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-lHbg;nUvcriteqvqavxVHkarBicarNaeFVGtamEtcitþnwkeXIj
I VI
-lHbg;karx¢ilRcGUsecHEtsIu nig edk.
38>tMrUvkarFmµCati TUeTArbs;mnusSmanbu:nµanya:g?GVIxøH?
cM>tMrUvkarTUeTArbs;mnussmanBIrEbbsMxan;²KW³
k>tMrUvkarEpñksrIr³ CatMrUvkarrbs;FmµCatirbs;mnusSstVdUcCa³
-kareRskXøan ³tMrUvkarTwk Gahar -cMnIedIm,IciBa©wmCIvit
-tMrUvkarsMelokbMBak; - TICrk-xül;brisuT§ -fñaMBüa)al –eBTüBüa)al
-karsMraklMEh -cg;rs; cg;bnþBUC
x>tMrUvkarEpñksgÁmmanCatMrUvkarEdlmnusScg;)ankñgzan³CasmaCiksgÁmKW³
ú
-tMrUvkarkitiþys muxmat;GMNac kitiþs½Bl,Il,aj
Þ
-tMrUvkarsMParTMenIbeRbIR)as;cg;begáItsñaéd.

-tMrUvkaresrIPaBsSrPaBcg;)anlT§pll¥
-cg;EfTaMGñkEdlxøneBjcitþnigcg;eGayeKEfTaMxøÜnvij
Ü
39>tamTsSnrbs;elakm:asøÚv etImnusSeyIgmantMrUvkarbu:nµan? GVIxøH?
cM>tamelakma:søv )anEcktMrvkarCa 5 sMxan;²KW³
Ú U
1-tMrUvkarEpñksrir³ CatMrUvkarmUld§anEdlmnusScg;)annUvGVsMrab;pÁt;pÁg;bnþCIvitsMxan;KWbc©½y 4 ya:g
I
kñúgkarrs;enA³
-cMnIGahar -TICMrk -sMelokbMBak;-fñaeM BTünigeBTüBüa)al
2-tMrUvkarEpñksuvtßPaB³ mnusSRtUvkarrs;enARbkbedayesckþsux nig karFananUvsnþisuxTaMgpøvcitþ
i I Ú
nigpøÚvkayminrs;kñúgkarP½yxøac b¤)armÖ.
3-tMrUvkarkarRslan;³CatU rU vkarmYyEdlGñNak¾cg;)ancg;[eKykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHxøn KitBIxøn[eK
Ü Ü
cat;TukxøÜbfaCamnusSeBjlkçN.
4-tMrUvkartMél³CnNak¾edayEtgRtUvkaresckþéføfñÚr kitþys muxmat;
I i
Biesscg;eGaKmantMélesI²KñacMeBamuxc,ab; mincg;[eKeKerIseGIg.tMrUvkarenHbgðajnUvsmiT§pl
µ
sñaédEdleKeFVI)an.
5-tMrUvkarbgðajBIskþanuPaB b¤bB¢aak;BIxÜnÉg³CatMrUvkarEdlmunsSTUeTAcg;eFVGV²edayxønÉg
ø II Ü
cg;)ansSrPaB esrIPaB mincg;stenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;GñkdéTeLIy.
ßi
tMrUvkarenHGacehAfaCatMrUvkars½yPaB.
40>enAkñúgCIvitrbs;Gñk etIGVIEdlGñkRtUvkarCacaM)ac; nwgGVIEdlmincaM)ac;?
cM>k-enAkñgCIvitrbs;´GVIEdl´RtUvkarCacaM)ac;KW³
ú
-)ayTwk mðbGahar Twks¥at TICMrk sMelokbMBak;
Ú
-suxPBl¥ manfñaM nigeBTüBüa)al CMgW
-snþsux snþiPaB sNþab;Fñab; nigkareKarBc,ab;
i
-karsikSa sMParsikSa meFüa)aysikSa
-yutûiFm’ esrIPaB sc¨PaB
-R)ak;kas nigsMParsMrab;eRbIR)as;kgCIvPaBrs;rnA.
ñú
x-GVEI dlmincM)ac;enaHKW³

-PaBhWha - GlgákareRKOgRbdab;Etgkay maseBCü
u
-sMelokbMBak;Tan;sm½y –sMParTMenIb²
-PUmiRKwHsþúksþmÖ rfynþTMenIb mUtUesrIf.
: µI
1-edIm,ImitþPaByUrGEgVgkaresBKb;mitþedm,IykeFVICaklüaNmitþ
KWRtUvykcitþTukdak;CacMbgeTAelIlkçNxag citþKMnit b¤ sµartI.
2-lkçNmYyénFmµCatiEdlpþl;mnusS stV nUvcMenHtaMgIkMenItsøab;RklaehAfa
sPavKti.
3-musSmanlkçNxusBIstV
Rtg;mnusSmanstiBiessm½yynaM[mnussecHRtiHriHBicrNaenaHKW vicarNjaN.
4-bBØaaEdlGaceGaymnusSstV ecHedaHRsykñúglkçNrUbI énbc©úb,nñkalehAfa
bBaØaRbtibtþi.
41>cUrpÁÁÚrpÁgbc©½y 4 rbs;bBVCit nig RKhsßtamTsSnRBHBuT§.karbribUn’edaybc¨½y
4 ehAfaGVI?
cMppÁgbc©½y 4 rbsbBVCitnigRKhsß³
ÁÚ
bBVCit
1-CIBr b¤cIvrb,c©½y³ sMBt;sMrab;RKg b¤XMøs,g;sMrab;esøok,
ú
]>s,g;CIBr sgÇadI GgS½k>>>>
2>biNÐ)atb,c©½y³ mðbGahar eRKOg]bePaK briePaK
Ú
]>)aysMl Ggár RtIegot>>>>>>>
3>esnasnb,c©½y³kEnøgKg;enA b¤ sMParsMrab;eBlsMrak
]>ERK mug kenÞl PYy>>>>>
4>KilanePsC¢³bc©½y »sfBüa)aleraK rMgab;CMgW.>>
]>fñaMRKab; fñaMTWk eRbgxül; eRbg>>>>>>
RKhsß
1>sMelokbMBak;³ eRKOgdNþb;ragkay b¤dNþb;kayman Gav exa sMBt;.

2>cMNIGahar³eRKOg]bePaKbriePaK )ay sMl eRKOgsMrab; eFVmðb. IÚ
3>TICMrk³kEnøgsñak;enA kEnøgsMrak nigRbdab; Rbdar sMrab;sMrak eRKOgdMenk.
4>fñasgáv nig eBTüBüa)al kEnøgBüa)al>>>brikçareBTü esvakmµsuxaPa)al.
M Ú
tamTsSnRBHBuT§ karbribYN’eday bc½¨y 4 KWCaesckûsuxmYyehAfa GtÓsux.
I i
42>-Gtßisux suxeRBaHbribUN’edaybc¨½y 4 kñúgkarrs;enA
-ePaKsux suxeRBaHmanRBPücaytamRtUvkar
-GnNsux suxeRBaHminCMBak;bMnuleK
-GnvC¢sux suxeRBaHmankargarCabegÁal
-snþisux suxeRBaHesckþs¶b; I
43>edIm,IeqøIytbnwgsiTi§rs;ranmanCIvitmnusS² RtUvbMeBjtMrUvkarEpñk srIr³
edIm,IRTRTg;CIvit nigtMrUvkarEpñk suvtßiPaB edIm,IkarBarCIvit.
2>buNübc©½y 4 kñúg RBHBuT§sasnamanGtßn½yeqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarEpñk srIr³.
44>etIeKaledArbs;mnusSmanbu:nµanEbb?GVIxøH?
cM>eKaledArbs;mnusSman2EbbKW ³ eKaledAry³eBlxøI nigeKaledAry³eBlEvg.
k>eKaledAry³eBlxø³I KWeKaledAEdlCatMrvkarcMeBaHmuxEdlRtUveRbIeBlxøTamTarnUvlT§plPøam².
U I
]>eKaledAcg;)anBinÞúx<s; cMnat;fñak;qmasl¥ b¤ cg;)anGVmYyPøam².
I
x>eKaledAry³eBlEvg³ KWCaeKaledAEdlRtUveRbIeBlyUr Edl TamTarnUvkareKarBlkç½NkñúgkarkMnt;
eKaledAenaH.
]>eKaledAcab;ykCManaj viC¢aCIv³sMrab;GnaKt.
44>ehtuGVI)anCaeyIgRtUvkMnt;eKaledAénCIvitrbs;xøÜn?
cM>)anCaeyIgRtUvkMnt;eKaledAénCIvitrbsxøÜnBIeRBaH³
-edIm,IerobcMGnaKt[)anl¥RbesIr
-edIm,IcMenjeBlevla R)ak;kas kMlaMgkay nigcitþ
-edIm,IGPivDÆn_ cMenHdwg nigCMnaj[kan;EtRbesIreLIg
-edIm,IRtYsRtaypøvsMrab;edIreGay)anRsYl
Ú

-manKMeragEpnkarCamunedIm,ITb;Tl;nig ]bs½KÁ nigbBðaanana cMeBaHmux
-edIm,ICaRtIvis½ysMrb;cg¥lTis kMueGaygakerepþspþas naMeGayxatRbeyaCn_ xatkMlaMgnigxateBl.
ú
-edIm,IRukCamUT½r b¤CaefñalsMrab;CMrujsnÞ³eGayha‘nBHuBar ha‘nts‘U CMnHkarlM)akepSg².
:
45>edIm,IkMnt;eKaledArbs;xøÜn etImnusSmñak;²BicarNaelIGVIxøH?
cM>edIm,IkMnt;eKaledArbs;xÜnmnusSmñak;²RtUvBicarNaBItMrUvkarBitR)akdrbs;xøn³
ø Ü
-sm,Ta³cMeNH smtßPaB ekaslü ¬smRsbnwgeKaledAb¤eT?¦
-lT§PaB ³ FnFan suxPaB eBlevla TIkEnøg ¬GMeNayplb¤eT¦
-sßanPaBsgÁm ³ tMrvkarsgÁmTIkEnøg tMrUvkarTIpSar ¬eKRtUvkarGVI¦]
U
-]bnisS½y³cMng;cMnUlcitþ CMnaj¬eGaceTAb¤eT?¦
-karecHRbmaN³BicarNa pÁpÁg¬føgEføgBIKuNsm,tiþ KuNvibtþ¦
Ú w i
-kartaMgcitû³karsMerccitû Búayam ¬sMerccitû ts‘U BuHBar eFVIeGay sMerc¦
46>etIktþaGVIxøHEdlCYyeGayGñkGacsMerceKaledA)an?
cM>ktþaEdlCYyeGay´GacsMerceKaledA)anKW³
-eKaledA nigEpnkarc,as;las;
-smtßPaB RsbnwgeKaledA
-FnFanR)ak;kassMrab;sikSa
-eBlevlanigTIkEnøgGMeNaypl
-karts‘Ur Búayam
-KMnit suTidæi nigkþsgÇwm
I
-briyakassgÁmGnueRKaH
-qnÞHemaHmut nigkarsmaFi ¬tMkl;citþeGaynwgminraErk¦
47>etIlkçx½NÐ GVIxøHsMrab;vinicä½yeKaledAl¥mYy?
cM>lkçx½Nkñúgkarvinicä½yeKaledAl¥KW³
-lkçNBiess bBaØtkmµ³bMngR)afñaEdlnwgRtUveFVI
iþ
-karecHvas;sÞg; karCECk eRCIserIsføwgEføg ¬cMenH nigsmtßPaB lT§PaB¦
-TMnYleCaKC½y karsMerccitþ taMgcitþCMnH]bsKÁ

-TMnak;TMngéneKaledA³eRCIserIseKaledAnigTItaMg
-kMnt;eBlevlac,as;las;³ RtUveFVGeVI BlNa?
I
-tMrg;TisedABitR)akd³karRbtibtþi meFüa)ayviFankar.
48>edIm,IbNþúHqnÞ³ etIeKRtUvKitdl;ktþaGVIxøH?
cM>edIm,IbNþHqnÞ³ [ekIteLIgeKRtUvKitKUdlktþaxageRkam³
ú
1>ktþasriragÁ³ edIm,IeGay qnÞHekIneLIg)an luHRtaEteKmansuxPaBl¥
eRBaHsuxPaBCaktþakMnt;énkarCECkpÁUrpÁgBiesskarRbtibtþi.
2>ktþabBaØa ³kñgkarCEckpÁUrpÁg eKcaM)ac;RtUvmanbBaðaedIm,IBicarNaGMBIGtßKuN
u
nigGtßeTasEtnigmanbBaðaluHRtaEtmansuxPaBl¥ .
3>ktþaseBa©tna ³seBa©tnaCamUT½r :
b¤CakMlaMgclkrmYyd¾sMxan;kñgkarCMrujeGayeKsMrac;citþ)anya:gqab;rh½s minFøak;kñgTMlab;raErk
u u
b¤savamþgykmYyenH b¤mYyenaH . PaBraErksavaKWCa]bs½KÁénkMeNItqnÞHEdlCakgVHqnÞH .
3>ktþa]tþmKtisgÁm ³ qnÞHmanBitEmn EtRtUvRsb;nigc,ab;sgÁm
Rsb;nigqÞHGñkdéTPaKeRcInminEmnCaqÞHGþenam½t. ebIBMdUecñaHeTqÞHenHnigRtUvc,ab;sgÁmkac;bM)ak;.
u
49>edImIeGayCIvitrbs;GñkemIleXIjGVI²c,as; etIGñkRtUvGPivDÆriyabfnig
tMéldUcemþcxøH?
cM>edIm,IeGayCIviteyIgemIleXIjGVI²c,as; minP½yRcl; mineRCIserIsxuseyIgRtUv GPivDÆriyabf
nigtMélrbs;xønducteTA ³
Y
k>GPivDÆn_Epñkragkay³
+EfrkSasuxPaB CMerIscMnIGahar Gnam½y
+hat;R)aNedIm,IQñHCMgW edIm,IsuxPaB
+beBa©jkMlaMgBlkmµeFVIkargarxøH² edIm,ICMnHPaBx¢lRcGUsPaBs<kRsBn;
i w
x>GPivDÆEpñksµartI ³
+BRgwgsµartIeGaykøahan
+qnÞHemaHmut minsava b¤Tn;RCay
+Qøatév kþab;sPaBkarN¾eGay)anc,as;

+RbRBwtþEtGMeBIsucrit
+eKarBtamKitisgÁm c,ab;sgÁm .
49>edIm,IeFVIkarsMerccitþRbkbedayeCaKC½y
etIGñkRtUveRbICMhanénkarsMerccitþdUcemþcxøH?
cM>eyIgRtUvGnuvtþCaCMhan² bnþbnÞab;KW ³
-RtUvkMNt;bBaðaEdlRtUvelIkeLIgeGay)anc,as;
-BicarNarkBiFIedaHRsayeGay)aneRcInEbb edILIeRtúómTukebImyminekIteRbImYyeTót
Y
-riHrkKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþi cMeBaHdMeNaHRsaynImy² Edl)anrkTuk
Y
-BicarNaelItMéléndMeNaHRsayenaH
-BicarNaelIplb:HBal ¬siTGñkdéT nigRbeyaCn_saFaeNH¦
§i
-eFVICeRmIsviFIedaHRsaymYyEdll¥¬eRCIsykviFIedaHRsaymYyEdlmanKuNvibtþticCageK b¤man
i
KuNsm,tþieRcInCageK kñgcMenamviFIedaHRsay 2 b¤ 3Edl)anrkTukdak;CaCMerIsTI1 b¤bnþbnÞab;¦.
ú
50>edIm,IeRCIserIsmuxrbrviC¢aCIv³ b¤kargars®mab;GnaKt etIeKRtUvBicarNaelIGVIxøH?
cM>edIm,IeRCIserIsmuxrbr b¤kargarsMrab;GnaKt´RtUvBicarNa ³
-smtßPaBviC¢aCIv³ cMenHdwg CMnaj ÉkeTssmRsbnwgkargarEdlcg;eRCIserIs
ecosvagkargarxusCMnajnaM[braC½y.
-]bnisS½y ³ etIkargarenaHRtUvnwgnis½Sy b¤cMng;cMnUlcitþrbs;xøÜnb¤eT?
-RbPBFnFan ³ føwgEføgBIFnFan sßanPaB CIvPaB RKYsarCamYynwg viC¢CIv³EdlnwgRtUvsikSa ykCMnaj
ÉkeTs etIGacFana)anEdrb¤eT?
-sßanPaBsuxPaB ³ etIsuxPaBFana)anb¤eT?
-ssanPaBsgÁm nigsßanPaBTIpSar ³ tMrUvkarTIpSar karGPivDÆTIpSar Blkmµ
-eBlevla ³ ry³eBlénkarsikSaCMnajÉkeTsetI»kasmanb¤eT? yUr b¤qab;?
-]tþmKtisgÁm ³ etICakargarRsbb,ab; b¤eT?
51>GMeBImyRbkbedaybMNg nigkarriHTukCamuneKehAfa qnÞH.
Y
52>eRkABI]bnisS½ycMng;cMnUlcitþ nigsmtßPaBviC¢aCIv³ enAmanktþamYyeTot EdlCaktþaGenþam½t
½
Tak;TgnwgsmIxøYnpÞal; kñgkareFVI[eKGacsMerceKaledAénCIvit)anenaHKw ktþasuxPaB.
u

