLICATION OF SECRETARY OFTHE INTERIOR’S STANDARDS – CASE
STUDIES
PART VII – WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
PART VIII - WHAT CAN CSI MEMBERS DOTO BE MORE AWARE OF HISTORIC
PRESERVATION ISSUES FORTHEIR PROJECTS?
OUTLINE
SUSTAINABLE PRESERVATION ARCHITECTURE & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT WWW.RICHAVEN.COM 206.909.9866
3. WHAT ARE THE STANDARDS, RULES, AND REGULATIONSTHAT APPLYTO KING
COUNTY LANDMARKS?
HOW DOESTHE KING COUNTY LANDMARKS COMMISSION MAKE IT’S
DECISIONS ON PROJECTS?
HOW ARE THESE DECISIONS COMMUNICATEDTO
OWNERS, PRACTITIONERS, AND CONTRACTORS?
HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN KING
COUNTY
SUSTAINABLE PRESERVATION ARCHITECTURE & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT WWW.RICHAVEN.COM 206.909.9866
4. 1966 NATIONAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION ACT AND
FLOWED FROMTHERE…
NHPA enabled states to create legislation and
established the SHPO
Local jurisdictions passed their own ordinances
Historic Preservation in King County originates in the
King County Planning Policies
King County created the Historic Preservation Program
in 1978 with KCC 20.62.
FORMAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN
THE US STARTED IN…
SUSTAINABLE PRESERVATION ARCHITECTURE & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT WWW.RICHAVEN.COM 206.909.9866
5. King County Code Section 20.62
Administrative Rules and Regulations
King County Landmarks Commission
King County Historic Preservation Program
4 CULTURE
PART II - WHAT ARETHE ELEMENTS
OFTHE KING COUNTY HISTORIC
PRESERVATION PROGRAM?
SUSTAINABLE PRESERVATION ARCHITECTURE & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT WWW.RICHAVEN.COM 206.909.9866
6. King County Historic Preservation Program
Criteria for nomination and designation of landmarks
Procedures for Certificates of Appropriateness (COAs)
Procedures for evaluation of economic impact
Procedures for appeals, penalties, and funding
Enabled creation of administrative rules
WHAT DOES KCC 20.62 INCLUDE?
SUSTAINABLE PRESERVATION ARCHITECTURE & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT WWW.RICHAVEN.COM 206.909.9866
7. CRITERION A: Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution
to the broad patterns of national, state or local history
CRITERION B: Is associated with the lives of persons significant in national, state
or local history
CRITERION C: Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, style or
method of design or construction, or that represents a significant and
distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction
CRITERION D: Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important to
prehistory or history
CRITERION E: Is an outstanding work of a designer or builder who has made a
substantial contribution to the art
LANDMARK DESIGNATION CRITERIA
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8. In many ways they repeat a lot of the provisions of KCC 20.62
Most importantly, KC Landmarks Commissions Rules and Regulations refer
us to the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for evaluation of alterations to
designated landmarks.
What are the Standards and how do they work?
KCLC RULES AND REGULATIONS
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9. Formally known as….
PART III –THE STANDARDS
OR…
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10. … IS NOT THE HYPOCRITIC OATH!
THE ESSENCE OFTHE STANDARDS…
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11. THE ESSENCE OFTHE STANDARDS…
… IS THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH!
• “…I will follow that system of regimen
which, according to my ability and
judgment, I consider for the benefit of my
patients, and abstain from whatever is
deleterious and mischievous…”
• Or, in other words…
FIRST , DO NO HARM.
• Second, preserve the nature of the
original entity
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12. PRESERVATION is defined as the act
or process of applying measures
necessary to sustain the existing
form, integrity, and materials of an
historic property.
PRESERVATION – DEFINITION
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13. a) A property will be used as it was historically, or be given a new use
that maximizes the retention of distinctive materials, features, spaces, and
spatial relationships. Where a treatment and use have not been identified, a
property will be protected and, if necessary, stabilized until additional work
may be undertaken.
b) The historic character of a property will be retained and preserved.
The replacement of intact or repairable historic materials or alteration of
features, spaces, and spatial relationships that characterize a property will
be avoided.
PRESERVATION – STANDARDS
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14. c) Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its
time, place, and use. Work needed to stabilize, consolidate, and conserve
existing historic materials and features will be physically and visually
compatible, identifiable upon close inspection, and properly documented for
future research.
d) Changes to a property that have acquired historic significance in
their own right will be retained and preserved.
e) Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction
techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a property will be
preserved.
PRESERVATION – STANDARDS
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15. f) The existing condition of historic features will be evaluated to
determine the appropriate level of intervention needed. Where the severity
of deterioration requires repair or limited replacement of a distinctive
feature, the new material will match the old in
composition, design, color, and texture.
g) Chemical or physical treatments, if appropriate, will be undertaken
using the gentlest means possible.Treatments that cause damage to historic
materials will not be used.
h) Archeological resources will be protected and preserved in place. If
such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures will be undertaken.
