Status of Grasspea (Lathyrus Sativus) - Research and Development by A. Sarker...apaari
Status of Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) - Research and Development by A Sarker, ICARDA, South Asia - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
Pros and cons of VRT in Indian Agriculture as compared to Developed countries PragyaNaithani
Variable-rate technology (VRT) allows fertilizer,
chemicals, lime, gypsum, irrigation water and other farm
inputs to be applied at different rates across a field,
without manually changing rate settings on equipment
or having to make multiple passes over an area.
Variable-rate application (VRA) can range from the
simple control of flow rate to the more complex
management of rate, chemical mix and application
pattern. VRA can match changes in crop yield potential
with specific input rates resulting in a more efficient
system and minimising potential environmental impacts.
VRT can be used to deal with spatial variability between
paddocks or between management zones/classes. There
are two types of VRT:
1. Map-based control: a map of application rates is
produced for the field prior to the operation.
2. Real-time control: decisions about what rates
to apply in different locations are made using
information gathered during the operation. This
requires sensors to detect necessary information
‘on-the-go’ and is usually designed for a specific
job such as herbicide application.
This document discusses several types of plant growth regulators including morphactins, anti-transpirants, anti-auxins, anti-oxidants, and growth retardants. Morphactins are substances that modulate plant morphogenesis and include derivatives of fluorine compounds. Anti-transpirants help reduce water loss from plants and include stomatal closing agents like phenyl mercuric acetate as well as film-forming and reflective materials. Anti-auxins inhibit the effects of auxins and examples provided are TIBA, NPA, and clofibric acid. Anti-oxidants protect plant cells from free radical damage and include vitamins A, C, and E. Growth retardants like CCC reduce shoot growth
This document discusses the Land Equivalent Coefficient (LEC), which is used as a competition index to evaluate intercropping systems. The LEC is defined as the product of the Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) of the intercrop components. An LEC greater than 0.25 indicates that the intercropping system is more productive than sole crops due to complementary interactions between the crop components. Limitations of the LEC include it becoming zero if one component has an LER of zero. The LEC has various applications for assessing the agronomic and economic productivity of simple and complex intercropping mixtures.
This document discusses various mechanisms of variability in fungal pathogens that cause disease resistance in plants. It describes (1) hybridization which introduces genetic variation through recombination of parental genomes, (2) heterokaryosis allowing for genetic exchange between genetically different nuclei in fungi, (3) parasexualism enabling genetic recombination within fungal heterokaryons, (4) mutation as a spontaneous genetic change, and (5) cytoplasmic adaptation where characteristics like virulence can be maternally inherited through the cytoplasm. Understanding these sources of variability is important for breeding disease resistance in crops.
Development of transgenic plants for abiotic stress resistancetara singh rawat
The document discusses various genes that have been used to engineer abiotic stress tolerance in plants. It describes genes involved in synthesizing osmoprotectants like glycinebetaine and trehalose, antioxidant genes like superoxide dismutase, transcription factor genes like DREB1A, early response genes like ERD15, and genes that maintain membrane integrity and ion homeostasis. Engineering these stress-responsive genes into crop plants through genetic engineering approaches can help improve abiotic stress tolerance and food security.
This document outlines a new policy on seed development and import in India. Key points:
- It aims to encourage commercial seed production to supplement government efforts and promote competition.
- India's varied agro-climatic zones allow for diverse seed production.
- Continuous upgrading of seeds/planting materials is needed to maximize productivity.
- The new policy focuses on importing high quality seeds, strengthening quarantine facilities, and incentivizing the domestic seed industry.
Status of Grasspea (Lathyrus Sativus) - Research and Development by A. Sarker...apaari
Status of Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) - Research and Development by A Sarker, ICARDA, South Asia - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
Pros and cons of VRT in Indian Agriculture as compared to Developed countries PragyaNaithani
Variable-rate technology (VRT) allows fertilizer,
chemicals, lime, gypsum, irrigation water and other farm
inputs to be applied at different rates across a field,
without manually changing rate settings on equipment
or having to make multiple passes over an area.
