1. werilebi jon dos pasosze
vaxtangi amaRlobeli
jon dos pasosis statia ”gasabWoebuli kavkasia”
da saqarTvelo
cnobili amerikeli mwerali da publicisti, jon dos pasosi pirveli
amerikeli mweralia, romelmac 1921 wlis agvistoSi gasabWoebul
saqarTveloSi imogzaura da Tavisi STabeWdilebebi gamoaqveyna erTi
wlis Tavze, 1922 wlis agvistoSi gazeT “libereiTaSi” dabeWdil
statiaSi “gasabWoebuli kavkasia”. statia mravalmxriv sainteresoa. dos
pasosis arc Tu ise didi moculobis, 6 gverdian, statiaSi sakmaod bevri
faqti, movlenaa asaxuli, romlebzec avtori Tavis mosazrebebsa da
Sexedulebebs gviziarebs, zogjer sakuTar Sefasebebsa da daskvnebsac
akeTebs. Tumca SesavalSive mimarTavs amerikel mkiTxvels: “upirveles
yovlisa mkiTxveli unda gavafrTxilo imis Taobaze, daujereblad ar
moeCvenos statiaSi gadmocemuli faqtebi. imitom ki ara, “faqtebs”
TiTqos ganzrax vayalbeb, aramed SeuZlebelia bolomde Cawvde
uwesrigod afuTfuTebuli, ylortebamoyrili axali cxovrebis arss...
yovelives isic emateba, rom rusuli, qarTuli, TaTruli, Turquli da,
saerTod, arc erTi im mcire dialeqtTagani kavkasiaSi mravlad romaa, ar
vici, Tanac am qveynebSi mTlianobaSi mxolod sami kvira gavatare, hoda,
ra STabeWdileba unda moTxovo Cinels niu-iorkis Sesaxeb iq arCevnebis
dRes rom Cava da enis ucodinarobis gamo xalxTan urTierToba ki ara
abrebisa da firniSebis wakiTxvac rom ar SeuZlia”.1
avtori statiaSi “gasabWoebuli kavkasia” msjelobs mTeli
kavkasiisa da saerTod sabWoTa ruseTis konteqstSi, Tumca, faqtobrivad,
samkviriani mogzaurobidan TiTqmis or kviraze met xans saqarTveloSi
imyofeboda da Semdeg estumra erevans. statiaSi erevanSi yofna saerTod
araa asaxuli, is Tavidan bolomde exeba mwerlis baTumsa da TbilisSi
stumrobas da qarTuli STabeWdilebebiTaa gaJRenTili. Cemi azriT,
statias saxelwodebad “gasabWoebuli saqarTvelo” ufro Seefereboda,
vidre “gasabWoebuli kavkasia”.
aRniSnuli statia gamoyenebuli aqvT TavianT naSromebSi: melvin
landsbergs “ dos pasosis gza aSS-saken”, politikuri biografia;2
virjinia spenser karss “dos pasosi, cxovreba”,3 Taunsend lundingtons
“jon dos pasosi, me-20 saukunis odisevsi”4 da sxva.
statia Ffaqtobrivad warmoadgens dokumentur masalas, rac kidev
ufro zrdis mis mniSvnelobas. Ees aris ucxoelis TvaliT piruTvnelad
da Seulamazeblad gadmocemuli imdroindeli realoba. statiaSi
Tvalwin iSleba saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdgomi periodis baTumisa da
Tbilisis cxovrebisa da yofis namdvili suraTebi, gadmocemulia qaosi,
areuloba, xalxis dabneuloba, umuSevroba, siduxWire: “navsadguri, ra
Tqma unda, ganadgurebuli iyo. gamqrali ficrebis adgilas sicariele
Canda, ximinjebi yvela mimarTulebiT uswormasworod iyo gadaxrili...