53>etIBuT§iCaGVI? BuT§iEckCab:unµansNæan? GVIxøH?
cM>BuT§i KWCacMenHdwgEdlmanenAkñúgxøneyIgkIþ xøÜnGñkdéTkþIþ nigenAkñúgFmµCatieRkAxøneyIgkþ.
Ü Ü I
BuT§iEckecjCabIsNæan KW ³
-BYkénBuT§i ³ BuT§isamBaØ BuT§isüg; BuT§iTsSnviCa¢
-l,icénBuT§i ³viPaK sMeyaK
-TMrgénBuT§i ³GBÖnþrjaN vicar
54>dUcemþcehAfaBuT§isamBaØ? BuT§isüg;? BuT§iTsSNviCa¢?
cM> k>BuT§isamBaØ ³CaBuT§iEdlmnusSTUeTAmanRKb;²Kña. BuT§ienHekItmkBIKMehIjpÞal;B¤t²Kña
BIkarGnuvtþCaTMlab;RbéBNI )anmkBIsþab;viTüu>>>.BuT§ienHCacMenHEdlQrelIkarBiesaFn_samBaØ
CaCAgQrelIvicarNBaØaNvamanlkçNHCAsMeyaKEdlmincaM)ac;eRbIkarvIPaK
dUcenñHvaGacRclMminsUvmanPaBRtwmRtUveT.
]>EpSgEtghuyeLIgelI b¤manePøIgeTIbmanEpSg.
x>BuT§isüg ;³ CaBuT§Ei dlekItmkBIkarRtiHriHénbBaØa EdlmanlkçNHRtwmRtUvCak;lak;
Ep¥kelIkarBiesaFn_edayman]bkrN_bec©keTsTMenIb².
]>TwkkkenA 0 cM BuHenA 100 cM .
K>BuT§TsSnviCa¢³
i
CaBuT§iEdlekItBIkarRtiHriHBicarNaedayvicarNBaØaNmanlkçNHsMeyaKEdlminGaceRbIkarviPaKdUcBuT§i
süg;)an eRBaHbBaðaxøHCabBaðaGsþri UbEdlGaceFVBiesaFn__)an .CaBuT§iEDlmanlkçNHRCaveRCA
I
eRBaHvaekþabTaMgbBaðasüg;enAkñgenaHpgEdr.
u
]>RTwsþRI BHBuT§ ³Gnic©M rUbM TukçM Gntþa ³manrUbEtmanTukçGVI²suT§EtmineTógTat; minEmnCarbs;xøn.
Y
55>evagBYkénBuT§iTaMg3enaH etIBuT§iNaEdlxusKñaRslH BuT§iNaRCaleRCACageK ?
cM>-BuT§iEdlpÞyKñaRslHKW BuT§isamBaØ nigBuT§isüg;
u
-BuT§iEdlRCaveRCACageKKW BuT§iTsSnviCa¢ .
56>etIBuT§i b¤cMenHdwgmansarHsMxan;cMeBaHbuKÁl nigsgÁmCatidUcemþcxøH?
cM> BuT§i b¤cMenHdwgmansarHsMxan;Nas; ³
k> cMeBaHbuKÁl ³

-rMedaHputBIPaBl¶g;exøAeRKaHGviCa¢
-rMedaHputBIkare)akR)as;ekgRbv½Ba©
-eGaybuKÁlecHRtiHriHBicarNa nigmanqnÞHl¥
-gayRsYlkñugkarrkkargareFVI manGaCIB
-mankitþysx<gx<s; nig]tþmPaB
i ;
-manbTBiesaFkñgCIvit
u
-manKMniteCOnelOnyldwgGMBbTesaFBiPBelak
I
-ecHedaHRsaybBaða b¤]bsKÁcMeBaHmux
-manGnaKtPøsVagW
-bNþHdUrsiltMéldl;mnusSkñgkarRbRBwtþ
u u
x>cMeBaHsgÁmCati ³
-RbeTsCatimanFnFanmnusSd¾RbesIr
-sgÁmCatiGPivDÆn_eTArkPaBrIkCMerIn nigsnþiPaB
-bNþHnUvFnFanmnusSsMrab;sgÁm nigRbeTsCati
u
-GPivDÆnigEkERbmnusS nigsgÁmeGayQaneTArkkarrIcMerIn.
57>edIm,I[mancMenHdwg etIbuKÁlmñak;²RtUveFVIdUcemþcxøH?
cM>edIm,I[mancMenHdwg etIbuKÁlmñak;²RtUv³
-xitxMeronsURt
-RsavRCavravrkbTBiesaF
-eKarBvin½y
-Búayamts‘rU BuHBarminrafy
-mankarsMerccitþ[)anc,as;las; CMnHnUvcitþsavaraErkEdlCa]bsKÁénqnÞ³.
58>etIBt’mannigcMenHdwgxusKñadUcemþc?
cM>-Bt’man³KWCadMnwgEdlTTYlbc¨ùb,nÜBt’man)ankøayCamuxviC¢aviTúasaRsûmYytamry³kareRbIR)as;
sMPar³TMenIb²dUcCakMuBúÑT½rCaedImEdleKeGayeQµaHfa Bt’manviTúa.

-cMenHdwg³KWCakaryl;dwgkarecHsÁal;EdlTTYl)anBIkareronsURttamry³karsþab; karGan karsnÞna
karRsavRCav karBiesaFepSg²edayTTYl)anBIBt’manviTúapgEdr.niyayrYmBt’mannigcMenHdwgEtgEt
eFVCamUld×anpûl;eGayKÜaeTAvijeTAmk KWcMenHdwgTTYl)anBIBt’man
I
ÈBt’mank¾)anmkBIkareRbIR)as;cMenHdwg>.
59>etImUlehtuGVIxøH)anCakUnRsImin)ancUleronnigmin)anbnþkareronsURt)anEvgq¶ay?
cM>)anCakUnRsImin)ancUleron nig min)anbnþkareronsURt)anEvgq¶ayKWedaysarmanktþaCaeRcIndUcCa³
k>ktþaTMenomTMlab;³
-kUnRsIenACYykic©karempÞH¬kargarpÞH)ayrbs;mþay¦
-kUnRsIRtUvFanar:ab;rgCIvPaBRKYsar¬lk; dUr>>>¦edIm,IrkR)ak;cMnUlbEnßm pÁt;pÁg;RKYsa.
- r:ab;rgkic©karsBVsareBICMnYsmatabita dUcCaEfTaMbÚn b¤cat;EcgkargarepSg².
¥
x>sßanPaBCIvPaBb¤ karcMnayelIkarerOnsURt
-karcMnayelIkUnRsIeRcInCagkUnRbus
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I
-kUnRsIenApÞHmanRbeyaCn_eRcInCagkUnRbus
K> bBaðaTItaMgsalaeron
-salaeronenAq¶ay pøÚvlM)ak
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-Gsnþsux GsuvtßPaB¬karCYjdUrpøÚvePT karrMelaP qk;bøn;>>>>¦
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87>etIc,ab;sþIBIkarrMlUtkUnénsPaCatikm<úCaGnum½tenAéf¶Na?
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94>sil,³manTMrg;GVIxøH?
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Na? edIm,IGVI?

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RbeTsCati.
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2>>>qñaM 1962 sm½ysgÁmraRsþniym
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[bMerIkarkñgGgÁkarnItibBaØti nigGgÁkar nItiRbtibtþ.
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-lkçNRtwmRtUv³ KµankarEkøgbnøsnøwkeqñat
M
-lkØNyutûFm’³ manGksegÔtkarN_ BIRKb;KnbkScUlrYm nigmantMlaPaB GaCJaFre)aHeqÜat
i
ÉkraCü.
-lkçNCaskl³ e)aHkñúgéf¶Et 1 TUTaMgRbeTs

-lkçNTUeTA³ RbCaBlrdæExµrTaMg 2ePT eGayEtGayu 18qñaMeLIg mansiTi§eTAe)aHeqñat
edayKµankarerIseGIg.
-lkçNsMgat; ³e)aHkñúgbnÞb;mñak;ÉgKµannrNadwg
-lkçNesµPaB ³ mñak;²e)aH)anEt1snøwk ehIytMélsnøkeqñat 1snøw esµ1 sMelgdUcKña.
I w I
-edaycMeBaH³ eTAe)aHxønÉgpÞal; eBjcitþmYyNae)aH[mYyenaH.
Ü
-lkçNeTogTat; ³ kMnt;eBlevla eTogTat; 5qñaMmþg.
99>ehtuGVIcaM)ac;mankare)aHeqñat eRCIserItMNagraRsþ?
cM> kñúglT§iRbCaFibetyü RbCaraRsþ KWCam©as;TwkdIm©as;elIeCaKcasnarbs;RbeTsCati. RbCaraRsþ
CaGñkTTYlxusRtUv elIGnaKtrbs;RbeTs. buE: nþRbCaraRsþ TaMgGs;minGaceTAcat;Ecgkic©kar
rdæeday pÞal;TaMgGs;Kña)aneTKWRtUveRCIserIsebkçCn EdlxøÜneBjcitþmñak; b¤ eRcIN
eFVCatMNag[xøÜn ehAtatMNagraRsþ edIm,IeTAcat;Ecgkic©karrdæCMnYs.kareRCIserIsenHRtUvqøgkat;
I
tamry kare)aHeqñat.
100>etIkare)aHeqñaterIstMNagraRsþmanT§iBl ya:gNaxøHdldMnwknaMrbs;
rdæaPi)al?
cM>kare)aHeqñateRCIserIstMNag raRsþ manT§iBlnas;cMeBaHdMnwknaMrdæaPi)aleRBaHvaeFV[³
I
-rdæaPi)alRtUvxitxMbMerIRbCaCnGsaBIcitþBIeføIm
-rdæaPi)alRtUvKitRbeyaCn_raRsþCaFM
-rdæaPi)alR tUveFVya:gna[RneTsrIkcMerIn
I
ebImindUecñaHeT rdæaPi)alnwgRtUvsPae)aHeqñatTMlak; rWRbCaraRsþdkesckþTukcitþtamry snøkeqñat
I w
GNtþei Rkay.
101>edIm,IeTAcuHeQµaHeFVIb½N e)aHeqñat etIBrdæmñak;² RtUvmanlkçNvinicä½ydUcemþc?
cM>edIm,IeTAcuHeQµaHeFVb½N e)aHeqñat etIBrdæmñak;² RtUvmanlkçNvinicä½ydUcCa³
I
-manGayu BI 18qñaLIgeTAKitdl;éf¶e)aHeqñat
Mw
-mansBa¢atiExµr
-manGas½ydæanc,as;las;
-eTAcHueQµaHedayxøÜnÉgpÞal;

-minsßtenAkñúgsßanPaBCab;Bn§naKar
i
-minEmnCa Cnviklcrit b¤ CnEdlsßteAeRkamGaNaBüa)alEdlmanlixit
i
bBa¢ak;BIsßab½nmansmtßkic©.
102>etIRbCaBlrdækm<úCaTaMgBIePT suT§EtmansiT§iQr eQµaHCaebkçCntMNagra®sþ
TaMgGs;Kña b¤y:agNa? cUrBnül;?
cM>>RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgBIePT minEmnsuT§EtGacQreQµaHCaebkçCntMNgraRsþTaMgGs;Ka)aneT.
karQrenHRtUveKarBtaml½kçx½NEÐ dlmanEcgkñúg maRtaTI 33 énc,ab;sþGMBIkare)aHeqñatKW³
I
-RtUvmansBa¢atiExµrBIkMenIt
-RtUvmanGayucab;BI 25qñaM eLIgeTA Kitdléf¶e)aHeqñat .
-mansiT§i e)aHeqñat
-sñak;enaCaGciéRnþy_ kñúgRBHraCaNacRkkm<Caya:gtic 1 qñaM Kitdl;éf¶e)aHeqñat.
ú
-mankrEtgtaMgBIKN bkSneya)ayEdl)ancuHbBa¢QreQµaHe)aHeqñat.
I
103>dUcemþcehAfa RbB½næsmamaRt?RbB½n Éktþnam?
cM>>k>>>>RbB½næsmamaRt ³KWCakare)aHeqñateRCIserIsebkçCn tamry KNbkScuHeQµaHRblgRbECg.
RbB½smamaRtmanEbbbTdUcxageRkam ³
æ
-mankarEbgEck Gsn )anRtwmRtUvtamcMnYnkMnt;.
-KNkSnImYy²TTYl)anGasn Rbhak;RbEhl rWesµnwgPaKryénsMelg eqñat EdlxøÜnTTYl)ankñúg
I
mNÐleqñatNamYy.
-KNbkSnImYy² CaGñk cuHeQµaHbBa¢eI bkçCn eTatammNÐlnImy². Y
-KNbkSEdlCab;eqñat kMnt;ykebkçCn EdlmaneQµaHtamelx erog EdlenAelIeKnigbnþbnab;
tamcMnYnEdl Cab;eqñat kñúgmNÐlnImYy².
-ebkçCnQreQµaH RtUvEtCasmasPaB nKNbkSneya)ayNamYy.
-ebkçCnÉkraCü minGacQreQµaHCaebkçCn )aneLIy.
-kardk dak; bþrÚ CMnYs CasiT§isMercrbs;KNbkS EdlRtUveRCIsyk eQµaHenAlMdab;elx
ferogbnÞab;.
x>>>RbB½n§Éktþnam ³KWCakare)aHeqñatedaypÞall;eHayebkçCn EdlmancuHeQaµHelI snøkeqñat.
w

RbB½n§Éktþnam manlkçNKYr kt;sMKal;³
-RbCaraRsþ eRCIserIsbuKÁl edaypÞal;
-ebkçCn QreQµaH GacCa smasPaBnKNbkSneya)ay b¤CaebkçCn Ékraüeday mincMnuH [ em
KNbkS b¤nrNaeLIy.
-cg;Tmøak; b¤ dkesckþITukcitBIGñke)aHeqñat RtUvqøgkat;kare)aH CafµIrR RbCamti.
-RbB½n§enHGnuvttammtiPaKeRcInFmµta b¤ semøgKaMRTPaKeRcIn dac;xat.
1>>>>>>mtiPaKeRcInFmµta³ eKeRCIserIsebkçCnmñak; b¤eRcInedayykCnNaEdl )ansemøgeqñat
eRcInCageK nigeRcIn bnþbnÞab;CaGñkQñHkñúgmNÐl.
2>>>>>>mtiPaKeRcIndac;xat³ eKeRCIsykebkçCnEtmñak; Edl)ansemøgKaMRTelIs BI50° ¬50°
Efm 1¦ . RbsinebIKµaneKeRCIerIs ebkçCnEdlmansMelgKaMRTeRcInCag eK 2nak; [e)aHCaelIkTI
2 edIm,IrksMelgKaMRTPaKeRcIndac;xat.
104>etIRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaTI )anqøgkat;kare)aHeqñat bu:nµanelIkehIy?
enAéf¶Na Ex qñaMNa? GnuvtþtamRbB½n§GVI?
cM>RBHraCaNacRkkm<CaT2 )anqøgkat;kare)aHeqñatcMnYn 3 elIkr YcmkehIyKW³
ú
-elIkTI 1³ éf¶ 23 dl; 28 Ex ]sPa qñaM 1993
-elIkTI 2 ³ éf¶ 26 Exkkáda qñaM 1998
-elIkTI 3³ éf¶ 27 Ex kkáda qñaM 2003.
kare)aHeqñatTaMg 3 elIkenH Gnuvtþtam RbB½§ smamaRt.
105> cUreFVIkareRbobeFobkare)aHeqñatGaNtþiTI1 nigTI2 etIGñkGacvaytMél)an
dUcemþc?
cM>k>>>lkçNdUc ³
-GnuvtþtaRbB½n§smamaRt
-GnuvtþtamlT§i RbCaFibetyüesrIBhubkS
-manlkØN RtwmRtUv esrI nig yutFm’ sMgat;
ûi

x>>>>lkçNxus

GaNtþiTI 1 GaNtþiTI2
-e)aHéf¶ 23 dl; 28 ]sPa 1993 -e)aHéf¶ 26 kkda 1998
-ryeBl 6éf¶ -ryeBl 1 éf¶
-man 20KNbkScUlrYmcuHeQµaH -man 39 KNbkS cUlrYm QreQµaH
-mankarcUlrYmBIGaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñ -eFVeI LIgedayrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Etmankar
énGgÁkarsRbCaCatiUNTAC TaMgkMlaMg ]btßmÖTaMgbec©keTsnigfvikar mYycMnYn
nigfvikarcMnYn2000 landuløaUS BIGgÁkarGnþrCatinigCaBiess KWshKmn_GWru :ub
-KNbkSEdlmansMelgkñúgsPaKW³ - KNbkSEdlmansMelgkñúgsPaKW³
+KNnkShV‘ùnsinbic
u u +KNbkSRbCaCn
+KNbkSRbCaCn +KNbkShV‘ùnsinbic
u u
+KNbkSelaktasWnsan +KNbkSsmrgSúI
+KNbkSRBhµnaKraC
-KNbkSEdlCaemdwknaMrdæaPi)alKW ³ -KNbkSEdlCaRbmuxrdæaPi)alKW³
KNbkShV‘ùnsinbicnig KNbkSRbCaCn
u u KNbkSRbCaCn

vaytMél
-kare)aHeqñatenAGaNtþiT2 manlkçNRbesIrCagGaNtþTI1 eRBaH
i
RbeTseyIgGaceFVCam©as;elIxøÜnÉg )an TaMgxagépñksnþisux TaMgxagfvikar nigTaMgEpñk lT§pl
I
énkare)aHeqñat.
106> kñúglT§iRbCaFibetyüRbCaBlrdæKWCam©as;casnaénRbeTsCati.
GMnacTaMgGs;Carbs;RbCaBlrdæ.etIGMnacenaHmanGVIxøH? sßitenAkñúgsßab½nNa?
cM > GMnacsMxan;² man3KW ³
-GMnacnItibBaØtiþ ³ mansßab½n rdæsPa -RBwT§sPa.

