The document provides details about a report on the socio-economic background of general investors in Bangladesh. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives and methodology of the report. It also describes the theoretical background on various statistical tools and techniques used in the analysis. The main body of the report presents statistical analysis on the socio-economic characteristics of investors such as their age, gender, income, and expenditure patterns. Graphs and regression analysis are used to analyze the survey data collected from brokerage houses. The conclusions provide insights about investors gleaned from applying statistical methods.
A Clustering Method for Weak Signals to Support Anticipative IntelligenceCSCJournals
Organizations need appropriate anticipative information to support their decision making process. Contrarily to some strategic information analyses that help managers to establish patterns using past information, anticipative intelligence is intended to help managers to act based on the analysis of pieces of information that indicate some sort of trend that may become true in the future. One example of this kind of information is known as a weak signal, which is a short text related to a specific domain. In this work, pairs of weak signals, written in Portuguese, are compared to each other so that similarities can be identified and correlated weak signals can be clustered together. The idea is that the analysis of the resulting similar groups may lead to the formulation of a hypothesis that can support the decision making process. The proposed technique consists of two main steps: preprocessing the set of weak signals and clustering. The proposed method was evaluated on a database of bio-energy weak signals. The main innovations of this work are: (i) the application of a computational methodology from the literature for analyzing anticipative information; and (ii) the adaptation of data mining techniques to implement this methodology in a software product.
A Clustering Method for Weak Signals to Support Anticipative IntelligenceCSCJournals
Organizations need appropriate anticipative information to support their decision making process. Contrarily to some strategic information analyses that help managers to establish patterns using past information, anticipative intelligence is intended to help managers to act based on the analysis of pieces of information that indicate some sort of trend that may become true in the future. One example of this kind of information is known as a weak signal, which is a short text related to a specific domain. In this work, pairs of weak signals, written in Portuguese, are compared to each other so that similarities can be identified and correlated weak signals can be clustered together. The idea is that the analysis of the resulting similar groups may lead to the formulation of a hypothesis that can support the decision making process. The proposed technique consists of two main steps: preprocessing the set of weak signals and clustering. The proposed method was evaluated on a database of bio-energy weak signals. The main innovations of this work are: (i) the application of a computational methodology from the literature for analyzing anticipative information; and (ii) the adaptation of data mining techniques to implement this methodology in a software product.
A presentation on Socio-economic perspectives of Big Data done by Shanta R Yapa at the TechForum 2015 organized by the Federation of IT Industry Sri Lanka.
"Local and oral history project", Barangay Lahug, Cebu City. Rationale of the project, Objectives, Scope and Delimitation, Significance of the study, Political Background Projects and Programme and etc.
Assessment of socio-economic, institutional and political constraints and opp...RiceAdvice
Assessment of socio-economic, institutional and political constraints and opportunities for RiceAdvice scaling out and up. By: Espérance ZOSSOU. IS/IP Specialist, AfricaRice
Disclosure of Non-financial Information by Some Selected Banks of BangladeshJahangirnagar University
Stakeholders' interest in corporate environmental, social, and ethical performance has grown dramatically in recent years. Non-financial reporting affirms the practice of measuring, revealing, and holding internal and external stakeholders responsible for organizational performance with the objective of sustainable development. Non-financial business reporting can help to inform the investment by revealing in both quantitative and qualitative terms those drivers that increasingly shape company performance. Given the voluntary nature of this information, organizations are seeking guidance on what and how to report. Placing the results of supply and demand of non-financial information next to each other reveals something of a chicken and egg problem. Although interest from banks in reporting this information clearly exists, it has not yet led to a fully fleshed system of data of use to investors. While investors are incorporating such information into their decision-making and want to do so more in the future, they have not yet created a systematic method for completely incorporating such non-financial information into their decision-making process. For advocates, regulators, corporations and investors, it seems that there is a space for a multi-stakeholder process that helps to coordinate standards for reporting information that is of use to investors.
Outline the four steps in the data collection process.Explain why .pdfSIGMATAX1
Outline the four steps in the data collection process.
Explain why it is so important to be systematic in collecting data.
Solution
Step 1: Identify issues and/or opportunities for collecting dataordata collection goals
what problem are you trying to solve by collecting this data?
Step 2:Develop operational definitions and procedures.
Here we need to be very clear as to what we are measuring, how it is to be measured, and who is
to measure it. Often times we will employ sampling in which case we need to define a sampling
plan.
. Who will the data be collected about?
. Who will the group of interest be compared to?
. What locations or geographical areas will the data be gathered from?
