This document summarizes the key findings of the National Crime Victimization Survey on stalking victimization in the United States. The main points are:
1) During a 12-month period, an estimated 3.4 million persons age 18 or older were victims of stalking, which is defined as a course of conduct that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear.
2) About half of stalking victims experienced at least one unwanted contact per week from the stalker, and 11% said they had been stalked for 5 years or more.
3) Women faced a higher risk of stalking than men, and nearly 3 in 4 stalking victims knew their offender in some capacity. More than
Rape Victims Are A Class Of Persons Often Defined By Gender Medical ...MedicalWhistleblower
Every two minutes, somewhere in America, someone is sexually assaulted. One out of every six American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in her lifetime. Only one in 50 women who have been raped reports the crime to the police.
Although both women and men may be victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking, women are the victims of the vast majority of these crimes. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, more than 85% of violent victimizations by intimate partners between 1993 and 1998 were perpetrated against women. Women are between 13 and 14 times more likely than men to be raped or sexually assaulted; for instance, in 1994, 93% of sexual assaults were perpetrated against women. Four of five stalking victims are women. Data on male victimization do not show that males experience comparable victimizations and injury levels, do not account for women who act in self defense, and do not measure financial control, intimidation, and isolation used by perpetrators of domestic violence against women.
The gender issue is foremost in sexual assault issues, and is usually background in general victimization. The unique cultural bias and shaming that accompanies rape cases needs its own focused opposition. The history of rape law is a history of the law used as a tool to protect rapists, rather than the raped. The anti-rape movement confronts, as it must, the cultural myths that uniquely exist in the context of rape. Manipulation of these myths, along with humiliation and victim blaming, are typical informal defenses to rape charges. Blaming victims in rape cases may be an effective means to secure acquittal. In contrast, blaming a robbery victim is typically ineffective because robbery is unaccompanied by the same pernicious cultural myths. The nature of stigma and abuse in rape cases is profound and unique, a criminal process that mistreats and excludes other types of victims also inflicts secondary victimization.
In 2002, there were 247,730 victims of rape, attempted rape or sexual assault. One out of every six American women have been the victims of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime (14.8% completed rape; 2.8% attempted rape). A total of 17.7 million women have been victims of these crimes. In 2002, one in every eight rape victims were male. 93% of juvenile sexual assault victims knew their attacker; 34.2% were family members and 58.7% acquaintances. Only seven percent of the perpetrators were strangers to the victim.
One of the most startling aspects of sex crimes is how many go unreported. The most common reasons given by victims for not reporting these crimes are the belief that it is a private or personal matter and that they fear reprisal from the assailant.
• In 2001, only 39% of rapes and sexual assaults were reported to law enforcement officials — about one in every three. [1999 NCVS]
• Approximately 66% of rape victims know their assailant.
• Approximately 48% of victims are raped by a friend or acquaintance; 30% by a stranger; 16% by an intimate; 2% by another relative; and in 4% of cases the relationship is unknown.
• About four out of ten sexual assaults take place at the victim’s own home. More than half of all rape/sexual assault incidents were reported by victims to have occurred within one mile of their home or at their home.
• In one study, 98% of males who raped boys reported that they were heterosexual.
• Rapists are more likely to be serial criminals than serial rapists. In one study, 46% of rapists who were released from prison were rearrested within 3 years of their release for another crime -- 18.6% for a violent offense, 14.8% for a property offense, 11.2% for a drug offense and 20.5% for a public-order offense.
• 61% of rapes/sexual assaults are not reported to the police. Those rapists, of course, never serve a day in prison.
So, even in the 39% of attacks that are reported to police, there is onl
Hall_Elizabeth_Unit_Two_Written_assignment[1]Elizabeth Hall
This document discusses victim typologies in relation to hate crimes. It provides background on hate crime laws and data collection in the US. It summarizes a five-category typology of victimization developed by Sellin and Wolfgang, including primary, secondary, tertiary, mutual, and no victimization. Hate crimes involve primary victimization, targeting individuals for their race, religion, or other attributes. While polls showed improving race relations after Obama's election, data from the Uniform Crime Report shows hate crime rates have actually been decreasing since 1996.
Research on the reasons behind wrongful convictions in the United States as well as recommendations for decreasing the number of wrongful convictions that occur annually
Serial murder investigations are complex due to the crimes crossing multiple jurisdictions. Reactive policing through routine patrols and case investigations is often not enough to catch serial killers, who plan their crimes carefully. Investigations now use proactive approaches including databases to share information between law enforcement agencies. An FBI symposium discussed best practices for serial murder investigations, emphasizing the importance of communication, task force organization, and using analytical tools and behavioral profiling.
Examines the myths surrounding the conviction of innocent people for crimes they did not commit, and suggests ways to protect yourself and your family from becoming victims of a broken justice system.
The document discusses several factors that can contribute to wrongful convictions in criminal justice systems, including human errors, systemic biases, pressure from the media and public, flaws in the adversarial system, tunnel vision in investigations, unreliable eyewitness identifications and interrogations, issues with expert witnesses and informants, prosecutorial misconduct, and inadequate defense counsel. It also notes that wrongful convictions harm not just the convicted person but also the original victims and their families as well as the wider community. Appellate remedies on their own are often limited in addressing wrongful convictions.
This document discusses the nature vs. nurture debate around what facilitates male sexual serial murder. It suggests that most researchers believe both genetics and environment during development are factors. Childhood experiences like abuse, isolation, and lack of healthy relationships cause social difficulties and distorted views of relationships and sex. These early experiences interact with predispositions and result in fantasies of violence and revenge emerging during teenage years. By adulthood, failure to achieve needs for power and sex drive some to turn these fantasies into reality through murder. Overall, the document concludes that while genetics play a role, the true facilitators lie more in the negative nurturing environments and experiences during formative years that leave serial killers unable to cope with emotions and society.
Rape Victims Are A Class Of Persons Often Defined By Gender Medical ...MedicalWhistleblower
Every two minutes, somewhere in America, someone is sexually assaulted. One out of every six American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in her lifetime. Only one in 50 women who have been raped reports the crime to the police.
Although both women and men may be victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking, women are the victims of the vast majority of these crimes. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, more than 85% of violent victimizations by intimate partners between 1993 and 1998 were perpetrated against women. Women are between 13 and 14 times more likely than men to be raped or sexually assaulted; for instance, in 1994, 93% of sexual assaults were perpetrated against women. Four of five stalking victims are women. Data on male victimization do not show that males experience comparable victimizations and injury levels, do not account for women who act in self defense, and do not measure financial control, intimidation, and isolation used by perpetrators of domestic violence against women.
The gender issue is foremost in sexual assault issues, and is usually background in general victimization. The unique cultural bias and shaming that accompanies rape cases needs its own focused opposition. The history of rape law is a history of the law used as a tool to protect rapists, rather than the raped. The anti-rape movement confronts, as it must, the cultural myths that uniquely exist in the context of rape. Manipulation of these myths, along with humiliation and victim blaming, are typical informal defenses to rape charges. Blaming victims in rape cases may be an effective means to secure acquittal. In contrast, blaming a robbery victim is typically ineffective because robbery is unaccompanied by the same pernicious cultural myths. The nature of stigma and abuse in rape cases is profound and unique, a criminal process that mistreats and excludes other types of victims also inflicts secondary victimization.
In 2002, there were 247,730 victims of rape, attempted rape or sexual assault. One out of every six American women have been the victims of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime (14.8% completed rape; 2.8% attempted rape). A total of 17.7 million women have been victims of these crimes. In 2002, one in every eight rape victims were male. 93% of juvenile sexual assault victims knew their attacker; 34.2% were family members and 58.7% acquaintances. Only seven percent of the perpetrators were strangers to the victim.
One of the most startling aspects of sex crimes is how many go unreported. The most common reasons given by victims for not reporting these crimes are the belief that it is a private or personal matter and that they fear reprisal from the assailant.
• In 2001, only 39% of rapes and sexual assaults were reported to law enforcement officials — about one in every three. [1999 NCVS]
• Approximately 66% of rape victims know their assailant.
• Approximately 48% of victims are raped by a friend or acquaintance; 30% by a stranger; 16% by an intimate; 2% by another relative; and in 4% of cases the relationship is unknown.
• About four out of ten sexual assaults take place at the victim’s own home. More than half of all rape/sexual assault incidents were reported by victims to have occurred within one mile of their home or at their home.
• In one study, 98% of males who raped boys reported that they were heterosexual.
• Rapists are more likely to be serial criminals than serial rapists. In one study, 46% of rapists who were released from prison were rearrested within 3 years of their release for another crime -- 18.6% for a violent offense, 14.8% for a property offense, 11.2% for a drug offense and 20.5% for a public-order offense.
• 61% of rapes/sexual assaults are not reported to the police. Those rapists, of course, never serve a day in prison.
So, even in the 39% of attacks that are reported to police, there is onl
Hall_Elizabeth_Unit_Two_Written_assignment[1]Elizabeth Hall
This document discusses victim typologies in relation to hate crimes. It provides background on hate crime laws and data collection in the US. It summarizes a five-category typology of victimization developed by Sellin and Wolfgang, including primary, secondary, tertiary, mutual, and no victimization. Hate crimes involve primary victimization, targeting individuals for their race, religion, or other attributes. While polls showed improving race relations after Obama's election, data from the Uniform Crime Report shows hate crime rates have actually been decreasing since 1996.
Research on the reasons behind wrongful convictions in the United States as well as recommendations for decreasing the number of wrongful convictions that occur annually
Serial murder investigations are complex due to the crimes crossing multiple jurisdictions. Reactive policing through routine patrols and case investigations is often not enough to catch serial killers, who plan their crimes carefully. Investigations now use proactive approaches including databases to share information between law enforcement agencies. An FBI symposium discussed best practices for serial murder investigations, emphasizing the importance of communication, task force organization, and using analytical tools and behavioral profiling.
Examines the myths surrounding the conviction of innocent people for crimes they did not commit, and suggests ways to protect yourself and your family from becoming victims of a broken justice system.
The document discusses several factors that can contribute to wrongful convictions in criminal justice systems, including human errors, systemic biases, pressure from the media and public, flaws in the adversarial system, tunnel vision in investigations, unreliable eyewitness identifications and interrogations, issues with expert witnesses and informants, prosecutorial misconduct, and inadequate defense counsel. It also notes that wrongful convictions harm not just the convicted person but also the original victims and their families as well as the wider community. Appellate remedies on their own are often limited in addressing wrongful convictions.
This document discusses the nature vs. nurture debate around what facilitates male sexual serial murder. It suggests that most researchers believe both genetics and environment during development are factors. Childhood experiences like abuse, isolation, and lack of healthy relationships cause social difficulties and distorted views of relationships and sex. These early experiences interact with predispositions and result in fantasies of violence and revenge emerging during teenage years. By adulthood, failure to achieve needs for power and sex drive some to turn these fantasies into reality through murder. Overall, the document concludes that while genetics play a role, the true facilitators lie more in the negative nurturing environments and experiences during formative years that leave serial killers unable to cope with emotions and society.
Unit 9 Hall Elizabeth Social Construction EssayElizabeth Hall
This document discusses several social construction theories that are used in criminology to understand criminal behavior such as serial killing. It outlines social structure theory, including social disorganization theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance theory. It also discusses social class theory, social process theory, including social learning theory and neutralization theory. Additionally, it summarizes social control theory and labeling theory. For each theory, it provides examples of how the theory may be applied to understanding the behaviors of specific serial killers.
Wrongful convictions can occur due to errors in the criminal justice system. The top causes of wrongful convictions are eyewitness misidentification, unreliable forensic evidence, false confessions, and untrustworthy informant testimony. In the 1970s and 1980s, the development of DNA testing revealed that innocent people had been wrongly convicted. This led to the formation of innocence projects and reforms to reduce errors. Exonerations have increased in recent years as more resources are devoted to investigating wrongful conviction claims.
Wrongful convictions are a serious problem, with an estimated 200,000 innocent people imprisoned in the US at any given time. The two main causes of wrongful conviction are eyewitness misidentification and false confessions. Eyewitnesses often get significant details wrong in their identification of a perpetrator, and police identification techniques can skew the process. False confessions are also a major issue, sometimes resulting from psychological interrogation methods or even physical torture. Solutions proposed include videotaping interrogations and eyewitness identifications to avoid improper influences, as well as better training police to understand the risks of wrongful conviction.
This document discusses rape culture and its implications for counselling. It defines rape culture as a society that encourages sexual violence and sees it as normal. Some key points:
- 1 in 4 women will be raped in their lifetime. Most victims are female while most perpetrators are male. Very few sexual assaults are reported.
- The Stanford rape case shows elements of rape culture through victim blaming statements and the lenient sentence.
- Rape myths minimize sexual violence and blame victims. Counsellors must understand how to help both victims and perpetrators while challenging the normalization of sexual violence.
- Studies on rape myth acceptance can help evaluate rape culture's influence but it is deeply ingrained in society across
Gangs and the Military presentation at the Northwest Gang Investigators Association, Missoula, Montana. October 2007 by Al Valdez, Ph.D. University of California - Irvine & Carter F. Smith, J. D., Austin Peay State University
Hall Elizabeth Unit Four Globalization Of Serial MurderElizabeth Hall
This document discusses the globalization of serial murder and investigative techniques used to solve these crimes across international borders. It notes that serial murder is a global problem, not just an issue in the United States. Both the FBI and Interpol recognize the importance of international cooperation and sharing information across jurisdictions. The document examines the cases of Andrei Chikatilo from Russia and Pedro Lopez to illustrate foreign investigations and how they compare to techniques deemed successful by the FBI. It also notes how perceptions of and approaches to serial murder vary between countries depending on local customs, cultures, and available technology.
