إما سيحدث في المستقبل هو تطوير للهجمات الرقميه الى أن نصل الى الحرب الرقميه الشامله. لقد عانت شركات عالميه من توقف الإنترنت فيها لأيام عديده , مما كلفها الوقت و المجهود و بالطبع الخسائر الماليه الهائله. كذلك حدثت هجمات على مؤسسات للطاقه الكهربائيه و النوويه أصابت الدول بالهلع مما قد يحدث.
منحت جائزة نوبل فى الاقتصاد للأمريكيين الجنسية إلينور أوستورم & أوليفر وليامسون عام 2009م. عن عملهما " تحليل الإدارة الاقتصادية، فيما يُعرَف الآن بالحوكمة" التحليل الاقتصادي للملكية المشاعية وكيفية إدارة المصادر الطبيعية مثل الغابات وحقول البترول والأراضي بدون التدخل الحكومي وحتى بدون الخصخصة.
A review on of AAA at Medic Center for 10 years (1990-2000), 246/987 cases of AAA dissecting were detected and documented by ultrasound and CT scanning confirmed, # 24.9%, that had been prothesis grafting later in Binh dan hospital.
1) A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium without permanent transfer of matter. This document discusses mechanical and electromagnetic waves, their characteristics such as wavelength and frequency, and how waves behave in different media like strings and pipes.
2) Resonance occurs when an object vibrates at its natural frequency, causing large oscillations. Standing waves can form in pipes and strings, with nodes and antinodes depending on boundary conditions and wavelength.
3) The Doppler effect describes the change in frequency heard by an observer due to relative motion between the source and observer. The pitch is higher if approaching and lower if receding due to the change in wavelength reaching the observer each second.
This document discusses the expansion of gases and the relationships between pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles in gases. It introduces the ideal gas law (PV=nRT) and describes some key gas processes including isobaric (constant pressure), isothermal (constant temperature), and isometric (constant volume) processes. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the ideal gas law and gas equations of state to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or number of moles given values of the other variables.
The document discusses temperature, heat, and phase changes. It defines temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object. Temperature scales like Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin are introduced. Heat is a form of energy that transfers between objects due to temperature differences. Equations are provided to calculate heat transfer during temperature changes and phase changes using values like specific heat and latent heat. Examples demonstrate using the equations to solve heat and temperature problems involving substances like water, ice, and metals.
This document contains examples and solutions related to fluid statics concepts such as pressure, density, buoyancy, and Pascal's principle. It begins with examples calculating the mass, weight, density, and pressure using given values. Later examples apply concepts like buoyancy, pressure at depths, and pressure transmission using hydraulic jacks. Key formulas introduced include pressure (p=F/A), fluid pressure (p=hρg), and buoyancy (B=Vfluidρfluid). Overall, the document provides practice problems and solutions for understanding fundamental fluid statics principles.
إما سيحدث في المستقبل هو تطوير للهجمات الرقميه الى أن نصل الى الحرب الرقميه الشامله. لقد عانت شركات عالميه من توقف الإنترنت فيها لأيام عديده , مما كلفها الوقت و المجهود و بالطبع الخسائر الماليه الهائله. كذلك حدثت هجمات على مؤسسات للطاقه الكهربائيه و النوويه أصابت الدول بالهلع مما قد يحدث.
منحت جائزة نوبل فى الاقتصاد للأمريكيين الجنسية إلينور أوستورم & أوليفر وليامسون عام 2009م. عن عملهما " تحليل الإدارة الاقتصادية، فيما يُعرَف الآن بالحوكمة" التحليل الاقتصادي للملكية المشاعية وكيفية إدارة المصادر الطبيعية مثل الغابات وحقول البترول والأراضي بدون التدخل الحكومي وحتى بدون الخصخصة.
A review on of AAA at Medic Center for 10 years (1990-2000), 246/987 cases of AAA dissecting were detected and documented by ultrasound and CT scanning confirmed, # 24.9%, that had been prothesis grafting later in Binh dan hospital.
1) A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium without permanent transfer of matter. This document discusses mechanical and electromagnetic waves, their characteristics such as wavelength and frequency, and how waves behave in different media like strings and pipes.