. What categories will be used to identify the group of interest and comparator group?
Step 3 : How should data be collected and What sources of data should be used to collect
information?
There are several methods of collecting data: online-surveys, phone interviews, focus groups and
yes, even dreaded handwritten surveys. Each type possesses its own advantages and
disadvantages. Whichever method you use, there are bound to be obstacles to overcome along
the way.
What sources of data should be used to collect information?
Pre-existing or official data
Survey data
Interviews and focus groups
Observed data
. Two types of data are used in any field of research: qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitative data:
Typically, data is called “qualitative” if it is in the form of words, but may also include any
information that is not numerical in form, such as photographs, videos and sound recordings.
Qualitative methods are aimed at describing a specific context, event, people or relationship in a
broad contextual way, by trying to understand the underlying reasons for behaviour, thoughts
and feelings.
Common qualitative research methods include observation, one-on-one interviews, focus groups
and intensive case studies
Quantitative data:
Typically, data is called “quantitative” if it is in the form of numbers.
A quantitative approach can be used to count events or the number of people who represent a
particular background.
Common quantitative tools include surveys, questionnaires and statistical data (such as Statistics
Canada census information).
It is important to note that all quantitative data is based on qualitative judgment. In other words,
numbers cannot be interpreted by themselves, without understanding the assumptions that
underlie them.
A good research effort involves the use of both types. Both approaches, while distinct, can
overlap and rely on the other to produce meaningful data, analysis and results.
Step 4 : Analyze and interpret data and Act on results
Explaining the technical steps involved in analyzing and interpreting data is beyond the scope of
this guide. An organization will have to determine whether it has the internal capacity and
expertise to analyze and interpret data itself, or whether it will need the help of an external
consultant.
. A summa.
Evaluation for researchers is an important tool in assessing the merit of public and charitable services that everyone can use, and identifying ways in which those services could be improved.
Dr Helen Kara, an evaluation research specialist, presents the key elements of good practice at each stage of the evaluation process, helping you to better understand your research.
To learn more about evaluation download Helen's eBook: Beginners’ Guide to Evaluation - http://bit.ly/1Kr0vsG
Statistical Data Analysis | Data Analysis | Statistics Services | Data Collec...Stats Statswork
The present article helps the USA, the UK and the Australian students pursuing their business and marketing postgraduate degree to identify right topic in the area of marketing in business. These topics are researched in-depth at the University of Columbia, brandies, Coventry, Idaho, and many more. Stats work offers UK Dissertation stats work Topics Services in business. When you Order stats work Dissertation Services at Tutors India, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, Always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact Us:
Website: www.statswork.com
Email: info@statswork.com
UnitedKingdom: +44-1143520021
India: +91-4448137070
WhatsApp: +91-8754446690
DEFINITION OF STATISTICS,IMPORTANCE & LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS,STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION,COLLECTION OF DATA,SOURCES OF DATA,PRIMARY DATA,SECONDARY DATA,QUESTIONNAIRE,SCHEDULE,TABULATION OF DATA,COLLECTION OF DATA,STATISTICS
A presentation on Socio-economic perspectives of Big Data done by Shanta R Yapa at the TechForum 2015 organized by the Federation of IT Industry Sri Lanka.
"Local and oral history project", Barangay Lahug, Cebu City. Rationale of the project, Objectives, Scope and Delimitation, Significance of the study, Political Background Projects and Programme and etc.
Assessment of socio-economic, institutional and political constraints and opp...RiceAdvice
Assessment of socio-economic, institutional and political constraints and opportunities for RiceAdvice scaling out and up. By: Espérance ZOSSOU. IS/IP Specialist, AfricaRice
Disclosure of Non-financial Information by Some Selected Banks of BangladeshJahangirnagar University
Stakeholders' interest in corporate environmental, social, and ethical performance has grown dramatically in recent years. Non-financial reporting affirms the practice of measuring, revealing, and holding internal and external stakeholders responsible for organizational performance with the objective of sustainable development. Non-financial business reporting can help to inform the investment by revealing in both quantitative and qualitative terms those drivers that increasingly shape company performance. Given the voluntary nature of this information, organizations are seeking guidance on what and how to report. Placing the results of supply and demand of non-financial information next to each other reveals something of a chicken and egg problem. Although interest from banks in reporting this information clearly exists, it has not yet led to a fully fleshed system of data of use to investors. While investors are incorporating such information into their decision-making and want to do so more in the future, they have not yet created a systematic method for completely incorporating such non-financial information into their decision-making process. For advocates, regulators, corporations and investors, it seems that there is a space for a multi-stakeholder process that helps to coordinate standards for reporting information that is of use to investors.