A miscarriage of justice refers to the conviction and punishment of an innocent person for a crime they did not commit. Causes of miscarriages of justice include coerced guilty pleas, biased investigations, fabricated evidence, and prejudiced courts. Forensic science involves the study and analysis of physical evidence from crime scenes, such as DNA, fingerprints, and trace evidence, to help solve crimes and prevent future injustices.
EMS- Strangulation Trauma in Domestic ViolenceRobert Cole
This is a CE article for my service, very well received, looking at Strangulation trauma of the type seen in domestic VIolence. It covers patho-physiology, incidence, documentation, recognition, treatment, and much more.
Victims of crime face significant costs and hardships including economic losses, psychological stress, increased risk of antisocial behavior, and system abuse. Crime victims experience post-traumatic stress, lowered self-esteem, and fear of repeat attacks. They are also more likely to commit crimes themselves due to the cycle of violence. Government and community programs aim to support victims and protect their rights through victim compensation, advocacy services, and self-protection measures.
Hall Elizabeth Unit Two Written AssignmentElizabeth Hall
The document discusses victim typologies in relation to hate crimes. It analyzes data from the Uniform Crime Report that shows hate crime rates have actually been decreasing since 1996, despite perceptions influenced by media coverage. The reality is the hate crime rate per 100,000 people was 3.92 in 1996 and had dropped to 2.89 by 2008. However, media portrayals of events and polls can influence public opinion and perceptions of race relations independent of actual crime data trends.
This document summarizes a study on the experiences of male intimate partners of female rape victims in Cape Town, South Africa. It discusses the high rates of rape in South Africa and reviews literature on the impact of rape on intimate partners. The study involved interviews with 9 male partners over 6 months. It identified 4 stages they progressed through: trauma awareness, crisis, adjustment, and reorganization. It also identified 2 core themes - being a secondary victim and living in multiple worlds. In the initial trauma awareness stage, partners experienced shock, disbelief, feelings of vulnerability and violation. They felt guilt and anger. Over time most partners evolved from secondary victims to survivors.
The document summarizes the key events surrounding the Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court case in 1966. It describes how Ernesto Miranda was arrested and interrogated by police for the kidnapping and rape of Patricia Weir without being informed of his rights. During the interrogation, Miranda signed a written confession. He was later convicted based partly on this confession but appealed, arguing his constitutional rights had been violated since he confessed without legal counsel present and was not informed of his right to remain silent. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled 5-4 in favor of Miranda, establishing that confessions obtained from suspects who were not informed of their rights could not be admissible in court. This established the Miranda rights and warning that have since been required before
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Survey of accountability, trust, consent, tracking, security and privacy mech...Karlos Svoboda
This survey examines accountability, trust, consent, tracking, security and privacy mechanisms used by online service providers. It analyzed these features at various private and public organizations through anonymous online surveys and desk research. While practices vary, some trends emerged. Many organizations lack coherent privacy strategies and request guidance on privacy impact assessments. Commercial companies aim to balance privacy and marketing goals, but assurance of long-term anonymous data storage needs improvement. Overall more awareness of privacy concepts is needed to maintain user trust in EU online services.
Emotional Multi-Agents System for Peer to peer E-LearningKarlos Svoboda
The document describes EMASPEL, an emotional multi-agent system for peer-to-peer e-learning. The system uses multiple agent types, including interface agents, emotional agents, curriculum agents, tutor agents, and emotional embodied conversational agents. Emotional agents analyze learners' facial expressions to recognize emotions, while embodied conversational agents express emotions through facial animations. Together this allows the system to personalize instruction based on learners' cognitive and emotional states.
This document provides guidance and mantras for targeted individuals struggling with organized harassment. It discusses developing personal mantras to maintain one's core beliefs and sense of control against manipulative mind games. Health advice includes eating antioxidants, exercise, and avoiding psychiatrists when possible. The document also warns against negative thoughts, induced dreams, and sleep deprivation, providing strategies like meditation, nutrition and activity to cope. The overall message is to not give in to the harassment and take charge of one's thoughts and sanity through empowering mantras.
Bag of Pursuits and Neural Gas for Improved Sparse CodinKarlos Svoboda
This document proposes a new method called Bag of Pursuits and Neural Gas for learning overcomplete dictionaries from sparse data representations. It improves upon existing methods like MOD and K-SVD by employing a "bag of pursuits" approach that considers multiple sparse coding approximations for each data point, rather than just the optimal one. This allows the use of a generalized Neural Gas algorithm to learn the dictionary in a soft-competitive manner, leading to better performance even with less sparse representations. The bag of pursuits extends orthogonal matching pursuit to retrieve not just the single best sparse code but an approximate set of the top sparse codes for each point.
Vint big data research privacy technology and the lawKarlos Svoboda
This document discusses privacy issues related to big data. It begins by describing how organizations use big data to target customers for marketing purposes, but often do so without transparency around what customer data is being collected and how it is used. This can undermine customer trust and privacy. The document advocates for transparency, choice, and an approach called "Privacy by Design" to help address privacy concerns while enabling the benefits of big data. It also examines the complex legal and technical challenges around privacy as data practices continue to evolve rapidly. The overall goal is to develop solutions that respect individual privacy and allow both individuals and organizations to benefit from big data.
Caat box of rabbit with the tata box of cattle,buffalo camel and ratKarlos Svoboda
The document summarizes a study that characterized the promoter region of the ovine αS1-casein gene. Key findings include:
1) The ovine αS1-casein gene promoter sequence was 2185 bp long and showed many differences compared to the bovine sequence, including deletions, substitutions, and a 12 bp addition.
2) Computational analysis identified various regulatory elements in the promoter region, including hormone responsive elements and mammary gland-specific transcription factor binding sites.
3) Comparison with other species showed the ovine sequence had high homology to goat and bovine αS1-casein gene promoters.
Human Performance Human Performance Human PerformanceKarlos Svoboda
This document summarizes a report on the potential for adversaries to exploit advances in human performance modification and create threats to national security. It evaluates the present capabilities in areas like pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement and brain-computer interfaces, and considers how future developments could be used. Key areas discussed include the effects of sleep deprivation on military effectiveness, brain plasticity and new neuropharmaceuticals, and non-invasive and invasive brain-computer interfaces. The report provides findings and recommendations for monitoring these fields and maintaining expertise to evaluate potential threats.
Unit 7 Critical Issues in Domestic ViolenceBonnie Black
This document provides an overview of issues related to stalking and domestic violence. It begins by explaining the link between stalking and domestic violence, noting that stalking often occurs when a domestic violence victim leaves the relationship and can increase the risk of homicide. It then describes stalking dynamics, including definitions, prevalence, dangers, victim and stalker demographics. The document emphasizes the importance of victim-law enforcement collaboration to build evidence and ensure victim safety. It also covers teen dating violence prevention and legal developments regarding domestic violence.
Learning Unit 7: Stalking and D.V.-CRJ 461Bonnie Black
The document discusses the relationship between stalking and domestic violence, describing stalking as a course of conduct that places the victim in fear. It notes that stalking often occurs when a domestic violence victim leaves the relationship, and can increase the risk of homicide. The document summarizes that most stalking victims are women stalked by someone they know, such as a former intimate partner, and that stalking victims play an important role in building evidence for law enforcement cases by documenting stalking incidents.
Unit 9 Hall Elizabeth Social Construction EssayElizabeth Hall
This document discusses several social construction theories that are used in criminology to understand criminal behavior such as serial killing. It outlines social structure theory, including social disorganization theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance theory. It also discusses social class theory, social process theory, including social learning theory and neutralization theory. Additionally, it summarizes social control theory and labeling theory. For each theory, it provides examples of how the theory may be applied to understanding the behaviors of specific serial killers.
Wrongful convictions can occur due to errors in the criminal justice system. The top causes of wrongful convictions are eyewitness misidentification, unreliable forensic evidence, false confessions, and untrustworthy informant testimony. In the 1970s and 1980s, the development of DNA testing revealed that innocent people had been wrongly convicted. This led to the formation of innocence projects and reforms to reduce errors. Exonerations have increased in recent years as more resources are devoted to investigating wrongful conviction claims.
Wrongful convictions are a serious problem, with an estimated 200,000 innocent people imprisoned in the US at any given time. The two main causes of wrongful conviction are eyewitness misidentification and false confessions. Eyewitnesses often get significant details wrong in their identification of a perpetrator, and police identification techniques can skew the process. False confessions are also a major issue, sometimes resulting from psychological interrogation methods or even physical torture. Solutions proposed include videotaping interrogations and eyewitness identifications to avoid improper influences, as well as better training police to understand the risks of wrongful conviction.
This document discusses rape culture and its implications for counselling. It defines rape culture as a society that encourages sexual violence and sees it as normal. Some key points:
- 1 in 4 women will be raped in their lifetime. Most victims are female while most perpetrators are male. Very few sexual assaults are reported.
- The Stanford rape case shows elements of rape culture through victim blaming statements and the lenient sentence.
- Rape myths minimize sexual violence and blame victims. Counsellors must understand how to help both victims and perpetrators while challenging the normalization of sexual violence.
- Studies on rape myth acceptance can help evaluate rape culture's influence but it is deeply ingrained in society across
Gangs and the Military presentation at the Northwest Gang Investigators Association, Missoula, Montana. October 2007 by Al Valdez, Ph.D. University of California - Irvine & Carter F. Smith, J. D., Austin Peay State University
Hall Elizabeth Unit Four Globalization Of Serial MurderElizabeth Hall
This document discusses the globalization of serial murder and investigative techniques used to solve these crimes across international borders. It notes that serial murder is a global problem, not just an issue in the United States. Both the FBI and Interpol recognize the importance of international cooperation and sharing information across jurisdictions. The document examines the cases of Andrei Chikatilo from Russia and Pedro Lopez to illustrate foreign investigations and how they compare to techniques deemed successful by the FBI. It also notes how perceptions of and approaches to serial murder vary between countries depending on local customs, cultures, and available technology.
A miscarriage of justice refers to the conviction and punishment of an innocent person for a crime they did not commit. Causes of miscarriages of justice include coerced guilty pleas, biased investigations, fabricated evidence, and prejudiced courts. Forensic science involves the study and analysis of physical evidence from crime scenes, such as DNA, fingerprints, and trace evidence, to help solve crimes and prevent future injustices.
EMS- Strangulation Trauma in Domestic ViolenceRobert Cole
This is a CE article for my service, very well received, looking at Strangulation trauma of the type seen in domestic VIolence. It covers patho-physiology, incidence, documentation, recognition, treatment, and much more.
Victims of crime face significant costs and hardships including economic losses, psychological stress, increased risk of antisocial behavior, and system abuse. Crime victims experience post-traumatic stress, lowered self-esteem, and fear of repeat attacks. They are also more likely to commit crimes themselves due to the cycle of violence. Government and community programs aim to support victims and protect their rights through victim compensation, advocacy services, and self-protection measures.
Hall Elizabeth Unit Two Written AssignmentElizabeth Hall
The document discusses victim typologies in relation to hate crimes. It analyzes data from the Uniform Crime Report that shows hate crime rates have actually been decreasing since 1996, despite perceptions influenced by media coverage. The reality is the hate crime rate per 100,000 people was 3.92 in 1996 and had dropped to 2.89 by 2008. However, media portrayals of events and polls can influence public opinion and perceptions of race relations independent of actual crime data trends.
This document summarizes a study on the experiences of male intimate partners of female rape victims in Cape Town, South Africa. It discusses the high rates of rape in South Africa and reviews literature on the impact of rape on intimate partners. The study involved interviews with 9 male partners over 6 months. It identified 4 stages they progressed through: trauma awareness, crisis, adjustment, and reorganization. It also identified 2 core themes - being a secondary victim and living in multiple worlds. In the initial trauma awareness stage, partners experienced shock, disbelief, feelings of vulnerability and violation. They felt guilt and anger. Over time most partners evolved from secondary victims to survivors.
The document summarizes the key events surrounding the Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court case in 1966. It describes how Ernesto Miranda was arrested and interrogated by police for the kidnapping and rape of Patricia Weir without being informed of his rights. During the interrogation, Miranda signed a written confession. He was later convicted based partly on this confession but appealed, arguing his constitutional rights had been violated since he confessed without legal counsel present and was not informed of his right to remain silent. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled 5-4 in favor of Miranda, establishing that confessions obtained from suspects who were not informed of their rights could not be admissible in court. This established the Miranda rights and warning that have since been required before
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Survey of accountability, trust, consent, tracking, security and privacy mech...Karlos Svoboda
This survey examines accountability, trust, consent, tracking, security and privacy mechanisms used by online service providers. It analyzed these features at various private and public organizations through anonymous online surveys and desk research. While practices vary, some trends emerged. Many organizations lack coherent privacy strategies and request guidance on privacy impact assessments. Commercial companies aim to balance privacy and marketing goals, but assurance of long-term anonymous data storage needs improvement. Overall more awareness of privacy concepts is needed to maintain user trust in EU online services.