Variable-rate application (VRA) can range from the
simple control of flow rate to the more complex
management of rate, chemical mix and application
pattern. VRA can match changes in crop yield potential
with specific input rates resulting in a more efficient
system and minimising potential environmental impacts.
VRT can be used to deal with spatial variability between
paddocks or between management zones/classes. There
are two types of VRT:
1. Map-based control: a map of application rates is
produced for the field prior to the operation.
2. Real-time control: decisions about what rates
to apply in different locations are made using
information gathered during the operation. This
requires sensors to detect necessary information
‘on-the-go’ and is usually designed for a specific
job such as herbicide application.
This document discusses several types of plant growth regulators including morphactins, anti-transpirants, anti-auxins, anti-oxidants, and growth retardants. Morphactins are substances that modulate plant morphogenesis and include derivatives of fluorine compounds. Anti-transpirants help reduce water loss from plants and include stomatal closing agents like phenyl mercuric acetate as well as film-forming and reflective materials. Anti-auxins inhibit the effects of auxins and examples provided are TIBA, NPA, and clofibric acid. Anti-oxidants protect plant cells from free radical damage and include vitamins A, C, and E. Growth retardants like CCC reduce shoot growth
This document discusses the Land Equivalent Coefficient (LEC), which is used as a competition index to evaluate intercropping systems. The LEC is defined as the product of the Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) of the intercrop components. An LEC greater than 0.25 indicates that the intercropping system is more productive than sole crops due to complementary interactions between the crop components. Limitations of the LEC include it becoming zero if one component has an LER of zero. The LEC has various applications for assessing the agronomic and economic productivity of simple and complex intercropping mixtures.
This document discusses various mechanisms of variability in fungal pathogens that cause disease resistance in plants. It describes (1) hybridization which introduces genetic variation through recombination of parental genomes, (2) heterokaryosis allowing for genetic exchange between genetically different nuclei in fungi, (3) parasexualism enabling genetic recombination within fungal heterokaryons, (4) mutation as a spontaneous genetic change, and (5) cytoplasmic adaptation where characteristics like virulence can be maternally inherited through the cytoplasm. Understanding these sources of variability is important for breeding disease resistance in crops.
Development of transgenic plants for abiotic stress resistancetara singh rawat
The document discusses various genes that have been used to engineer abiotic stress tolerance in plants. It describes genes involved in synthesizing osmoprotectants like glycinebetaine and trehalose, antioxidant genes like superoxide dismutase, transcription factor genes like DREB1A, early response genes like ERD15, and genes that maintain membrane integrity and ion homeostasis. Engineering these stress-responsive genes into crop plants through genetic engineering approaches can help improve abiotic stress tolerance and food security.
This document outlines a new policy on seed development and import in India. Key points:
- It aims to encourage commercial seed production to supplement government efforts and promote competition.
- India's varied agro-climatic zones allow for diverse seed production.
- Continuous upgrading of seeds/planting materials is needed to maximize productivity.
- The new policy focuses on importing high quality seeds, strengthening quarantine facilities, and incentivizing the domestic seed industry.
Genetic engineering for biotic stress toleranceSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses genetic engineering approaches for improving biotic stress tolerance in plants. It focuses on engineering resistance to herbicides, insects, fungi and bacteria. For herbicide resistance, genes have been introduced that encode herbicide-insensitive versions of the EPSPS enzyme or enzymes that can degrade herbicides. For insect resistance, genes from Bacillus thuringiensis encoding cry toxins have been widely used, as well as genes encoding protease inhibitors, lectins, and chitinases. For resistance to fungi and bacteria, genes involved in the plant's incompatible hypersensitive response have potential for engineering resistance.
1) Bt brinjal was developed by Mahyco, UAS Dharwad, and TNAU Coimbatore to resist the fruit and shoot borer, which causes 50-90% damage to brinjal crops.
2) It has the potential to provide economic and health benefits by reducing pesticide use and costs, and increasing yields. However, it also poses risks to the environment from gene flow and development of pest resistance.
3) In 2010, the Indian government announced a moratorium on the commercial release of Bt brinjal due to concerns from scientists and opposition from states and public sentiment over its safety.