Outline the four steps in the data collection process.Explain why .pdfSIGMATAX1
Outline the four steps in the data collection process.
Explain why it is so important to be systematic in collecting data.
Solution
Step 1: Identify issues and/or opportunities for collecting dataordata collection goals
what problem are you trying to solve by collecting this data?
Step 2:Develop operational definitions and procedures.
Here we need to be very clear as to what we are measuring, how it is to be measured, and who is
to measure it. Often times we will employ sampling in which case we need to define a sampling
plan.
. Who will the data be collected about?
. Who will the group of interest be compared to?
. What locations or geographical areas will the data be gathered from?
. What categories will be used to identify the group of interest and comparator group?
Step 3 : How should data be collected and What sources of data should be used to collect
information?
There are several methods of collecting data: online-surveys, phone interviews, focus groups and
yes, even dreaded handwritten surveys. Each type possesses its own advantages and
disadvantages. Whichever method you use, there are bound to be obstacles to overcome along
the way.
What sources of data should be used to collect information?
Pre-existing or official data
Survey data
Interviews and focus groups
Observed data
. Two types of data are used in any field of research: qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitative data:
Typically, data is called “qualitative” if it is in the form of words, but may also include any
information that is not numerical in form, such as photographs, videos and sound recordings.
Qualitative methods are aimed at describing a specific context, event, people or relationship in a
broad contextual way, by trying to understand the underlying reasons for behaviour, thoughts
and feelings.
Common qualitative research methods include observation, one-on-one interviews, focus groups
and intensive case studies
Quantitative data:
Typically, data is called “quantitative” if it is in the form of numbers.
A quantitative approach can be used to count events or the number of people who represent a
particular background.
Common quantitative tools include surveys, questionnaires and statistical data (such as Statistics
Canada census information).
It is important to note that all quantitative data is based on qualitative judgment. In other words,
numbers cannot be interpreted by themselves, without understanding the assumptions that
underlie them.
A good research effort involves the use of both types. Both approaches, while distinct, can
overlap and rely on the other to produce meaningful data, analysis and results.
Step 4 : Analyze and interpret data and Act on results
Explaining the technical steps involved in analyzing and interpreting data is beyond the scope of
this guide. An organization will have to determine whether it has the internal capacity and
expertise to analyze and interpret data itself, or whether it will need the help of an external
consultant.
. A summa.
Evaluation for researchers is an important tool in assessing the merit of public and charitable services that everyone can use, and identifying ways in which those services could be improved.
Dr Helen Kara, an evaluation research specialist, presents the key elements of good practice at each stage of the evaluation process, helping you to better understand your research.
To learn more about evaluation download Helen's eBook: Beginners’ Guide to Evaluation - http://bit.ly/1Kr0vsG
Statistical Data Analysis | Data Analysis | Statistics Services | Data Collec...Stats Statswork
The present article helps the USA, the UK and the Australian students pursuing their business and marketing postgraduate degree to identify right topic in the area of marketing in business. These topics are researched in-depth at the University of Columbia, brandies, Coventry, Idaho, and many more. Stats work offers UK Dissertation stats work Topics Services in business. When you Order stats work Dissertation Services at Tutors India, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, Always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact Us:
Website: www.statswork.com
Email: info@statswork.com
UnitedKingdom: +44-1143520021
India: +91-4448137070
WhatsApp: +91-8754446690
DEFINITION OF STATISTICS,IMPORTANCE & LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS,STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION,COLLECTION OF DATA,SOURCES OF DATA,PRIMARY DATA,SECONDARY DATA,QUESTIONNAIRE,SCHEDULE,TABULATION OF DATA,COLLECTION OF DATA,STATISTICS
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
2. A Report on
“Socio-Economic background of General
Investors”
Course Name: Business Statistics
Course Code: F-107[
Lecturer
Department of …..
Faculty of Business Studies
University of Dhaka
University of Dhaka
Date of Submission: 18 February, 2014
SUBMITTED BY
SUBMITTED TO
3. SL No. Name ID No.
1
2
3
4
5 =
6
7
8
9
Department of ……
University of Dhaka
Group Details
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the very beginning we acknowledge our gratitude to Almighty Allah to help us in preparing
the report on time. Then we like to acknowledge our gratitude to our classmates. Because they
helped us a lot. Without their direct co-operation it would not be possible to conceptualize and
carry out this sort of analytical work.