Emotional Multi-Agents System for Peer to peer E-LearningKarlos Svoboda
The document describes EMASPEL, an emotional multi-agent system for peer-to-peer e-learning. The system uses multiple agent types, including interface agents, emotional agents, curriculum agents, tutor agents, and emotional embodied conversational agents. Emotional agents analyze learners' facial expressions to recognize emotions, while embodied conversational agents express emotions through facial animations. Together this allows the system to personalize instruction based on learners' cognitive and emotional states.
This document provides guidance and mantras for targeted individuals struggling with organized harassment. It discusses developing personal mantras to maintain one's core beliefs and sense of control against manipulative mind games. Health advice includes eating antioxidants, exercise, and avoiding psychiatrists when possible. The document also warns against negative thoughts, induced dreams, and sleep deprivation, providing strategies like meditation, nutrition and activity to cope. The overall message is to not give in to the harassment and take charge of one's thoughts and sanity through empowering mantras.
Bag of Pursuits and Neural Gas for Improved Sparse CodinKarlos Svoboda
This document proposes a new method called Bag of Pursuits and Neural Gas for learning overcomplete dictionaries from sparse data representations. It improves upon existing methods like MOD and K-SVD by employing a "bag of pursuits" approach that considers multiple sparse coding approximations for each data point, rather than just the optimal one. This allows the use of a generalized Neural Gas algorithm to learn the dictionary in a soft-competitive manner, leading to better performance even with less sparse representations. The bag of pursuits extends orthogonal matching pursuit to retrieve not just the single best sparse code but an approximate set of the top sparse codes for each point.
Vint big data research privacy technology and the lawKarlos Svoboda
This document discusses privacy issues related to big data. It begins by describing how organizations use big data to target customers for marketing purposes, but often do so without transparency around what customer data is being collected and how it is used. This can undermine customer trust and privacy. The document advocates for transparency, choice, and an approach called "Privacy by Design" to help address privacy concerns while enabling the benefits of big data. It also examines the complex legal and technical challenges around privacy as data practices continue to evolve rapidly. The overall goal is to develop solutions that respect individual privacy and allow both individuals and organizations to benefit from big data.
Caat box of rabbit with the tata box of cattle,buffalo camel and ratKarlos Svoboda
The document summarizes a study that characterized the promoter region of the ovine αS1-casein gene. Key findings include:
1) The ovine αS1-casein gene promoter sequence was 2185 bp long and showed many differences compared to the bovine sequence, including deletions, substitutions, and a 12 bp addition.
2) Computational analysis identified various regulatory elements in the promoter region, including hormone responsive elements and mammary gland-specific transcription factor binding sites.
3) Comparison with other species showed the ovine sequence had high homology to goat and bovine αS1-casein gene promoters.
Human Performance Human Performance Human PerformanceKarlos Svoboda
This document summarizes a report on the potential for adversaries to exploit advances in human performance modification and create threats to national security. It evaluates the present capabilities in areas like pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement and brain-computer interfaces, and considers how future developments could be used. Key areas discussed include the effects of sleep deprivation on military effectiveness, brain plasticity and new neuropharmaceuticals, and non-invasive and invasive brain-computer interfaces. The report provides findings and recommendations for monitoring these fields and maintaining expertise to evaluate potential threats.
Unit 7 Critical Issues in Domestic ViolenceBonnie Black
This document provides an overview of issues related to stalking and domestic violence. It begins by explaining the link between stalking and domestic violence, noting that stalking often occurs when a domestic violence victim leaves the relationship and can increase the risk of homicide. It then describes stalking dynamics, including definitions, prevalence, dangers, victim and stalker demographics. The document emphasizes the importance of victim-law enforcement collaboration to build evidence and ensure victim safety. It also covers teen dating violence prevention and legal developments regarding domestic violence.
Learning Unit 7: Stalking and D.V.-CRJ 461Bonnie Black
The document discusses the relationship between stalking and domestic violence, describing stalking as a course of conduct that places the victim in fear. It notes that stalking often occurs when a domestic violence victim leaves the relationship, and can increase the risk of homicide. The document summarizes that most stalking victims are women stalked by someone they know, such as a former intimate partner, and that stalking victims play an important role in building evidence for law enforcement cases by documenting stalking incidents.
Research Review The Impact of DomesticViolence on Children.docxdebishakespeare
Research Review: The Impact of Domestic
Violence on Children
Dr John Devaney1
Summary: This paper reviews the research on the prevalence and impact of
domestic violence on children, and considers how professionals should respond to
children’s needs to best provide support and ensure their safety.
Keywords: domestic violence, impact on children, child abuse, coping mechanisms,
brain development, toxic stress, interventions, child protection.
Introduction
Domestic violence is a significant problem for those whose life is affected
by this issue, the social, health and criminal justice agencies that respond
to it, and wider society that must bear the costs. Whilst domestic violence
is not a new phenomenon, the past thirty years has seen increas-
ing public awareness and a growing political consensus that something
needs to be done, even if what should be done is less clear (Holt and
Devaney, 2015). Over time our understanding about the presentation,
dynamics and impact of domestic violence has developed, resulting in the
need to define what is it that society needs to tackle. This, however, has
not been a trouble free endeavour, with definitions and understanding of
violence varying across research studies, regions and cultural settings
(European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2014). In Northern
Ireland domestic violence (also referred to as domestic abuse or intimate
partner violence in the literature) has been defined as:
Threatening, controlling, coercive behaviour, violence or abuse
(psychological, physical, verbal, sexual, financial or emotional) inflicted
79
IRISH PROBATION JOURNAL Volume 12, October 2015
1 John Devaney, PhD. is a senior lecturer in social work in the School of Sociology, Social Policy
and Social Work at Queen’s University Belfast. Email [email protected]
IPJ Vol 12cl revised_IPJ 21/09/2015 15:10 Page 79
on anyone (irrespective of age, ethnicity, religion, gender or sexual
orientation) by a current or former intimate partner or family member.
(Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety and
Department of Justice, 2013)
In a British Crime Survey it was reported that half of those who suffered
domestic violence in the previous year were living with a child aged
sixteen years or younger (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). Within the United
Kingdom it is estimated that up to one million children have been
exposed to domestic violence (UNICEF, 2006). Yet in spite of these
stark statistics there has been, until recently, a systemic failure by public
agencies to appreciate that the presence of domestic violence should be
an indicator of the importance of assessing the needs of children to both
support and protection when living in the same household as the victim.
This article seeks to summarise the key messages from the research
literature on the prevalence and impact of domestic violence on children,
and to draw some conclusions about how professionals should respond
to children’s needs for safety and suppo ...
R A P E V I C T I M S A R E A C L A S S O F P E R S O N S O F T E N D...MedicalWhistleblower
Every two minutes, somewhere in America, someone is sexually assaulted. 1, 2 One out of every six American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in her lifetime. 3 Only one in 50 women who have been raped reports the crime to the police.4
Although both women and men may be victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking, women are the victims of the vast majority of these crimes. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, more than 85% of violent victimizations by intimate partners between 1993 and 1998 were perpetrated against women. Women are between 13 and 14 times more likely than men to be raped or sexually assaulted; for instance, in 1994, 93% of sexual assaults were perpetrated against women. Four of five stalking victims are women.
Sexual violence occurs throughout the world Available data suggest
that in some countries nearly one in four women may experience
sexual violence by an intimate partner and up to one third of
adolescent girls report their first sexual experience as being forced
Sexual violence has a profound impact on physical and mental health
As well as causing physical injury, it is associated with an increased
risk of a range of sexual and reproductive health problems, with both
immediate and long term consequences
This document summarizes research on child sexual abuse across cultures. It begins by reviewing prevalence studies from around the world that show rates of child sexual abuse ranging from 7-36% for females and 3-29% for males. A few exceptions outside these ranges are noted from studies among Native Canadians, South Africans, and Malaysians. The document then provides a more detailed review of recent prevalence studies and report data on child sexual abuse in various world regions, including the Americas, Western Europe, Central and South America, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Pacific. The goal is to broaden understanding of child sexual abuse beyond Western cultures and address this issue inclusively across all societies.
Very few of us know that 73% of the rape victims know the rapists. Moreover, 40% of rapes happen at victim’s home and 20% occur in the homes of familiar people.
It turned out that most of us have no idea about the effective precautions needed to protect ourselves from the traumatic experience, because we expect danger from a wrong source. A widespread belief is that one should expect a rapist to sit in the bushes in the park late at night, while the reality is different.
My colleague Paulina Grzelak and I were astonished while exploring this topic, as we were quite oblivious to the real situation as well. Therefore, we decided to make a small questionnaire and ask people what they think about rape.
This presentation begins with the analysis of what makes a person become a rapist, which is followed by the comparison of the results of the questionnaire with real data.
I would be grateful if you shared this presentation as many people need this knowledge.
I also want to add that most figures we present come from the States where definition of rape and social situation may differ from ours. Hence, comparing data from the U.S. with opinions from Poland and Ukraine may seem improper. For instance, being forced into sexual contact by husband may not even be recognized as rape in Ukraine, “because it’s his natural right”. And even if a wife admits this fact, social welfare system (which does not exist here, let’s face it) leaves her no option apart from remaining silent, while in the U.S. rape victims are less dependent on family members. Therefore, one has to approach the statistics carefully. Still, we believe that using American data can be justified by the fact that they explore the subject more than any other country.
The document is an internship report submitted by Sonal Jaiswal to the Human Rights Commission in Lucknow, India on domestic violence. It includes an acknowledgement, index, and introduction on domestic violence. The main sections analyze definitions of domestic violence, the cycle of violence, statistics on domestic violence globally and in various countries, different forms of domestic violence (physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, economic), causes of domestic violence, landmark judgments, relevant laws, and international laws on domestic violence.
Assessment and Reporting of child sexual abuse in elementery schoolKaroline Khamis
The document discusses definitions, statistics, and protocols related to sexual assault and domestic violence. It defines sexual assault and battery according to Nevada law and provides statistics on the prevalence of these crimes. The effects on victims and importance of trauma-informed practices and victim-centered responses are covered. Mandated reporting procedures and collaboration with community partners are also outlined.
Victimology is the study of victims and patterns of victimization. Certain groups are more likely to experience victimization based on factors like age, gender, race, and lifestyle. Younger individuals between 12-24 and males experience higher rates of victimization overall. Females are more likely to be victimized by someone they know, while males are equally likely to be victimized by strangers or acquaintances. Blacks, Native Americans, and Hispanics also experience higher rates of victimization than whites. Victim-precipitation and lifestyle theories suggest that victimization is influenced by a victim's behaviors and routines that increase contact with motivated offenders in the absence of a capable guardian against crime.
This document discusses stalking awareness and provides information about stalking. It defines stalking and provides statistics about how common it is, particularly among younger people and women. The majority of stalking is done by someone known to the victim, often a current or former intimate partner. Stalking can have severe negative impacts on victims' mental health, safety, and employment. The document recommends actions for victims of stalking and provides resources for support.
This document provides information about child abuse and neglect in Arizona. It discusses the different types of child maltreatment including physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, and exploitation. It also outlines the results of abuse, details on child victims in Arizona in 2009, common perpetrators, and requirements for reporting abuse or neglect. Key statistics include over 32,000 screened in reports and 30 child fatalities in Arizona that year. The document emphasizes that certain professionals and individuals who have contact with children are required by law to report any reasonable suspicions of abuse or neglect.
This document discusses facts and statistics about the incidence and prevalence of sexual assault in the United States. It finds that the actual rate of sexual assault is 10 to 15 times greater than reported statistics, with studies showing that 24% of women have experienced sexual assault. Most sexual assaults are perpetrated by someone known to the victim, such as a date or acquaintance, rather than a stranger. Acquaintance rapes are less likely to be reported to police compared to stranger rapes. The document examines statistics from various studies and surveys on sexual assault.
This document provides information about sex offenders and discusses ways to reduce risk and promote rehabilitation. It notes that not all sex offenders are predators or child molesters, and that treatment can significantly reduce recidivism rates. While some laws target the small percentage of dangerous offenders, they affect all cases. The document encourages establishing boundaries, acknowledging the possibility of change, understanding recidivism risks, and allowing the church to help rehabilitate offenders through trained policies and procedures. The overall message is one of pursuing balanced policies and rehabilitation over fear and punishment alone.
The document discusses three main types of victimized juvenile delinquents: bully victims who engage in violence due to past victimization, property delinquent victims more closely associated with property crimes, and delinquent sex victims who experienced past sexual victimization and engage in above average delinquency. Victimized children tend to be more prone to delinquent behavior compared to non-victimized children, and those who experienced indirect victimization as juveniles may be more likely to experience victimization as adults. The apparent correlation between various types of past victimization and subsequent delinquent acts is explored.
MSUM's 2nd Annual Walk A Mile In Her Shoes® - Rape & Abuse SignsMSUM Dragon Athletics
Walk a Mile in Her Shoes® is a International Men’s March to Stop Rape, Sexual Assault & Gender Violence. This will be the second year the All-American has lead this event. The event is on Sunday, March 25 in the CMU Main Lounge and Ballroom, and all members of the Fargo-Moorhead community are welcomed.
During the walk, women and men together will walk a mile around the campus of MSUM. Men will be given the opportunity to wear high heels to signify putting yourself in her shoes.
