The document discusses the status of various trace elements in Pakistani soil including zinc, chloride, iron, copper, and cobalt. It provides information on: - The availability factors and ideal conditions for uptake of each element by plants such as pH levels and organic matter content. - The functions of each element in plant growth and development. - Deficiency and toxicity symptoms observed in plants for each element. - Strategies to improve availability or reduce toxicity of each element in soil through fertilizer application, pH adjustment, and addition of organic matter.

1. Presentation Topic:
Status Of Trace Elements In Pakistani Soil

2. Pakistani Soil
• Soils in Pakistan are largely considered to be alkaline. In
general, this means that the soil has a pH greater than 7.5
• A healthy sufficient amount of organic matter is 1.29%,
whereas soils in Pakistan falling lower than 1% in organic
matter.

3. Trace Elements
• Essential
• Chemical element present
only in minute amounts in
a particular sample
• >1000ppm
C

4. Factor Affecting Availability OF Trace
Elements
PH
Soil
Texture
Organic
Matter

5. Zinc
Plants take up zinc as the Divalent ionic form (Zn2+)
5.8
High Organic
Matter
Clayey soil
pH Organic Matter Texture
Availability Factor

6. Functions
• Zinc activates more than 300 enzymes.
• It is used in the formation of chlorophyll
• its presence helps the plant to withstand cold
temperatures.
• Zinc is essential in the formation of auxins,
which help with growth regulation and stem
elongation.
Zinc
Toxicity
Toxic effects are identified at total Zn concentrations 100 to
>1,000 mg kg−1

7. Deficiency
 Zinc symptoms occur in the new leaves.
 These new leaves are smaller in size and often
cupped upward or distorted.
 The bud development is poor resulting in reduced
flowering and branching.
Strategies To Improve
Availibility
• Add organic Matter
• Add Fertilizer
Zinc sulfate, Zinc
ammonium nitrate

8. Chloride
Plant Uptake Chloride in Cl- form.
Availability Factor
pH
Organic Matter Soil Type
6 High
Clayey

9. Function:
 Osmotic and stomatal regulation
 Evolution of oxygen in photosynthesis
 Disease resistance and tolerance.
Deficiency Symptoms
 Small, white necrotic spots along the edges of the plant's
leaves.
 The tips of leaves may curl or wilt.
 Some Plants have specific symptoms.
Toxicity Reasons
o Fertilizer
o Municipal Water
o Above 5000ppm

10. Chloride Deficinecy in Wheat
Physiological leaf spotting, or “random” chlorotic leaf spots,
These spots are often mistaken for leaf rust
Cabbage
Such as Cabbage lacking its distinctive smell

11. Strategies To Remove
Deficiency
 Apply fertilizers
KCl , MgCl2 , CaCl2
 Add Organic Matter
Chloride
Strategies To Remove Toxicity
Apply excess water so that salt leached out

12. Iron
o In soils that are aerobic or of higher pH, Fe is readily
oxidized, and is predominately in the form of insoluble
ferric oxides.
o At lower pH, the ferric Fe is freed from the oxide, and
becomes more available for uptake by roots.
Availability Factor
pH Organic Matter
Soil Type
7 or below Sand To clay
Low to medium

13. Function:
 It plays critical role in metabolic processes such as DNA
synthesis, respiration, and photosynthesis.
 In plants, iron is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll,
 It is essential for the maintenance of chloroplast structure and
function.
Deficiency Symptoms
 The primary symptom of iron deficiency is interveinal chlorosis
 In severe cases, the entire leaf turns yellow or white
 The outer edges may scorch and turn brown as the plant cells
die.
Toxicity
350 to 500 micrograms/dL

14. Symptoms

15. Strategies For Improvement
 Acidify the soil
 Apply iron fertilizer to the soil.
 Apply iron directly to the plant foliage
Fertilizer
Ferrous sulfate

16. Copper
pH
O.M
Parent Material
< 7
Copper availability decreases
as organic matter in soil
increases.
Sandy soil
• Copper is taken up as Cu2+
Availability Factor

17.  Copper activates some enzymes in plants which are involved
in lignin synthesis
 It is also required in the process of photosynthesis, is essential
in plant respiration.
 It assists in plant metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins.
 Copper also serves to intensify flavor and color in vegetables
and color in flowers.
Function
• Concentration
• Below 5 µM is sufficient in root zone.
• 5-6 µM cause growth Reduction
• Above 20 µM prevent root growth and result in the
death of the transplanted cutting.

18.  The symptoms start as cupping and chlorosis between the
veins of the new leaves.
 Within the chlorotic areas of the leaf, small necrotic spots
may form, especially on the leaf margins.
 The apical meristems may become necrotic and die,
inhibiting the growth of lateral branches.
 Flower color is often lighter than normal.
Deficiency

19. Symptoms

20. Strategies To Improve Deficiency
• Apply fertilizer like Copper sulfate
• Change soil pH .
Strategies To Reduce Toxicity In Soil
Maintaining a high pH is one of the most
effective ways to protect against copper
toxicity

21. Cobalt
Concentration
1 to 40 mg/kg
pH Soil Type O.M
Availability Factor
High Organic
Matter
Clayey soil
2 - 12

22. Functions

23. Deficiency Symptoms
Symptoms
Stunted
growth.
reddening
of leaves
Uniform
paling
Yellowing
of leaves
Reddening
of stems.

24. Symptoms

25. Strategies to improve Cobalt In Soil
o Add fertilizer
o Cobalt sulphate
o Add Organic matter.
Strategies to improve Cobalt Toxicity
Phytoremediation

26. Thank you!