We also express our thanks to our dear course teacher Mohammed Abdullah Al Mamun for
assigning us a report dealing with the share market. The goal of this report is to identify the socio
economic background of the general investors through descriptive statistics. We would like to
thank the honorable teacher to provide us the opportunity to apply classroom learning in practice.
There are always some differences between theories and practical. This report bridges the gaps
between them. We also like to thanks the authors from whose books we take help for preparing
the report.
So lastly, we would again like to express our heartfelt thanks to our course teacher for
providing valuable guidelines related to this report.
All members of our Group
5. Letter of Transmittal
February 18, 2014
…………………………
Lecturer
Department of …………..
University of Dhaka.
Dear Sir,
Subject: Submission of report on socio economic background of general investors
We are extremely gratified & enthusiastic to present a report on” socio economic background
of general investors from the course named ‘Statistical techniques in business & economics, as
part of our academic activities.
We have prepared this report based on the data gathered from interviewing share market
investors of different brokerages houses. This was the first ever opportunity for us to gain
proper understanding about the share market. Thank you for giving us the opportunity to learn
the real life practice and increase the knowledge. As we are really new in this field any mistakes
can be occurred by us. We deeply regret for any mistakes made in this term paper and we will
always be available for any clarification required.
We would, therefore, feel much obliged if you are kind enough to consider our report
enthusiastically and also consider our mistakes sympathetically.
Sincerely yours,
All members of our Group
The report began with a brief overview of different statistical tools like frequency distribution for
qualitative and quantitative data, graphical techniques to represent data, measures of location,
measures of dispersion, regression analysis etc. that are used to make decisions in business
world. By using this techniques a business can maintain its operations systematically or in a
organized way. The introductory part ended with the origin & scopes of the assigned subject.
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
6. The main segment of the report started with an elaborate discussion of different securities and
their share investors’ personal information like their name, age, marital status, their first share
market involvement, their monthly income etc. As it was our assign subject to know the socio
economic background of the general investors we apply different statistical tools based on the
investors’ information. Using different techniques we find out much information about the
investors such as whether there are more male or female investors, whether there are more
married or unmarried people, whether there expenditure depends on share market income etc.
Then we show the different graphical representation, regression analysis based on survey
information. At last from this study we came to know many things. From our text book we only
know about the theoretical concept of different statistical tools but when we implement our
learning ideas in practical life we came to know the real uses of these tools in business.
7. Table of Contents
Chapter No. Chapter Title Page
Number
Chapter 01 Introduction
1.1 introduction
1.2 objective of the report
1.3 Methodology
1.4 Limitations
Chapter 02 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND
Chapter 03 Statistical Analysis of the Socio-
Economic Background of General
Investors
3.1 List of the brokerage house
3.2 Age of the respondents
3.3 Gender of the respondents
3.4 Occupation of the respondents
3.5Marital status of the
respondents
3.6 Monthly income of the
respondents
3.7 Member dependency on
income
3.8 First share involvement of the
respondents
3.9 Educational background of the
respondents
3.10 Expenditure dependency of
9. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY
Different Statistical techniques are very important in our everyday life especially in business
world .For this reason statistics course is required .The main purpose of this course is to give an
overview of the Descriptive statistics as well as presenting statistics in an understandable way
.The main reason of the importance of statistics is to form the data in a informative way
.Because we know that numerical information is everywhere .If we want to accumulative this in
a informative way we have to use different statistical techniques .The second reason is that
statistical techniques are used to make decisions that affect our daily lives that is ,they affect
our personal welfare .
The objectives of the report are given below:
To know the uses of different statistical techniques and tools
To know the real practice of these tools
To know the socio economic background of share market investors
When we prepare this report we collect information from both the primary data sources and
the secondary data sources .
Primary data sources:
Visiting the different brokerage houses and collecting the
required data from the investors.
1.1 Introduction:
1.2 Objective of the Report
1.3 Methodology
10. Secondary data sources:
Collecting information about the brokerage houses from the
share market website.
Gathering necessary information from our text book.
Applying our own ideas.
The limitations of our study are mentioned bellow:
As we are really new in this field and it is our first report in our life; we
felt lack of experience in every stage of our work. And there was not
enough time for this project. But we tried our level best to overcome
this
On the other hand when we visited the brokerage houses we saw
that the investors were involved with their share transactions as a
result they could not fully concentrated on our survey. It was tough to
make conversation with them.
Some essential data could not be gathered because of confidentiality
concerns.
Another limitation was that the data gathered could not be verified
for accuracy.
1.4 Limitations of the Report
11. CHAPTER 2: THEORITICAL BACKGROUND
Scientific methods for collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting and analyzing data as
well as drawing valid conclusions and making reasonable decisions on the basis of such
analysis.