Last year’s event was a huge succes and all the Dragon teams had players that participated. Again this year student-athletes will be in attendance for the event, and you really should see a men’s basketball center in six inch heels.
This document summarizes a research paper on the victim impact of wrongful convictions in the Texas criminal justice system. It provides background on the number of exonerations in Texas since 1989, which has been the leading state in the US for exonerations. The causes of wrongful convictions discussed include eyewitness misidentification, false confessions, misleading forensic evidence, and official misconduct. The consequences for those exonerated are then examined, such as difficulties reintegrating into society after long incarceration, as well as challenges obtaining parole and assistance upon release. Two specific wrongful conviction cases from Texas, known as the San Antonio Four case, are also summarized to illustrate examples of injustices that can occur.
This document summarizes information about victimization from a criminology course. It discusses the social ecology and characteristics of victimizations, as well as theories of victimization. The key points are:
1) Victimization risk varies based on location (e.g. public vs. private), gender, age, social status, and other demographic factors.
2) Theories of victimization like lifestyle theory and routine activities theory suggest victimization risk increases through behaviors like frequenting risky locations, having valuable possessions, and lacking capable guardians.
3) Victimization can cause economic losses, suffering, stress, PTSD and increased risk of anti-social behavior in victims.
This study analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 1,143 individuals ages 16-22 to examine patterns of sexual violence perpetration over time. Three key profiles of perpetration were identified for both younger (16-18) and older (19+) age groups: 1) a high perpetration profile with a high probability of sexual harassment, rape, coercive sex, and sexual assault; 2) a middle perpetration profile with a high probability of sexual harassment; and 3) a low perpetration profile with low probabilities of any perpetration. While most individuals remained stable in their perpetration profiles over time, some escalated or reduced their perpetration behaviors. Few gender differences were found except that males ages 16-18 were more
Human abilities such as vision, hearing, strength and mobility are extremely limited and obsolete without tools. Various machines and technologies have surpassed and continue to surpass human capabilities in many areas. Robotic systems can see better over longer distances, hear a wider range of frequencies, lift far greater weights, move faster and with more endurance than humans. While humans invented sophisticated tools, those tools are now transforming what it means to be human as society relies on machines for most tasks.
Existential Risk Prevention as Global PriorityKarlos Svoboda
This document discusses existential risk, which is defined as risks that could cause human extinction or permanently and drastically curtail the potential of humanity. The author makes the case that existential risk reduction should be a top global priority for the following reasons:
1) Even small reductions in existential risk have enormous expected value due to the astronomical potential for future human life and development.
2) The largest existential risks are anthropogenic and linked to potential future technologies like advanced biotech, nanotech, and AI.
3) A moral argument can be made that existential risk reduction is more important than any other global issue due to the infinite value of the future of humanity.
4) Efforts should
Brain computer interaction and medical access to the brainKarlos Svoboda
This paper discusses current clinical applications and possible future uses of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) as a means for communication, motor control and entertainment. After giving a brief account of the various approaches to direct brain-computer interaction, the paper will address individual, social and ethical implications of BCI technology to extract signals from the brain.
These include reflections on medical and psychosocial benefits and risks, user control, informed consent, autonomy and privacy as well as ethical and social issues implicated in putative future developments with focus on human self-understanding and the idea of man. BCI use which involves direct interrelation and mutual interdependence between human brains and technical
devices raises anthropological questions concerning self-perception and the technicalization of the human body.
A rights based model of governance - the case of human enhancementKarlos Svoboda
The current development of technology and scientificresearch may give rise to several
applications on human beings. In this context, emerging technologies can further foster
the applications on human beings and pave the way for new and incisive research towards human enhancement (HE).
2
Thanks to emerging technologies, HE can be more
effective and represent a concrete challenge for present societies, also in Europe. Scientists of the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, for instance, recently created a brain-synthesized estrogen that influences the synaptic structure,
function and cognitive processes by augmenting the networks among neurons (Svrivastava et al. 2010). Thus it could be a case of future brain-doping.
Ethics of security and surveillance technologies opinion 28Karlos Svoboda
This document discusses the ethics of security and surveillance technologies in the European Union. It summarizes numerous EU directives, regulations, communications and proposals related to data protection, communications surveillance, aviation security, border control, and law enforcement. It establishes the EGE's role in advising the EU on these issues and ensuring technologies respect fundamental rights and ethics.
Ethical aspect of ICT Implants in the Human bodyKarlos Svoboda
The document discusses ethical aspects of implanting information and communication technology (ICT) devices in the human body. It summarizes Opinion No. 20 issued by the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies, which examines the ethical issues arising from ICT implants. The opinion addresses concerns regarding threats to human dignity, autonomy and privacy from implants that can permanently track individuals or remotely change the information contained. It notes some implants require special precaution due to risks of being difficult to remove, influencing psychic functions, or enabling social surveillance and manipulation.
Emerging Technoethics of Human Interaction with Communication, Bionic and Rob...Karlos Svoboda
AHS may be that f... system
In this deliverable, the protection and promotion of human rights is explored in connection with various case-studies in robotics, bionics, and AI agent technologies. This is done along various dimensions, prominently including human dignity, autonomy, responsibility, privacy,liberty, fairness, justice, and personal identity.
Ethical case-studies in robotics concern learning robots, unmanned combat air vehicles,robot companions, surgery robots, and a robotic street cleaning system. Case-studies illustrating current developments of the field with imminent potential applications comprise the robotic street cleaning system, surgery robots, and the unmanned air vehicles. Robots making extensive use of learning capabilities and robots acting as companions to human
beings represent somewhat more distant possibilities, enabling one to connect in meaningful ways an analysis of short-term ethical issues in robotics with a pro-active interest in longterm ethical issues.
The bionics case-studies considered here concern specific kinds of implants in the human body, investing the human peripheral or central nervous system, and other kinds of noninvasive brain-computer interfaces. These case-studies are closely related to the robotics case-studies, insofar as these bionic technologies enable one to connect to and often control robotic effectors and sensors. Ethical issues examined in connection with these technologies concern both a short-term perspective, mostly arising from their therapeutic uses, and a longterm perspective, mostly arising from the possibility of extending communication, control, cognitive, and perceptual capabilities of both disabled and non-disabled individuals.
This networking of humans with both robotic and computer-based information systems motivates the inclusion of a case-study about AI agent technologies in this report, concerning systems that have been with us for quite a while, that is, adaptive hypermedia systems for
educational applications. These technologies enable one to design and implement software agents that are similar to robotic agents, also from an ethical standpoint, insofar as they are capable of, e.g., autonomous action, reasoning, perception, and planning.
Ethical issues examined in this report will be amplified from the convergence of softbot and robotic technologies directly interacting with human beings and other biological systems by means of bionic interfaces. This long-term perspective shows that the case-studies examined here - which are significant in their own right from the isolated perspectives of robotics,bionics, and AI - can soon become parts of broader ethical problems that we will have to address and come with in the near future.
Some futurists and artificial intelligence experts envision credible scenarios in which synthetic brains will, within this century, extend the functionality of our own brains to the point where they will rival and then surpass the power of an or-ganic human brain. At the same time, humans seem to have no limitations when it comes to finding ways to attack the computerized devices that others have invent-ed. Attackers have successfully compromised computers, mobile phones, ATMs, telephone networks, and even networked power grids. If neural devices fulfill the promise of treatment, and enhance our quality of lives and functionality—which appears likely, given the preliminary clinical success demonstrated from neuropros-thetics— their use and adoption will likely grow in the future. When this happens, inevitably, a wide variety of legal, security, and public policy concerns will follow. We will begin this article with an overview of brain implants and neural devic-es and their likely uses in the future. We will then discuss the legal issues that will arise from the intersection among neural devices, information security, cybercrime, and the law.
Nanotechnology, ubiquitous computing and the internet of thingsKarlos Svoboda
The aim of this report is to provide a review of current developments in nanotechnology, ubiquitous
computing and what is increasingly being referred to as “domotics” – the integration of domestic architectures (domus) with information systems and devices (imformatics). The report will also provide a preliminary analysis of the potential impacts of these developments on the right to privacy and to data protection.
These areas of technological development represent the convergence of two domains of current research – nanoscience and distributed computing. Much of the existing literature suggests that advances in nanotechnology are likely to operate as a underlying suite of techniques that will enable the development of miniaturised and distributed information systems and the integration of informatics devices into a range of everyday consumer goods and household architectures. As we outline below the convergence of nanotechnology and research in ubiquitous and distributed systems is likely to result in the development of a range of new sensor technologies and advances in surveillance and monitoring techniques, deployed in civilian, military and security contexts. For these reasons advances in nanotechnology and ubiquitous computing are likely to intensify existing concerns associated with data collection and the right to privacy.
In order to provide some background to our review of these issues in this section of the report we outline definitions of the field and current trends in surveillance, data-mining and monitoring.
Identity REvolution multi disciplinary perspectivesKarlos Svoboda
The identity [r]evolution is happening. Who are
you, who am I in the information society ?
In recent years, the convergence of several factors – technological, political, economic –
has accelerated a fundamental change in our networked world. On a technological level, information
becomes easier to gather, to store, to exchange
and to process. The belief that more information
brings more security has been a strong political
driver to promote information gathering since September 11. Profiling intends to transform information into knowledge in order to anticipate one’s behaviour, or needs, or preferences. It can lead to
categorizations according to some specific risk criteria, for example, or to direct and personalized
marketing. As a consequence, new forms of identities appear. They are not necessarily related to our
names anymore. They are based on information,
on traces that we leave when we act or interact,
when we go somewhere or just stay in one place,
or even sometimes when we make a choice. They
are related to the SIM cards of our mobile phones,
to our credit card numbers, to the pseudonyms
that we use on the Internet, to our email addresses,
to the IP addresses of our computers, to our profiles… Like traditional identities, these new forms of
identities can allow us to distinguish an individual
within a group of people, or describe this person as
belonging to a community or a category.
MBAN medical body area network - first report and orderKarlos Svoboda
This document from the Federal Communications Commission establishes rules to permit new Medical Body Area Network (MBAN) devices to operate in the 2360-2400 MHz band. It adopts rules allowing secondary, non-interference based MBAN operations under a license-by-rule framework. It also establishes a registration and coordination process for MBAN users in the 2360-2390 MHz portion of the band to address compatibility with incumbent operations. The document proposes criteria for designating a frequency coordinator to manage these registration and coordination activities.
Intimate technology - the battle for our body and behaviourKarlos Svoboda
The document discusses how technology is becoming more intimate through devices that are inside our bodies, between us, that know information about us, and mimic human behaviors and traits. It explores how this is leading to humans being viewed more as machines that can be improved, machines taking on more human-like qualities, and changes to human interactions. Key questions raised include how close technology can and should get to us and whether intimacy and technology can truly be compatible concepts.
For ages, humans have developed cures for diseases and devised techniques which make the hardships of life more endurable. All these were believed to make human life more
humane, i.e. to help humans to live out their inherent (natural, God-given) potentiality to a fuller extent. Recent technology, known as human enhancement, challenges this 'natural'normativity: going beyond restoring wellbeing and optimizing human potentiality, enhancement also develops capacities which can, in a sense, be called new. Chemicals have become available that increase physical performance in, for example the field of sports. Other chemicals enhance psychological endurance, mood, and cognition. Work is in progress on developing functional implants within the body, such as computer chips
integrated in the brain, with the aim of enhancing performance beyond what humans are naturally capable of. Changes are being made to body cells and systems, and techniques are being discussed to change human genes. Finally, techniques are being developed, and in part already applied, which extend the human life-span. Human Enhancement is about trying to make changes to minds and bodies – to characteristics, abilities, emotions
and capacities – beyond what we currently regard as normal.
Making perfect life european governance challenges in 21st Century Bio-engine...Karlos Svoboda
The STOA project ‘Making Perfect Life’ looked into four fields of 21st century bioengineering: engineering of living artefacts, engineering of the body, engineering
of the brain, and engineering of intelligent artefacts. This report describes the main results of the project.
The report shows how developments in the four fields of bio-engineering are shaped by two megatrends: “biology becoming technology” and “technology becoming biology”. These developments result in a broadening of the bioengineering debate in our society. The report addresses the long term viewsthat are inspiring this debate and
discusses a multitude of ethical, legal and social issues that arise from bioengineering developments in the fields described. Against this background four specific developments are studied in more detail: the rise of human genome sequencing, the market introduction of neurodevices, the capturing by information technology of the psychological and physiological states of users, and
the pursuit of standardisation in synthetic biology. These developments are taken in this report as a starting point for an analysis of some of the main European governance challenges in 21st century bio-engineering.
Ambient Intelligence is a future vision where technology is integrated into people's environments and can understand and respond to their needs and behaviors. This report examines how Ambient Intelligence could impact healthcare. It identifies five levels of increasing intelligence - from embedding sensors to anticipating needs. Interviews with healthcare stakeholders explored opportunities and challenges around personalized care, like who has access to health data and for what purposes. Collective agreements are needed to ensure Ambient Intelligence enhances rather than threatens patient interests. The report aims to start a debate on these issues.