-GMnacnItiRbtibtþ³ mansßab½n rdæaPa)al
i
-GMnactulakar ³ mansßab½n salaCMrH kþI
107>>etIrdæFmµnuBaØénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaTI 2 Rbkas[eRbI CapøÚckarenAéf¶ ExNa
qñaMNa?
cM>>rdæFmµnuBaØ énRBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca RbkaseGay eRbICapøvkarenAéf¶ 24 kBaØa 1993.
ú Ú
108>>etIrdæFmµnuBaØ énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCacab;epþImkekIt CadMbUg eKenAéf¶ Ex qñaMNa?
esþcGgÁNa RbTanrdæFmµnuBaØenH?
cM>rdæFmµnuBaØ énRBHraCaNacRkkm<CakekItCaelIkdMbUg eK enAéf¶ 06 ]sPa qñaM 1947 RbTaneday
ú
RBHkruNa RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþmsIhnu.
109>cab;taMgBIéf¶ kekItrhUtbc©úb,nñ etIRbeTskm<úCa )anqøgkat; rdæFmµnuBaØ
bu:nµanehIy? kñúgsm½yNaxøH? qñaMNa?
cM>cab;taMgBIkekItrdæFmµnuBaØCaelIkdMbUgqñaM 1947 RbeTs km<úCa)anqøgkat;rdæFmµnuBaØ cMnYn 7
ehIyKW³
-sm½yRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaTI 1 qñaM 197 kekItdMbUg
-sm½yRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaTI 1 rbbsgÁmraRsþniym qñaM 1956
-sm½ysaFarNrdæExµr elakln;nl; qñaM1972
-sm½ykm<CaRbCaFibetyü ExµrRkhm qñaM1976
ú
-sm½ysaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<Ca KNbkSRbCaCn qñaM1981
ú
-sm½yrdækm<úCa KNbkSRbCaCn

-sm½yRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaTI2 qñaM1993 enA GNtþTI2 eyIg)aneFVviesaFnkmµ rdæFmnuBaØ éf Ti
i I
08 Ex mina qñaM 1999.
110>bc©úb,nñRbeTskm<úCa)anGnuvtþneya)ayGV?etIRbB½n§KN³bkSneya)ayenHcab;
I
begáIttaMBIeBlNa?
cM>bc©b,nñRbeTskm<úCa Gnuvtþrbbneya)ayebb lT§iRbCaFietyüesrIniymBhubkS
.RbB½n§KNbkS EbbBhuubkSenH)anbegáteLIgcab;taMgBImankic©RBmeRBogRkug)a:rIsenAéf¶ 23 Ex
I
tula qñaM 1991 mk.
111>ehtuGVI)anCacaM)ac;RtUvbegáItrdæsPa?
cM>)anCacaM)ac;RtUvbegáItrdæsPaBIeRBaH ³
-rdæsPa CasßnmYyEdltMNag[qnÞ³raRsþ.
½
-rdæsPa CaGgÁkarnItibBaØtþi EdlmannaTIeFVeI sckþIesIñc,ab; nigGnum½tc,ab; rbs;RbeTs.
-rdæsPa begátc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØ EdlCac,ab;RKwHsMrab;dwknaMRbeTs.
I
-rdæsPa CaGñktamdanral;skmµPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al
-rdæsPa CañkGnum½tfrikarCati EpnkarrdækMcIR)ak;BIeK nigkar[R)ak;eKx©I.
-begáItc,ab;karBar siTe§i srIPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæmansiT§imnusS siT§inarInig siT§i kumar.
-mansiTi§ nigeFVIviesaFnkmµc,ab; rbs;RbeTs
-Gnum½tc,ab;elIkElgeTas CaTUeTA
-Gnum½tc,ab;sþBIkar RbkassRgÁam
I
-begáIt c,ab;karBarplRbeyaCn_ RKb;Ebby:ag rbs;RbCaBlrdæ.¬maRta 90¦

dUcenHRbeTsCatinImYy²dac;xatRtUvRtmanrdæsPaedIm,I begáItc,ab;. RbsinebIRbeTsCatiNamYy
KµanrdæsPaeT RbeTsenaH nwgCYbnUv ³ sRgÁam TurPikS PaBGnaFibetyü Kµanc,ab;TMlab;eLIy.
112>etIrdæsPa manParkic© nigtYnaTI sMxan;GVIxøH?
cM>>rdæsPa manParkic© nigtUnaTIsMxan; dUcCa ³
-rdæsPa CasßnmYyEdltMNag[qnÞ³raRsþ.
½
-rdæsPa CaGgÁkarnItibBaØtþi EdlmannaTIeFVeI sckþIesIñc,ab; nigGnum½tc,ab; rbs;RbeTs.
-rdæsPa begátc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØ EdlCac,ab;RKwHsMrab;dwknaMRbeTs.
I
-rdæsPa CaGñktamdanral;skmµPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al
-rdæsPa CañkGnum½tfrikarCati EpnkarrdækMcIR)ak;BIeK nigkar[R)ak;eKx©I.
-begáItc,ab;karBar siTe§i srIPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæmansiT§imnusS siT§inarInig siT§i kumar.
-mansiTi§ nigeFVIviesaFnkmµc,ab; rbs;RbeTs
-Gnum½tc,ab;elIkElgeTas CaTUeTA
-Gnum½tc,ab;sþBIkar RbkassRgÁam
I
-begáIt c,ab;karBarplRbeyaCn_ RKb;Ebby:ag rbs;RbCaBlrdæ.¬maRta 90¦
dUcenHRbeTsCatinImYy²dac;xatRtUvRtmanrdæsPaedIm,I begáItc,ab;. RbsinebIRbeTsCatiNamYy
KµanrdæsPaeT RbeTsenaH nwgCYbnUv ³ sRgÁam TurPikS PaBGnaFibetyü Kµanc,ab;TMlab;eLIy.
113>rdæsPaebIk sm½yRbCMu CasamBaØ bu:nµandgkñúmYyqñaM²? kñúgsm½yRbCMunImYy²
manfirevlabu:nµan Ex?
cM> rdæsPa ebIksm½yRbCMuCasmBaØ 2dg kñúg 1qñaM.

sm½yRbCMumYy man firevla ya:gtic 3Ex.
114>kñúgkrNINaEdlrdæsPa GaceIksm½yRbCMuCa visamBaØ? ehIyrebobvar³énkarRbCMu
énkarRbCMuRtUv pSBVpSay dUcemþc?
cM>rdæsPa GacebIksm½yRbCMuCavisamBaØ )an kñúg krNI EdlmansMNUmBresñIsMBI³ RBHHmhakSRt b¤
u
esckþeI sñIrsMuBI naykrdæmRnþI b¤ BIsmaCikrdæsPacMnYn 1/3 ya:gtic. KnkmµaFikarGciéRnþ rdæsPa
ekaHRbCMurdæsPa CavisamBaØ.
kñúgkrNIenHrebobvar³ Cak;lak; énsm½yRbCMuCavisamBaØ RtUvpSaydl;RbCaraRsþ
CamYynwgéf¶kMnt;RbCM. ¬maRta 83¦
u
115>etIGasn³TaMg 3 GaNtþirbs;rdæsPa énRBHraCa NacRkkm<úCamanbu:nµan?
cM>>Gsn³rbs;rdæasPaénRBHraCaNacRkkm<CTaMg 3 GaNtiþman³
ú
-GaNtþTI 1 qñaM 1993 man 120 Gasn³
i
-GaNtþTI 2 qñaM 1998 man 122Gasn³
i
-GaNtþTI 3 qñaM 2003 man 123 Gasn³
i
116>etirdæsPa manNtþi bu:nµanqñaM? rdæsPa GacrMlaymunGaNtþi)an b¤eT?
cM>rdæsPamanGNtiþ 5qñaM ehIyRtUvput kMNt; enA eBlEdlrdæsPafµI cUl kan;tMENg. rdæsPaminGac
RtUv)anrMlaymun putGaNtþi)aneLIy evorElgEtkñúgkrNIEdlraCrdæPi)al RtUv)anTMlak; 2dg
kñúgry³eBl 12Ex. ¬maRta 78¦
117>eRkayeBle)aHeqñatetIrdæsPa ebIksm½yRbCMuCaelIk dMbUgenAeBlNa?
cM>>rdæsPaebIksm½yRbCMuCaelIkdMbUg 60éf¶ ya:gyUreRkayeBle)aHeqñat tamkarekaHRbCMurbs;
RBHmhakSRt .

tMNagraRsþ TaMgGs;RtUveFVsc©aRbNiFanmuncUlkan;tMENg . ¬maRtaTI 82¦
I
118>RBwT§sPaénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCamanGaNtþibu:nµanqñaM?
cM>>RBwT§sPa manGNtþi 6qñaM ¬nItikalTI1 GaNtþi 5qñaM¦ . RBwTwsPaénRBHraCaNacRkkm<CaT2
§ ú
)anbegát eLIgnigebIksm½y RbCMuelIkTI1 enAéf¶ 25 mina 1999 kñúg KMnitpþcepþIm begáIttaMgBI éf¶
I Ü
12-13 vicäka 1998 mkemøH. RBwT§sPabegIáteLIgenAkñúgGaNtþiTI2.
i
119> etIrdæsPa nigRBwT§mandMeNIrEbbbTxusKñadUcemþc?
cM>lkçNxusKñaénrdæsPa nigRBwTæsPa³
rdæsPa RBwTæsPa
-GaNtþi ³-5 qñaM - 6qñaM
-smaCik ³ - cMnYn122smaCik -61 rUb ¬esµnwgBak;kNþal
I
12 rUb¬GaNtþTI2¦
i smaCik 8rUb¦
-kMNt;Gayu ³ -25qñaMya:gtic -40 qñaMya:gtic
-kareRCIstaMg ³ -e)aHeqñatCaskl -2rUbeRCIstaMgedayRBHmhakSRt
2rUbeRCIstaMgedayrdæsPa smaCik
ÉeToteRCIstaMgedaye)aHeqñatCaGskl.
119>etIRbFanrdæsPa nig RbFanRBwT§sPaman muxkardUcKña xusKñaRtg;Na?
cM>>RbFanrdæsPa nig RbFanRBwT§sPaman muxkardUcKña xusKña³
k>>>cMnucdUcKña
-FanakarRbRBwT§eTAénrdæsPa[RtwmRtUv tamrdæFmµnuBaØ.

-dwknaMGgÁRbCMsPa nigKN³kmµaFikarGciéRnþy_
u
-ebI nigelIkeBlRbCMusPanigKNkmµaFikarGciéRnþy_.
-cat;EcgkarBiPakSaehIcuHhtßelxaelIkMnt;ehtuénkarRbCuMsPa.
-jaug smaCikrdæsPaeGayRbtibtþtambTbBa¢aépÞkñúgénrdæsPa.
M i
-rkSakarBarsNþab;Fñab;épÞkñúg.
x>>>cMnucxusKña
-rdæsPa ³tMnagrdæsPakñúgTMnakTMngCamYyRBHmhakSRt nigGaCJaFrsaFarN³.
-RBwT§sPa ³ tMnaRBwT§sPakñúgTMnak;TMngCamYyRBHmhakSRt rdæsPa rWGaCJaFrsaFarN³.
Tak;TgCamYyRbFanrdæsPa edIm,IerobcMsmaCGgÁsPa TaMgmUl kñúgkrNIEdlRbFanrdæsPa nig RbFan
Y
RBwT§isPamanFur³ minGacbMeBjmuxgar)anGnuRbFanRtUvman Parkic© cat;Ecgkic©karCMnYs.
buE: nþebIRbFan b¤ GnuRbFanlaElgBIdMEng b¤ TTYl Gnic©kmµ rdæsPa RtUve)aHeqñat eRCIstaMgRbFan b¤
GnuRbFanfµI.
120>etIrdæsPanigRBwT§isPamanKNkmµkarcMnYn bu:nµan ?GVIxøH?
kñúgKNkmµkarnImYy²énGgÁkarTaMgenHmansmaCik bu:nµan rUb?
cM>rdæsPanigRBwTæisPamanKNkmµkarcMnYn 9 dUcKña³
1-KNkmµkarkarBarsiTi§mnusSnigTTYlBakübNþg
w
2-KNkmµkarhirBaØvtßú nigFnaKar
3-KNkmµkar esdækic© Epnkar vinieyaK ksikmµ GPivDÆn_CnbT nig brisßan
4-KNkmµkarmhaépÞ karBarCati Gegát nige)assMGat
5-KNkmµkarkic¨karbreTs shRbtibtûkarGnûrCati eXasnakar nigBt’man ÙnsPanigRBwT§sPa
i

6-KNkmµkar nItikmµénsPa nig RBwT§sPa
7-KNkmµkarGb;rM Fmµkar vb,Fm’ nig eTscrN_
8-KNkmµkarsuxaPi)al sgÁmkic©kargar nigkic©karnarI
9-KNkmµkar saFarN kardwkCBa¢n TurU KmnaKmn_ éRbsNIy_ ]sShkmµ famBl nig BaNiC¢kmµ.
Ú
-KNkmµkarnImYy²RtUveRCIstaMgRbFan1rUb GnuRbFan1rUb nigelxaFikar 1rUbedaykar e)aHeqñat.
-KNkmµkarnImYy² énrdæsPamansmaCikya:g tic7rUb
-KNkmµkarnImYy²énRBwT§sPamansmaCikya:gtic 9rUb.
121>etIrdæsPanigRBwT§sPaGacdMeNIrkarRbCuM)ankñúgkrNINaxøH? rebobPar³GgÁRbCMu
mancMnucepSgKñadUcemþcxøH?
cM> k>rdæsPanigRBwT§sPa GacdMenIrkarRbCM)ankñúgkrNI³
u
-mankUrumelIsBI2/3énsmaCikTaMgGs;
:
¬sMrab;karGnum½tykmtiPaKeRcIn2/3énsmaCiksPaTaMgmUl¦.
-mankUr:melIsBIBak;kNaþlsMrab;Gnum½tykmtiPaKeRcIndac;xat¦.
u
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eRkaykarrg;caM30naTIebIminRKb;kUrmeT RbFanrdæsPa b¤RBwT§sPaRtUvbBaÄb;karRbCMu.
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x>>>> rebobvar³sMrab;GgÁRbCMru dæsPa³
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- bBðaaTagLay EdlKNkmµkarnanaCUnmkRBwT§sPa.
- bBðaaTagLayEdlsmaCik RBwT§sPaCUnmkRBwT§.
122>etIRbFanrdæsPa nig RBwT§sPa GacelIkeBlRbCuM)ankñúgkrNINa?
cM>>RbFanrdæsPa nigRBwT§sPaGacelIkeBlRbCuM)ankñúgkrNI³
-yl;fa CakarmanRbeyaCn_ rWCakarcaM)ac;
-ebImansmaCikrdæsPa y:agtic 10 nak;esñIrsuM
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123>etIsiT§i niyay nigsiTi§eqøIytbkñúgeBlRbCuMBiPakSardæsPanig RBwT§sPamanbu:nµan
naTI?
cM>kñúgeBlRbCMuBiPakSa smaCikrdæsPaEdlCavaKµin mansiT§i ³
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ebIRbFanyl;fa CakarmanRbeyaCn_ rWCakarcaM)ac; kñúgkarBiPakSaenaHRbFanGacGnueRKaH ³
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124>etIc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØ manlkçN RKb;RKan;eBjeljkñúg karRKb;RKgrdæ b¤eT?
etIeKRtUveFVIGVIbEnßmeTot?