Statistics Defined:
• Singularsense:Statisticsin singularsense meansa subject or scientificdiscipline.
• Plural sense: Statistics in plural sense means statistical data. This data must carry
answers to questions like what? Where? When?
• So, Statistics can be defined as a body of methods for obtaining and analyzing
numerical data in order to make better decisions in an uncertain world.
Data
Information
Konwledge
2.1 Statistics
2.2 The Statistical Process
2.3 Types of Statistics
12. Descriptive statistics are the tabular, graphical, and numerical
methods used to summarize data.
The methods used to estimate a property of a population on the basis of a
sample.
Population: The entire sat of individuals or objects of interest or the measurements obtained
from all individuals or objects of interest.
Sample: A portion, or a part, of the population of interest.
Statistical
Methods
Descriptive
Statistics
Inferential
Statistics
Data
Numerical
(Quantitative)
Categorical
(Qualitative)
Discrete Continuous
Data
Numerical
(Quantitative)
Categorical
(Qualitative)
Discrete Continuous
2.3.1 Descriptive Statistics
2.3.2 Inferential Statistics
2.4 Types of Data
13. Data can be further classified as being qualitative or quantitative.
Labelsor names usedto identifyan attribute of eachelement
Oftenreferredto as categorical data
Use eitherthe nominal or ordinal scale ofmeasurement
Appropriate statistical analyses are rather limited
In general, there are more alternatives for statistical analysis when the data are quantitative.
Quantitativedataindicate how many or how much
Discrete: ifmeasuring how many
Continuous: ifmeasuringhow much
Quantitative data are always numeric.
Ordinaryarithmeticoperationsare meaningful forquantitativedata.
Nominal level Data
Ordinal-level data
Interval-Level Data
Ratio-Level Data
2.4.1 Qualitative Data
2.4.1 Quantitative Data
2.5 Levels of Measurement
14. Nominal: Data are labels or names used to identify an attribute of the element. nonnumeric
label or numeric code may be used.
Ordinal: The data have the properties of ordinal data, and the interval between observations
is expressed in terms of a fixed unit of measure.
Interval: It includes all the characteristics of ordinal level but values is a constant size.
Ratio: The data have all the properties of interval data and the ratio of two values is
meaningful Variables such as distance, height, weight, and time use the ratio scale
Techniques used to describe a set of data are called Describing data.
A frequency distribution is a tabular summary of data showing the frequency (or number) of
items in each of several non-overlapping classes. The objective is to provide insights about the
data that cannot be quickly obtained by looking only at the original data.
1- Determine range
2- Selectnumber ofclasses
• Usuallybetween5and 20 inclusive
3- Compute class intervals (width)
4- Determine class boundaries(limits)
5- Compute class midpoints
6- Count observations& assignto classes
2.6 Describing Data
2.6.1 Frequency Distribution
2.6.1.1 Frequency DistributionTable Steps
15. The relative frequencyof aclass isthe fractionor Proportionof the total numberof data items
Belongingtothe class.
A bar graph isa graphical device forpresentingqualitativedata.
On one axis(usuallythe horizontal axis),we specifythe labelsthatare usedfor each of the
classes.
The bars are separatedtoemphasize the factthateach classis a separate category.
The pie chart is a commonlyusedgraphical device forpresenting relative frequencydistributionsfor
qualitative data.
Anothercommongraphical presentationof quantitative dataisa histogram.
The variable of interestisplacedonthe horizontal axis.
A rectangle isdrawnabove eachclassinterval with itsheight correspondingtothe interval’s
frequency, relative frequency,orpercent frequency
Unlike abar graph,a histogramhas no natural separation between rectangles of adjacent
classes
2.6.2 Relative Frequency Distribution
2.6.3 Bar Graph
2.6.4 Pie Chart
2.6.5 Histogram
16. showsthe number of items with values less than or equal to the upper limit of each class.
Measuresof Location : Mean, Median,Mode,percentiles,Quarterlies
Measuresof Variability:
The meanof a data setisthe average of all the data values.Aswe said,the sample mean isthe
pointestimatorof the populationmean m.
Propertiesofthe ArithmeticMean:
1- Everyset of interval-levelandratio-level datahasa mean.
2- All the valuesare includedincomputingthe mean.
3- A setof data has a unique mean.
4- The meanisaffectedbyunusuallylarge orsmall datavalues.
5- The arithmeticmeanisthe onlymeasure of central tendencywhere the sumof thedeviationsof
each valuefromthe mean is zero.