This document discusses the ecology and management of the diamondback moth (DBM), a major pest of cruciferous crops. It covers the DBM life cycle, host plant interactions, natural enemies, abiotic factors influencing populations, and control methods including cultural practices, biological control, and insecticides. Resistance to insecticides is a growing problem, requiring strategies like rotation, synergists, and Bt crops with multiple toxins to manage resistance.
1. Management of seed borne diseases can be done through crop production practices, seed treatment, seed certification, and plant quarantine. Crop production practices include using disease-resistant varieties, crop rotation, and following good sanitation practices.
2. Seed treatment involves physical, biological and chemical methods to eliminate pathogens. Hot water treatment, hot air treatment and solar heat treatment are common physical seed treatments. Biological control uses antagonistic microorganisms. Chemical seed treatments with fungicides and insecticides form protective coatings on seeds.
3. Seed certification and quality control ensure high quality seeds through procedures for labeling, inspection and generation limits. Plant quarantine aims to prevent the spread of diseases and p
This document discusses various methods for seed health testing to detect fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and nematodes. It describes several visual, biological, and molecular methods. Visual methods include examining seeds under magnification for signs of fungi or insect damage. Biological methods involve growing seeds in controlled conditions and observing for disease symptoms. Molecular methods discussed are PCR, ELISA, and lateral flow tests which allow detection of pathogens at a genetic level. The goal of seed health testing is to determine the sanitary quality and ensure seeds meet certification standards before commercial use.
Seed priming:- A TOOL FOR QUALITY SEED PRODUCTIONRamesh Thakur
Seed priming involves soaking seeds in solutions to begin germination processes without allowing radicals to emerge. This improves seed vigor and performance under stress. The document discusses various priming techniques including osmopriming, halopriming, hydropriming, and biopriming. It provides examples of how priming with solutions like PEG, KNO3, or microbes like Trichoderma improves seed germination rates, stand establishment, and crop yields under stressful conditions.
Transgenic plant with improved nutritional qualityDr. Kirti Mehta
This document summarizes the development of Golden Rice, a genetically engineered rice variety that produces beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. It was developed to address vitamin A deficiency in developing countries where rice is a staple crop. The document describes how researchers introduced genes from daffodil and bacteria to complete the beta-carotene biosynthesis pathway in rice endosperm. Early research demonstrated beta-carotene production in transgenic rice. Further work improved beta-carotene levels and introduced the trait into indica rice varieties commonly consumed in Asia where vitamin A deficiency is widespread. The goal of Golden Rice is to provide a sustainable solution to prevent blindness and other health issues caused by vitamin A deficiency.
This document discusses the history and development of orchid micropropagation techniques. It notes that in the 1960s, scientists developed methods for inducing plantlets from dormant buds and shoot tips in vitro, allowing for mass propagation. Since then, techniques using shoot tips, meristems, leaves, and other explants have been developed for propagating many commercial orchid species. The document also outlines some best practices for orchid micropropagation, including addressing phenolic exudation and somaclonal variation. It concludes by discussing the growth of the global orchid industry and opportunities to expand commercial orchid cultivation in India through further development of low-cost micropropagation methods.
Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors.
ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND AVAILABILITY OF MAJOR VEGETABLES IN PAKISTANAnjum Ali Buttar
This document summarizes statistics and information about major vegetable crops in Pakistan including tomato, onion, garlic, chilli. It provides data on production areas and volumes for each crop by province from 2010-2016. It also outlines supply and consumption cycles for each crop by province. Charts show monthly wholesale price trends for each crop in major cities from 2015-2017. The document concludes with a proposed plan of action to improve the horticulture sector in Pakistan with strategies like establishing a national forum, policy, centers of excellence, dedicated programs and projects, and adopting modern technologies.
This ppt contains few important weeds in India.
Shared By Mr. S.N. Honnalli College of Agriculture (Bheemarayanagudi) during 1st year of B.Sc (Agriculture)
1. Plants have developed three main adaptations to salinity stress: osmotic stress tolerance, sodium exclusion from leaves, and tissue tolerance to accumulated sodium and chloride in leaves.
2. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance include compartmentalization of ions, osmotic adjustment through compatible solutes, and exclusion of sodium from leaves.
3. Breeding efforts have developed salt tolerant varieties of crops like rice, wheat, mustard, and chickpeas through marker-assisted selection and identifying favorable quantitative trait loci.
This document discusses antiviral principles (AVP) found in certain plant leaves and extracts. AVPs are compounds that have inhibitory effects against viruses. The document provides details on preparing an AVP extract from sorghum leaves and using it to manage pathogens. It explains that AVP extracts from various plants like sorghum, prosopis, and bougainvillea have been shown to effectively reduce different viruses in crops like groundnuts, tomatoes, and sunflowers. The mechanism of action of AVPs is that they contain proteins that interfere with viral replication and movement between host cells.
“Seed priming is a controlled hydration technique in which seeds are soaked in water or low osmotic potential solution to a point where germination related metabolic activities begin in the seeds but radical emergence does not occur.”
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture and its application on horticultural crops.it is the best method to grow the crops in high number especially the highly demanding ones.
Transgenic male sterility is a form of genetic male sterility induced through genetic engineering techniques. It involves introducing two genes into plant lines - one gene causes male sterility in the A line while the other suppresses this in the R line. The barnase-barstar system utilizes a barnase gene that induces male sterility and a barstar gene that binds to and inhibits barnase, allowing for male fertility. Hybrid seed production can be maintained using transgenic male sterility, where the sterile A line is crossed with the fertile R line to produce F1 hybrid seeds.
This document discusses genetic diversity and clustering analysis (AMOVA) in plants. It provides an overview of the phenomena that cause genetic changes in populations, such as mutation, nonrandom mating, and gene flow. It also discusses different measures of genetic distance and marker informativeness between plant samples. Specific analysis methods discussed include clustering analysis, phylogenetic trees constructed using distance-based methods like UPGMA and neighbor-joining, and Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA). Examples are provided to illustrate genetic distance calculation and the steps involved in UPGMA and neighbor-joining clustering analysis.
This document discusses speed breeding, a technique to accelerate crop breeding cycles. Traditional breeding can take many years to develop new varieties while meeting future food demands poses challenges. Speed breeding uses controlled environmental conditions like extended photoperiod and supplemental lighting to complete multiple generations in a year. Case studies show this approach led wheat and barley to flower in half the time and generated 5 soybean generations per year. Speed breeding holds potential to rapidly develop climate-resilient varieties on a smaller scale while combining with genomics and other innovations.
The document discusses the development and applications of plant pangenomics. It begins by defining what a pangenome is and explaining the difference between core and dispensable genes. It then provides a timeline of key developments in pangenomic research. Some of the major driving forces shaping structural variation in plant pangenomes are discussed. The processes of generating a pangenome through de novo and reference-based assembly methods are outlined. Two case studies on constructing chickpea and rice pangenomes are summarized. Applications of pangenomics in plant genetic studies and breeding like domestication, heterosis, and identifying rare alleles are highlighted.
breeding for salt tolerance – response of plants to salinity – symptoms – mechanisms of salt tolerance – breeding methods for salt tolerance – problems – achievements; Cold tolerance – chilling resistance – effects of chilling stress on plants – mechanism of chilling tolerance – sources of chilling tolerance – selection criteria –freezing resistance – effects of freezing – mechanism of freezing resistance – genetic resources for freezing tolerance – selection criteria – problems in breeding for freezing tolerance.
Genetic engineering for biotic stress toleranceSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses genetic engineering approaches for improving biotic stress tolerance in plants. It focuses on engineering resistance to herbicides, insects, fungi and bacteria. For herbicide resistance, genes have been introduced that encode herbicide-insensitive versions of the EPSPS enzyme or enzymes that can degrade herbicides. For insect resistance, genes from Bacillus thuringiensis encoding cry toxins have been widely used, as well as genes encoding protease inhibitors, lectins, and chitinases. For resistance to fungi and bacteria, genes involved in the plant's incompatible hypersensitive response have potential for engineering resistance.