PRESERVATION – STANDARDS
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16. REHABILITATION is defined as the act
or process of making possible a
compatible use for a property through
repair, alterations, and additions while
preserving those portions or features
which convey its historical, cultural, or
architectural values.
REHABILITATION – DEFINITION
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17. a) A property will be used as it was historically or be given a new use
that requires minimal change to its distinctive
materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships.
b) The historic character of a property will be retained and preserved.
The removal of distinctive materials or alteration of features, spaces, and
spatial relationships that characterize a property will be avoided.
c) Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its
time, place, and use. Changes that create a false sense of historical
development, such as adding conjectural features or elements from other
historic properties, will not be undertaken.
REHABILITATION – STANDARDS
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18. d) Changes to a property that have acquired historic significance in
their own right will be retained and preserved.
e) Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction
techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a property will be
preserved.
f) Deteriorated historic features will be repaired rather than replaced.
Where the severity of deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive
feature, the new feature will match the old in
design, color, texture, and, where possible, materials. Replacement of
missing features will be substantiated by documentary and physical
evidence.
REHABILITATION – STANDARDS
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19. g) Chemical or physical treatments, if appropriate, will be undertaken
using the gentlest means possible.Treatments that cause damage to historic
materials will not be used.
h) Archeological resources will be protected and preserved in place. If
such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures will be undertaken.
REHABILITATION – STANDARDS
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20. i) New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction
will not destroy historic materials, features, and spatial relationships that
characterize the property.The new work shall be differentiated from the old
and will be compatible with the historic materials, features, size, scale and
proportion, and massing to protect the integrity of the property and its
environment.
j) New additions and adjacent or related new construction will be
undertaken in a such a manner that, if removed in the future, the essential
form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be
unimpaired.
REHABILITATION – STANDARDS
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21. RESTORATION is defined as the act or process of
accurately depicting the form, features, and
character of a property as it appeared at a
particular period of time by means of the removal
of features from other periods in its history and
reconstruction of missing features from the
restoration period.The limited and sensitive
upgrading of mechanical, electrical, and
plumbing systems and other code-required work
to make properties functional is appropriate
within a restoration project.
RESTORATION – DEFINITION
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22. a) A property will be used as it was historically or be given a new use
which reflects the property's restoration period.
b) Materials and features from the restoration period will be retained
and preserved.The removal of materials or alteration of
features, spaces, and spatial relationships that characterize the period will
not be undertaken.
c) Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its
time, place, and use. Work needed to stabilize, consolidate and conserve
materials and features from the restoration period will be physically and
visually compatible, identifiable upon close inspection, and properly
documented for future research.
RESTORATION – STANDARDS
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23. d) Materials, features, spaces, and finishes that characterize other
historical periods will be documented prior to their alteration or removal.
e) Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction
techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize the restoration
period will be preserved.
f) Deteriorated features from the restoration period will be repaired
rather than replaced. Where the severity of deterioration requires
replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature will match the old in
design, color, texture, and, where possible, materials.
RESTORATION – STANDARDS
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24. g) Replacement of missing features from the restoration period will be
substantiated by documentary and physical evidence. A false sense of history will
not be created by adding conjectural features, features from other properties, or
by combining features that never existed together historically.
h) Chemical or physical treatments, if appropriate, will be undertaken using
the gentlest means possible.Treatments that cause damage to historic materials
will not be used.
i) Archeological resources affected by a project will be protected and
preserved in place. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures will
be undertaken.
j) Designs that were never executed historically will not be constructed.
RESTORATION – STANDARDS
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25. RECONSTRUCTION is defined as the
act or process of depicting, by means
of new construction, the
form, features, and detailing of a
non-surviving
site, landscape, building, structure, or
object for the purpose of replicating
its appearance at a specific period of
time and in its historic location
RECONSTRUCTION – DEFINITION
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26. a) Reconstruction will be used to depict vanished or non-surviving
portions of a property when documentary and physical evidence is available
to permit accurate reconstruction with minimal conjecture, and such
reconstruction is essential to the public understanding of the property.
b) Reconstruction of a landscape, building, structure, or object in its
historic location will be preceded by a thorough archeological investigation
to identify and evaluate those features and artifacts which are essential to
an accurate reconstruction. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation
measures will be undertaken.
c) Reconstruction will include measures to preserve any remaining
historic materials, features, and spatial relationships.
RECONSTRUCTION – STANDARDS
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27. d) Reconstruction will be based on the accurate duplication of historic
features and elements substantiated by documentary or physical evidence
rather than on conjectural designs or the availability of different features
from other historic properties. A reconstructed property will re-create the
appearance of the non-surviving historic property in
materials, design, color, and texture.
e) A reconstruction will be clearly identified as a contemporary re-
creation.
f) Designs that were never executed historically will not be
constructed.