GeometricMean:
It isa kindof average of a setof numbersthat isdifferentfromthe arithmeticaverage.
The geometricmeaniswell definedonlyforsetsof positive real numbers(nonegative or
zerovalue).
Thisis calculatedbymultiplyingall the numbers(call the numberof numbersn),andtaking
the nth root of the total.
A commonexample of where the geometricmeanisthe correct choice iswhenaveraging
growthrates.
2.6.6 Cumulative Frequency Distribution
2.7 Numerical Measures
2.7.1 Mean
17. Formula:
GM = ((X1)(X2)(X3)........(XN))1/N
where
X = Individual growthfactor
N = Sample size (Numberof
The medianof a data setisthe value inthe middlewhenthe dataitemsare arrangedinascendingorder.
Wheneveradata sethas extreme values,the median isthe preferredmeasure of central
location
The medianisthe measure of locationmostoftenreportedforannual income andproperty
value data
A fewextremelylarge incomesorpropertyvalues caninflate the mean
2
1
PointMediangPositionin
n
Median = L + (n/2 – p.c.f)/f * h
Where:
L = The lower class boundary of median class
h = The size of median class i.e. difference between upper and lower class boundaries of median
class
f = The frequency of median class
p.c.f = Previous cumulative frequency of the median class
n/2 = Total no. of observations divided by 2...OR...summation of F divided by 2
2.7.2 Median
2.7.2.1 Median Grouped Data
18. The mode of a data setis the value thatoccurs with greatest frequency.
The greatest frequency can occur at two or more different values
If the data have exactly two modes, the data are Bimodal
If the data have more than two modes, the data are multimodal
Mode = L + [(fm-f1) / (fm-f1)+(fm-f2)] x h
where:
L = The lower class boundary of modal class
fm = The Frequency of the modal class
f1 = The previous frequency of the modal class
f2 = The next frequency of the modal class
h = The size of modal class i.e. difference between upper and lower class boundaries of modal
class.
Modal class is a class with the maximum frequency
Median is the value of the data set arranged either in ascending or descending order. By
extending the idea of Median we can think of values which divides the data set into four or
hundred equal parts. Hence we can get
Quartiles: The valuesthatdividesthe datasetinto four equal parts are called quartiles
Percentiles: A percentile providesinformationabouthow the data are spread over the
interval from the smallest value to the largest value.
2.8 Mode
2.8.1 Mode Grouped Data
2.9 Numerical Measures
19. The pth percentile of a data set is a value such that at least p percent of the items take on this
value or less and at least (100 - p) percent of the items take on this value or more
The degree towhichnumerical datatendto spreadabout an average value is called the dispersion or
variation of the data. It is often desirable to consider measures of variability (dispersion), as well
as measures of location.
The standard deviationof adata setisthe positive
square root of the varianceItismeasuredinthe same unitsasthe data, making
it more easilyinterpretedthanthe variance.Mostcommonlyusedmeasure of variationin
Businessapplication
Measure of relative dispersion
Alwaysa%
CV is the standarddeviationexpressedaspercentof the mean
Usedto compare twoor more groups
Weakness:CV isundefinedif the meaniszeroorif data are negative.
Thus,CV isusedonlyforvariableswhose valuesare X>=0
2.10 Measures of Variability
2.10.1 Standard Deviation
2.10.2 Coefficientof Variation
20. Sometimestwoormore variablesare relatedinsucha waythat movementinone variable is
accompaniedbythe movementsinothervariables.
For example there existsarelationshipbetweenfamilyincome andthe amountspentonluxury
items,increase inthe quantityof rainfallandthe productionof crops,increase ingovt.
expenditure andthe livingstandard,flow of FDIandGDP growthetc.
The statistical tool usedtomeasure thisrelationshipbetweentwoormore variablesiscalled
correlation.Correlationisananalysisof the co-variationof twoormore variables.
Independentvariable:isavariable thatcan be controlledormanipulatedorusedtosee the
impacton dependent variable.
Dependentvariable:isavariable thatcannotbe controlledormanipulated. Itsvaluesare
predictedfromthe independentvariable
The independentanddependentcanbe plottedona graph calleda scatterplot.
By convention,the independentvariable isplottedonthe horizontal x-axis. The dependent
variable isplottedonthe vertical y-axis
The correlationcoefficient (r) computedfromthe sample datameasuresthe strength
(Strong/moderate/low) anddirection(positive/negative)of arelationshipbetweentwo
variables.