cM>fVeI bIc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØCac,ab;RKwH kMBUlrbs;rdæEmn buE: nþminTanmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;kñúgkarRKb;RKg
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125>etIRbCaBlrdæRtUvmankatBVkic© GVIxøHcMeBaHc,ab;sgÁm?
cM>>RbCaBlrdæRtUcmankatBVkic© cUlrYmkñúgkarksag RbeTsCatielIRKb;vis½y TaMgEpñkesdækic©
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û
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-eKarB nigkarBasiT§mnusS.
126>GasnHtMnagraRsþkÞúgrdæsPa énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
GaNtþITI3enHmancMnYn=123nak;.
127>enAGaNatþiTI2GMnac;nitibBaØtþi RtUv)anRbKl;[sßabn=rdæsPa-RBwT§sPa.
128>rdæsPaGac;dMenIrkarRbCMu)anluHRtamankUr:um=1/2+1.
129>nitibBaØtþi=rdæsPa

130>nitiRbtibtþi=rdæaPi)al
131>tulakar=salaCMrHkþI
132>tamc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØ etIRbmuxrdæbc©úb,nÞ énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaCaGÞkNa?
cM>tamc,ab;edæFmµnuBaØRbmuxedæénRBHraCaNacRkkm<CaKW³¬RBH)atsMemþcRBHbrmnafneratþmsIhmnI ¦.
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RTg;CaRbmuxrdæmYyCIvit.¬maRtaTI7CMBUkTI2¦.
133>etIsmasPaBKNHrdæmRnþI manGVIxøH?
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134>etIkareRCIserIstaMg naykrdæmRnþImandMenIrkardUcemþc?
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135>etIraCrdæaPi)al énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa kekIteLIgedayrebobNa?
cM>tamesckþeI sÞIsMBIRbFan mnig edaymanmtiÉkPaB BIGnuRbFanTaMgBIr énrdæsPaRBHmhakSRtRTg;
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vrCnEdl)ancat;taMgenH naMshkarEdlCadMNagraRsþ b¤CasmaCikKNHbkStMNagenAkúgrdæsPa
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bnÞab;BIrdæsPa)ane)aHeqÞatpþl;TMnukcitþehIyenaH
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neya)ayénraCrdæaPi)al.
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137>etIParkic©rbs;naykrdæmRnþImanGIVxøH?
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nigskmµPaBénraCrdæaPi)al
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i
bec©keTsnigkarBarRbeTs .
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ehIymansiT§pøas;pþÚrsmaCikraCrdæaPi)al.
138>etIrdæaPi)almansßab½n RksYg nigrdæelxaFikarb:unÞan ?
cM>TwskarKNHrdæmRnþI RKb;RKgRksYg 26 nigrdæelxadæan2KW³
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4RksYgyutFm’
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5>RksYgkarbreTs nigshRbtibtþkarGnþrCati
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6>RksYgEpnkar
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8>RksYgRBHbrmraCvaMg
9>RksYgsaFarNHkarnigdwkCBa¢n
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10>RksYgéRbsNIy_nigTUrKmnaKmn_
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12>RksYgEdndI nKrerabnIkmµnigsMNg;

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14>RksYgGPivDÆCnbT
15>RksYgGb;rMyuvCnnigkILa
16>RksYgBt’man
17>RksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtþú
18>RksYg]sSahkmµEr:nigfamBl
19>RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ
20>RksYgksikmµrukçaRbm:ajnigensaT
21>RksYeTscrN_
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23>RksYgvb,Fm’nigviciRtsil,H
24>RksYgkic©karnarI
25>RksYgsgÁmkic©GtiyuvCn nigyuvtIsm,Tar
26>RksYgkargarnigbNþHbNþalviC¢aCIvH
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27>RksYgFmµkarnigsasna.
rdæelxaFikardæan2KW³
1>rdæelxadæanmuxgarsaFarNH
2>rdæelxaFikardæanGakascrN_sIuvil.
139>etIRksYgEdlbgáItfµI enAGaNtþiTI3eQµaHGVI?

cM>KWRksYgkargarnigbNþHbNþalviC¢aCIvH.
ú
140>etIrdæ)alfÞak;mUldæanEckecjCaGIVxøH? smaPaBdwknaMmanzanHCaGIV?
cM>rdæ)alfÞak;mUldæanEckecjCaextþ Rkug.
k> -extþEckecjCaRsuk -RsukEckecjCaXMu ehIyXMEu ckecjCaPUmi
-RkugEckecjCaxNÐ -xNÐEckecjCasgáat; ehIysgáat;EckecjCaPUmi rWRkum
x>smasPaBdwknaM
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1>fñak;XMu dwknaMedayemXMu 1rUb nigCMTb;elx1 elx2 nigmRnþICMnYykarXM1rUb
u
2>fñak;sgáat;dwknaMedayecAsgáat; 1rUb nigecAsgáat;rgmYyrUb.
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RbFanPUmi rWRbFanRkumnImYy²CaGñkkþab;nUvsßticMnYnsmaCiktamRKYsarnImYy²EdlenAkñúgPUmi
i
rWRkugEdlxønkan;.
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141>etIrdæ)alextþ-Rkug(mUldæan)cMnuHeRkam»vaTRksYgNa? manPar³kic©GVI?
cM>rdæ)alextþRkug cMnuHeRkam»vaTRksYgmhaépÞ.manPar³kic©rkSakarBarsnþsuxsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³
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siTe§i srIPaB kitþysesckþIéføfrñÚ GayuCIvit RTBüsm,tþi nigplRbeyaCn_ Rsbc,ab;rbs;RbCaBlrdæenA
i
mUldæan BiesselIktMekIg CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaraRsþQaneTArkkarGPivDÆelIRKb;vis½y.
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142>enAkñúgRbeTsGnuvtþliT§iRbCaFibetyüetIGMnacTaMg3mankarEbgEckdac;BIKñadUc
emþc?ehIymanTMnak;TMngnwgKñadUcemþcxøH?
cM>k¼kñúgRbeTsGnuvtþliTR§i bCaFibetyü GMnacTaMg3mankarEbgEckdac;BrI KñaKW
-GMnacnItibBaØtiþ ¬rdæsPa-RBwT§sPa¦mannaTItak;Etgc,ab;nigGnum½tc,ab;.
-GMnactulakar¬GgÁecARkm¦ Gnuvtþc,ab; nigRkitü
-GMnactulakar¬GgÁecARkm¦ CMunMCMrHkþI nigrkyutûFm’CUnRbCaraRsû.
i
GMnacTaMg3 enHEbgEckdac;BKñaedIm,IeCosvagkarrMelaPGMnacKñaEdlQaneTArkGMnacpþac;kar.
I
x¼fVeI bImankarEbgEckdac;BIKñaya:genHk¾eday k¾eKeXIjfaGMnacTaMgbIenAEtmanTMnak;TMngnwgKña
eBalKWRtYtBinitütamdan nigshkarKñaCanic© CaGaT× ³
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-rdæsPa-RBwT§sPa BInitünigGnumtelIesckþIeRBogc,ab;rbs;raCrdæaPi)al.
-naykrdæmRnþeI lIksMenIrdl;KN³kmµaFikarGciéRnþy_ rdæsPa[ekaHRbCMCavisamBaØ .
u
-naykrdæmRnþeI lIksMenIrEtgtaMgpøas;brþÚ bBa©b;Parkic©smaCikraCrdæaPi)al CUnrdæsPaGnumt
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RbRBwtþxusFn;Fr kñúgkarbMeBjParkic© nigmuxnaTIrbs;xøÜn.
143>GPi)alkic©CaGVI? etIGPi)alkic©l¥ manFatusMxan;b:unµanya:g? GVIxøH?
cM>GPi)al ³ RKb;RKg-rkSa-karBar
GPi)alkic©l¥ KWCarebobmYy EdlGMnacsaFarN³nigGCJaFrmansmtßkic©)anRtUvbegátnigeRbIR)as;edIm,I
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RtYtBinitü nigRKb;RKgelIFnFansMxan;²TaMgGs;ebs;RbeTs[)anl¥.
GPi)alkic©l¥ manlkçN³sMxan; 4ya:gKW :³
1>KNenyüPaB ³ CaskmµPaBénkarbMeBjParkic©rbs;mRnþIsarFarN³EdlEp¥kelIsarFatucMbg
BIrya:gKW ³

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-karepþImtbeTAnwgplvi)akénskmµPaBrbs;xøÜnEdlGacdwgCamun)an nigmanGtßnyeBjelj
2>tMlaPaB ³ PaBRss;føaEdl)anpSBVpSayTUlMTUlayEdl)anebIkcMhr CasaFarN³nUvBt’man
TaMgLayEdlmanPaBRKb;RKan;eBjelj BitR)akd EdlGaceCOCak;)an nigTan;eBlevla .
3>PaBEdlGac)a:n;RbmaN)an ³ kardwgmunnUvneya)ay c,ab; nigbTbBaØtþTaMgLay ehIyRtUv)an
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Gnuvtþ [manRbsiT§PaB nigmankarÉkPaB CaTUeTA.KwCaeKalkarN_EdlBak;Bn§ya:gCitsñitCamYy
nwgeKalkarN_nItirdæ.
4>karcUlrYm ³ skmµPaBTaMgLayrbs;raCrdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvEtmankarcUlrYmBieRKaHeyabl;BI
saFarN³ nigedIm,I[manPaBCam©as;kareFVIBlkmµ nigkarÉkPaB.
144>etInimitþsBaØaénRksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa
manrUbsBaØaGVIxøH?ehIymanGtßn½ydUcemþc?
cM>nimtþsBaøaénRksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa manrUb nigGtßn½ydUcxageRkam³
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1> k,ac;PJeI TsBN’mas B½T§CargVg; tMnag[vb,Fm’Exµr
nigCanimitþrbénRsTab;yvCnkMBugsikSaGb;rMEdlmankarrIkcMerInlUtlas;CapáCaEpø
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2> rgVg;mUlRTePøgKb;BN’mas CanimitþrUbénvis½ykILaEdlmanyuvCnCaGñkRTRTg; nigbnþevn.
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3> kaMrsµBN’mascaMgbMPøWelIÙpÒemX CaBnøwÙnviC¢aGb;rM stibBaÏa
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sµartIdl;RbCaCnExµrTUTaMgRbraCaNacRkkm<úCa.
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manTMnak;TMngCamYyGnþCati.
145>etIxuTÞkal½yTIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnIþmanTMnYlxusRtUvsMxan;²elIkic©karGVIxøH?
cM>1>xuTÞkal½yTIskarKN³rdæmRnImanTMnYlxusRtUvsMxan;²elIkic©kardUcteTA ³
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elIsMnMuerOgTaMgLayEdlRksYgepSg²dak;esÞIsMeu sckþIsMerc.
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dak;C½yRbCMueBjGgÁrbs;KNHrdæmRnþI edIm,IBinitüniGnum½t .
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kar b¤BGCJaFrmansmtßkic©.
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145>etIkarTTYlxusRtUvEpÞksgÁmEckecjCakMhusGIVxøH?
cM>TMnUlxusRtuvEpÞksgÁmEckecjCakMhusBIry:ag³
1>kMhusrdæb,evNI ³tMrUv[manecjsgnUvkarxUcxat
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GacecjsgcMnUsGÞkRbRBwtþkÞúgrUbPaBCusCulkarxUcxatb¤CaCMgWcitþ .
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RbmafCIvt b¤sMlab;CIvit .eRkABIenHenAmankrNICaeRcIneTotEdlcat;tUlkÞúgbTelÞIsRBhµTNÐ
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bTelµIsRBhµTNÐtMrUvelIGÞkRbRBwtþ RtUvEtTTYleTas kÞúgkrNICatiBiCn.
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147>enAkÞúgbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ manbNþwgGIVxøH?cUrBnül;.
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EdlbNþalmkBIGMeBIelµs dl;PaKIrgeRKaH ehIykÞúgeKAlbMNgenH
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erobcM[manc,ab;RtwmRtUv nigmanRbsiT§PaB .
+sMrab;GnaKt ³
-GPivDÆFnFanmnusSeBalKWbNþHbnNþalcMeNHdwg CMnajbec©keTs viTüasaRsþdl;Blrdæ.
ú
-erobcMEpnkarGPivDÆsMrab;5 qÞaMeTAmux.
-rdæaPi)alRtUvmansuqnÞH nigkarerobcMGnuvtþ bnÞat;neya)ay rvagneya)ayesdækic©
nigesdækic©neya)ay[)ansIsgVak;KÞa.
u
-GPi)alkic©lø bIessRKb;RKg cat;EcgFnFanrbs;RbeTsCati[)anløRbesIr.
174>ebIRbeTsmYymanvibtþiesdækic© etIvaCHT§iBldl;RbeTsCitxag dUcemþc?
RbeTsmYymanvibtþei sdækic© vaCHT§BlCaplvi)ak dl;RbeTsCitxagdUcCa³
i
-plGaRkk;³xVHTnijsMrab;eRbIR)as;EdlFøab;naMecjBIRbeTsenaH.
-pll¥³RbeTsCitxagEdlKµanvibtþei sdækic©Gacbegátplitpl rbs;xøÜnlk;ecjeTAeRkA [RbeTs
I
déT CMnYsRbeTsEdlmanvibtþienaH nig mYycMnYneTot lk;[RbeTsEdlman vibtþiesdækic©enaHvij.
175>RbeTskm<úCanaMecjplitplekAsU‘.
176>BIqñaM 1979dl; 1989 RbeTskm<úCaGnuvtþRbB½n§esdækic©Ebb esdækic©rdæ.
177>esdækIc©EdlmanrdæCaGñkRKb;RKgelImeFüa)ayplitkmµehAfa esdækic©rdæ.
178>esdækic©EdlmanlkçNbUraN bnþBICMnan; mYyeTACMnan;ehAfa esdækic©RbéBNI.
179>dUcemþcehAfa GþsBaØaNCati? etIGtþsBaØaNCatiExµr rYmmanGVIxøH?

cM> GtþsBaØaNCati mkBIBakü Gtþ ÷ sBaØaN ÷Cati
-Gtþ ³ xøn Ég – citþ
Ü
-sBaØaN ³ esckþdwgCak; -lkçN sMKal;Bei ss
I
GtþsBaØaNCatiKWCalkçN sMKal;Biessrbs;CatinImYy².
GtþsBaØaNCatiCaeRKOg sMKal; BIess rbs;mnusS rs;enA kñg shKmn_ mYyEdlCTUeTA man Pasa
ú
nig vb,Fm’ mYydUcKµars;enAelITwkdI CamYy KÜa manGtItkal dUcKÜanigmenaseBa¨tna qnÒ³ rYmKña begát
I
)anCacrit1dUcKña.
GtþsBaØaNCati ExµrrYmman³
-nimtþrbCati ³ Tg;Cati ePøg Cati cMerogCati RBHsgða
i U
-rUbiybNÑExµr³ R)ak; erol
-eQµaH mnusS³ TIkEnøg PUmRi suk
-PasaExµr manGnþrbT KµankarelIkdak;sMelg
-suCIvFm’ Exµr ³ edaHmYk sMBH GgÀùybt;eCIg
-TMenomTMlab;RbéBNI ³ GaBah_BiBah_ buNüTan
-mðbGaharExµr ³ sMlkkUr / m¢rÚ sMLk; RbehIr Rbhukdut>>>>
Ú
-GkSrsaRsþExµr
-sil,³ -GkSrsil,_Exµr ¬TMTav¦u
-dRnþI ¬ePøgExµr¦
-r)aM GbSra RbCaRbiy eKaHRteLak
-sßabtükmµ³ R)asaTGgÁrvtþ>>>>
-cMlak;Exµr k,ac; RTg;RTay CalkçNExµr
-El,gRbCaRbiyExµr
-c,ab;Rkmg:y c,ab;epSg²
u
-sMelokbMBak; ³ hUl pamYg sarug sURt
180>etIGtþsBaØaNCatisr³sMxan;GVIxøH?
cM> GtþsBaØaNCati mansar³sMxan;Nas;Rtg;³