qalaqs omis kvali etyoba. irgvliv, aravin icis saidan Camosulebi,
uamravi, usaqmod moxetiale umuSevari ireva, navsadgurSi ramdenime gemis
gadmotvirTva mimdinareobs...”.5 Aase aRgviwers jer kidev gemze myofi
mwerali baTumis navsadgurs, xolo miwaze gadmosuli maSinve amCnevs

2. mmarTvelobaSi mosuli “welze SemoWeril qamrebian, sabWoTa ruseTis
savaldebulo TeTr kitelebSi gamowyobil uwverulvaSo
axalgazrdebis”6 Tavdajerilobasa da paToss.
dos pasosi agviwers im siRaribesa da gausaZlis yofas, axalma
droebam rom moutana mosaxleobis TiTqmis yvela fenas. mwerali
gansakuTrebiT moxucebis mdgomareobiTaa Sewuxebuli da wers: “am
moxucebs Zalzed ubadruki bedi xvdaT wilad, umravlesobisTvis axali
reJimi savsebiT miuRebeli aRmoCda. wuTisofeli imiT gaaqvT, rac
gaaCniaT, nawil-nawil, yvelafers rom yidian, dRes xaliCas, xval
vercxlis finjans, zeg romelime faifuris nivTs, sxedan dacarielebul
sastumro oTaxebSi, Camofarebul fardebs miRma da fiqroben im
auxdenel dReze, iqneb bedi Semobrundes da yiraze mdgari samyaro ukan
gadmobrundeso. verc denikinis, vrangelis da verc danarCen marionet
mokavSireTa damarcxebebma gadaarwmunes isini, Zveli didebis dReebi rom
gardasuliyo da veRar dabrundeboda”.7
amasTan mwerals TbilisSi xetialisas TvalSi xvdeba mosaxleobis
simcire da gansakuTrebiT asakovani xalxis sixalvaTe, ris Taobazec
ambobs:“TiflisSi xetialisas TandaTanobiT TvalSi gxvdeba mosaxleobis
simcire, ver Sexvdebi moxuc, WaRara, wverosan adamianebs, msuqan, fxukian
gamometyvelebis rantiebs. mravladaa gamoucdeli, magram imediani
gamometyvelebis koxta axalgazrdebi. xalxmravlobis drosac ki, mTavari
quCa, mTels sigrZeze, ise SegiZlia Caiaro, 35 wels zeviT asakis
adamians ver Sexvdebi, cota damaklda lamis 25 wlisani ar vaxsene.
gaocebas ver vfaravdi imis gamo, rom ver gamego moxucebi yvela
gardacvliliyo, Cekas mier iyvnen dakavebulni, Tu isini axali
cxovrebis wesiT gamowveulma sastikma Zalmomreobam gaaqro”.8
dos pasoss kargad aqvs asaxuli gardamavali periodis
maxasiaTebeli movlenebi: gapartaxebuli meurneoba, dabali xelfasebi,
normirebuli sursaT –sanovage: “sanam axlo aRmosavleTis daxmarebis
misiaSi vimyofebodi, nivTebis gasayidad nakadad mosuli adamianebisgan
Tavi gabezrebuli gvqonda. mohqondaT saaTebi, xmlebi, Zvirfasi Tvlebi,
fotoaparatebi, saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebi, maTi azriT yvelaferi,
rac amerikelebisTvis iyo misaRebi da imdRevandeli kursis mixedviT
fulis Cadeba rom SeiZleboda. yoveldRiurad, aramarto yofili
mdidrebi modiodnen nivTebis gasasyidad, Raribebic, iZulebulni rom
iyvnen ukanasknel nivTebs Seleodnen. saxelmwifos siRaribis gamo
kavkasiaSi rogorc revoluciuri komitetis prezidenti, iseve asanTis
fabrikis muSa saarsebo minimums ver Rebulobs da radgan girvanqa puri
5000 rubli Rirs, spekulantebisa da glexobis garda, miuxedavad imisa
rom Tavdauzogavad Sromoben, usaxsrobis gamo sxvebs Tavi ver gaaqvT”.9
statiaSi asaxulia qveyanaSi aRzevebuli spekulacia, korufcia,
meqrTameoba, biurokratizmi: “mTavroba, miuxedavad imisa, rom xelfass
mxolod saxelmwifo moxeleebi iReben, did jamagirebs mainc ar arigebs,
rac Zneli asaxsnelia, miTumetes fulis sabeWdi dazgis problema ar