2) Resonance occurs when an object vibrates at its natural frequency, causing large oscillations. Standing waves can form in pipes and strings, with nodes and antinodes depending on boundary conditions and wavelength.
3) The Doppler effect describes the change in frequency heard by an observer due to relative motion between the source and observer. The pitch is higher if approaching and lower if receding due to the change in wavelength reaching the observer each second.
This document discusses the expansion of gases and the relationships between pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles in gases. It introduces the ideal gas law (PV=nRT) and describes some key gas processes including isobaric (constant pressure), isothermal (constant temperature), and isometric (constant volume) processes. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the ideal gas law and gas equations of state to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or number of moles given values of the other variables.
The document discusses temperature, heat, and phase changes. It defines temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object. Temperature scales like Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin are introduced. Heat is a form of energy that transfers between objects due to temperature differences. Equations are provided to calculate heat transfer during temperature changes and phase changes using values like specific heat and latent heat. Examples demonstrate using the equations to solve heat and temperature problems involving substances like water, ice, and metals.
This document contains examples and solutions related to fluid statics concepts such as pressure, density, buoyancy, and Pascal's principle. It begins with examples calculating the mass, weight, density, and pressure using given values. Later examples apply concepts like buoyancy, pressure at depths, and pressure transmission using hydraulic jacks. Key formulas introduced include pressure (p=F/A), fluid pressure (p=hρg), and buoyancy (B=Vfluidρfluid). Overall, the document provides practice problems and solutions for understanding fundamental fluid statics principles.
1. A mass attached to a linear spring undergoes simple harmonic motion as it moves up and down. Its motion can be described by equations involving displacement, velocity, acceleration, angular frequency, and the spring constant.
2. For a mass-spring system undergoing simple harmonic motion, the maximum displacement from equilibrium occurs at the amplitude. The spring force is greatest and acceleration is largest at the amplitude, while velocity is greatest at mid-displacement and acceleration is zero at the equilibrium position.
3. Examples are worked through to find displacement as a function of time, angular frequency, maximum velocity and acceleration, and displacement at given times for masses undergoing simple harmonic motion on springs or circular paths. Equations are derived from given
This document provides examples and explanations of concepts related to rotational kinetics, including:
- Torque is calculated as the product of a force and its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. Net torque is the sum of all torques acting on an object.
- Rotational equilibrium occurs when the net torque on an object is zero, meaning the sum of clockwise and counterclockwise torques are equal.
- The center of mass of a uniformly distributed object is located at its geometric center. For rotational problems involving uniform objects, the center of mass can be treated as the axis of rotation.
- Newton's second law for rotational motion states that the net torque equals the product of the object's moment
This chapter discusses rotational kinematics, including angular displacement (θ), angular velocity (ω), angular acceleration (α), and time (t). Key relationships are developed between these rotational variables and their linear motion counterparts. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating angular acceleration, angular displacement, angular velocity, tangential acceleration, centripetal acceleration, and tangential and centripetal forces for objects undergoing rotational motion. Homework problems 1 through 5 at the end of the chapter are assigned.
This document discusses work, energy, and power. It defines work as the product of parallel force and distance. Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy are forms of mechanical energy. The work-kinetic energy theorem states that work done by net force equals change in kinetic energy. The law of conservation of energy says energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. Power is defined as work done per unit time. Examples calculate work, kinetic energy, potential energy, efficiency, and power for various situations.
This document summarizes key concepts about uniform circular motion including:
- Radians are the SI unit for measuring angles where 1 radian is the central angle that spans an arc equal to the circle's radius.
- Formulas relate angular quantities like speed (ω) and displacement (θ) to linear quantities like speed (v) and arc length (s) using the radius (R).
- Centripetal force (Fc) is required to cause circular motion and is given by Fc = Mv2/R, where M is the object's mass and v is its speed.
- Banked roads allow vehicles to safely take curved portions faster by providing tilt that replaces needed friction with
Force may cause motion or deformation of an object. Newton's second law relates the net force on an object to its acceleration. An example calculates the engine force needed to accelerate a car based on its mass, acceleration, and frictional force. The document provides additional examples applying Newton's laws to calculate accelerations, forces, distances, and times for objects undergoing different motions.