1) Bt brinjal was developed by Mahyco, UAS Dharwad, and TNAU Coimbatore to resist the fruit and shoot borer, which causes 50-90% damage to brinjal crops.
2) It has the potential to provide economic and health benefits by reducing pesticide use and costs, and increasing yields. However, it also poses risks to the environment from gene flow and development of pest resistance.
3) In 2010, the Indian government announced a moratorium on the commercial release of Bt brinjal due to concerns from scientists and opposition from states and public sentiment over its safety.
This document discusses the ecology and management of the diamondback moth (DBM), a major pest of cruciferous crops. It covers the DBM life cycle, host plant interactions, natural enemies, abiotic factors influencing populations, and control methods including cultural practices, biological control, and insecticides. Resistance to insecticides is a growing problem, requiring strategies like rotation, synergists, and Bt crops with multiple toxins to manage resistance.
1. Management of seed borne diseases can be done through crop production practices, seed treatment, seed certification, and plant quarantine. Crop production practices include using disease-resistant varieties, crop rotation, and following good sanitation practices.
2. Seed treatment involves physical, biological and chemical methods to eliminate pathogens. Hot water treatment, hot air treatment and solar heat treatment are common physical seed treatments. Biological control uses antagonistic microorganisms. Chemical seed treatments with fungicides and insecticides form protective coatings on seeds.
3. Seed certification and quality control ensure high quality seeds through procedures for labeling, inspection and generation limits. Plant quarantine aims to prevent the spread of diseases and p
This document discusses various methods for seed health testing to detect fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and nematodes. It describes several visual, biological, and molecular methods. Visual methods include examining seeds under magnification for signs of fungi or insect damage. Biological methods involve growing seeds in controlled conditions and observing for disease symptoms. Molecular methods discussed are PCR, ELISA, and lateral flow tests which allow detection of pathogens at a genetic level. The goal of seed health testing is to determine the sanitary quality and ensure seeds meet certification standards before commercial use.
Seed priming:- A TOOL FOR QUALITY SEED PRODUCTIONRamesh Thakur
Seed priming involves soaking seeds in solutions to begin germination processes without allowing radicals to emerge. This improves seed vigor and performance under stress. The document discusses various priming techniques including osmopriming, halopriming, hydropriming, and biopriming. It provides examples of how priming with solutions like PEG, KNO3, or microbes like Trichoderma improves seed germination rates, stand establishment, and crop yields under stressful conditions.
Transgenic plant with improved nutritional qualityDr. Kirti Mehta
This document summarizes the development of Golden Rice, a genetically engineered rice variety that produces beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. It was developed to address vitamin A deficiency in developing countries where rice is a staple crop. The document describes how researchers introduced genes from daffodil and bacteria to complete the beta-carotene biosynthesis pathway in rice endosperm. Early research demonstrated beta-carotene production in transgenic rice. Further work improved beta-carotene levels and introduced the trait into indica rice varieties commonly consumed in Asia where vitamin A deficiency is widespread. The goal of Golden Rice is to provide a sustainable solution to prevent blindness and other health issues caused by vitamin A deficiency.
This document discusses the history and development of orchid micropropagation techniques. It notes that in the 1960s, scientists developed methods for inducing plantlets from dormant buds and shoot tips in vitro, allowing for mass propagation. Since then, techniques using shoot tips, meristems, leaves, and other explants have been developed for propagating many commercial orchid species. The document also outlines some best practices for orchid micropropagation, including addressing phenolic exudation and somaclonal variation. It concludes by discussing the growth of the global orchid industry and opportunities to expand commercial orchid cultivation in India through further development of low-cost micropropagation methods.
Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors.
ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND AVAILABILITY OF MAJOR VEGETABLES IN PAKISTANAnjum Ali Buttar
This document summarizes statistics and information about major vegetable crops in Pakistan including tomato, onion, garlic, chilli. It provides data on production areas and volumes for each crop by province from 2010-2016. It also outlines supply and consumption cycles for each crop by province. Charts show monthly wholesale price trends for each crop in major cities from 2015-2017. The document concludes with a proposed plan of action to improve the horticulture sector in Pakistan with strategies like establishing a national forum, policy, centers of excellence, dedicated programs and projects, and adopting modern technologies.