-bgðajnUvlkçNBit²dac;edayELkrbs;CatinImYy²
-bgÛajBItMÙlÙnGriyFm’
-bgðaj[Exµryl;dwgnig sICMerABIRBlwgCati
u
-eFVI[sÁal;BIGtþcritExµrBit²
181>edIm,IeGayGtþsBaØaNCatiKg;vg; etIeyImñak;²RtUveFVIGVIxøH?
cM> edIm,IeGay GtþsBaØaNCatiKg;vg;Exµrmñak;²RtUv
-karBarvb,Fm’rbs;xn[)anKg;vg; kÜùgenaHmanPasa-GkSr-sil,³-TMnak;TMngRbéBNI CaedIm.
øÐ
-RtUvBRgwg nigBRgIkvb,Fm’rbs;xÑn[)anrwgmaM
ø
-Kas;kkaypSaybnûnUvvb,Fm’ edIm,I[kUnecACMnan;eRkay sÀal;nUvtMÙlvb,Fm’rbs;CatixÑøn.
-RtUvecHTb;sÔat;vb,Fm’breTs BalaGavaEs kM[eRCotcUlmkkÜg vb,Fm’CatieyIg)an.
u ù
-RtUcecHdkRsg;ykcMnucl¥² rbs;vb,Fm’breTs EdleCOnelOnmkEkÙcÜ edIm,IBRgIk vb,Fm’
Cati.EtminRtUvykrbs;eKTaMgdul b¤ Rtab;tameKTaMgRsugenaHeTnaM[)at;bg;nUvvb,Fm’Catixøn.
Ñ
-RtUvBRgIkcMenHdwg viTüasaRsþ [)anTUlMTUlay
-RtUvecHrkSakarBar TwkdIBcsasn_xÜn
U ø
-RtUvmansµartIsamKÁIPaBÉkPaBCati bM)at;[Gs;KMnitbkSBUkniym.
-RtUvrYmcEnkksagRbeTsCatelIRKb;vis½yTaMgEpÞkvb,Fm’esd×kic¨ nig neya)ay.
-RtUvEfrkSasm,tûvb,Fm’Exµr[Kg;vg;¬sm,tþiFmµCati nigsm,tþsgÁm¦
i i
182>etImUlehtuGIVxøH EdlbNþal[mankar)at;bg;nUvGtþsBaØaNCati?
cM> mUlehtuénkar)at;bg;GtþsBaØaNCati KW³
k>ktþaGnam½y b¤ktþaxagkÞúg ³xøÜnÉg
-mkBIeyIgmankareFVrRbEhs minGb;rMkUnecA[sÀal;BItMÙl Ùnvb,Fm’Cati
[sÁal;BIGtþsBaØaNCatirbs;xn. øÜ
-xVHPaBGMnvb,Fm’
-minykcitþTukdak; minsÁal;BIRbPB nigtMÙlÙnvb,Fm’Catixøn Ñ
EbrCaeTAcMlgykvb,Fm’eKTaMgdulmkdak;xøn EdleFI[)at;bg;nUvlkØNHrbs;CatiÈg.
Ñ V
]>ePøgBiNBaTü naMKÞaehARclMfa ePøgesom.

x>ktþabranum½t b¤ktþaxageRkA ³breTs
-breTsmincg;[eyIgsÁal;GtþsBaØaNCatixÜøn eRBaHeKmin)ane)akR)as;eyIg .
-breTs ykGtþsBaØaNCatimkbMBak;elIeyIgedIm,Icg;bM)at;GtþsBaØaNCatieyIg.
]>sm½yGaNaniKmniym)araMglub;BM)at;GkSrExµreday[eRbICMnYsvijnUvPasa)araMg.GkSrExµrRtUveTAER
CkBYnenAtamvtþGaram.
183>etIGÞkmanGtþsBaØaNCaCnCatiExµrmYyrUbEdlb¤eT ?eRBaHGIV?
cM>´manGtþsBaØaCaCnCatiExµreRBaH ³
-´man«BukmþayCaCnCatiExµr
-´ekItnigrs;núvelITwkdIExµr
-´niyayPasaExµrCaPasayan
-´manvb,Fm’RbÙBNI TMenomTMlab; sasna sil,HCaExµr
-´sikSaGkSrsaRsþExµr
-RKÜsar´manRbvtþsaRsþxntaMgBIyUryamkelITwkdIExµr
øÜ
184>etImnusSEdl)at;bg;enA GtþsBaØaNCatirbs;xøÚnenaHeKnigmanGarmµN_ya:gNa?
cM>GÞkEdl)at;bg;enAGtþsBaØNCatirbs;xøÜnenaHeKkøayCamnusS ³
-)at;enACMenOrelIkMlaMgxønÉgKÞaneKaledA
Ü
-KaµnGIVCaTIBgmindwgfaxønCaGÞkNaRtUveFIGI?
w Ü VV
sMrab;mnusSEdlminsal;xøÜnÉgehIyrs;nUvpÞúynigc,ab;FmµCati .
srubmunusSEbbenHCamnusSEdlminsÁal;xøÜnÉg
185>etInrNaxøH EdlmansBa¢atiCaExµr?
cM>GñkEdlmansBa¢atiCaExµr KW³
k>mincMeBaHfaekItenATINaeT [Et ³
-manmþay«BukmansBa¢atþiCaExµreTaHmanxan;søa b¤Gt;xan;søa[Et«BukmþayTTYlxusRtUv
-mantulakarecjCasaRkmbBa¢ak;faBitCaman«BukmaþyEdlmansBa¢atþCaExµreTaHCamþay«Bukmin
i
TTYlsÁal;keday
x>[EtekItkÞúgRBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca
ú

-kUnekItenAkÞúgRsukExµreTaHCamanmþay«BukCabreTskeday[Et«BukmþayenaHrs;enARsb;c,ab;
kÞúgRBHRaCaNacRkkm<úCa
-kUnEdlmindwgfa«BukmþayenAÉNanigkUnEdlerIs)anenAkÞúgRbeTskm<Ca ú
cat;TukfaekInenAkÞúgRBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca ú
-RsþIbreTsykbþCabursExµrCabreTsEdl)anykRbBn§ExµrEdl)anerobGaBah_BiBah_GacTamTar
I
sBa¢atþEi xµrluHRtaEteKrs;enACamYyKÞa3qÞaM eRkayeBlcuHsMbuRtGaBah_BiBah_.
RbCaBlrdæExµrmin)ac;sBa¢atþCaExµredaysarEterobGaBah_BiBah_CamYybreTseT .
i
186>etICnCatiPaKticmanTMenomTMlab;RbéBNIl¥ nigRbéBNIGn;fydUcemþcxøH?
cM>k>CnCatiPaKticmanTMenomTMlab;RbéBNIl¥dUcCa ³
-eKarBcas;TMu ¬m©as;Rsuk¦ dUntaCMnan;mn u
-samKÁrI vagKÞanigKÞa
-BiFIGaBah_BiBah_
-PaBesµaHRtg;cMeBaHsmaCikkÞúgRkumnImYy²
-siT§esrIPaBkÞúkkareRCIserIsKYrRskr
-minecHTas;ETgKÞaeT KÞanKMnMu
-minecHniyaykuhkb¤lYc¬BYksÞc¦ Ü
-KÞankarpitk,t;
GaRs½yedayTMenomTMlab;enH ehIy)anCaBYkeKmansamKÁPaBTUrlay
I
mincHeQøaHTas;EtgKÞaehIynigCYyykGasa)anl¥RbesIr.
x>RbéBNIGn;fyKW³
-ksikmµéRBdut
-manCMeCOrelIGkSrGÞkta
-KÞansasnaFM²
-mineCOrelIviTüasaRsþ
-mankarRbkan;erIseGIgcMeBaHRsþeI PT¬BYkesÞog¦
¬Rbus²Gack,t;RbBn§)AnÉRsI²k,t;bþImankMhusF¶n;Fr¶ ¦.

187>etICnCatisMbUrExµrmnPaKeRcInrs;enAÉNa?manCnCatiGIVxøH?RbkbmuxrbrGIV?
cM>CnCatiPaKticsMbUrExµrmnes;enATMbn;x<g;rab; PaKxageCIg nigxagsan dUcCaextþRBHvihar sÞgERtg
w
rtnHKirI mNÐlKirI RkecH kMBg;FM esomrab eBaF×sat; kMBg;s<CaedIm.
W
CnCatiPaKticsMbUrExµrmndUcCa ³ BÞg TMBUn RkYy Rkwg eRBA caray esÞog karevt s¥c sERm Br>>>.
Ú
BYkeKeRcInRbkbrbrebHEpøeQI daMdMnaMcMkaréRBdut.
188>tamCMerOnsßiti qÞaM1998 etICnCatiExµrmanb:unÞanPaKry?
etIenAkm<úCaRbmUlpþMúedayCnCatiGIVxøH ?
cM>tamsßiti qÞaM1998 CnCatiExÞrCaCnCatiPAKeRcInEdlmanRbEhr90° kÞúgcMenamRbCaCnsrub
11lan4Esn3mwn7Ban;6ry56nak;¬11437656nak;¦
u
RkumCnCatiepSg²enAkm<Caman ³ CnCaticin CnCatievotNam CnCaticam
ú
CnCatiPaKticsMbrU Exµrmn .
189>etICnCatiPaKticmansiT§ieFIVGVIxøH ?
cM>CnCatiPaKticmansiTi§ ³
-GnuvtþnigeKarBsasnarbs;xøÜn
-eRbIR)as;PasaÉkCn nigCasaFarNHedayesrI
-cUrrYmya:gskmµkÞùgCIvPaBvb,Fm’ sasna esd×kic¨ kic¨karsaFarNH
-cUlrYmeFIVesckþIsMercfÞak;Cati tMbn;kþIbBaðaEdlTak;TgnigCnCatiPaK [edIRsb;nigc,ab;rbs;Cati .
-begáItnigEfrkSashkmrbs;xÜn nigCamYyRkumGÞkdéTeTot.
ø
-GaceRbIR)as;eBjeljnigedaymanRbnsiT§PaBcMeBaHsiT§imnusS edayKÞanbMEngEck
nigedayesÞIrPaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab;
-TTYlcMeNHdwgGMBRI bvtûsaRsû RbÙBNI Pasa vb,Fm’EdlmankÞúgEdldIrbs;eK.
i
-man»kasRKb;RKan;kÞúgkareronsURt eRkbCBa¢k cMenHdwgBIsgÁmTaMgmUl.
190>edIm,IeqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarrbs;CnCatiPaKtic etIrdæaPi)alRtUvmaneKal nya)ay
dUcemþc xøH ?
cM>rdæaPi)alRtUvmaneKalneya)aydUcxageRkam³

-kat;bnßykarkab;éRBeQI bgá[CnCatiPaKticcUlrYmerobcMkarGPirkSéRBwQI
-TTYlsÁal;bMerIbMras;dItamRbéBNICnCatiPaKtic
-BRgIkRb½n§dITuk[dImanCICati eLIgvij nig elIksÞy vis½yksikmµ
Ü
-RsavRCavGMBCIvsaRsþ cMrHenAtMbn;xg;rab nigkñgéRB eQI EdlCnCatiPaKticeRbIR)as;.
I u < ú
-sikSa nigeRbIR)as;Pasarbs; CnCatiPaKtic kñúgsalaeron
-sikSanig eRbIR)as;»sf buraN edIm,I[CnCatiPaKticmansuxPaB RbesIr eLIg
-GPivDÆn_RbB½n§suxaPi)alEdlsmRsbsMrab;tMbn;xg;rab. <
-sikSanigBRgIktMÙlvb,Fm’ RbÙBNInigkarGnuvtûn_ nanaedIm,IFanapman karGPivDÆn_.l.
191> CnCaticaray cUlcitþsg;pÞHEvg² x½NÐCa bnþbnÞab;tUc²
192> CnCatiTMBUn eRcInrs;enAtMbn;GaeKñy_ énextþrtnKIrI
193>CnCatiesÞóg cUlcitþensaTRtI nig)aj;stV minbYgsk;.
194>etIenAelIBiPBelakmansasnaGVIxøH? sasnanImYy² manKm<IrGVICaeKal?
cM>k>sasnaFM² enAelIBiPBelakman³
-RBhµsasna manedImkMenItenARbeTsNþa
-RBHBuT§sasna manedImkMenItenARbeTsNÐa ¬en)a:l;¦
-RKwsþsasna manedImkMenItmkBIRbrTssIurI ¬b¤ GIuRsaEGl¦
-GIsøamsasna manedImkMeNItenARbeTsGara:b;
u
-tavsasna manedImkMenItenARbeTscin
-sinsasna manedImkMenItenARbeTsCb:n
ÞÚ u
x>RBhµBaØsanaEp¥kelIKm<I éRtevT ÉRBHBuT§sasna Ep¥kelIKm<I RBHéRtbidk
-RKwsasna Ep¥kelIKm<I bib Ésøamsasna Ep¥kelIKm<I kUra:n; ¬b¤kUGan¦
195>RBHBuT§sasna cUlmkRbtIsßankÞúgRbeTskm<úCa kÞúgstvtür_TIb:unÞan ?
kÞúgraCesþcGgÁNa?
cM>RBHBuT§sasna )ancUlmkRbtisßankÞúgRbeTskm<Ca enAstvtSTI2én K>s kÞúgraCRBH)aTRsImarH
ú
hVan;exma:n; .

196>sasnaFM²enAelIBiPBelakmanb:unÞan ?GIVxøH ?
cM>sasnaFM²enAelIBiPBelakman4KW RBHBuT§sasna hiNÐsana RKwsþsasna nigsøamsasna .
Ú
197>etIsPasasnaBiPBelak beGáIteLIgenAqÞaMNa ?enAÉNa ?edIm,IGIV?
cM>sPasasnaBIPBelak)anbegáItenAqÞaM1893 enArdæsIkakU énshrdæGaemrik.
u
sPasasnabegáIteLIgedIm,ICMnUb énGnþrCMenOrsasnaTaMgLayenAelIBPBelaki
elakedIm,IedaHRsaybBacaBiPBelak. kÞúgCMnUbenaHkarcUlrYmBIsMnak; saRsþcarü
d¾l,I²énCMenOrsasna epSg² nigcUlrYmrab;BanlGÞkedIm,I RtWHriH BicarNa
edaHRsaybBaðasMxan;²EdlkMBugRbQmmixCamYy bBaabrisßan nigmnusS Catiu eBalKW
karKMramKMeEhgénviTüasaRsþ bBa¢aeGkULÚsIuEdlKMrKMEhgdl; suxPaBmnusSCatiTaMgmUl.
197>etIBakü sasna mann½ydUcemþc? CnCati ExµreyIgman sasnapÞallrbs;
xøÜnb¤eT?
cM> sasnamkBIBaküsasn³ mann½yfaBakübNaþM b¤karTUnµanrbs;RKUGacarüNamYykñúgelak.Gtßn½y
énBaküsasnaminEmnsßtenARtg;CMenO rWbBaÏti sIlFm’ nigkareKarB Rbnitb½tbueNÜaH eT KWRtUv
i
manGgÁkarBiessmYysMrab;RTRTg;EfrkSaliT§isasna[mansßri PaBtaMgenACasßaBrEvgq¶ayterogeTA.
CnCatiExµreyIgBMumansasnapÞal;xneT. eyIgmanEtCMenOeTAelIRBlwgGarkS GÜkta ¬mUlFm’Exµr mn
øÜ
munKs¦ eyIgeKarB kMlaMgFmµCatieKarBGñkta EdltMnag[em)a b¤ buBVbursExµr Edlsøab;eTA
ehIyenAcaMrkSapþl;esckþsuxdl;GñkRsukdUcCa³ GñktadMbgEdk GñktaRkhm k elakyayem:A >>>.
I
CenO elIGñkta b¤sasnaGñktaniym enHBusUvlUtlas;eT eRBaHBMmanGtßbT Km<rI Edlkt;RtaTsSn³
M u
RTwsþI dUcsasna ÉeToteLIy. buE: nþeTaHCay:agenHk¾eday k¾sasnaEbbenHenAEtrs;kñúgcitþKMnitTMenom
TMlab;ExµrghUtsBVéf¶enHEdr.
luHeRkaymkenAedIm K s eTIbExµrTTYlykTßi§Bl sasna NÐa FM²2KW RBhBaØ sasna nig
RBHBuT§sasnatamry RBH)aTekADinú b¤ h‘neTon ¬ mkerobGPiesk nigRBHnagesama b¤
u
lIvyI¦ nigQµÜjNÐa EdlmkrksIeu nARsukExµrsm½y nKrPñ. M
198>etIlT§iRBahµN_ EckecjCabu:nµan sm½y?
cM>>lTÁi RBahµN_ EckecjCa 3 sm½y KW³
1-sm½yevTnigym ³ qñaM 1500 dl; 550 mun K>s