This document summarizes projectile motion in two dimensions. It explains that a projectile's curved motion can be analyzed as the combination of horizontal and vertical linear motion. In the horizontal direction, the motion is at a constant speed due to the lack of acceleration. In the vertical direction, gravity causes acceleration, resulting in parabolic motion. The document provides an example problem of analyzing the motion of a cannon ball fired at an angle, solving for variables like time, distance, and the equation of its parabolic path. It also gives another example of determining how far a ball will land after rolling off a table.
The document provides information about uniformly accelerated motion along a straight line. It defines key terms like velocity, acceleration, displacement and equations of motion. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the use of equations to solve problems involving uniformly accelerated motion. Examples include calculating acceleration, distance traveled, time taken and velocities given information about an object's motion under constant acceleration along a straight path.
This document discusses fundamental units, vectors, and trigonometry. It begins by defining basic units like length, time, and velocity. It then explains that vectors require both a magnitude and direction, while scalars only require a magnitude. The document provides examples of adding vectors graphically using the head-to-tail method and analytically using trigonometric functions. It also discusses solving for unknown sides of triangles using trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent.
This study investigated the implantation of sapphire by zirconium and zirconium plus oxygen ions. Important factors that influence amorphization during ion implantation include temperature, ion mass, energy, and fluence. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was used to determine the threshold fluence for amorphization in sapphire by zirconium implantation and examine the effect of additional oxygen implantation. Optical absorption and photoluminescence measurements provided information about induced color centers and defects from the ion irradiation.
This document discusses the Al2O3-ZrO2 phase diagram through several figures and studies:
1) It presents experimental and calculated Al2O3-ZrO2 phase diagrams showing the different phases like tetragonal ZrO2, monoclinic ZrO2, and liquid present at different temperatures and compositions.
2) Studies found the eutectic composition to be around 42.5% ZrO2 with a eutectic temperature of around 1910°C.
3) One study using solar furnace and electron microprobe analysis examined 17 compositions between 0-100% ZrO2 and identified phase transitions between tetragonal, monoclinic,
1. Electron irradiation of sapphire (Al2O3) results in both electronic and nuclear damage.
2. Electronic damage includes electron excitation and ionization via interactions between the incident 1 MeV electrons and the aluminum and oxygen atoms in Al2O3.
3. Nuclear damage, or displacement damage, occurs when electrons transfer sufficient energy to atomic nuclei to displace them from their lattice sites, calculated using models of electron-atom cross sections and displacement thresholds.
The document describes an experiment to measure Rydberg's constant using the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Electrons in hydrogen atoms absorb energy and transition to higher energy levels. When they drop down, they emit photons of specific wavelengths according to Planck's law. By measuring the wavelengths of photons emitted during transitions from higher to lower energy levels in the Balmer series, Rydberg's constant can be calculated and verified. Measurements of hydrogen's spectral lines will be used to calculate Rydberg's constant and compare to the accepted value.
Nuclear Radiation, the chart of nuclidesYounes Sina
This document provides information about nuclear radiation and the chart of nuclides. It defines key terms like thermal neutrons and fast neutrons. It also summarizes how nuclear reactors work through the fission of U-235 when it absorbs a neutron, and the concept of critical mass. The bulk of the document provides a guide to reading and understanding the chart of nuclides, defining various symbols and indicators on the chart.
Ion implantation effects in sapphire-Poster for advisory meeting at utkYounes Sina
This document discusses a study on the effects of ion implantation in sapphire. Zirconium and boron ions were implanted into sapphire single crystals at room temperature. For zirconium implantation, an amorphous layer was formed at fluences above 4x10^16 Zr+/cm^2. RBS-C, XRD, and other analysis found zirconium formed clusters in the amorphous region. For boron implantation, a high defect density was found without complete loss of crystallinity for fluences up to 1x10^17 B+/cm^2. The study aims to identify the nature of defects introduced and how implanted species interact with the material.