arsebobs. SeiZleba imis SiSiT, kidev metad rom ar Seuwyon xeli
“ubeduri” rublis usasrulo gaufasurebas. aravis ar uxdian imdens,
saxelmwifos mier gansazRvrul sursaT-sanovagis normas, raime
aucilebeli daamaton gverdiTi Semosavlebis gareSe. amitom,
revoluciis Semdeg ufro metad Tu ara, naklebad ar yvavis spekulacia
da meqrTameoba, rac yovelTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo rusi
CinovnikebisTvis”.10

3. dos pasosi sainteresod aRwers qalaqebidan soflad dovlaTisa da
simdidris gadinebis process: “Cemi SetyobiT glexoba SeZlebulad
cxovrobs, mTeli qveynis gadarCenili simdidre TandaTanobiT maT xelSi
gadadis, mcire raodenobiT warmoebuli produqciac ki imTaviTve didi
mogebiT eyidebaT. rogorc ki baTumis matarebeli Tifliss miuaxlovda,
xorbliT, kartofiliTa da simindiT savse tomrebiani uamravi glexi
zogi saxuravze aZvra, nawili amortizatorebze idga, sxvebi kidev
kibeebze iyvnen Camokidebulni. adamianTa umravlesoba, Tavis
produqcias yidda, miuxedavad imisa, hqondaT Tu ara amis saWiroeba,
spekuliantTa maRaziebSi qaRaldis fuls cvlidnen oqros an vercxlis
nivTebze da ukeTesi droebisTvis inaxavdnen. Tiflisidan Sors, yvela
mimarTulebiT, soflebidan gasayidi produqtebiT savse momaval urmebs
SeamCnevT, qalaqidan ki amave urmebiT qalaqSi dagrovili simdidris
gacilebiT meti raodenoba glexebs ukan miaqvT”.11
statiaSi naTladaa gadmocemuli xelisuflebasa da mmarTvelobaSi
arsebuli mdgomareoba, kadrebis, ganaTlebuli, unariani adamianebis
deficiti: “mmarTvelobaSi mosulebs bolSevikebi vuwodoT, marTebuli
ar iqneba, radgan xelisuflebaSi, TviT wiTeli armiis administraciul
struqturebSic ki naxevari Tua komunisti. saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi,
saerTod ver vnaxe komunisti, garda prezidenti nidvanisa(avtori
gulisxmobs budu mdivans). ruseTSi ganaTlebuli da unariani adamianebis
didi naklebobaa. vinc raime intrigebs ar xlarTavs arsebuli
xelisuflebis mimarT, nawilobriv an odnav ganaTlebulia, samTavrobo
ierarqiaSi sakmaod maRali, sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebic uWiravT”.12
dos pasosi aRiarebs komunisturi marTvis meTodebis simcdares,
“Cekas”, susti sasamarTlo sistemis danaSaulebriv saqmianobas da
statiaSi wers: “ra Tqma unda SimSils yvelafers ver daabraleb.
arsebuli “dambla” umetes wilad, blokadasa da intervenciasTan erTad,
im garemoebebiTaa gamowveuli, komunisturi marTvis meTodebs rom
axlavs Tan. pirvel rigSi es aris “Ceka” - sagangebo komisia. ara mgonia
rusul sasamarTlo sistemas odesme raime hqonoda satrabaxo, magram rac
Seexeba Tanamedrove iuridiul sistemas, igi ukiduresad cudia. mas
ganzrax Tu uneblieT, saidumlo meTodebiT daterorebuli hyavs
mosaxleoba. nebismieri samoqalaqo omis damaxasiaTebelia oponentebis
swrafad ganadgureba, magram roca samxedro tribunalebi mSvidobian
droSic arseboben, gausaZlisia usafrTxoebis uqonloba. Cvens armiaSic
Catarebulma gamokvlebebma samxedro sasamarTloebis mier Cadenili
uamravi usamarTlobebi gamoaaSkaraves. ramdenadac SevZeli dadgena,
kavkasiaSi, sadac sasamarTlo SedarebiT zomierad iTvleboda,
erTaderTi sasjeli nebismieri danaSaulisTvis daxvreta iyo.