Formulaforcoefficientof Correlation
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
ii
YYXX
YYXX
r
1
2
1
2
1
)()(
))((
2.11 Correlation
2.11.1 Independent and Dependent Variable
de
d
2.11.2 Scatter Plot
2.11.3 Coefficientof Correlation
21. CHAPTER 3: Statistical Analysis of the Socio-
Economic Background of General Investors
In this section we will list the securities in which we visited. We have visited nine securities.
The list of these brokerage houses is given below:
1. BDBL securities
2. ICB Securities Trading Company Limited
3. Shakil Rizvi Stock Limited
4. Ahmed Iqbal Hasan Securities Ltd
5. Ibrahim Securities Limited
6. DBL Securities
7. Anwar Securities Limited
8. Lanka Bangla Securities
9.
Now we will present frequency distribution, show the graphical presentation such as pie chart,
bar chart, histogram, frequency polygon, cumulative frequency polygon. We will also analyze
the data using statistical tools and along with this we will present interpretation of the analysis.
We were given questionnaire containing eleven questions about investors of share market. We
will now apply statistical tools on each question.
In our survey we found that most of our respondents are of 30-40 age. We will now present pie
chart and bar chart on the information gathered from the investors
The Frequency Table of the Age of the respondents
Class Limit Frequency
Below 20 2
20-30 45
30-40 66
40-50 45
Above 50 22
total 180
3.1 List of the Brokerage House:
3.2 Age of the respondents
22. Interpretation: In frequency table the most frequency lied between 30-40 classes. Almost
50% respondents’ age is between 30%-40%.
In our survey we found that almost all the investor in the brokerage house are male. For your
consideration we present our findings through pie chart and bar chart below:
1% 12%
18%
13%
6%
50%
Pie Chart of the Age of the
Respondents
below 20
20-30
30-40
40-50
above 50
total
below 20 20-30 30-40 40-50 above 50 total
Series1 2 45 66 45 22 180
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
frequency
Bar Chart of the Age of the
Respondents
3.3 Gender of the Respondents
23. Gender Frequency
Male 168
Female 12
Total 180
93%
7%
Pie Chart of the Gender of the
Respondents
Male Female
0
50
100
150
200
Male Female
Bar Chart of the Gender of the
Respondents
Series1
24. Occupation is an important element of socioeconomic condition. In our survey we categorized the
general investors in 5 groups. Where we found that maximum are businesspersons. We used the bar
chart and the pie chart to demonstrate percentage of each category:
Frequency table
Occupation Frequency
Financial service 30
Government service 09
Business 85
Academician 10
Other service 46
Total 180
30
9
85
10
46
Pie Chart of the Occupation of
the Respodents
Financial Services
Government Services
Business
Academician
Other Services
3.4 Occupation of the Respondents
25. From the frequency table it can be concluded that the lowest frequency is 09 and the
highest frequency is 85. The total number of frequency is 180. The highest frequency is in
the class named business and the lowest frequency is in the class named Government
service.
From the pie chart it can be concluded that about 47% investors were businesspersons,
about 17% investors were engaged in financial services, about 5% investors were engaged
in government services, about 6% investors were academician and about 26% were
engaged in other services
Marital status is an element of socio-economic condition. After surveying we found that most of
the investors are married. For your convenience we present a frequency table and based on table
we draw pie chart and bar chart below.
Marital status Frequency
Married
Unmarried
129
51
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bar Chart of the Occupation of
the Respondents
Series2
Series1
3.5 Marital Status
26. Total 180
From the frequency table it can be concluded that the lowest frequency is 51 and the
highest frequency is 129. The total number of frequency is 180. The highest frequency is in
the class named married and the lowest frequency is in the class named unmarried.
From the pie chart it can be concluded that about 72% investors were married and about
28% investors were unmarried.
129
51
Marital status
married
unmarried
129
51
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
married unmarried
Bar Chart of the Marital Status of
the Respondents
frequency
27. Monthlyincome isan importantfactorregardingsocio-economicconditionof the investor. We find out
mean, median and mode to find out the central tendency of income and we also find out standard
deviation and variance to analyze dispersion. We also present the data on a bar chart and frequency
polygon.
Frequency Distribution
MonthlyIncome Frequency Cumulative Frequency
below10,000 25 25
10000-30,000 69 94
30,000-50,000 44 138
50,000-70,000 28 166
70,000-90,000 4 170
above 90,000 10 180
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Bar Chart of the Monthly Income
of the Respondents
frequency
3.6 Monthly Income of the Respondents
28. From the frequency distribution it can be concluded that the lowest income is (10000) and
the highest income is above 90000. The total number of frequency is 180. The class interval
is 20000.