This ppt contains few important weeds in India.
Shared By Mr. S.N. Honnalli College of Agriculture (Bheemarayanagudi) during 1st year of B.Sc (Agriculture)
1. Plants have developed three main adaptations to salinity stress: osmotic stress tolerance, sodium exclusion from leaves, and tissue tolerance to accumulated sodium and chloride in leaves.
2. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance include compartmentalization of ions, osmotic adjustment through compatible solutes, and exclusion of sodium from leaves.
3. Breeding efforts have developed salt tolerant varieties of crops like rice, wheat, mustard, and chickpeas through marker-assisted selection and identifying favorable quantitative trait loci.
This document discusses antiviral principles (AVP) found in certain plant leaves and extracts. AVPs are compounds that have inhibitory effects against viruses. The document provides details on preparing an AVP extract from sorghum leaves and using it to manage pathogens. It explains that AVP extracts from various plants like sorghum, prosopis, and bougainvillea have been shown to effectively reduce different viruses in crops like groundnuts, tomatoes, and sunflowers. The mechanism of action of AVPs is that they contain proteins that interfere with viral replication and movement between host cells.
“Seed priming is a controlled hydration technique in which seeds are soaked in water or low osmotic potential solution to a point where germination related metabolic activities begin in the seeds but radical emergence does not occur.”
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture and its application on horticultural crops.it is the best method to grow the crops in high number especially the highly demanding ones.
Transgenic male sterility is a form of genetic male sterility induced through genetic engineering techniques. It involves introducing two genes into plant lines - one gene causes male sterility in the A line while the other suppresses this in the R line. The barnase-barstar system utilizes a barnase gene that induces male sterility and a barstar gene that binds to and inhibits barnase, allowing for male fertility. Hybrid seed production can be maintained using transgenic male sterility, where the sterile A line is crossed with the fertile R line to produce F1 hybrid seeds.
This document discusses genetic diversity and clustering analysis (AMOVA) in plants. It provides an overview of the phenomena that cause genetic changes in populations, such as mutation, nonrandom mating, and gene flow. It also discusses different measures of genetic distance and marker informativeness between plant samples. Specific analysis methods discussed include clustering analysis, phylogenetic trees constructed using distance-based methods like UPGMA and neighbor-joining, and Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA). Examples are provided to illustrate genetic distance calculation and the steps involved in UPGMA and neighbor-joining clustering analysis.
This document discusses speed breeding, a technique to accelerate crop breeding cycles. Traditional breeding can take many years to develop new varieties while meeting future food demands poses challenges. Speed breeding uses controlled environmental conditions like extended photoperiod and supplemental lighting to complete multiple generations in a year. Case studies show this approach led wheat and barley to flower in half the time and generated 5 soybean generations per year. Speed breeding holds potential to rapidly develop climate-resilient varieties on a smaller scale while combining with genomics and other innovations.
The document discusses the development and applications of plant pangenomics. It begins by defining what a pangenome is and explaining the difference between core and dispensable genes. It then provides a timeline of key developments in pangenomic research. Some of the major driving forces shaping structural variation in plant pangenomes are discussed. The processes of generating a pangenome through de novo and reference-based assembly methods are outlined. Two case studies on constructing chickpea and rice pangenomes are summarized. Applications of pangenomics in plant genetic studies and breeding like domestication, heterosis, and identifying rare alleles are highlighted.
breeding for salt tolerance – response of plants to salinity – symptoms – mechanisms of salt tolerance – breeding methods for salt tolerance – problems – achievements; Cold tolerance – chilling resistance – effects of chilling stress on plants – mechanism of chilling tolerance – sources of chilling tolerance – selection criteria –freezing resistance – effects of freezing – mechanism of freezing resistance – genetic resources for freezing tolerance – selection criteria – problems in breeding for freezing tolerance.