GRAY MATTERS Integrative Approaches for Neuroscience, Ethics, and SocietyKarlos Svoboda
This document discusses the importance of integrating ethics into neuroscience research. It notes that while neuroscience research raises many common ethical issues around privacy, consent and risk minimization, it also raises unique issues around privacy of thoughts, threats to personal volition and self-determination. Neuroscience highlights the complex relationships between human thought, emotion and action. The document emphasizes that integrating ethics into neuroscience research from the start can help address these issues and ensure research considers its societal implications. It provides recommendations to guide effective integration of ethics in neuroscience.
The Biggest Threat to Western Civilization _ Andy Blumenthal _ The Blogs.pdfAndy (Avraham) Blumenthal
Article in The Times of Israel by Andy Blumenthal: China and Russia are commonly considered the biggest military threats to Western civilization, but I believe that is incorrect. The biggest strategic threat is a terrorist Jihadi Caliphate.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Your Go-To Press Release Newswire for Maximum Visibility and Impact.pdfPressReleasePower4
This downloadable guide explains why press releases are still important for businesses today and the challenges you might face with traditional distribution methods. Learn how [Your Website Name] offers a comprehensive solution for crafting compelling press releases, targeting the right media outlets, and maximizing visibility.
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
1. U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Special Report
January 2009, NCJ 224527
National Crime Victimization Survey
Stalking Victimization in the
United States
During a 12-month period an estimated 14 in every
By Katrina Baum, Ph.D., Shannan Catalano, Ph.D.,
1,000 persons age 18 or older were victims of stalking
and Michael Rand
Bureau of Justice Statistics • About half (46%) of stalking victims experienced at least
Kristina Rose one unwanted contact per week, and 11% of victims said
National Institute of Justice they had been stalked for 5 years or more.
During a 12-month period, an estimated 3.4 million persons • The risk of stalking victimization was highest for individu-
age 18 or older were victims of stalking. Stalking is defined als who were divorced or separated—34 per 1,000
as a course of conduct directed at a specific person that individuals.
would cause a reasonable person to feel fear. The Supple- • Women were at greater risk than men for stalking victim-
mental Victimization Survey (SVS), which is the basis of ization; however, women and men were equally likely to
this report, was conducted in 2006. The SVS identified experience harassment.
seven types of harassing or unwanted behaviors consistent
• Male (37%) and female (41%) stalking victimizations
with a course of conduct experienced by stalking victims.
were equally likely to be reported to the police.
The survey classified individuals as stalking victims if they
responded that they experienced at least one of these • Approximately 1 in 4 stalking victims reported some form
behaviors on at least two separate occasions. In addition, of cyberstalking such as e-mail (83%) or instant messag-
the individuals must have feared for their safety or that of a ing (35%).
family member as a result of the course of conduct, or have • 46% of stalking victims felt fear of not knowing what
experienced additional threatening behaviors that would would happen next.
cause a reasonable person to feel fear.
• Nearly 3 in 4 stalking victims knew their offender in some
The SVS measured the following stalking behaviors: capacity.
• making unwanted phone calls • More than half of stalking victims lost 5 or more days
• sending unsolicited or unwanted letters or e-mails from work.
• following or spying on the victim
stalking a criminal act, although the elements defining the
• showing up at places without a legitimate reason act of stalking differ across states (see box, Stalking laws).
• waiting at places for the victim The SVS also identified victims who experienced the
• leaving unwanted items, presents, or flowers behaviors associated with stalking but neither reported
feeling fear as a result of such conduct nor experienced
• posting information or spreading rumors about the victim
actions that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear.
on the internet, in a public place, or by word of mouth.
This report characterizes such individuals as harassment
While individually these acts may not be criminal, collec- victims. These instances of harassment might eventually
tively and repetitively these behaviors may cause a victim have risen to the definitional requirement for stalking. How-
to fear for his or her safety or the safety of a family member. ever, at the time of the interview, the offender’s actions and
These behaviors constitute stalking for the purposes of this victim’s responses did not rise to the threshold of stalking
study. The federal government, all 50 states, the District of victimization as measured by the SVS.
Columbia, and U.S. Territories have enacted laws making
2. Few national studies have measured the extent and nature The most common type of stalking behavior victims
of stalking in the United States. The Department of Justice experienced was unwanted phone calls and messages
Office on Violence Against Women funded the 2006 SVS
With the exception of receiving unwanted letters, e-mails,
as a supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey
or other correspondence, stalking victims were more likely
(NCVS) to enhance empirical knowledge about stalking
than harassment victims to experience all forms of
(see Methodology). The SVS, which represents the largest
unwanted behaviors (table 2). In particular, victims of stalk-
study of stalking conducted to date, incorporated elements
ing experienced higher levels of three unwanted behaviors
contained in federal and state laws to construct a working
most commonly associated with stalking. These included
definition of stalking.
an offender following or spying on the victim, showing up at
This report presents information on stalking victimization. places without a legitimate reason, or waiting outside (or
Harassment is discussed where appropriate to provide inside) places for the victim. Stalking victims were about
fuller context. Appendix tables focus solely on stalking vic- 3 times more likely to report experiencing these three
tims and exclude the people who experienced what this behaviors than individuals who were harassed. For exam-
report terms as harassment. Persons interested in viewing ple, 34% of stalking victims reported that the offender fol-
the SVS data in its entirety may obtain the data file from the lowed or spied on them compared with 11% of harassment
University of Michigan’s Archive of Criminal Justice Data
<www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD>.
Table 1. Prevalence of stalking and harassment over the
12 months prior to interview
During a 12-month period an estimated 14 in every Number Rate
1,000 persons age 18 or older were victims of stalking
All victims 5,857,030 23.8
An estimated 5.9 million U.S. residents age 18 or older Stalking victims 3,424,100 13.9
experienced behaviors consistent with either stalking or Harassment victims 2,432,930 9.9
harassment in the 12 months preceding the SVS interview Note: The total population age 18 or older was 246,500,200 in 2006.
(table 1).1 Of the 5.9 million victims, more than half experi- Victimization rates are per 1,000 persons age 18 or older.
enced behavior that met the definition of stalking. Approxi-
mately 14 per 1,000 persons age 18 or older experienced Table 2. Nature of stalking and harassment behaviors
the repetitive behaviors associated with stalking in addition experienced by victims
to feeling fear or experiencing behaviors that would cause Percent of victims
a reasonable person to feel fear. Harassment victims, who All Stalking Harassment
experienced a course of conduct consistent with stalking Unwanted phone calls and
but who did not report feeling fear, experienced these messages 62.5% 66.2% 57.2%
behaviors at a rate of 10 victimizations per 1,000 persons Unwanted letters and e-mail 30.1 30.6 29.4
Spreading rumors 29.1 35.7 19.9
age 18 or older.
Following or spying 24.5 34.3 10.6
About half (46%) of all stalking victims experienced at least Showing up at places 22.4 31.1 10.2
Waiting for victim 20.4 29.0 8.3
one unwanted contact per week (appendix table 6). Many
Leaving unwanted presents 9.1 12.2 4.8
victims of stalking reported being stalked over a period of Number of victims 5,857,030 3,424,100 2,432,930
months or years, and 11% of victims said they had been Note: Details sum to more than 100% because multiple responses
stalked for 5 years or more (figure 1). The fears and emo- were permitted.
tional distress that stalking engenders are many and var-
ied. About 1 in 5 victims feared bodily harm to themselves,
About 10% of victims were stalked for 5 years or more
and 1 in 6 feared for the safety of a child or other family
member.2 About 1 in 10 stalking victims feared being killed Onset of unwanted behavior
by the stalker. About 4 in 10 stalkers threatened the victim 6 months or less
or the victim’s family, friends, co-workers, or family pet.3 7-11 months
1 year Harassment
1 Stalking
To place this estimate in perspective, there were about 5.2 million violent 2 years
crimes—rape/sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple 3 years
assault—committed in 2005.
4 years
2Table 10 lists the range of fearful reactions about which victims
5 years or more
were surveyed.
Don't know
3
Table 13 lists various threats stalkers made to victims.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Percent of victims
Note: Estimates exclude 1.2% of stalking and 10.2% of harass-
ment victims due to missing data. All victims experience at least
one unwanted behavior in the year before the interview.
Figure 1
2 Stalking Victimization in the United States
3. victims who reported experiencing this behavior. Thirty-one Marital status
percent of stalking victims reported that the offenders
The rate of stalking victimization for individuals who were
showed up in places where they had no legitimate purpose
divorced or separated was 34 per 1,000 individuals age 18
being; approximately 10% of harassment victims reported
or older—a higher rate of victimization than for persons of
this type of unwanted behavior. Also, 29% of stalking vic-
other marital status. Individuals who had never been mar-
tims stated that the offender waited in places for them,
ried (17 per 1,000 individuals) were at a lower risk of stalk-
while 8% of harassment victims reported this type of
ing victimization than divorced or separated persons, but
behavior.
were at a higher risk of stalking victimization than persons
who were married (9 per 1,000) or widowed (8 per 1,000).
Risk of victimization varies more for stalking than for
harassment
Income
Females were at higher risk of stalking victimization than
As with crime more generally, a pattern of decreasing risk
males (table 3). During the study period, females experi-
for stalking victimization existed for persons residing in
enced 20 stalking victimizations per 1,000 females age 18
households with higher incomes. Individuals in households
or older. The rate of stalking victimization for males was
with an annual income under $7,500 and $7,500 to
approximately 7 per 1,000 males age 18 or older. Males
$14,999 were equally likely to be stalked but more likely to
and females were equally likely to experience harassment.
be victimized than were persons in households with an
annual income at or above $25,000.
Age
As with victimization risk more generally, risk of being Table 3. Characteristics of stalking and harassment victims
stalked diminished with age. Persons age 18 to 19 and 20 Rate per 1,000 victimsa
to 24 experienced the highest rates of stalking victimiza- Population All Stalking Harassment
tion. About 30 per 1,000 persons age 18 to 19 and 28 per Gender
1,000 persons age 20 to 24 were stalked during 2006. Male 120,068,420 16.9 7.4 9.5
Female 126,431,780 30.3 20.0 10.2
Race and Hispanic origin of victim Age
18-19 8,047,540 47.2 29.7 17.5
Asians and Pacific Islanders (7 per 1,000 persons age 18 20-24 20,346,940 45.7 28.4 17.3
and older) were less likely to experience stalking than 25-34 39,835,680 30.1 20.2 9.9
whites (14 per 1,000), blacks (12 per 1,000), and persons 35-49 65,886,490 29.9 17.3 12.6
of two or more races (32 per 1,000). Despite apparent 50-64 51,400,990 20.4 10.4 10.0
racial differences, no other consistent patterns of risk for 65 or older 35,515,670 9.3 3.6 5.7
stalking victimization emerged. Non-Hispanics were more Race
likely than Hispanics to experience stalking. During the White 200,874,080 24.1 14.2 9.8
Black 29,853,700 22.7 12.2 10.5
study period, non-Hispanics experienced about 14 stalking American Indian/
victimizations per 1,000 individuals age 18 and older. The Alaska Native 1,695,400 33.0 19.6* 13.4*
rate for Hispanics during this period was 11 stalking victim- Asian/Pacific Islander 11,317,780 13.4 7.0 6.4
izations per 1,000 persons age 18 or older. More than one raceb 2,759,240 49.3 31.6 17.7
Hispanic origin
Hispanic 29,522,670 16.5 10.6 5.9
Stalking laws Non-Hispanic 215,025,170 24.7 14.4 10.3
Marital status
While the federal government, all 50 states, the District
Never married 79,715,080 26.9 16.6 10.3
of Columbia, and U.S. Territories have enacted Married 123,633,560 16.8 8.7 8.1
criminal laws to address stalking, the legal definition Divorced or separated 26,334,200 51.8 34.0 17.8
for stalking varies across jurisdictions. State laws vary Widowed 14,318,190 16.0 7.5 8.5
regarding the element of victim fear and emotional Household Income
distress, as well as the requisite intent of the stalker. Less than $7,500 8,418,570 47.0 31.7 15.3
Some state laws specify that the victim must have $7,500 - $14,999 14,562,850 40.1 27.4 12.6
$15,000 - $24,999 22,428,240 32.3 21.1 11.1
been frightened by the stalking, while others require
$25,000 - $34,999 22,862,680 27.4 15.8 11.5
only that the stalking behavior would have caused a $35,000 - $49,999 30,345,140 25.2 15.8 9.4
reasonable person to experience fear. In addition $50,000 - $74,999 37,956,910 23.1 12.6 10.6
states vary regarding what level of fear is required. $75,000 or more 56,633,800 18.8 9.6 9.2
Some state laws require prosecutors to establish fear Note: Table excludes missing data.
of death or serious bodily harm, while others require *Based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
a
only that prosecutors establish that the victim suffered Victimization rates are per 1,000 persons age 18 or older.
b
emotional distress. Interstate stalking is defined by Includes all persons of any race, including persons who identify
two or more races.
federal law 18 U.S.C. § 2261A.