RECONSTRUCTION – STANDARDS
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28. A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE is defined as "a geographic area, including both cultural
and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with
a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values."
There are four general types of cultural landscapes, not mutually exclusive: historic
sites, historic designed landscapes, historic vernacular landscapes, and
ethnographic landscapes.
PART IV - CULTURAL LANDSCAPES
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29. A landscape that was consciously designed or laid out by a landscape
architect, master gardener, architect, or horticulturist according to design
principles, or an amateur gardener working in a recognized style or tradition.
HISTORIC DESIGNED LANDSCAPE
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30. A landscape that evolved through use by the people whose activities or
occupancy shaped that landscape.
Through social or cultural attitudes of an individual, family or a
community, the landscape reflects the physical, biological, and cultural
character of those everyday lives.
HISTORICVERNACULAR LANDSCAPE
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31. A landscape significant for its association with a historic event, activity, or
person.
Examples include battlefields and president's house properties.
HISTORIC SITE
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32. A landscape containing a variety of
natural and cultural resources that
associated people define as heritage
resources.
Examples are contemporary
settlements, religious sacred sites and
massive geological structures.
Small plant
communities, animals, subsistence and
ceremonial grounds are often
components.
ETHNOGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE
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33. • COA = Certificate Of Appropriateness
• Application to the Landmarks Commission for approval of alterations to be done to a
landmark.
• A COA can contain the application form, drawings, narrative descriptions, material
samples, specifications, or any combination of the above items.
• There are 3 types of COAs
• Type I
• Type II
• Type III
PARTV - WHAT IS A C.O.A.?
HOW DOES ITWORK?
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34. Projects that involve restoration of historic
features and major repairs using the same type
of materials originally found on the building
require a Type I COA.
An example of a project that requires a Type I
COA is replacing a deteriorated shingle roof
with a new shingle roof. Or replacing old
cartilage with newly grown cartilage.
TYPE I COAs
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35. Projects that involve alterations in the appearance
of the property requireType II COAs.
Examples of projects requiringType II COA are
building an addition on a landmark
building, adding a new building within the
boundary of a landmark property or district, or
replacing a joint with a metal ball and socket.
TYPE II COAs
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36. Projects that propose the
demolition or relocation of
landmark properties or the
excavation of archaeological
sites requireType III COA’s.
These types of projects have an
irreversible effect on a landmark
property, and therefore require
the most stringent review.
TYPE III COAs
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37. TYPICALTYPE II COA PROCESS
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38. CASE STUDIES
PARTVI – APPLICATION OF
SECRETARY OFTHE INTERIOR’S
STANDARDS
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39. MARY OLSON FARM
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40. Built in 1897 through 1902
In Auburn, Washington
Designated a King County Landmark in 1995
Farmstead includes an 1897 hay barn, a 1902 farm house, and several
outbuildings constructed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries including a
weaving house, smokehouse, garage / ice house, and chicken coop.
Mission Statement/Preservation Philosophy
HISTORY
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41. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places under Category A as a
Locally Significant place associated with events that have made a significant
contribution to the broad patterns of our history.
It is listed as a King County Landmark, designated under Criterion A1 and
A3, for its strong association with the evolving agricultural history of King
County and as an intact cultural landscape complete with a late 19th century
working farm including a farmhouse, several
outbuildings, road, creek, fence, orchard, forest, and field features.
Features of Significance include all exterior portions of the contributing
buildings, interior of the barn, all fences, orchard trees…
The Period of Significance is from 1897 to 1940, encompassing the major
physical development of the farm.
SIGNIFICANCE
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42. Siding, which runs the full height of the 30’ walls, is rotting
Doors deteriorating, and a code and ADA compliant floor were non-existent
Roof needed to be replaced on barn
Several other structures on property that had collapsed
CONDITION
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46. Barn restoration – siding & roof
Barn restoration – flooring, doors, and siding
These projects at Mary Olson Farm are the best of preservation where
original building fabric is carefully duplicated in material and even method of
fabrication and installation
TYPE II COAs SUBMITTED
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47. TYPE II COA’S SUBMITTED
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48. Standards for Rehabilitation were applied
APPLICATION OFTHE SECRETARY OF
THE INTERIOR’S STANDARDS
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49. All applications for Type II COAs have been approved and work is in progress
Auburn School District uses the farm as an educational tool for their children
demonstrating our heritage and old farming techniques
CONCLUSION
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51. Built circa 1903 to 1905
West edge of the SnoqualmieValley, near Carnation
Designated a King County Landmark in 1990
HISTORY
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52. One of the earliest and best extant examples of log cabin construction in the
Snoqualmie River Valley and King County.