2-sm½yRBahµ niym ³ qñaM550 mun Ks dl; stvtS TI 10
3-sm½yhiNÚÐniym ³ stvtS TI 10 dl;bc©úb,nñ
199> etIsasnaRBahµN_manKm<IrGVICaeKal ? Km<IrenaHEckecjCaGVIxøH?
cM>sasnaRBahµN_ BwgEp¥kelI Km<Ir éRtevT Edlman³
-b¤KevT
-yCuevT
-samevT³ nigKm<Ir mYyeTotehAfa GfrievT CaKm<rI GUmGam>>>>.
eTaHCaman bEnßmKm<rI dl;eTA 4 k¾eday k¾ eKenA EtehAfa éRtevT dEdl.
200> etIRBHBuT§ sasnamanKm<IrGVI CaeKal? GVIxøH?
cM>Km<rI EdlCaXøaMgpÞúknUvBuT§vcn³ rbs;RBHBuT§sasnaKW Km<IrEBHéRtbidk EdlEckCa
-Km<rI vin½ybidk b¤ RBHvin½yman 13PaK nig 21000 Fmµkçn§ ½
-Km<rI sutþnþbidk b¤ RBHsURt man 14PaK nig 21000 Fmµkçn§ ½
-Km<rI GPiFmµbidk ehARBHGPiFmµ man 33PaK nig 42000 Fmµkçn§ ½
srub man 110PaK nig 84000 Fmµkç½n§
201>etIRBHBuT§sasnaEckecjCabu:nµannikay? GVIxøH?
cM> RBHBuT§sasna EckecjCa 2nikay ³ nikay hinyan b¤ efrvaT nig mhayan b¤GacriyvaT.
-nikayhinyan manenAGasIu GaeKñy_ dUcCa³ RbeTs km<úCa éf Lav mIy:an;ma: RsIlgáa NÐa
en)a:l;.
-nikaymhayanmanenA GasuxagekIt dUcCa ³ RbeTscin evotNam Cbu:n TIeb mugehaÁl.
I :
202>søamsasna manedImkMenItenARbeTs ³ Gara:b‘ÍsaGUSIt.
203>cUreFVIkareRboeFobrklkçNxus nikay hInyannig mhayan.
cM>lkçNxus nikay hInyannig mhayan ³
÷nikayhInyan
-yantUcpÞkstVelaktic
ú
-eq<aHeTArkRBHniBaV n
-eKarB RBHBuT§ smNeKatm Et 1 Kt;

-eKarBKm<rI RBHéRtbidk tam BueT§avaT
-vin½ytwgrwg
÷nikaymhayan
-yanFMpÞúkstVelak)aneRcIn
-eq<aHeTAkan;zansYK_
-eKarBRBHeBaFistV 7 GgÁ Biess RBHeBaFistVelak eksVr³
-eKarBtamGacarünimYy²t²Kña ¬lT§GacriyvaT¦
i
-vin½yFUrRsal.
204>etIRBHBuT§sasna nigsgÁmExµr manTMnak;TMngKña dUcemþcxøH?
cM>RBHBuT§sasna ¬hinyan¦ nigsgÁmExµrmanTMnak;TMngKñadUcteTA³
1>RBHBuT§sasna
k> vis½yGb;rM³ RBHsgÇCaeXasnik – Gb;rmmnusS[manCMenOelIkmµpl buNü)ab Gb;rMevorcak
GMeBIGaRkk;RKb;Ebby:ag
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dl;sisS nig nisSitRkIRk>.
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cMlak; htßkmµ>>>¦.enAsm½yGaNaniKm GkSrsaRsþ rt;eTA RCkBUn
enAtamvtþGaram.RBHsgÇCaRKUbeRgon.
g> vis½yneya)ay³ FmµyaRta rbs;RBHsgÇedIm,ITamTarsnþPaB TamTarkarccar bM)at;
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GMeBIhwgSa RKb;Ebby:ag BRgwgvb,Fm’snûPaB.
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2>> sgÁmExµrCYy RBHBuT§sasna
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rs;enA rbs;RBHsgÇ mancIvr biN)at esnasn nig KilanePsC¢³. rdæ)an bBa©ÚlRBHBuT§sasnaeTA
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kñúgrdæFmµnuBaØ dUcmaRta 43 Ecgfa ³ RBHBuT§sasnacasasna rbs;rdæ nigpþl;»kas[Qb;sMrakkargar
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Ú ú ú
205>cUreFIVkarpÁÚrpÁgbBa©sIl nigsiT§imnusSGnþrCati?
cM> bBa©sIl b¤sIl 5³ siT§mnusSGnþrCati
i
-)aNa ³evorcakkarsMlab;CIvit -siT§ri s;ranmanCIvit
-GTinña ³ evorcakkarlYcRTBüGñkdéT -sITimankmµsiTi§
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-sura ³ evorcakkaresBeRKOgRsvwg -siTimansnþsux sgÁmnigsnþisuxpÞal;xøÜn katBV
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kic©cMeBaHshKmn_.
205>cUreFVIkarpÁÚrpÁgsiT§imnusS kñúgrdæFmµnuBaØ nigsIlFm’ RBHBuT§sasna?
cM>siT§mnusSkÜùgrd×FmµnuBaÏ sIlFm’RBHBuT§sasna
-maRta32³ CnRKb;rUmansiTi§rs;ran -)aNa ³kMusMlab;CIvit stV mnusS
manesrIPaBnigmansnþsuxpÞal;xn
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ú
EpñkeBsüakmµnigGMeBIGasGaPasEdlb:HBal;dl;
esckþéføfñÚrrbs;narIRtUvhamXat;
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rbs; esrIPaBxagsareBImane)aHBumÖpSayesrIPaBxagkarRbCM. u
-maRta 38 ³ c,ab;r:ab;rgmin[mankarrMelaPbMBan -sura³ kMuesBeRKOgRsvwg

elIrUbragkaybuKÁlNamYy.
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mansRgÁamnigkarBarRbqaMgnwgGaCIvkmµesdækic© rWkamKuNelIkumar
-maRta 31³ RbCaBlrdæExµrmanPaBesIKña µ -sux³ mansuPmgÁl
cMeBaHmuxc,ab;mansiTi§ nigkrNIkic©dUcKñaTaMgGs;
-maRta64 ³ rdæhamXat;nigpþnÞaeTascMeBaHCnNaEdl -Bl³ kMlaMgmaMmYn
naMcUl plitpllk;dUr eRKOgejon TMnijEkøgkøay>>>.
206>epþImecjBIkareRbonRbedAnUv»vaTrbs;RBHBuT§ brmRKU
etIRbCaCnExµrRbkan;GtþcritEbbNa?
cM> epþmecjBIkareRbonRbedAnUv»vaTrbs;RBHBuT§ brmRKU RbCaCnExµrRbkan;GtþcritnigsIlFm’RbÙBKW³
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-mansm,CBaÏ³ Rbkan;x¢ab;x¢ÑnnUvsc¨Fm’
-Rbkan;yksuc¨rit yutûiFm’
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-Rbkanx¢ab;nUveKalkarN_xÜnTIBwgxøÜn yl;fasuxTukçl¥GaRkk;kmkEtBIxøÜnÉg.
ø
-manCMenO elIsmtßPaBxøn Ég Gtþahi Gtþenanaefa .
Ü
-ecHedaHRsaybBaÛa GVI² edaysnûviFIeRbIFm’ GhwgSa
i
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µ
207>etIsIlFm’rbs;RBHBuT§sasnamanGVIxøH?
cM>sIlFm’RBHBuT§sasnaman³ RBhµviharFm’ TaMg4 bBa¨sIl bsIl5
GdægkmKÁTaMg 8 kuslkmµbf 10>>>.
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208>etIRBhµviharFm’TaMg 4 manGVIxøH?
cM>RBhµviharFm’TaMg4 man³
-emtþa ³ Rslaj;rab;esµKña minerIsmux
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-kruNa³ GaNit GasUr CYyseRgÁaH KñaeBlmanTukç
-muTita ³ eRtkGr eBleXIjeK)ansux minRcEnn
-]ebkça ³ taMgcitþCakNþalminlMeGog.

209> pøÚveTAkan;niBaVnrbs;RBHBuT§Cam©as; ehAfaGVI? manGVIxøH?
cM> pøveTAkan;niBaVnrbs;RBHBuT§Cam©as;man 8 ehAfa GdægÁkmKÁKW³
Ú i
1>smµaTidæi ³ karyl;eXIjRtUv
2>smµasgáb,³ ³ karRtiHriHRtUv
3>smµavaca ³ BaküsMdIRtUv
4>smµakmµnþ³ ³ kargar RtwmRtUv
5>smµaGaCIv³ ³ cIBa©wmCIvitRtUv
6>smµavayam³ karBüayamRtUv
7>smµasti ³ karPaJk;rlwkRtUv
8>smµasmaFi ³ kartaMgcitþRtUv.
÷GdægkmKÁ TaMg8 enHbRgÜmmk)anCa ³ sIl smaFi bBaØa
Ái
210>siTi§mnusSFanaeGaybuKÁlmñak;²eFVICam©as;elIkmµsiTi§énRTBürbs;xçÜnKW ³ GTinña.
211>maRta 64énrdæFmµnuBaØ)anEcgfa rdæhamXat; nigpþnÞaeTas >>>KW Bl³.
212> RBhµviharFmµTaMgbYnénRBHBuT§sasna ENnaM[mnusSRslaj;rab;Gan esIµ² Kña
minRbkan;;vNÑ enHKW Fm’emtþa.
213>kartaMgcitþkñúgpøÚvRtUvkñúgGdægÁikmKÁ ehAfa smµasmaFi.
214>dUcemþcEdlehAfaCnePosxøÜn? etICnePosxøÜneRcInmkBITVIbNa?
cM>CnePosxønKWCaCnEdlrt;ecalRsukkMeNit rW TIkEnøg EdlxønFøab;rs;enA eTArs;enAkEnøgmYyepSg
Ü Ü
eTotedaysarsRgÁam GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ PaBRkIRk karrMelaP siTimnusSnigPaBGsnþsuxCaedIm.
§ i
CnePosxønPaKeRcInmkBITVIbGaRBic GasIu nig GWru :b.
Ü u
215> etIRbeTsNa Edlpþl;siT§i RCkekan[CnePosxøÜn eRcInCageK?
cM>RbeTsEdlpþlsiTI§ RCkekan[CnePosxøÜneRcInCageKKW³
;
-RbeTs )a:KIsßan -GIru :g;-b‘rU unDI-tg;sanI -GUkg;da- kugkU -Garab‘saGUDIt –tYKI>>>>>.
‘ É
216>siT§iCamUldæanrbs;CnePosxøÜnmanbu:nµanRbkar? GVIxøH?
cM>siTCamUldæanrbs;CnePosxøÜnman 5 RbkarKW ³
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-CnePosxøn man siT§i RtUv)an TTYlsÁal; nigkarkarBar tampøvc,ab;.
Ü Ú
- CnePosxøn man siT§isysMerc kñúgkarvilRtlb; eTAmatuPUmi
Ü V½
- CnePosxøn man siT§ikgkarCYbCMuRKYsareLIgvij
Ü ñú
- CnePosxøn man siT§ikarBarsiTi§ mnusSCamUldæan
Ü
- CnePosxøn man siT§imin[eKbgçM[ecjeTARbeTsNaepSgEdleKyl;fanwgmankardak;eTas
Ü
eFVTaruNkmµ b¤RbharCIvit>.
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217>etIsñgkarCan;x<s;shRbCaCatisMrab;CnePosxøÜnmanGkSr kat;faGVI?
cab;dMenIrkarBIqñaMNa?edIm,IGVI? manTIsñak;karenATINa?
cM>sñgkarCan;x<s;shRbCaCatisMrab;CnePosxøÜnmanGkSr kat;fa UNHCR.
GgÁkarenHmandMenIrkartaMgBIqñaM 1951mkemøH. :
edIm,ICYyCnePosxønEdlrgeRKaHedaysarsRgÁamkar CIHCan; karerIseGIg GMeBIhwgSa PaBRkIRk
Ü
GsnþsuxsgÁmkarrMelaP siT§i mnusS.l.
i
TIsñak;karén UNHCR enARkugsWENv RbeTs sVIs.
218> enAelIBPBelakenH TVbEdlKµanCnePosxøn KWTVIb Gaemrik.
i I Ü
219>RbeTsEdlpþl;siT§iRCkekan[CnePosxøneRcInCageKKW RbeTstYKI.
Ü
220>CnbreTsEdlmksñak;enArksukñúgRbeTsmYyEdlmin)ancUlsBa¢atienAkñg
I ú
RbeTsenaH ehAfa GnikCn.
221>etImaneRKaHfñak;GVIxøHEdlekItmancMeBaHkumar?
cM>eRKaHfñak;EdlekItman cMeBaHkumarKW³
-]sShkmµ³ karrIkcMerInxagEpñkesvakmsNæaKar karkMsanþkarpSayBaNiC¢kmµ>>>CMrujGarmµN_
kumar[rMePIbjab;j½r QaneTArk eBsüakmµedayÉg².
-snþsux³ kumarRtUveKeRbIkñúgCMelaH Rbdab;GavuF eFVCaGñknaMsar bBa¢ÚnGvuFeTAsmrPUmi>>>CakgQøb>>>.
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-]Rkwdækmµ ³ BYkRkum]RkwdæCnykkumareTAeRbIR)as;kñg karCYjdUr eRKOgejon lYc qk; bøn; b¤
ú
RbRBwtbTelµIsepSg²eTot.
-karerIseGIg ³ kumarRtUv mnusScas;rMelaP bMBan RKb;Ebby:ag. kumarRtUveKykeTACYjdUrdUcstVFatu

EdleFV[maneRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaB ragkay nigsµartI ¬BiessKW kumarI¦.
I
-bBaðamIn ³ kumartamCnbT RtUvbYsBikar b¤)at;bg; CIvitedaysarRKab;mIn.
-eRKOgejon ³ bc©úb,nñ sarFatuejon)anCHT§i Bldl;kumar dl;kumareFVI[maneRKaHfñak;dUcCa ³
kavhit fñaMejonRbePT ¬ma:¦ sMrab;Ck; EdleFVI[kumar køay eTACamnusSrs;eRkamT§BlénfñaMejon.
i
222>etImUlehtuGVIxøHEdlnaM[kumar PaKeRcIncUlcitþRbRBwtþ sarFatuejon ktþasMxan;
KWGVI?
cM> mUlehtuEdlnaM[kumar PaKeRcIncUlcitþRbRBwtþ sarFatuejonKW³
-xVHPaBkk;ekþaBImatabitaGaNaBüa)al
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M
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-kumarxøHcg;dwg cg;sak bNþal [ejonxøaMg Qb;min)ancritrwgman³.
ktþasMxan;KWmatabitaRtUvRbugRby½tñ ENnaMGb;rMkUn [)an ditdl; tamdanral; skmµPaB rbs;kUnkMu
bNþal[kUncayvayR)ak;kasx¢Hx¢ay b¤ beNþay[kUnesBKb;mitþPkþminl¥RCulhYsEdleFV[mankar
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Bi)akEk.
223>GVIxøHCasarFatuejon? edIm,ITb;sáat;kareRbIR)as;fñaMejon etIeKRtUv manviFankar
dUcemþc?
cM>RbePTsarFatuejonman³ )arI fñaMRKab; fñaMCk; Rsa kaehV kBaäa GaePon saMg fñaM)aj; kav
fñaMbM)at;karQWcab; fñaM)ay)an fñaMgguy edk>>>>. edIm,I Tb;sáat;bMerIbMras; sarFatu ejon eKRtUv man
viFankar ³
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dac;xat nigTb;sáat;Tan;eBlevla.