Stalking Victimization in the United States 3
4. Victims were more likely to be stalked by an offender of Number of offenders
the same age and race
About 6 in 10 stalking victims stated that the perpetrator
was a single offender (appendix table 3). A much lower per-
Offender age
centage of victims reported being stalked by two (18%) or
Individuals were more likely to be stalked by offenders of three (13%) offenders.
similar age (appendix table 1). Nearly half of victims age
21 to 29 were stalked by offenders perceived to also be in Relationship
their twenties, and 38% of victims age 30 to 39 perceived
About a tenth of all victims were stalked by a stranger, and
the offender to also be in their thirties.
nearly 3 in 4 of all victims knew their offender in some
capacity (table 5). Stalking victims most often identified the
Race
stalker as a former intimate (21.5%) or a friend, roommate,
Similar to other types of victimization, stalking is primarily or neighbor (16.4%).
intraracial in nature (appendix table 2). Most (83%) of white
stalking victims perceived the offender to be white com- Table 5. Victim-offender relationship in stalking and
pared to 66% of black stalking victims who perceived the harassment
offender to be black. This pattern of intraracial victimization Percent of victims
changes for persons of other races. Despite apparent dif- All Stalking Harassment
ferences, persons of other races were equally likely to be
Total** 100% 100% 100%
stalked by an offender who was black, white, or of another
race.4 Known, intimate 27.6% 30.3% 22.5%
Current intimate
Spouse 4.3 5.6 1.8*
Offender gender Boy/girlfriend 3.8 3.2 5.1
Males were as likely to report being stalked by a male as a Former intimate
Ex-spouse 7.1% 8.4% 4.6%
female offender (table 4). Forty-three percent of male stalk- Ex-boy/girlfriend 12.4 13.1 11.0
ing victims stated that the offender was female, while 41%
of male victims stated that the offender was another male. Known, other 44.7% 45.1% 44.4%
Friend/roommate/
Female victims of stalking were significantly more likely to neighbor 16.7 16.4 17.4
be stalked by a male (67%) rather than a female (24%) Known from work or
offender. school 10.1 9.9 10.6
Acquaintance 9.4 9.8 8.8
Stalking is unlike most crimes because a course of conduct Relative 8.5 9.0 7.6
designed to create fear in another person does not neces- Stranger 10.6% 9.7% 12.5%
sarily require that the victim come into contact with the
offender. For example, a victim may receive repeated Unknown 16.9% 15.0% 20.6%
threatening correspondence without knowing the source of Number of victims 4,619,430 3,064,950 1,554,480
the communication. Sixteen percent of male stalking vic- Note: Table excludes 0.5% of all victims, 0.3% of stalking victims,
tims and approximately 10% of female stalking victims and 0.7% of harassment victims due to missing data. Detail may
not sum to 100% due to rounding.
were not able to identify the gender of the offender.
*Estimate based on 10 or fewer cases.
**
Includes victims who could identify a single offender who was
4Other most responsible.
races include American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Native
Hawaiians, other Pacific Islanders, and persons identifying two or more
races.
Table 4. Perceived gender of the stalking or harassment offender, by victim gender
Gender of victim
All Stalking Harassment
Gender of offender Male Female Male Female Male Female
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Male 31.7 58.3 41.3 66.9 24.2 41.3
Female 37.9 22.4 42.5 23.5 34.3 20.3
Don't know 30.4 19.3 16.1 9.6 41.5 38.4
Number of victims 2,028,800 3,821,140 888,680 2,531,770 1,140,120 1,289,370
Note: Table excludes missing data about offenders from 0.2% of all male victims, 0.1% of all female victims,
0.4% of female stalking victims, and 0.3% of female harassment victims. Detail may not sum to 100% due
to rounding.
4 Stalking Victimization in the United States
5. Employment status of the offender Table 6. Victim perception of reasons stalking
Forty-two percent of stalking victims stated that the or harassment began
offender was employed during the time stalking occurred Percent of all victims
(appendix table 4). Victims were equally likely to report that All Stalking Harassment
the offender was unemployed or that the victim was unable Retaliation/anger/spite 30.0% 36.6% 20.0%
to ascertain the employment status of the offender. Control 25.2 32.9 13.4
Mentally ill/emotionally unstable 16.7 23.4 6.6
Liked me/found me attractive/
Problems with the law had crush 13.7 16.8 9.0
Keep in relationship 12.9 16.2 7.9
Thirty-six percent of stalking victims stated that the offender
Substance abuser 10.3 14.4 4.1
had some previous interaction with law enforcement Stalker liked attention 7.7 9.1 5.7
(appendix table 5). A similar percentage of victims (38%) Proximity/convenience/
were unable to identify whether the offender had problems I was alone 4.8 6.6 2.2
with the law prior to the stalking victimization. Catch me doing something 3.3 4.3 1.9
Different cultural beliefs/back-
ground 3.2 4.0 1.8
One in 10 victims reported that the stalking started Thought I liked attention 2.5 2.4 2.6
5 years or more before the survey Other reasons 23.8 19.3 30.7
Don't know why 16.6 10.6 25.7
Over half of all victims reported that the stalking or harass-
Number of victims 5,644,500 3,416,460 2,228,050
ment began “less than a year ago” (figure 1). Harassment
victims had characteristically experienced the harassing Note: Table excludes 3.6% of all victims, 0.2% of stalking victims, and
8.4% of harassment victims due to missing data. Details sum to more
behavior for a shorter period leading up to the interview than 100% because multiple responses were permitted.
(6 months or less). Stalking victims were most likely to be
stalked once or twice a week or with no set pattern (appen-
dix table 6). Nearly a quarter of all victims reported that Table 7. Involvement of cyberstalking or electronic
they were stalked almost every day (16.9%) or at least monitoring in stalking and harassment
once a day (6%). Percent of victims
All Stalking Harassment
Victim perception of why stalking began Total 100% 100% 100%
The most common reasons victims perceived for the stalk- No cyberstalking or elec-
tronic monitoring involved 72.7% 73.2% 72.1%
ing were retaliation, anger, spite (37%), or desire to control
the victim (33%) (table 6). About 1 in 6 victims believed the Any type of cyberstalking
or electronic monitoring 26.6% 26.1% 27.4%
stalking started to keep him or her in the relationship with Cyberstalking 23.4 21.5 26.4
the offender, and 1 in 10 reported the stalking began while Electronic monitoring 6.0 7.8 3.4
living with the offender (not referenced in a table). About a Don't know 0.6 0.7 0.6
tenth of victims did not know why the stalking began. Percent of cyberstalking
involving —a
Cyberstalking and electronic monitoring E-mail 82.6% 82.5% 82.7%
Instant messenger 28.7 35.1 20.7
More than 1 in 4 stalking victims reported some form of Blogs or bulletin boards 12.5 12.3 12.8
cyberstalking was used, such as e-mail (83%) or instant Internet sites about victim 8.8 9.4 8.1
Chat rooms 4.0 4.4* 3.4*
messaging (35%) (table 7). Electronic monitoring was used
to stalk 1 in 13 victims. Video or digital cameras were Percent of electronic
monitoring involving —b
equally likely as listening devices or bugs to be used to
Computer spyware 44.1% 33.6% 81.0%*
electronically monitor victims (46% and 42%). Global posi- Video/digital cameras 40.3 46.3 19.3*
tioning system (GPS) technology comprised about a tenth Listening devices/bugs 35.8 41.8 14.8
of the electronic monitoring of stalking victims. GPS 9.7* 10.9* 5.2*
Number 5,200,410 3,158,340 2,042,070
Note: Table excludes 8.8% of all victims, 7.8% of stalking victims, and
10.2% of harassment victims due to missing data. Details sum to
more than 100% because multiple responses were permitted.
*
Estimate based on 10 or fewer samples.
a
Based on 1,217,680 total victims, 677,870 stalking victims, and
539,820 harassment victims who experienced cyberstalking.
b
Based on 314,400 total victims, 244,880 stalking victims, and 69,530
harassment victims who experienced electronic monitoring.
Stalking Victimization in the United States 5
6. One in 7 victims reported they moved as a result of the Reasons stalking stopped
stalking
At the time of the interview, 3 in 5 of the victims reported
The most common types of actions victims took to stop the the stalking had stopped, while about 2 in 5 reported it was
stalking from continuing were to change usual activities ongoing (appendix table 7). The most common victim per-
outside of work or school, stay with family, or install caller ceptions for why the unwanted contacts stopped were that
ID or call blocking (table 8). The least frequent actions the police warned the stalker (15.6%), the victim talked to
taken were to alter one’s appearance or get pepper spray, the stalker (13.3%), or a friend or relative intervened
a gun, or some other kind of weapon. Forty percent of (12.2%). About a tenth of victims attributed the cessation of
stalking victims did not change their usual activities outside the unwanted behavior to obtaining a restraining, protec-
of work or school, take protective actions, or change their tion, or stay away order.
personal information.
Emotional impact
Help from others
For stalking victims, the most common fear cited was not
Seven in 10 victims of stalking sought help to protect them- knowing what would happen next (table 10). Nine percent
selves or to stop the stalking (table 9). Victims were most of stalking victims reported their worst fear was death.
likely to enlist the help of family or friends, followed by ask- Twenty-nine percent of stalking victims feared the behavior
ing people not to release information about him or her (43% would never stop. More than half of the stalking victims
versus 33%). About 7% of victims contacted victim ser- feared bodily harm to themselves, their child, or another
vices, a shelter, or a helpline. family member.
More than 7 in 10 of all victims felt angry or annoyed at the
Table 8. Whether stalking or harassment victims took beginning of the unwanted contacts or as they progressed
actions to protect themselves or stop unwanted behaviors (table 11). Stalking victims were about twice as likely as
Percent of victims harassment victims to feel anxious or concerned at the
All Stalking Harassment
Changed usual activities outside Table 9. Types of help sought by stalking or harassment
work or school victims
Changed day-to-day activities 14.3% 21.6% 4.1% Percent of victims
Stayed with family 11.6 18.1 2.6 All Stalking Harassment
Took time off work or school 10.8 16.7 2.6
Avoided family/friends 10.3 14.9 3.7 Total 100% 100% 100%
Changed route to work or school 9.2 13.4 3.3 Enlisted help of friends/family 30.0 42.6 12.2
Changed or quit job or school 6.7 9.5 2.9 Asked people not to release
Altered appearance 1.5 2.3 0.4* information 24.0 32.9 11.6
Talked to boss/employer 16.2 21.6 8.6
Took protective actions Talked to an attorney 13.5 19.9 4.4
Installed caller ID/call blocking 13.4% 18.1% 6.7% Obtained a restraining/protection/
Changed telephone number 12.6 17.3 5.8 stay away order 9.4 15.6 0.6
Changed locks/got security Talked to a mental health
system 8.7 13.2 2.4 professional 8.3 12.4 2.6
Got pepper spray 4.0 6.3 0.8* Contacted building/office security 6.4 9.2 2.5
Got a gun 1.9 2.9 0.5* Talked to clergy/faith leader 6.1 9.0 2.0
Got another kind of weapon 1.8 2.1 1.4* Talked to a doctor or nurse 6.0 9.1 1.5
Took self-defense classes 0.9 1.1 0.5* Contacted victim services/shelter/
help line 4.5 7.3 0.5*
Changed personal information Hired a private investigator 0.7 1.1 0.1*
Changed email address 5.9% 6.9% 4.4% Did not seek help** 47.3 30.3 71.2
Changed social security number 0.3 0.2* 0.3*
Number of victims 5,857,030 3,424,100 2,432,930
Did not change behaviors listed 55.1% 39.7% 76.9%
Note: Details sum to more than 100% because multiple responses
were permitted.
Number 5,857,030 3,424,100 2,432,930
*Estimate based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
Note: Details sum to more than 100% because multiple responses **Victims might have sought help from someone other than those
were permitted.
listed above.
*Estimate based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
6 Stalking Victimization in the United States
7. beginning of the unwanted contacts (52.7% versus 25.4%). number, moving, or fixing or replacing damaged property.
As the unwanted contacts progressed, about 15% of stalk- For 1 in 7 of these victims, a day or less was lost from work
ing victims felt depressed or sick, and 1% reported feeling (appendix table 9). More than half of victims lost 5 or more
suicidal. days from work. About 130,000 victims reported that they
had been fired from or asked to leave their jobs because of
Workplace impact the stalking (not referenced in table).
Of the 79% of stalking victims who had a job during the
Financial impact of stalking on victim
12 months preceding the interview, about 1 in 8 lost time
from work because of fear for their safety or to pursue About 3 in 10 of stalking victims accrued out-of-pocket
activities such as obtaining a restraining order or testifying costs for things such as attorney fees, damage to property,
in court (appendix table 8). Seven percent of victims lost child care costs, moving expenses, or changing phone
time from work for activities such as changing a phone numbers (appendix table 10). About a tenth of victims
spent less than $250, while 13% spent $1,000 or more.
Table 10. Victims’ worst fears resulting from stalking About 296,000 stalking victims lost pay from work (appen-
dix table 11). Over half of the victims lost less than $1,000
Percent of victim
of pay, and 8% of victims lost $5,000 in pay or more.
Not knowing what would happen next 46.1%
Behavior would never stop 29.1 Stalkers commit various types of crimes against
Bodily harm 30.4
their victims
Harm or kidnap child 12.9
Harm other family member 12.2 Stalking offenders committed identity theft against about
Loss of freedom 10.3
204,000 victims. Over half of these victims had financial
Death 8.9
Loss of job 6.3 accounts opened or closed in their names or money taken
Harm current partner 6.0 from their accounts, and 3 in 10 of these victims had items
Losing one's mind 4.3 charged to their credit cards without their consent.