faqtobrivad, braldebulebs sakuTari udanaSaulobis damtkicebis
aranairi meqanizmebi ar gaaCndaT. amis gamoa, rom is adamianebi, visac
administraciuli postebi uWiravT, Zalian frTxiloben-raime
pasuxismgebloba aiRon imis SiSiT, rom romelime gzaabneuli komisia
dagmobs maT gadawyvetilebas da “CekaSi” gaagzavnis. aseve saSiSia
umoqmedobac, Tumca amas naklebad aqceven yuradRebas. amitom
uprecedentoa pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebisa da misi sxvaze
gadabralebis xarisxi. imis gamo, rom saxelmwifos, nebismier dros, roca
saWirod miiCnevs, SeuZlia rekvizicia moaxdinos, saSiSroeba eqmneba
sakuTrebis uflebas da vaWrobas kavkasiaSic ki, sadac qonebaze saerTo
sakuTreba jer kidev ar iyo gamocxadebuli. amis gamosworebis aranairi

4. xiluli meqanizmebi ar arsebobs, amitom yvelas eSinia raimes keTebis.
stagnacia CvevaSi gadadis, romlis darRveva Znelia”.13
dos pasosi statiaSi samarTlianad aRniSnavs imasac, Tu ra
Zalisxmevas mimarTaven bolSevikebi wera-kiTxvis ucodinarobis
aRmofxvris, saerTod xalxis ganaTlebis, kulturuli cxovrebis
amaRlebisken, ris Taobazec aRniSnavs: “aqac iseve, rogorc yvelgan
sabWoTa ruseTSi, ganaTlebiskenaa didi Zalisxmeva mimarTuli.
xandazmuli xalxisTvis saRamos skolebia gaxsnili _ bolSevikebi sul
sami Tvea, rac situacias akontroleben_ ganaTlebis komitetis mdivanma
miTxra, imedi gvaqvs, momaval TveSi rusuli politeqnikumis garda,
dawyebiTi ganaTlebis dRis skolebsac gavxsniT, sadac bavSvebi
mSobliur enebze iswavliano. es im qalaqSi, sadac qarTvelebis, somxebis,
ebraelebis, rusebis Tanabari raodenoba cxovrobs da rogorc Sevityve,
manamde, skola ubralo xalxisTvis saerTod ar iyo xelmisawvdomi. aseve
moqmedebdnen Teatraluri dasebi, romlebic speqtaklebs dgamdnen
rusulad, qarTulad, somxurad, TaTrulad da idiSSze. muSaobda
agitTeatri, sadac mimdinare movlenebis qronikebi scenaze idgmeboda.
mravlad iyo kinoseansebis Cveneba.