Designated under Criterion A3 as an excellent example of alternating hewn
log construction
with full dovetail cornering with
no overlap.
Features of Significance include
all exterior portions of the house.
One of two remaining log houses
in King County retaining its
physical integrity.
SIGNIFICANCE
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53. Roof needed reworking
Windows and doors did not seal completely
Deteriorating due to water infiltration
BUILDING CONDITION
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54. COA included in-kind replacement of all original windows with new wood
framed windows
TYPE II COA APPLICATION
SUBMITTED
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55. Standards for Rehabilitation were
applied
APPLICATION OFTHE SECRETARY OF
THE INTERIOR’S STANDARDS
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56. KCLC approved the application for a Type 2 COA
Window installation was completed in Mid-2005.
CONCLUSION
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58. Built in 1922
Second bridge at this location on
Tolt Hill Road, crossing the
Snoqualmie River
PrattTruss (Parker Sub-type)
Designed and built at a time when
fully riveted trusses were gaining
favor with the introduction of the
pneumatic riveter.
HISTORY
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59. Designated less than 10 years ago, in
1997
Designated under Criterion A3 due to
its design as one of only two
remaining fully riveted Pratt (Parker
sub-type) trusses in King County
Features of Significance include: All
components of the bridge and their
associated approaches.
SIGNIFICANCE
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60. Severely rusted members
Corrosion was in areas where it could not be arrested
Bridge was in danger of collapse
CONDITION
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63. New bridge to be built adjacent to old
bridge
New bridge was downstream of old
bridge
Could not keep old bridge for several
reasons
Old bridge had to be
removed, therefore the Type III COA
application was required.
TYPE III COA SUBMITTED
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64. Secretary of the Interior’s Standards
were NOT applied
APPLICATION OFTHE SECRETARY OF
THE INTERIOR’S STANDARDS
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65. KCLC Rules and Regulations allow for demolition of a Designated Landmark
on the basis of a threat to public health and safety
KCLC Rules and Regulations allow for leniency in alterations to landmarks on
the basis of Economic Hardship
Washington State and Federal Laws do not allow for increasing the water
level during a flood
APPLICATION OFWASHINGTON
STATE LAW AND KCLC RULES AND
REGULATIONS
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66. APPLICATION OFWASHINGTON
STATE LAW AND KCLC RULES AND
REGULATIONS
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67. KCLC approved the application for a Type III COA
King County Roads and Bridges Department presented a carefully outlined
case for why the bridge had to be removed, including all of the County, State
and Federal laws and economic implications supporting their decisions.
KC Roads & Bridges worked with the Commission to provide the information
which provided the key to allowing the demolition of the bridge. They
worked the KC Code.
King County lost one of the finest examples of the early 20th Century bridges
Mitigation Efforts
CONCLUSION
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68. Landmarks Commissions are here to
ensure we do not destroy our cultural
heritage with a balance of using and
preserving the resource
The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards
intentionally allow for flexibility
Make your case!
PARTVII –WHAT HAVEWE LEARNED?
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69. WHAT CANYOU DO TO BE MORE AWARE OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION
ISSUES ONYOUR PROJECTS?
PARTVIII -WHAT CANYOU DO?
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70. Why is keeping any building or site valuable?
What does Preservation mean to the Owner?
What does Preservation meant to the user?
UNDERSTANDTHE CONCEPT OF
PRESERVATION
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71. Use caution when calling for any
procedure which may damage the
historic fabric of a site or building or
material
Remember the Hippocratic Oath
(not the Hypocritic Oath!)
UNDERSTANDTHE CONCEPT OF
REVERSIBILITY
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72. Understand what the preservation philosophy and approach is for each
project, client, design team.
Make sure all Team Members understand what the Preservation Philosophy
is.
Landmark Designation forms are the key to documenting this philosophy.
Use Historic Resources Survey/Inventory information if it’s not designated!
DEVELOP A PRESERVATION
PHILOSOPHY
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73. Exercise and require caution when designing
new construction to go within an existing
historic structure
Material compatibility
Design/aesthetic compatibility
Does it meet the preservation philosophy?
Be sensitive to not only the appearance, but the
substance of the materials being altered.
DESIGN APPROPRIATELY
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74. Call for large scale tests and mockups of procedures prior to implementation
on all different substrates.
Monitor your construction
Contractor be aware of what you are doing – we only get one chance.
TESTYOUR HYPOTHESES
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75. The design team and Owner should understand that a restoration project
will only be the first of many.
Hopefully, one alteration project will keep the structure around long enough
for someone to want to do another one in the future.
ANTICIPATE FUTURE REHABILITATIONS
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76. There is no magic silver bullet for all sets of
conditions
Multiple choices for each situation
All projects are constrained by
budget, time, and quality criteria
What we do is make decisions and choices.
MAKE A DECISION AND
DOCUMENT IT
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