Other 16.6
Don't know 5.3 Any identity theft 204,230 100%
Opened/closed accounts 110,850 54.3
Number of victims 3,416,900 Took money from accounts 105,130 51.5
Note: Table excludes 0.2% of stalking victims due to miss- Charged items to credit card 60,790 29.8
ing data. Details sum to more than 100% because multiple
responses were permitted. Note: Estimates exclude 0.1% of missing data.
Details sum to more than 100% because multiple
responses were permitted.
Table 11. How the victim felt when the stalking or harassment began and progressed
Percent of victims
All Stalking Harassment
Beginning Progressed Beginning Progressed Beginning Progressed
Annoyed/angry 72.5% 74.2% 68.9% 69.6% 78.1% 81.4%
Anxious/concerned 42.2 36.2 52.7 46.7 25.4 19.4
Frightened 26.8 25.7 41.7 41.7 3.2* ~a
Helpless 15.6 16.4 22.4 23.4 4.8 5.1
Depressed 10.8 10.2 15.9 15.2 2.8 2.3
Sick 10.0 9.8 14.8 14.7 2.2* 1.8
Suicidal 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.4 ~ ~b
Other way 9.7 10.1 7.9 8.9 12.4 11.9
Number of victims 5,574,400 5,530,940 3,416,430 3,406,220 2,157,980 2,124,720
Note: Table excludes 4.8% of all victims, 5.6% of all stalking victims, and 0.2% of harassment victims at the
beginning of the behaviors and 0.5% of all victims, 11.3% of all stalking victims, and 12.7% of harassment
victims as the behaviors progressed due to missing data. Details sum to more than 100% because multiple
responses were permitted.
*Estimate based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
~Not applicable.
a
Harassment victims, by definition, were not frightened as the unwanted behaviors progressed.
b
Harassment victims, by definition, did not report feeling suicidal as a result of the unwanted behaviors.
Stalking Victimization in the United States 7
8. About 16% of all victims suffered property damage in con- About 40% of victims stated that police were contacted
junction with the stalking (table 12). Among stalking victims, once regarding the stalking, while 3% of victims stated that
the most common type of violent crime experienced in con- police were contacted in excess of 15 times (appendix
junction with stalking was to be hit, slapped, or knocked table 13). Stalking victimization was most often reported to
down (12.3%). About 6% of the stalking victims had a fam- the police by the victim (83%), the victim’s family (26%), or
ily member, friend, or co-worker who was attacked. a friend or neighbor (12%) (appendix table 14).
Weapon involvement and injuries Table 12. Other crimes perpetrated by the offender against
About 139,000 stalking victims were attacked with a the stalking or harassment victim
weapon. Stalkers were equally likely to use a knife, blunt Percent of victims
instrument, or other object, and 23% of the weapons used All Stalking Harassment
were handguns. Of the 279,000 victims who were injured in Property damage 15.9% 24.4% 4.0%
an attack, nearly all (99%) of these victims sustained minor Damaged property of victim or
someone in victim's household 9.5 15.0 1.8
bruises and other injuries. About a fifth sustained serious
Illegally entered house/apart-
injuries, including gunshot or knife wounds, internal inju- ment 8.6 13.2 2.2
ries, or broken bones. Illegally entered car 3.8 6.3 0.5*
Weapon used in attack 138,630 100% Attacked victim 12.3% 21.0% 0.0%
Knife/other sharp object 58,850 42.4 Hit/slapped/knocked down 7.2 12.3 ~
Handgun 31,610 22.8* Choked or strangled victim 2.4 4.2 ~
Blunt or other object 52,670 38.0 Attacked victim with a weapon 2.4 4.0 ~
Chased or dragged with a car 2.1 3.5 ~
*Estimate based on 10 or fewer sample cases. Raped/sexually assaulted victim 0.9 1.6 ~
Attacked or attempted to attack
Injuries sustained in attacks 278,580 100% in some other way 4.3 7.3 ~
Rape/sexual assault 38,590 13.9* Attacked person/pet other than
Serious injuries 52,080 18.7 victim 8.8% 15.0 4.0%
Minor or other injuries 276,440 99.2 Attack or attempt to attack
a family member 3.5 6.0 ~
Note: Details sum to more than 100% because
multiple responses were permitted. Attack or attempt to attack
*Estimate based on 10 or fewer sample cases. a friend or co-worker 3.4 5.8 ~
Attack or attempt to attack a pet 2.2 3.7 ~
Attack or attempt to attack a child 2.2 3.7 ~
Threats
Number of victims 5,857,030 3,424,100 2,432,930
Stalkers made one or more threats to 43% of victims *Based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
(table 13). Stalking offenders were most likely to threaten to ~Not applicable. Harassment victims by definition were not attacked,
nor were their friends, co-workers, family members, or pets.
hit, slap, or otherwise harm the victim (13.6%) or to kill the
victim (12.1%). Somewhat less likely was the stalker threat-
ening to kill himself or herself (9.2%). Less than 5% of the
threats involved harm to a child, friend, co-worker, pet, or Table 13. Threats offenders made against stalking victims
the threat of rape or sexual assault.
Percent of victims
Number Percent
Stalking victimization was equally likely to be reported
to police whether the victim was male or female Total 3,392,520 100%
No threats made 1,927,020 56.8%
For violent crime more generally, victimizations experi-
enced by females are more likely to be reported to the Threatened to— 1,465,510 43.2%
police than those experienced by males. However, this pat- Hit/slap/harm 462,610 13.6
Kill victim 411,830 12.1
tern of reporting by gender is not observed for the crime of Harm or kill self 313,580 9.2
stalking. Male and female stalking victimizations were Harm with a weapon 242,420 7.1
equally likely to be reported to the police (table 14). Thirty- Harm another family member 209,770 6.2
seven percent of male and 41% of female victimizations Harm or kidnap child 166,230 4.9
were reported to the police by the victim or another person Harm friend or co-worker 151,460 4.5
Harm a pet 87,020 2.6
aware of the crime. Rape/sexually assault 56,050 1.7
The most common reasons for not reporting stalking victim- Other way 511,530 15.1
ization to the police were that it was a private or personal Note: Table excludes 0.9% of stalking victims due to missing data.
Details sum to more than 100% because multiple responses were
matter or that it was a minor incident (appendix table 12). permitted.
8 Stalking Victimization in the United States
9. Stalking victims report differing experiences with the perceive the situation “improved” or “worsened” following a
criminal justice system report to the police. For victims who had contacted police
on more than one occasion, the survey recorded only the
When contacted about a stalking victimization, the most
police action taken in response to the latest call.
common police response was to take a report. More than
half of police officers took a report when contacted regard- A fifth of victims filed charges against the stalking perpetra-
ing the stalking (appendix table 15). Seventeen percent of tor (appendix table 18). Of those individuals filing charges,
responding officers gave the victim self-protection advice, 3 out of 10 victims stated the outcome was still pending or
while 8% of the officers arrested the perpetrator. that a restraining, protection, or stay away order was
issued to deal with the offender. Victims were equally likely
Nearly 20% of victims stated the police took no action when
to report being satisfied (46%) or dissatisfied (49%) with
contacted. Of this 20%, victims were equally likely to per-
the criminal justice system’s responses to their stalking
ceive that no action was taken by law enforcement
incident (appendix table 19) and were generally split on the
because police did not want to get involved (29%), had no
helpfulness or lack of helpfulness of criminal justice repre-
legal authority (18%), or were inefficient or ineffective
sentatives, with one exception: some victims said that vic-
(16%) (appendix table 16). About 50% of victims perceived
tim advocates were helpful (6%) during the criminal justice
the stalking situation stayed the same after contacting the
process (appendix table 20).
police (appendix table 17). Victims were equally likely to
Table 14. Percent of stalking and harassment victimizations reported to the police, by victim gender
Percent of victims
All Stalking Harassment
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Reported 20.6 32.8 36.8 41.0 6.8 13.9
Not reported 79.4 67.2 63.2 59.0 93.2 86.1
Number of victims 1,941,650 3,637,570 892,340 2,528,990 1,049,320 1,108,580
Note: Table excludes 4.5% of all male victims, 4.9% of all female victims, 0.1% of female stalking victims, 8% of male
harassment victims, and 14.2% of female harassment victims due to missing data.
Stalking Victimization in the United States 9
10. Methodology
Victim perception of whether behavior was stalking
The Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS) was admin-
The SVS screened victims to determine whether they
istered as a supplement to the National Crime Victimization
met the behavioral criteria of having unwanted or
Survey (NCVS) during January through June, 2006. All
harassing contacts on more than one occasion during
NCVS respondents age 18 and older were eligible for the
the past year that made them feel annoyed, fearful, anx-
supplement. About 65,270 persons participated in the sup-
ious, or concerned. Researchers specifically avoided
plemental survey. The response rate for eligible individuals
using the term “stalked” throughout the questionnaire so
was 83%.
as not to bias findings based on the victim’s perception
The estimates presented in this report are annual preva- of what was occurring. The final question in the supple-
lence estimates for persons age 18 or older victimized by ment asked whether the victim perceived the unwanted
stalking or other harassing behaviors during the 12 months contacts or harassing behaviors to be stalking. Stalking
prior to the interview. Since the interviews were conducted victims were more than twice as likely as harassment
during the first 6 months of 2006, the majority of the stalk- victims to label the unwanted behavior as stalking
ing behaviors occurred during 2005. (54% versus 21%).
The Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) and the Victim perception of
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) convened a 1-day forum whether behavior was Percent of victims
with experts in the area of stalking and violence against stalking All Stalking Harassment
women. Researchers, law enforcement officials, prosecu- Total 100% 100% 100%
tors, and victim advocates comprised the expert group.
Considered to be—
Also included in the group were representatives from the
Stalking 40.3% 53.6% 20.7%
Census Bureau, the federal agency that carries out survey Not stalking 59.7 46.4 79.3
development and data collection for BJS. The purpose of Number of victims 5,588,150 3,325,220 2,262,940
the 1-day forum was to discuss definitional and method-
Note: Table excludes 4.6% of all victims, 2.9% of stalking victims,
ological issues surrounding the crime of stalking, determine and 7.0% of harassment victims due to missing data.
where gaps in current information on stalking existed, and The final question on the survey asked, “Do you consider the series
determine how the SVS could further research and knowl- of unwanted contacts or harassing behavior you told me about to be
stalking?”
edge regarding this crime.
Following this meeting, a small federal working group was Victims of harassment met all the requirements for stalking
formed with representatives from OVW, BJS, and the Cen- victimization except those associated with induced fear or
sus Bureau. The working group met weekly for approxi- the commission of additional associated crimes. Harassing
mately 12 months until a satisfactory survey instrument acts by bill collectors, telephone solicitors, or other sales
was completed and approved. During the last phase of the people were excluded from the estimates of stalking and
survey development, the Census Bureau conducted cogni- harassment.
tive interviews with stalking victims around the United
States to test the reliability and validity of the instrument. Standard error computations
Changes to the instrument were made to incorporate find-
Comparisons of percentages and rates made in this report
ings from these interviews.
were tested to determine if observed differences were sta-
The name of the SVS intentionally does not indicate that tistically significant. Differences described as higher, lower,
the focus of the supplemental survey is stalking. This deci- or different passed a test at the 0.05 level of statistical sig-
sion was made to avoid biasing the responses of individu- nificance (95% confidence level). Differences described as
als and the subsequent estimates. The respondents had to somewhat, lightly, marginally, or some indication passed a
state that they experienced all of the following in order for a test at the 0.10 level of statistical significance (90% confi-
course of behavior to be counted as stalking victimization: dence level). Caution is required when comparing esti-
mates not explicitly discussed in the report.
• at least one of the harassing behaviors in the stalking
screener
• harassing behavior more than one time on separate
days
• at least one of the harassing contacts occurred during
the 12 months prior to the interview
• they feared for their own or a family member’s safety or
experienced another crime committed by the offender
that would make a reasonable person fearful (see the
survey screen questions on the next page).
10 Stalking Victimization in the United States
11. Screener questions for stalking behaviors
Now, I would like to ask you some questions about 3. Other than the attacks or attempted attacks you
any unwanted contacts or harassing behavior you just told me about, during the last 12 months, did this
may have experienced that frightened, concerned, person threaten to...
angered, or annoyed you. Please include acts
a. kill you
committed by strangers, casual acquaintances,
b. rape or sexually assault you
friends, relatives, and even spouses and partners.
c. harm you with a weapon
I want to remind you that the information you provide
d. hit, slap, or harm you in some other way
is confidential.
e. harm or kidnap a child
1. Not including bill collectors, telephone solicitors, or f. harm another family member
other sales people, has anyone, male or female, g. harm a friend or co-worker
EVER – frightened, concerned, angered or annoyed h. harm a pet
you by … i. harm or kill himself/herself
a. Making unwanted phone calls to you or leaving 4. What were you most afraid of happening as these
messages? unwanted contacts or behaviors were occurring?
b. Sending unsolicited or unwanted letters, e-mails, or
a. death
other forms of written correspondence or communi-
b. physical/bodily harm
cation?
c. harm or kidnap respondent's child
c. Following you or spying on you?
d. harm current partner/boyfriend/girlfriend
d. Waiting outside or inside places for you such as your
e. harm other family members
home, school, workplace, or recreation place?
f. don't know what would happen
e. Showing up at places where you were even though
he or she had no business being there? Questions used to measure fear
f. Leaving unwanted items, presents, or flowers?