In the bar chart the most frequency lied between 10000 to 30000.That means most of the
investors monthly income is between 10000 to 30000
ssaCC ycqeuqerF yassF qsatalqR
ycqeuqerF
suiusatalqR
ycqeuqerF
ssaCCR
taiopaet
1-3 06 IIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIR
IIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIR
IIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIR
6.33 06 2
3-5 06 IIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIR
IIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIR
IIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIR
IIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIR
6.44 146 4
5-7 46 IIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIR
IIIIIRIIIIIRIIIIIRIIIII
6.22 106 0
14%
38%24%
16%
2% 6%
Pie Chart of the Monthly Income
of the Respondents
Below 10000
10000-30000
30000-50000
50000-70000
70000-90000
Above 90000
3.7 Members Dependent on Respondent’s
Income
29. RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RacpuoqiRuata :ncat iqtarRiqae
(X=)Eyi
RRRRRRRRRRRRRe
RRRRRRR= 60*2+80*4+40*6
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR106
RRRRRRRRR= 3.78R
Ietqcocqtatape:R y qRalqcakqRiqihqcCRiqoqeiqerFRpeRqar RCtprg psiqcRaCR 4RoqcCpe
RRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
0
2
4
6
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Series 1, 4.5
Series 2, 2.8
Series 3, 5
AxisTitle
Chart Title
58%23%
10%
9%
Pie Chart
1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
33. =√ (5012/171)
=√32.4013
=5.698
3 (Mean –median )
S.K = ----------------------------------
S.D
3 (2007 – 2009 )
=-----------------------------
5.698
= - 1.054
Interpretation:
Most of the investors invested in share market between 2000-2014. Almost 13% investors
invested in these years. The mean is 2007. The median is 2009. The dispersion of the data from
mean is .05%. there is negative skewness between the variables.
Educational backgroundisa vital factorregardingthe investors’socio-economiccondition.Inoursurvey
we foundthat mostof the investorsare graduatedorpost- graduated.We usedpie chart to show the
multiple educational basesof general investors.
3.9 Educational Background
34. Educational Qualification Frequency
Below SSC 3
SSC 18
HSC 27
Graduation 52
Post Graduation 80
2%
10%
15%
29%
44%
Educational Qualification
Below SSC
SSC
HSC
Graduation
Post Graduation
0
50
100
150
200
3 18 27
80
52
180
Bar chart of Educational
Background
Frequency
3.10 Expenditure Dependency on Share
Market Income
35. We include thisinoursurveytofind outhow manymembersdependontheirshare marketinvestment.
We present the data on a bar chart for your convenience.
Expenditure Dependency Frequency
Yes 64
No 116
Interpretation:
From the frequency table it can be concluded that the lowest frequency is 64 and the
highest frequency is 116. The total number of frequency is 180. The highest frequency is in
the class named “no” and the lowest frequency is in the class named “yes”.
Yes No
Frequency 64 116
0
50
100
150
AxisTitle
Bar Chart of Expenditure
DEpendency on Share
Market
64
116
Pie Chart of Expenditure
DEpendency on Share Market
Yes
No
36. From the pie chart it can be concluded that about 36% investors depend on share market
and about 64% investors don’t depend
38. CHAPTER 5: Appendix
A Survey on Socio-Economic Background of General Investors.
This survey is one of the partial requirement of the Business Statistics course in the Department of
Finance, University of Dhaka. The main purpose of this course is to give an overview of the descriptive
statistics as well as presenting the statistics in an understandable way. The intention of this survey is to
identify the socio-economic background of the general investors through descriptive statistics. Your
response will help them to prepare their term paper. The information that is provided by you will be used
only for academic purpose.
Mr. Mohammed Abdullah Al Mamun
Lecturer
Department Of Finance
University of Dhaka
Survey Questionnaire
1. Name :
2. Age:
Below 20
20-30
30-40
40-50
Above 60
3. Contact Number:
4. Gender :
Male
Female
5. Main Occupation :
Financial Service
Government Service
Business
Academician
Other Service
6. Marital Status :
Married
39. Unmarried
7. Monthly Income (In Taka):
Below 10000
10000-30000
30000-50000
50000-70000
70000-90000
Above 90000
8. Members dependent on your income :
1
2
3
4
5
6
Above 6
9. First involvement in share market (in year):
10. Educational Background:
Below S.S.C
S.S.C
H.S.C
Graduation
Post Graduation
11. Expenditure dependency on Share market Income?
Yes
No
40. Chapter 6: Reference
Data collected from the assigned securities.
Information is taken from our text book.
Data collected from internet.