1. The document discusses the history of theories about the nature of light, from Newton's corpuscular theory to Maxwell's electromagnetic wave theory. Key figures mentioned include Huygens, Grimaldi, Young, and Hertz. 2. It then describes Maxwell's equations unifying electricity, magnetism, and light. His theory established light as an electromagnetic wave. This was later supported by Hertz's experiments generating and detecting radio waves. 3. The document presents several problems calculating values like frequency, wavelength, and speed based on given information about light beams, using equations from Maxwell's wave theory of light. It involves calculations for situations like light passing through different media.

1. 1
-----------------
Corpuscles
Corpuscles
Corpuscles Corpuscular theory
Christian Huygens
wave theory
(Grimaldi)
Thomas Yong Augustin Fresnel

2. Leon Foucault
Corpucle theory
James Clerk Maxwell
x 108
Heinrich Hertz
Maxwell
(Albert Einstien)
(Max Planck)
(photons)

3. (wave and particle
properties)

4. “CORPUSCULAR” SIR ISSAC NEWTON
CHRISTIAN HUYGENS
CHRISTIAN
HUYGENS
NEWTON

5. HUYGENS
MAXWELL
GRIMALDI

6. MAXWELL
1

7. 2
“ ”

8. “ ”
“ ”
“ ”*
#

9. “ ”
-
-

10. 2
1.
2.

11. 3.
2
1.
-
-
2.

12. 1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
3
3 108
1

13. “1 ”
v
s
t
--
v
f

14. 3
1.
2. 500
3.

15. 4.
2 108 m/s
4 108 m/s
8 108 m/s
16 108 m/s
3
1. 3 108
1
1 365 24 60 60
S = 3 108 1 365 24 60 60
S = 9.46 1015
2. 3 108
500

16. S = 3 108 1 500
S = 1.5 1011
3.
4.
3 108
4
4.1

17. 2
2
-
(s)
-
( s')

18. (M)
M
= =
= =
1.
2. m=1

19. 3. -
1)
N= 360
1
N=
=
2 60

20. =
2)

21. 3)
4)

22. 4
4.1
1) A
M1 15 M1 M2
20 M1 M2 3 M1
M2
1) 5 , 35 ,45 15 , 25 , 55
2) 15 , 25 ,55 5 , 35 , 45
3) 10 , 15 ,35 25 , 45 , 55
4) 25 , 45 ,55 10 , 15 , 35
2) M1
2)

23. 1)
2)
3) M
M
4)
3)
v
v
v
v
1) V V
2) V V V
3) V V
4) V = V V

24. 4) 2 60
1) 3
2) 6
3) 9
4) 11
5) 180
1) 90 cm
2) 150 cm
3) 110 cm
4) 10 cm
4

25. C
R
V
MM’ MM’
R

26. 1) C
2) (R)
3) (V) MM’
4) CV C V
5) F)
6) f)
f = )

27. 1)
2)
3)
4)
-

28. - C S > 2f )
F C
- C C

29. - F C
C
-

30. - F S< f)
2

31. -
F F
-
F

35. -

36. 4
4.2
1.
cm cm cm cm
3. R
2R R

37. 4.

38. 15

40. 4
2.
f= = = 50

41. f=
5.
f = +5
S’ = +10 S=
?
=
=
=

42. =
S = 10
s = 10 R=?
S’ = +15
1 f
=
=
=
f=
2
f=
6= -

43. R = 12
12
8.
10. f= =+ = +2
S=1 m=?
m=
m=
m=-
m

44. 4
4.3
1.
2.

45. 4.3
1. : S =10 cm S’ = - cm (
S’ f
1 1 1
f S S
: =
=
= -
f = -10 cm
f

46. 2. : S =12.6 cm S’ = - cm
( S’
f
1 1 1
f S S
: =
=
=
f=
-11.45 cm
f