The document describes the three stages of learning a new skill: the cognitive stage where the learner understands the task and identifies subroutines, the associative stage where the learner develops motor programs through practice but still makes errors, and the autonomous stage where the skill becomes automatic and the learner can focus on strategy with consistent performance and reduced errors.

1. COGNITIVE STAGE ASSOCIATIVE STAGE AUTONOMOUS STAGE
Early stages of learning Intermediate/practice stage Final stage of learning
This stage is relatively short but varies Longer lasting stage of learning, some The skill becomes automatic and
according to the learner and strategies used performers do not progress past this point subroutines are well organised.
Can concentrate on relevant cues/signals.
Understands what is required to perform a
Learns what has to be done/task rules Can focus on strategy e.g. where to place
given skill
shots, evading/fooling opponents
Identifies subroutines Motor programmes developed Habitual, efficiency increased
Needs to practice, amount depends on
Experiences the ‘feel’ of the movement ability, experience, ambition, complexity of Without use the skill will deteriorate
task/skill
Makes numerous mistakes Makes less errors Consistent performance
Requires large amount of specific feedback,
requires use of demonstration by coach, Needs feedback, demonstrations, coaching Can detect and correct own errors on own
videos, reading books etc.
No stress
Speed increased
Environmental interference reduced