....aRsaniSnavia Teatrebis uCveulo zrda. vfiqrob, gadauWarbeblad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseTis gavlenis qveS myof teritoriebze yvelas
aqvs Sansi, kviraSi erTxel mainc, raime speqtakls daeswros da koncerts
mousminos. centrebSi es SesaZlebloba kidev ufro metia. marTalia, jer-
jerobiT ConCxia, magram gigantur ganaTlebis sistemas Cauyares
safuZveli. rogorc komunisturi inovaciebis umetesoba, ganaTlebis
sistema yvelaze kargad armiaSi amuSavda. Tu me-11 armias an kavkasiis
armias tipiurad miviCnevT, maSin wera-kiTxvis likvidaciisTvis saocrebaa
momxdari. 1921 wlis ivnisis statistikuri monacemebiT revoluciamde
arsebuli wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa 85-90% Seamcires 5,7%-mde. SeiZleba,
es cifrebi odnav gadaWarbebuli iyos, magram miRweuli TavisTavad
STambeWdavia”.14
statiaSi dos pasosi xazgasmiT miuTiTebs bolSevikebis
mmarTveloba eklesiisa da didgvarovanTa tiraniidan xalxs axali tipis,
komunistur tiraniamde rom miiyvans da acxadebs: “Tumca medals ori
mxare aqvs, albaT aseTi mdgomareoba garduvalia yvela im
sazogadoebisTvis, sadac gadatrialeba xdeba. gansakuTrebiT maSin,
revoluciiT gamowveuli enTuziazmis pirveli mgznebareba rom Cacxreba
da imedic, moaxloebuli aTaswleulidan rom elodnen, Cakvdeba. xalxi,
ZiriTadad, sakuTari tyavis gadarCenaze fiqrobs. yvelafer amis
miuxedavad, komunisturma partiam didi konstruqciuli samuSaoebi
Caatara da eniT aRuwerelia, rogor gawminda haeri eklesiisa da
didgvarovani hercogebis sastiki tiraniisgan. miuxedavad axali tipis
tiraniisa, Cemis azriT, udavoa, xalxs mieca usazRvro SesaZlebloba
Tavi daaRwion inertulobas da TavianTi cxovreba ufro energiulad
warmarTon vidre revoluciamde”.15
miuxedavad imisa, rom dos pasosi samwerlo asparezze
gamosvlisTanave “memarcxene” ideebisadmi TanagrZnobas gamoxatavda da
erTgvari simpatiiTac ki iyo gamsWvaluli sabWouri sistemis mimarT,
mogzaurobisas, rogorc mwerali, obieqturad da Seulamazeblad asaxavs
procesebs da xazgasmiT ambobs, rom “gasabWoebuli” da “dapyrobili”
erTsa da imaves niSnavs. baTum-Tiflisis matarebliT mgzavrobas roca
aRwers, avtori TiTqos sxvaTa Soris aRniSnavs: “rusebma saqarTvelos

5. dapyrobis pirvel dReebSi Tiflis-baTumis matarebliT mgzavrobis fasi
250 rubli daaweses...”.16 imave mosazrebas aviTarebs aWaris respublikis
Seqmnaze da iqaur xelisuflebaSi mxolod rusi komisrebis Sesaxeb roca
saubrobs: “baTumi, aWaris axladSeqmnili respublikis dedaqalaqia ...
radgan aWarlebi TavianTi religiurio Zmebis, Turqebis adaT-wesebis
mimdevrebi arian da miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba maTTvis sakuTari
mmarTveloba miecaT, yovel SemTxvevaSi me ase miTxres, rogorc
herodote ityoda xolme. faqtobrivad baTumSi komisrebs, visac ki
Sevxvdi, yvela rusi aRmoCnda”.17
am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa baTum-Tiflisis matarebliT
mgzavrobisas amerikeli mwerlis kidev erTi dakvirveba, romlis
mixedviTac saqarTvelo kvlav ruseTis erTerTi guberniaa: “mTeli Ramis
ganmavlobaSi Cais, rusuli fufunebis ukanasknel gadmonaSTs, xSir-
xSirad daatareben gadaWedil vagonebSi. mgzavrebi Cais ylup-ylupobiT
svamen da rogorc adre, revoluciamde, puSkinze da ruseTis momavalze
saubroben”.18
igive Sexedulebas aviTarebs avtori roca miuTiTebs, rom
TbilisSi yvelgan wiTelarmielebis siWarbe igrZnoboda: “TiflisSi jer
kidev SemorCenilia funikuliori, gogirdis abanoebi, vercxlis qamrebi,
muSaobs restornebi, sadac alaverds kvlavac gaiZaxian. sasmisebs axlac
bolomde clian, Tumca Zveli medidurobis gareSe. golovinskis
prospeqtze, sadac gadmocemiT adre qarTveli Tavadaznauroba grZeli
CoxebiT, mrgvali kravelis qudebiT da Zvirfasi TvlebiT moWedili
vercxlis xmlebiT Tavmomwoned dadioda, axla mxolod welze
SemoWeril qamrebian sabWoTa ruseTis savaldebulo TeTr kitelebSi
gamowyobil uwverulvaSo axalgazrdebs naxavT. “gruzunski” klubSi,
sadac Zveli reJimis dros alaverdebi ar wydeboda, axla ZiriTadad
wiTeli armiis oficrebsa da jariskacebs, sakmaod Raribulad Cacmul
qalebs, umetesobas natifi qcevebiT rom gamoarCev, komisrebs,
stenografistebs, oficrebis colebsa da sayvarlebs SexvdebiT”.19
dos pasosma imTaviTve zustad gansazRvra da daaskvna, rom
momavali saukune miuxedavad yvelafrisa mainc aziaSi mimdinare
procesebs ekuTvnoda, romelTa yalibic rusebis xelSi iyo moqceuli:
“meqanikuri pianinos giJur hangebze gonebaSi aseTi fraza mifeTqavs:
momavali aziaze gadis. momavals azia ukarnaxebs, aziis yalibi ki
rusebs upyriaT xelT. msoflios rukaze sazRvrebs isini gaavleben.