-erobcMbegáIt KN³kmmkarTb;sáat; kat;bnßybMerIbMras;fñaMejon BIessRtUvmankarcUlrYm BIGaCaJFr
mUldæanpgEdr.
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224>etIsiTi§CaeKalFM²rbs;kumarmanbu:nµan? GVIxøH?
cM>siTi§ CaeKalFM²rbs;kumarman 4 KW³
1-siT§mankarGb;rM
i
2-siT§min[manGMeBIeXareXAelIxøÜn
i
3-siT§imin[mankarekgRbv½jelIxøÜn
4-siTmin[maneKe)aHbg;ecal.
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225>kumarRtUvrgeRKaHedaysareKcab;ykeTACYjdUrdUcstVFatu.enHKWCaeRKaHfñak;mYykñúgcMe
nammUl ehtuTaMgLay>>>>>>>>>>>KW karerIseGIg.
226>mUlehtucMbgEdlnaM[kumarPaKeRcInRbRBwtþsarFatuejonKW esBKb;mitþminl¥.
227>Rsa eFVI[RkineføIm rlakRkBH )at;m©as;kar.
228>)arI eFVI[rlakbMBg;k mharIksYt.
229>GaePon eFVI[xUcskmµPaBbBa¢arbs;xYrk,al.
230>dUcemþcEdlehAfaRbeTsGPivDÆn_ RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_?
cM>RbeTs GPivDÆn_ KW RbeTsEdlmankar rIkcMerInxagEpñk]sSahkmµ CaRbeTseCOnelOn nigGPivDÆ
Epñkesdækic©. ]> shrdæGaemrik>>>>.
RbeTs kMBugGPivDÆn_ CaRbeTsEdlmanexOnesdækic©Gn;fy ehIykMBg u
EtxitxMRbwgERbgsþarvis½yesdækic© nig kMBugeFVkarGPivDÆ QaneLIg. ]>RbeTskm<úCa.
I
231>dUcemþcehAfaesdækic©? FnFanesdækic©?
cM> esdækic©KCakarsikSaGMBIviFIyuT§saRsþ rebobeRbIR)as;FnFanedIm,IbMeBjbMngKµanRBMEdn rbs;mnusS
W
EdlmanRbB½n§ Tak;TgnwgRbB½n§ plitkmµ ¬esdækic© nig ]sSahkmµ ¦ RbB½n§EbgEck ¬EpñkBaNiC¢kmµ¦
nigRbB½n§eRbIR)as;TMnijesdækic© ¬EpñkGtifiCn EpñkKmna Kmn_ nigdwkCBa¢Ún ¦.
FnFanesdækic©KWCavtßú TaMgLayEdl eRbIR)as; enAkñgFmµCati nigkñúgsgÁm.
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232>dUcemþcehAfa sklnIykmµ>?etIRbeTsGPivDÆ nigRbeTskMBugGPivDÆRtUvTTYl
Ti§BlBIesdækic©sklnIykmµdUcemþc?
cM>>sklniykmµKWCadMenIrkarmYyEdlepþIm[RbeTsnanakñgBIPBelak pøas;bþÚrEbbbT kñúg TMnak;TMng
ú
plitkmµnig bMerIbMras;plitkr>.
RbeTsGPivDÆ nigRbeTskMBgGPivDÆ RtUvTTYlT§iBl BIesdækic©sklniykmµdUcCa³
u
-RbeTsGPivDÆ TTYlKuNsm,tþdUcCa ³ mansmtßPaBxag hirBaØvtßú TTYl)an Epñkbec©keTs
i
GacbegIt FnFanmnusS plitpl bec©eTs kMcITun.l.
á
-RbeTskMBugGPivDÆTTYlrgnUvKuNvibtþdUcCa ³ TTYlvUvTMnijEdlCithYskMnt;eRbIR)as; TTYlTMnijEdl
i
kksÞH lk;minecj ykmklk;éLLúg kñúgtMélefakedIm,Ibn§ÚrkarkksÞH rWGacRbmUlTunrMelaHmYycMnYn
.RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ luHeRkamT§iBl énesdækic© RbeTsGPivDÆ.
233>kñúgcMenamRbeTsxageRkam RbeTsEdlkMBugGPivDÆ KWRbeTs km<úCa.
234>RbeTskm<úCanaMecjnUv ³ exaGav.
235>RbeTsGPivDÆ KW RbeTsEdlmanexOnesdækic©rIklUtlas;.
236>RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ KW RbeTsEdlGn;fyEpñkesdækic©.
237>RbeTsttiyelak KW RbeTsEdlGn;fyEpñkesdækic©minRBm eFVIkarEkERb.
238>RksYgkarbreTs nigkic©shRbtibtþikar karGnþrCati sßtenAkñgvis½y rdæ)al.
i ú
239>bT]Rkwdæ b¤ bTelµsnwg c,ab;samBaØEdlRbRBwtþeday eyaFinRtUvTTYlkarCMnuM CMrHenA
I
tulakarextþRkúg.
240>kñúgcMenamsasnaTaMgbYn sasnaEdlekIteRkayeKbg¥s;KW søam.
241>RBHrtnRt½yrYmman RBHBuT§ RBHFm’ RBHsgÇ.
242>]tþmRkumRbwkSaGgÁecARkm GNtþi 5 qñaM.
243> RkumRbwkSaFmµnuBaØ man GNtiþ 9 qñaM.
244>RBwT§sPa man GNtiþ 6 qñaM>.
245>karCYyCabec©keTs l,ic b¤KnøH kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaKWsamKÁIpøÚvbBaða.
w
246>rdæ)alfñak;mldæanmansiTi§GMnac ecjdIka.
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247>tMnagraRsþenAkñúgnItikalTIbI énraCrdæaPi)al man 123rUb.
248>bNþgEdlTak;TgnwgsiTi§ÉkCn b¤ RbéBNI bNþwgEdlTamTar
w
[mankarCYsCulkarGnþrayxagsMPar³ nig sgCMgWcitþehAfa³bNþwgrdæb,evNI.
249>BiruT§Cn CnEdlRtUv)anRBHraCGaCJaepIþmeFVIkarecaTRbkan;.
250>CnCab;ecaT CnEdlrg;caMkarkat;kþIBItulakar.
251>TNÐit CnEdltulakar)anecjRkmpþnÞaeTasrYc.
252>BiFIbuNü cUlRBHvsSasMrab;RBHsgÇkñúRBHBuT§sasnamanry³eBl 90éf¶.
253>dMeNaHRsayCacugeRkayénvivaTkñúgkare)aHeqñatCasmtßkic©rbs; RkumRbwkSaFmµnuBaØ.
254>kILamansarsMxan;Nas;eRBaHvabNþúHbNþalnUvPaBévqøatdl;kILakr
[ecHeRbIl,IcykQñHKUrRbkYt.enHCatMélEpñkxag R)aCJasm,Ta .
255>kñúgcMeNammUlehtueRkamenH etImlehtuNa1 Caktþabranum½t énPaBRkIRk>?
U
KW eRKaHFmµCati.
256>siTi§bnþBUCRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal; faCasiTi§mnusSenAkñúgqñaM 1968.
257>karbNþHbNþalvb,Fm’snûPaBBak;Bn§nwgssrsûmÍGb;rMKW eronedIm,Irs;enACamYyKña.
ú i
258>RkummnusSsßitenAcenøaHbzmvy nigmCÆwmvy ehAfa yuvvy.
259>RksYgmhaép visyrdæ)al .
260>RksYgeTscrN_ visyesdækic© .
261>RksYgkic©karnarI visysgÁmkic© .
262>enARbeTsEdlkan;lT§iRbCaFietyüTamTar[RsþIcUlrYmRbelakkÞúgneya)ay
ehtUenHRsþIRtUvEsVgyl;GMBI ktþaGIVxøHedIm,IGPivDÆRbeTsCati?
cM>edIm,IcUlrYmRblUkkÞúkqakneya)ayRsþIKYrEsVgyl;GMBIktþaBIya:g ³
÷ktþaGnþenam½t
-eFIVCam©as;kmµsiT§xn
i øÜ
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-RsavRCav nigEsVgyl;BItMrvkarrbs;sgÁm ehIyxitxMbMeBjtMrvkarenaH .
U U

288>etIbNþwgEckecjCab:unañnya:g ?GIVxøH ?cUrbBa¢ak;?
cM>bNþgEckecjCa4KW ³
w
-bNþgGaCJa ¬bTelµIsRBhµTNÐ¦ KWbNþgEdlekItBIkareFI[xUcsNþab;Fañb;rebobrab;rysaFarN³.
w w V
-bNþgrdæbevNI ¬bTelµsrdæbevNI ¦ KWbNWgEdlekItBIkareFIeV GayxUcxatsm,tþiGñkdéT
w I
ehIyRtUvbBa¢asgCMgWcitþ etAGñkrgeRKaH .
-bNþgtva: ¬bNþ]TÞrN_ CabNþgEdlcugecat b¤edImecatminyl;RBm
w w w
cMeBaHsalRkmsalaRkmgextþ-Rkug ehIybNþgmksala]TÞrN_[CMrhkþmþgetot .
w I
-bNþgbriha ³CabNþwgEdleFIeV LIgedaybuKÁlmañk; b¤eRcInGñkEdlmineBjcitþcMeBaHbuKál
w
sþab;rdæ b¤rdæaPi)alEdlRbRBwtxusc,ab; eFIeV Gayb:HBal;dl;plRbeyaCn_ b¤sm,tþirdæ dUcCaeKgbnøM
þi
sIsMNUksUk)a:n CaedIm.
u
289>etIesctþIsuxrbs;mnusStamTsSn³rbs;RBHBuT§Cam©as;manb:unñanRbkar?
cUrBnül;[)anc,as;las; .
cM>esctþsuxrbs;mnusStamTsSn³RBHBuTCam©as;an5Rbkar . esckþIsuxTaMg5RbkarenaHman ³
I
-Gkþisux ³ CaesckþsuxeRBaHmanRTBüsm,tþi RKb;RKan; tamtmrUvkar .RTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHman4Rbkar
I
³
-cMnIrGaharRKb;Ebbya:g
-sMelokbMBak; eRKOgbiT)aMgragkay eRKOgGlgáarsmKYr .
-eKhhdæanCMrksmrmüCarbs;xn RBmTaMgsMParHeRbIR)as;kñgpÞH
øÜ ú
-fñaMdgáÚvrbs;Büa)al manRKUeBTüCYyEfTaMCMgW
÷ePaKsux ³CaesckþIsuxEdlekItBkareRbIR)as;RTBüsm,tþi edayRtwmRtUvrIkray CaesckþIsux
eRBaH)aneRbIsm,tþi xøn)anrkmkedaysucritRtwmRtUv .
Ü
GnBsux ³esckþsux I
eRBaHKÜanbMNulesckûIsuxekItBIkar)anRbRBwtûitamKnøgFm’CaesckûsuxeRBaHmankargar sucrit
I
CabegÁalCab;lab;Fnark RTBüR)ak;kas.
-snþsux³Caesckþs¶b;eRBaHmancitþs¶b; minvwkvrRcbUkRcbl; RcbUkRcbl;RcEnnQñasnIs.
i I

-srubesckþmkesckþsux TaMg 5Rbkar CatMrvkar nigeKalbMng rbs;mnusSCati
I I U
mniCaGñkNaCaGñkNaeLIy.
290>etIkare)aHeqñatebbRbCaFibetyümanGtßn½yya:gNaxøH?cUrBnül[)anc,as;las;
.
cM> kare)aHeqñatebbRbCaFibetyümann½ydUct eTA³
-kare)aH eqñatEbbRbCaFibetyüCakre)aHeqñat³
-RbNaMg -edayesrI
-eTogTat;eBl -CasMgat;
-esµPaBI -cUlrYmKña
-dac;Nat;tamrykare)aHeqñat
-rdæaPi)alRtUveRCIserIleayRbCaCntamrdæsPa
-rdæsPaRtUveRCiserIsedayRbCaCn
-enAeBlyuT§nakareXasnae)aHeqñatKNbks nigebkçCnrbs;KNbkSRtUvman³
÷esrIPaBkñgkarniyaysþI ÷ CYbRbCMu
ú
÷eFVdMeNIrcaM)ac;edIm,IpsBVpSaykmµviFIneya)ayrbs;xÜøn
I
÷kare)aHeqñatEbbRbCaCnmineRCIserIs³
-Cnpþac;kar -RbFanaFibetyürW GñkdwknaM1CIvit
-mRnþI rWtMnagEdlRbCaCneRCIerIsRtUvEtTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHmuxRbCaCn
ehIykare)aHeqñaatRtUvKitBIRbeyaCy_RbCaCnCaFM.
291>etIesdækic©km<úCabc©úb,nñGnuvtþtamRbBn§GVI? Bnül;RtYs² BIsßanPaBesdækic©
enARBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
cM>k>>>CaTUeTAvisyesdækic©RBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca rdæaPi)al)aneRbIRbBn§esdækic©cMruH .
ú
x>>PaKeRcInénmeFüa)ayplitkmµCakmµsiT§ ÉkCn buE: nþ rdæPi)aledIrtYnaTIsMxan;kñúgdwgnaM
nwgeFV[esdækic©lMnwg. esdækic©cMruHpþl;nuvviFId¾manRbsiT§PaB kñúgkarpþl;GaCIvkmµdl;Gtifi Cn.
I
RbCaCnkm<Ca)aneFVIsmahrNkmµya:grh½skµgRbB½n§esdækic©GnþrCati nigkñúgtMbn;
ú ú

kñúgeKalbMngedIm,ITTYlykplRbeyaCn_cMeBaHRbCaCmxøÜn.enAxNeBlEdlrdæaPi)al
RtUvCYykarBarbuKÁlikkmµkrnigGtifiCn BIkar)ak;EbkrMelaPbMBanBIsMnak;m©as;GaCIvkmµ.
292>etIyuvCn EdlCassrRTUgRbeTsCati RtUvcYlrYmCYyGPivDÆn_ shKmn_
sgÁmdUcemþc?
cM>yuvCnEdlmanskþanuPaBminGacvas; nig )a:n;RbmaNehIyRtUvcUlrYmGPivDÆn_ sgÁmdUcxageRkam³
-erobcMxønxitxMEsvgrkcMenHdwg CMnajviC¢aCiv³
Ü
-manGkb,kiriya smrmú sIlFm’rs;enas¥ats¥M eFVGVI² Rsbtamc,ab;sgÁm TMenomTMlab; RbéBNIExµr.
I
-cUlrYshkarKña kñfkareFVIGVImYy[ Gs;BIkMlaMgkaycitþ bBaØaCafamBl nigmanskmµ Canic©.
ú
-CYyEfrkSaGVI²RKb;ya:g edIm,I[mannirnþPaBsMrab;mnusSCMnan;eRkay.
-manKMnitpþcepþIm kñúgkarCYyGPivDÆn_ shKmmincaM)ac;EtmnusScas;eT.
Ü
-mineRbIR)as;fñaMejon CYyTb;sáat; RbCaCnmin[RbRBwtþGMeBIGVIEdlsgÁms¥b;ex<m.
I
293>RKb;sasnaTaMgGs;)an[sasnikCnykcitþTukdak;BIbBaðaCMgWeGds_ brisßan
sRgÁam .etIeKGacedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenHedayviFINaxøH?
cM>RKb;sasnaTaMgGs; )an[sasnikCnykcitþTukdak;BIbBaðaCMgWeGds_ brisßan sRgÁam.
;
eKaedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenHdUcteTA³
k>>CMgWeGds_³RtUvpSBVpSay BIplvi)akénCMgWeGds_ nigviGIkarBardUcteTA³
-eRbIviFIkarBarRbesIrCagBüa)al
-BinitürkemeraKmunbBa©ÚlQam -manédKUrmePTeRcIn
Y
--minesBeRKOgejonRsvwg -mincak;fñaMeRbIsWru augrYmKña
M
-CYyefTaMelIkTwkcitþGñkekIteGds_
x>>>GMBbrisßan ³ pSBVpSayCMBIkarEfrkSasm,tþiFmµCatidUcCa³
I
-EfrkSaéRBeQI Qb;kab;bMpøaj cUlrYmdaMedImeQI
-EfrkSarbriyakas bnßyEpSgeBlEdlbgðúycUlbriyakas bnßykMedAEdlmnusSbegáIt.
-EfrkSaTwkminecalsMramkaksMnl;cUlkñgTwk ú
-EfrkSaCMrkstV FmµCatiminensaTRtIkñgrdUvRtIBg
ú
K>>>>GMBIbBaðasRgÁam ³

-bBa©b;sRgáamedaycrcar
-edaHRsaysRgÁamedayFmµyaRta
-pþl;sm,Tan[KñaeTAvijeTAmk
-Qb;plitRbl½yelak
294> edIm,IkøayCamnusSEmnETn etImnusSmñak;RtUvmanlkçNsm,tþiGVIxøH?
cM>edIm,IkøayCamnusSEmnETnmñak;²RtUvmanlkçN ³
-eFVICaKMrUl¥dl;GñkdéT -CYyykGsaGñkdéT
-manTMnYlxusRtUvcMeBaHTegVIrbs;xn øÜ
-KitBicarNa[)anRKb;RCugeRCaymunnwgeFVGVI1 I
-elIkKuNsm,tþiGñkdéTEdl)anCYyxøn Ü
-Rslaj;GñkdéTedaycitþesµaH -CYyEkkMhusGñkdéT
-ecHemIl[eXIjkMhusrbs;xÜønÉg
-ecHkMNt;eKaledA rbs;xn)anc,as;las;
øÜ
-begáIncMeNHdwg bec©keTsCaRbcaM
295>etIRkmsIlFm’sMrab;shsSvtSfµI cMeBaHRKYsarmanGVIxøH?
cM>>>RkmsIlFm’sMrab;shsSvtSfµcMeBaHRKYsarmandUcCa³
I
-CYyeFVkar«Bukmþay nwgeKarBtamdMbUnµan taMgxønCakUnl¥
I Ü
-ecHEfrkSakarBar nigRslaj;bgb¥n Ú
-pþl;ral;tMrUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;CIvitRKYsar
-KitKUBIsuxTukç plRbeyaCn_RKYsar
-manRBhµviharFm’ cMeBaHRKYsar
-CaBIessRtUvmanPaBesµaHRtg;cMeBaHRKYsar
296>k>etIeKalkarN_CamUldæansþIGMBI ÉkraCüPaBénRkumecARkmdUcemþcxøH?
x>>etItulakarmansarsMxan;dUcemþc? cMeBaHCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn?
cM> eKalkarN_mldæanGMBIÉkraCüPaBénRkumecARkm
U
k>>ecaRkmRtUvkat;ktamKtiyutFm’ eCosvagGKtiTaMg 4 qn³Kti eTaesaKti emaehaKti nig PyaKti.
ûI ûi

-kat;kþeI dayeKarBeTAtamc,ab; rbs;sgÁm
-kat;kþIedayEp¥kelIehtuplkarN_ EdlmancMeBaHmux
x>tulakarmansarsMxan; RbCaCnRbeTsCatidUcteTA³
- rkSasNþab;Fñab;kñúgRbeTsCati
- karBarsnþsuxdl;RbCaBlrdæRKb;rUb
I
- kaeBarsiT§esrIPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæ
- RbCaBlrdæmanlMnwgkñúgcitþ eRBaHmantulakarcaMCYykarBar
- CYyrkyutûFm’ eFI[RbCaBlrd×RKb;fÜak;RtUvEteKarBc,ab;minha‘nbmBan
i V
eRBaHKñantulakarcaMvinicäyeTas .
- CIv³PaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæ)anl¥RbesIr eRBaHCIvPaBrs;enARtUv)anFanaedayc,ab;.
- ÉkraCPaBéntulakar eFI[GgákarCati GnþrCati GñkvinieyaKCa nigbreTs
V
manTMnukcitþelIRbeTsCatiTaMgmUl eRBaHmanc,ab;manRbBn§tulakarl¥.
297>enAkñúgRbeTsttiyelakEtgEtCYbRbT³nUvGtulüPaB
EdleFIV[dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_RbeTsmankaryWtya:v .
etIGtulüPaBsmxan;²manGIVxøH?
cM>enARbeTsttiyelakEtgEtCYbRbtHnUvGtulüPaB
EdleFI[dMeNirkarGPivDÆn_RbeTsmankaryWty:av .
V
GtulüPaBsMxan;²rYmmandUcCa ³
-sMnUmBrnigesckþIRtUvkar
-cMNUlnigCMnay
-karnaMecj nigkarnaMcUl
-rUbiy_vtþnigTMnij
ú
-R)ak;eborvtS nigCIvPaBrs;enArbs;mRnþIraCkar
-kMlamgBlkmµnigkargareFIV
-sMNUmBr GPivDÆn_ RbeTsCatinigFnFanmnusS
-sMNUmBr GPIvDÆn_ nigehdæarcnasm<½n§.