1. How did the behavior of (this person/these
g. Posting information or spreading rumors about you
persons) make you feel when it FIRST started?
on the Internet, in a public place, or by word of
Anything else?
mouth?
f. None a. anxious/concerned
b. annoyed/angry
c. frightened
Questions used to identify actions that would
d. depressed
cause a reasonable person to feel fear
e. helpless
1. In order to frighten or intimidate you, did this f. sick
person attack or attempt to attack g. suicidal
h. some other way – specify
a. a child
b. another family member
c. a friend or co-worker 2. How did you feel as the behavior progressed?
d. a pet Anything else?
a. no change in feelings
2. During the last twelve months, did this person b. anxious/concerned
attack or attempt to attack you by... c. annoyed/angry
d. frightened
a. hitting, slapping, or knocking you down
e. depressed
b. choking or strangling you
f. helpless
c. raping or sexually assaulting you
g. sick
d. attacking you with a weapon
h. suicidal
e. chasing or dragging with a car
i. some other way - specify
f. attacking you in some other way
Stalking Victimization in the United States 11
12. Appendix table 1. Perceived age of the stalking offender, by age of the Appendix table 5. Stalking victims’ perceptions of
victim offenders’ previous problems with the law
Offender age Age of the victim Percent of
18-20 21-29 30-39 40-49 50 or older victims
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Total 100%
Under 18 10.9* 0.7* 1.8* 2.1* 2.0* Offender had problems with the law 35.9
18-20 41.6 5.7 2.3* 2.9* 1.0* Offender did not have problems with the law 26.3
21-29 23.3 48.2 13.8 8.8 3.8* Victim unable to determine if offender had
30-39 5.1* 23.0 37.6 16.7 16.3 problems with the law 37.8
40-49 6.7* 7.7 20.8 34.2 18.7 Number of victims 3,410,710
50 or older 2.4* 5.9 9.9 21.6 34.6
Note: Table excludes data about offenders from 0.4% of
Age of offender
stalking victimizations.
unknown 10.0* 8.8 13.9 13.7 23.6
Number of victims 349,490 929,080 752,690 722,890 663,660
Appendix table 6. Frequency of stalking during
Note: Table excludes missing data about offenders from 0.8% of stalking victims the 12 months prior to the interview
age 30 to 39.
*Based on 10 or fewer sample cases. Number Percent of victims
Appendix table 2. Perceived race of the stalking offender, by race of Total 3,416,100 100%
1-2 times/year 381,540 11.2
the victim
1-2 times/month 565,790 16.6
Victim race 1-2 times/week 770,380 22.6
Offender race White Black Some other race Almost every day 576,960 16.9
At least once a day 204,860 6.0
Total 100% 100% 100% No set pattern 864,920 25.3
White 82.8 12.5* 45.4 Don’t know 51,650 1.5
Black 5.2 65.6 16.0* Note: Table excludes 0.2% of stalking victims due to miss-
Some other race 7.6 11.8* 29.8 ing data.
Race of offender unknown 4.3 10.1* 8.8*
Number of victims 2,582,360 328,900 160,400
*Based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
Appendix table 3. Number of stalking offenders
perceived by victim
Percent of victims
Total 100%
One 62.1
Two 18.2
Three or more 13.1
Number unknown 6.5
Number of victims 3,398,630
Note: Table excludes 0.7% of stalking victims due to
missing data.
Appendix table 4. Employment status of the stalking
offenders, as perceived by victims
Percent of
victims
Total 100%
Employed 42.1
Unemployed 24.9
Sometimes employed/unemployed 6.4
Victim unable to determine employment status 26.6
Number of victims 3,420,450
Note: Table excludes 0.1% of stalking victims due to missing
data.
12 Stalking Victimization in the United States
13. Appendix table 7. Victims’ perceptions of whether stalking Appendix table 9. Amount of time victims lost
had stopped and reasons it stopped from work for any reason as a result of stalking
Number Percent of victims Number Percent of victims
Total 3,404,110 100% Total 540,360 100%
Less than a day 76,060 14.1
Stalking ongoing 1,234,330 36.3% 1 day 51,920 9.6
Stalking stopped 1,976,050 58.0% 2 days 57,540 10.6
3 days 42,830 7.9
Respondent took measures 4 days 24,900 4.6*
Victim talked to stalker 263,790 13.3% 5-9 days 77,350 14.3
Victim moved 214,150 10.8 10-24 days 60,690 11.2
Victim changed phone or email 210,910 10.7 25 or more days 78,420 14.5
Restraining/protection/stay away Don't know 70,650 13.1
order 187,220 9.5
Note: Table excludes 2.5% of stalking victims due to miss-
Victim got married or started new ing data. Total based on victims who had a job and lost
relationship 40,390 2.0 time from work. Detail may not sum to 100% due to
Perpetrator stopped behavior rounding.
Stalker moved 172,220 8.7% *Estimate based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
Stalker was arrested or incarcer-
ated 129,470 6.6
Stalker started a new relationship 80,580 4.1
Stalker got help/counseling 48,130 2.4 Appendix table 10. Out-of-pocket costs to victims
Stalker died 9,320 0.5* as a result of stalking
Others intervened Number Percent of victims
Police warned stalker 309,080 15.6%
Friend or relative intervened 240,350 12.2 Total 3,358,800 100%
Others intervened 163,020 8.2 $0 2,080,230 61.9
Employer intervened 105,490 5.3 $1-99 193,060 5.7
School staff intervened 42,230 2.1 $100-249 151,460 4.5
$250-499 90,420 2.7
Other reason 501,730 25.4% $500-999 89,730 2.7
$1,000-2,499 155,010 4.6
Don't know why stalking stopped 297,230 15.0%
$2,500-4,999 91,350 2.7
Don't know whether stalking $5,000 or more 188,110 5.6
stopped 208,940 10.6% Don't know 319,430 9.5
Note: Table excludes 0.6% of stalking victims due to missing data. Details Note: Table excludes 1.9% of stalking victims due to miss-
sum to more than 100% because multiple responses were permitted. ing data. Detail may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
Appendix table 11. Amount of employment income
Appendix table 8. Time lost from work for any reason lost as a result of stalking victimization
as a result of stalking victimization Number Percent of victims
Number Percent of victims Total 296,450 100%
$1-99 44,340 15.0
Total 3,388,550 100%
$100-999 110,430 37.2
Not working 708,070 20.9
$1,000-2,499 40,620 13.7
Working 2,680,470 79.1
$2,500-4,999 17,990 6.1
Reason for time lost from work $5,000 or more 23,690 8.0
Fear or concern for safety 350,940 13.1% Don’t know 59,450 20.1
Getting a restraining/protection Note: Table excludes 3.3% of stalking victims due to miss-
order or testifying in court 320,450 12.0 ing data.
Changing phone number/moving/
fixing damaged property 183,120 6.8
Note: Table excludes 1% of cases due to missing data. Details sum to
more than 100% because multiple responses were permitted.
Stalking Victimization in the United States 13
14. Appendix table 12. Victim reasons for not reporting Appendix table 14. Identity of person reporting stalking
stalking to police to police
Percent of victims Percent of victims
Dealt with another way Victim 83.0%
Private or personal matter 26.7% Victim's family 26.2
Reported to another official 13.6 Friend/neighbor 11.5
Not important enough to report Other 4.1
Minor incident 27.2 Employer/co-worker 2.3*
Not clear a crime occurred 11.2 Social worker/counselor 1.4*
Police couldn't help School official 1.4*
Couldn't identify offender/lacked evidence 9.5 Security guard 1.2*
Had no legal authority 3.0 Clergy/pastor/priest 0.5*
Lacked correct protection, stay away, or Stranger/bystander 0.5*
restraining order 0.5* Doctor/nurse 0.5*
Police wouldn't help Don't know 1.6*
Police wouldn't think it was important/would
be ineffective 11.0 Number of victims 1,350,130
Police wouldn't believe respondent/would Note: Table excludes 1.2% of stalking victims due to missing
blame respondent 4.0 data. Details sum to more than 100% because multiple
Previous negative experience with police 1.5* responses were permitted.
Perpetrator was a police officer 0.8* *Based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
Feared the perpetrator
Afraid of reprisal 5.9
Other reasons Appendix table 15. Types of action taken by police after
Protect perpetrator/perpetrator was ex- most recent contact about stalking
spouse or ex-partner 6.9
Contacts/behavior stopped 5.9 Percent of victims
For the sake of the children 3.8
Respondent felt ashamed/embarrassed 3.3 Took a report 55.3%
Respondent or perpetrator moved away 1.3* Talked to/warned offender 32.2
Other 17.6 Suggested protection, stay away or
Don’t know 1.2* restraining order 20.1
Gave victim self-protection advice 17.4
Number of victims 2,055,080 Referred victim to court 8.9
Note: Table excludes 1.9% of stalking victims due to missing Arrested offender 7.7
data. Details sum to more than 100% because multiple Asked for more evidence 6.4
responses are permitted. Referred victim to victim services 5.4
*Based on 10 or fewer sample cases. Moved respondent to another location 1.3*
Don't know 4.1
Took no action 18.8
Number of victims 1,343,090
Note: Table excludes 1.7% of stalking victims due to missing data.
Details sum to more than 100% because multiple responses were
permitted.
Appendix table 13. Number of police contacts *Based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
regarding stalking during the last 12 months
Percent of victims Appendix table 16. Stalking victims’ perceptions about why
police did not take action
Total 100%
1 39.7 Percent of victims
2 22.1
3 12.9 Didn't want to get involved 28.6%
4 6.4 Had no legal authority 17.7
5-10 11.9 Police were inefficient/ineffective 16.2
11-15 3.7 Didn't believe victim 13.2*
More than 15 3.2 Didn't have enough evidence 11.2*
Offender was a police officer 5.7*
Number of victims 1,240,280 Could not find/identify offender 4.0*
Note: Table excludes 9.2% of stalking victims Lacked or had incorrect protection order 3.0*
due to missing data. Thought it was victim's fault 2.9*
Didn't find out until too late 2.8*
Other 36.3
Number of victims 240,030
Note: Table excludes 4.9% of stalking victims due to missing
data. Details sum to more than 100% because multiple
responses were permitted.
*Based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
14 Stalking Victimization in the United States
15. Appendix table 17. Victim perceptions of outcomes after Appendix table 19. Stalking victim satisfaction with
first reporting stalking to police criminal justice outcome
Percent of victims Percent of victims
Total 100% Total 100%
Situation got better 28.2 Victim satisfied with outcome 45.7
Situation got worse 22.9 Victim not satisfied with outcome 49.0
Situation stayed the same 48.9 Don't know if satisfied with outcome 5.2*
Number of victims 1,325,720 Number of victims 169,040
Note: Table excludes 3% of stalking victims due to missing Note: Table excludes 13.5% of stalking victims that filed
data. charges due to missing data. Detail may not sum to 100%
due to rounding.
*Based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
Appendix table 18. Percent of stalkings in which criminal
justice charges were filed and outcomes
Percent Appendix table 20. Stalking victim perceptions about
helpfulness of officials in the criminal justice system
Total 100%
Charges not filed 71.5 Percent of victims who perceived
official as—
Charges filed 21.0
Helpful Not helpful
Still pending 33.3%**
Restraining, protection, stay away order 28.5 Patrol/police officer/sheriff 43.0% 41.9%
Jailed or imprisoned 18.0 911 dispatcher 3.6 2.8
Court intervention/counseling program 12.2* Detective 5.3 3.0
Convicted or guilty 12.0* Prosecutor/District Attorney 6.9 7.8
Fine was imposed 11.8* Judge 7.4 7.2
Dismissed or not guilty 9.1* Victim advocate 5.7 2.0*
Probation 8.5* Someone else 8.9 8.0
Other 12.9* No person was helpful 36.0 ~
Don't know outcome of charges filed 5.1* No person was unhelpful ~ 40.3
Don't know if charges filed 7.5 Victim did not provide response 3.3 2.7*
Number of victims 1,329,790 Number of victims 1,359,060 1,359,060
Note: Table excludes 2.7% of stalking victims that did not respond to Note: Details sum to more than 100% because multiple responses
whether charges were filed and 9.4% of victims that did not respond were permitted.
to the outcome of charges filed. ~Not applicable.
*Based on 10 or fewer sample cases. *Based on 10 or fewer sample cases.
**Details sum to more than 100% because multiple responses were
permitted.
Stalking Victimization in the United States 15
16. U.S. Department of Justice *NCJ~224527* PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
Office of Justice Programs DOJ/BJS
Bureau of Justice Statistics Permit No. G-91
Washington, DC 20531
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
This report in portable document format and in The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency
ASCII and its related statistical data and tables are of the U.S. Department of Justice. Michael D. Sinclair
available at the BJS World Wide Web Internet site: is deputy director.
<http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/svus.htm>.
This report was written by Katrina Baum, Ph.D.,
Shannan Catalano, Ph.D., Michael Rand, and Kristina
Rose. Cathy Maston, Patsy Klaus, Lara Allen, and
Office of Justice Programs Thomas Cohen provided statistical review. Tina Dorsey
produced the report, Catherine Bird and Jill Duncan
Innovation • Partnerships • Safer Neighborhoods
edited the report, and Jayne E. Robinson prepared the
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov
report for final printing.
January 2009, NCJ 224527
16 Stalking Victimization in the United States