evropelebi, britanelebi, frangebi, holandielebi jer mxolod foCebs
CasWidebian, im dros, roca rusebma rasebis mSobeli kontinentis
SuagulSi SeaRwies. es is kiteliani axalgazrdebia, welze Semortymuli
qamrebiT, dakonkili formebiT wiTeli armiis usasrulod gadaWimul,
gacveTil eSelonebSi rom sxedan da Ria karebidan SiSvel fexebs
aqanaveben. merxebze, mecadineobis dros ebrZvian SimSiliT gamowveul
sisustes, korufcias da uimedobas, saRamoobiT sxvadasxva klubebSi
beTxovens, borodins da proletarul saxelmwifoze sazeimo gamosvlebs
gauTaveblad ismenen, es axali Taobis qeraTmiani biWebia_Ce n’est pas
serios, rogorc gajavrebulma Svedma baTumSi Tqva _ maT momavali
saukuneebis yalibi upyriaT xelT, yovel SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleTSi
mainc”.20
statiaSi “gasabWoebuli kavkasia” dos pasosma realurad asaxa me-11
armiis Semosvlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis
damyarebis pirvelive wels mimdinare procesebi, obieqturad Seafasa

6. bolSevikebis saqmianobis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi da aRiara,
rom bolSevikuri mmarTveloba xalxisTvis sabolood axali,
komunisturi tirania iqneboda.
dos pasosma, rogorc WeSmaritma humanistma Semoqmedma, sabWoTa
kavSiris arsebobis pirvelive wlebSive realurad Seafasa komunisturi
ideologiis uperspeqtivoba da dagvixata momavali sabWoTa sazogadoebis
saxe.
amdenad, cnobili amerikeli mwerlisa da publicistis Semoqmedebis
am kuTxiT Seswavla da kvleva aqtualurad migvaCnia, miT ufro, rom es
sakiTxebi naklebad cnobilia rogorc farTo sazogadoebis, aseve
literaturuli kritikisaTvis.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. John, Dos Passos. The Major Nonfictional Prose, Edited by Donald Pizer, Wayne State
University Press, Detroit, 1988, p.62
2. Landsberg, Melvin. Dos Passos’ Path to U.S.A. /A Political Biography 1912-1936, The
Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, 1972.
3. Carr, Virginia Spencer. Dos Passos, A Life Doubleday and Company, Inc. Garden City, New
York, 1984.
4. Ludington Tounsend. John Dos Passos. Twentieth Century Odyssey. E.P. Dutton New York,
1980.
5. John, Dos Passos. The Major Nonfictional Prose, Edited by Donald Pizer, Wayne State
University Press, Detroit, 1988, p.62.
6. Ibid, p.63.
7. Ibid, p.64.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid, p.66.
11. Ibid, p.64.
12. Ibid, p.65.
13. Ibid, p.66.
14. Ibid, p.67.
15. Ibid, p.66.
16. Ibid, p. 63.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid, p.64.
20. Ibid, p. 67.