298>etInimitþsBaØaénRksYlGb;rMyuvCn nigkILamanrUbPaBGIVxøH ? ehIydMnag[GIV?
cM>nimitþsBaØaénRksYlGb;rMyuvCnnigkILamanrUbPaB ehIydMnag[dUcteTA ³
-kMrgpáapøIeTs BN_manB½T§CMvij
u
-dMnagvb,Fm’Exµr
-tMnag[RsTab;yuvCn EdlkMBugTTYl)anplCapáaCaEpø
-rgVgmUlRTgePøIgtb;BN_mas
;
-nimtþrbvis½ykILa
i U
-manyuvCnCaGñkbnþevn
-kaMrsµBN’masEcgcaMRKb;TisTI
I
-BnøénviC¢a
W
-karGb;rMstibBaØasµartI RbCaCnExµrTUTaMRbeTs
-kMnat;ExSbUBN_ mancarwkRksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa
Canimtþrbénvis½yGb;rMsikSaEdlmanTMnak;TMngnigGnþrCati
i U
299>etIkILa)anpþl;nUvsm,TanGIVxøH ? EdlCaGtþRbeyaCn_dl;GñkEdlniymva ?
cM>kIILa)anpþl;nUvsm,Tan EdlCaGtþRbeyaCn_dl;GñkEdlniymva dUcCa ³
-kaysm,Ta ³ mankMlaMgkayTaMgmUl suxPaBl¥ rh½srhyn
-sil,_sm,YTa ³ mankaymammUn kMBs;smamaD
-viC¢aCIv³ sm,TanCaGaCIBmYy sMrab;rbbciBa©wmCIvit
-bBaØasm,Ta ³QøatévecHeRbIl,ic edIm,IykCICMnH
-ePaKsm,Ta ³ GacrkR)ak;cMNUl b¤rGVan;eBl)aneCaKC½y
cMenHdwgsm,Ta ³mancMenHdwg nigsmtþPaBkñgkarkarBarxøn kñúgeBlmanGasnñ .
ú Ü
300>etIGdægáikmKÁ rbs;RBhsmµasm<úT§Cam©as;manGIVxøH?cUrBnül;?
cM>GdægÔkmKÀ ³rbs;RBHsmµasm<T§CamaKa’RbkbedayGgÀR)aMbI EdlmandUcteTA ³
i ù
-smµaTidæ³ karyl;eXIjRtUvsmµasgÇ karRti³ri³kñúgpøvRtUv .
Ú
-smµakmµnþ³ karRtwmRtUv
-smµavicar

-smµaGaCIv ³karciBa©wmCIvitRtwmRtUv
-smµavayam ³karBüayamRtwmRtUv
-smmasti ³karPñak;rlwkRtwmRtUv
-smµasmaFi ³ kartaMgcitþRtwmRtUv .
301>etIkare)aHeqñatenARBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa GaNtþiTI1 TI2 TI3
mankarbriec©tenAéf¶Na ? ExNa ? qnaMNa ?
cM>kare)aHeqñatenAkm<CaTaMgbI GaNtþi mankarbriec©tdUcteTA ³
ú
-GaNtþTI1 ³23 ]sPa 28 ]sPa 1993
i
-GaNtþTI2 26 kkáda 1998
i
-GaNtþTIbI 27 kkáda 2003 .
i
302>etImnusSEdlTTYlrgnUvsßanPaBEbbNa eTIbGackMNt;fa CaCnePosxøÜn ?
cM> nigGMnackMNt;fa CaCnePosxønKWCamnusS EdlmankarP½ykøac edaysarEtehtuplxagbUCsasn_
. ehtuplxagsasna ehtuplxagsBa¢ati b¤ehtuplxagneya)ay .
303>kñúgGdægÁimKÁrbs;RBhBuT§Cam©as;Rtg; smµaGaCIv elak)anGb;rM
[buKÁlTaMgLayRbkbrbbciBa©wmCIvit edaysucritRtwmRtUv Biesshamlk;
b¤CYjdUrTMnijb:unñanRbePT ? etICaTMnijGIVxøH ?
cM>kñúgGdægÁmKÁrbs;RBhBuT§Cam©as;Rtg; smµaGaCIv elak)anGb;rM [buKÁlTaMgLayRbkbrbbciBa©wmCIvit
i
edaysucritRtwmRtUv Biesshamlk; b¤CYjdUrTMnij5RbePT KW ³
-hamlk;b¤CYjdUrTMnijRbhaCivit
-hamlk;b¤CYjdUrmnusS ¬CYjdurpøvePT ¦
Ú
-hamlk;b¤CYjdUrstVmanCIvit
hamlk;eRKOgBul
-haamlk;eRKOgejon
eBal KWRBHBuT§Cam©as; TUnñan[eyIgciBa©wmCivitedayRtwmRtUv .vacakkarekgRbv½j e)akR)as;GñkdéT
eFI[GñdéTTTYlTukeTasGab;eGanedaysarxøn .
V

304>etIbuKlmñak;²RtUvmansilFm’ cMeBaHxøÜnÉgdUcemþc ?
cM>buKÁlmñak;²RtUvmansilFm’ cMeBaH xønÉg dUctrTA ³
Ü
-eKarBxønÉgmanCMenOrelIsmtþPaBrbs;xøÜn
Ü
-minRbmafemIlgay bnÞab;benßakxønÉg manKMnitTuTidæiniym elIxønÉg hYseBlevla
Ü Ü
nigxitxMsikSabegáInsmtþPaB edIm,IksagGnaKtrbs;xÜøn[fáúMefágrugerOg/.
I
-manTMnYlxuRtUvral;TegVrI bs;xn.
øÜ
305>etICnRbeTsNaxøH EdlKµansiT§iCaebkçCne)aHeqñat eRCIserIsCatMNag raRsþ/
cM>CnEdlKµansiT§iQreQµaH CaebkçCneRCIserIsCatMNagraRsþKW
-CnEdlKµanGayu25 qñaM minGacQreQµaHe)aHeqñat
-CnEdlKµansBa¢atiExµrBIkMenIt
-CnEdlsñak;enACaGciéRnþ ¬kñúgRbeTsminRKb;1 qñaMKitdl;éf¶e)aH eqñat¦
-CnEdlminmankarEtgtaMgBIKNbkSneya)ay Edl)ancHubB¢aIQreQµaHe)aH eqñat.
-CnEdlAKµanb½NÑe)aHeqñat –mRnþItulakar kñúgmuntMENg
-mRnþrI aCkarsþasIvil kñúg muxtMEng
u
-kgkMlaMgnKr)alkñg mux tMENg
ú
-buBCitsasna ¬GñkbYs¦
V -Cnviklcrit
-CnEdlRtUvtulakarpþnÞaeTas dak;Bn§FnaKarBIr bT]Rikdæ bTmCÆwm ehIyEdlminTan; mannIti
sm,TaeLIgvij.
-CnEdlRtUv)anpþnÞaeTas dksiTe§i )aHeqñat.
-CnEdlRtUv)andkhUt siT§iCabeNaþHGasnñBsiTi§ e)aHeqñat
I
-CnEdlRtuv)anlubeQµaHBI bB¢aIe)aHeqñat edayKNkmµaFIkar CatierobcMkare)aHeqñat.
-smaCikénKNkmµaFikarCati nig KNkmµaFikarerobcMkare)aHeqñateRCIserIstMNag raRsþ.
-smaCik]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecA Rkm
-smaCikRkumRbwkSaFmµnuBaØ.
306>cUrrkPaBxusKñarvagkarcuHeQµaHeqñat nigkarcuH eQµaHQrCaebkçCn
tMNagraRsþ[eKe)aHeqñat?

cM>PaBxusKñarvagkarcuHeQµaHGñke)aHeqñat nigkarcuHeQµaHGñke)aHeqñat nigkarcuHeQµaHQr
CaebkçCntMnagraRsþ[eKe)aHeqñat.
÷karcuHeQµaHCaGñke)aHeqñat
-mansBa¢atiExµr
-manGas½ydæanc,as;las;kñgRbeTs.
ú
-minEmnCaCnviklcrit
-minEmnCaCnCab;eTas
-eTAcuHeQµaHe)aHeqñatedayxøÜnÉg
= karQreQµaH[eKe)aHeqñat
-mansBa¢atiExµrBIkMenIt -manb½Ne)aHeqñat
-Gayu 25qñaMeLIgeTAKitdl;éf¶e)aHeqñat
-sñak;enACaGciéRnþkgRbeTskm<úCay:agtic 1qñaM Kitdl;éf¶e)aHeqñat
ñú
-minEmnCaCnCab;BnÁFnaKar
-mankarEtgtaMgBIKNbkSneya)ayEdlcuHeQµaHe)aHeqñat.
307>edIm,IGacGPivDÆn_xøÜnÉg)an CaTUeTAmnusSmñak;RtUvmansmtßPaBCa mUldæan.
etIsmtßPaBTaMgenaHGacekItmantamry³GVIxøH? cUrBnül;?
cM> edIm,IGacGPivDÆn_xÜnÉg)an CaTUeTAmnusSmñak;RtUvmansmtßPaBCa mUldæan.
ø
-=smtßPaBKWCaPaBEdlGacbMeBjkic©kar1 [sMerc)anedayeRbImeFüa)aysBVEbbya:g TaMgpøÚvkay
vaca cit.
þ
-=smtßPaBKW CakarEdleKGacbNþH)an RbsinebIeKhVwkhat; Gb;rM[)anRtwmRtUv.
ú
CaTUeTAsmtßPaBGacekItmanedaysar³
-GMnacFmµCatiBkMenIt
I -]bnisS½yBIkMenIt
-karhVwkhat; karGb;rM
-kñúgbriyakasEdlGMeNaypl

-tMNBUCBIEm:« CIdUnCIta jatisNþan
-BiesaFn_kñúgkic©karRKb;Ebbya:g
-kMlaMgcitþEdlBüayamBuHBar[xagEt)an
-kareronsURtRtiHriH sYr nigkarcgcaM.
308>etIGnkçrPaBpþl;nUvplvi)akGaRkk;GVIxøHdl;buKÁl nig sgÁmCati?
cM>GnkçrPaB ³PaBminecHGkSr GnkçrPaBEtgnaMmknUvplGaRkk;dl;samIxøÜnpÞal;
RBmTaMgsgÁmCatidUcCa³
k-vi)akGaRkk;cMeBaHbuKÁlpÞal;
-)at;m©as;karkñúgkarrs;enA
-kargarTTYl)ankMértic
-l¶ge; xøa qab;eCOqab;caj;beBaäateK
-xVHkarBicarNa eRcInedIrpøvxus
Ú
-Bi)akrkkargareFVI eRBaHcMenH -RKYsarxVHsuPmgÁl
-kargareRcIneRbIedaykMlaMgkay
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sRgÁam .etIeKGacedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenHedayviFINaxøH?
cM>RKb;sasnaTaMgGs; )an[sasnikCnykcitþTukdak;BIbBaðaCMgeW Gds_ brisßan sRgÁam.
;
eKaedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenHdUcteTA³
k>>CMgWeGds_³RtUvpSBVpSay BIplvi)akénCMgWeGds_ nigviGIkarBardUcteTA³
-eRbIviFIkarBarRbesIrCagBüa)al
-BinitürkemeraKmunbBa©ÚlQam -manédKUrmePTeRcIn
Y
--minesBeRKOgejonRsvwg -mincak;fñaMeRbIsWru augrYmKña
M
-CYyefTaMelIkTwkcitþGñkekIteGds_
x>>>GMBbrisßan ³ pSBVpSayCMBIkarEfrkSasm,tþiFmµCatidUcCa³
I
-EfrkSaéRBeQI Qb;kab;bMpøaj cUlrYmdaMedImeQI
-EfrkSarbriyakas bnßyEpSgeBlEdlbgðúycUlbriyakas bnßykMedAEdlmnusSbegáIt.
-EfrkSaTwkminecalsMramkaksMnl;cUlkñgTwk ú
-EfrkSaCMrkstV FmµCatiminensaTRtIkñgrdUvRtIBg
ú
K>>>>GMBIbBaðasRgÁam ³
-bBa©b;sRgáamedaycrcar
-edaHRsaysRgÁamedayFmµyaRta
-pþl;sm,Tan[KñaeTAvijeTAmk
-Qb;plitRbl½yelak
294> edIm,IkøayCamnusSEmnETn etImnusSmñak;RtUvmanlkçNsm,tþiGVIxøH?
cM>edIm,IkøayCamnusSEmnETnmñak;²RtUvmanlkçN ³
-eFVICaKMrUl¥dl;GñkdéT -CYyykGsaGñkdéT
-manTMnYlxusRtUvcMeBaHTegVIrbs;xnøÜ
-KitBicarNa[)anRKb;RCugeRCaymunnwgeFVGVI1 I
-elIkKuNsm,tþiGñkdéTEdl)anCYyxøn Ü
-Rslaj;GñkdéTedaycitþesµaH -CYyEkkMhusGñkdéT

-ecHemIl[eXIjkMhusrbs;xÜønÉg
-ecHkMNt;eKaledA rbs;xn)anc,as;las;
øÜ
-begáIncMeNHdwg bec©keTsCaRbcaM
295>etIRkmsIlFm’sMrab;shsSvtSfµI cMeBaHRKYsarmanGVIxøH?
cM>>>RkmsIlFm’sMrab;shsSvtSfµcMeBaHRKYsarmandUcCa³
I
-CYyeFVkar«Bukmþay nwgeKarBtamdMbUnµan taMgxønCakUnl¥
I Ü
-ecHEfrkSakarBar nigRslaj;bgb¥n Ú
-pþl;ral;tMrUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;CIvitRKYsar
-KitKUBIsuxTukç plRbeyaCn_RKYsar
-manRBhµviharFm’ cMeBaHRKYsar
-CaBIessRtUvmanPaBesµaHRtg;cMeBaHRKYsar
296>k>etIeKalkarN_CamUldæansþIGMBI ÉkraCüPaBénRkumecARkmdUcemþcxøH?
x>>etItulakarmansarsMxan;dUcemþc? cMeBaHCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn?
cM> eKalkarN_mldæanGMBIÉkraCüPaBénRkumecARkm
U
k>>ecaRkmRtUvkat;ktamKtiyutFm’ eCosvagGKtiTaMg 4 qn³Kti eTaesaKti emaehaKti nig PyaKti.
ûI ûi
-kat;kþeI dayeKarBeTAtamc,ab; rbs;sgÁm
-kat;kþeI dayEp¥kelIehtuplkarN_ EdlmancMeBaHmux
x>tulakarmansarsMxan; RbCaCnRbeTsCatidUcteTA³
- rkSasNþab;Fñab;kñúgRbeTsCati
- karBarsnþsuxdl;RbCaBlrdæRKb;rUb
I
- kaeBarsiT§esrIPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæ
- RbCaBlrdæmanlMnwgkñúgcitþ eRBaHmantulakarcaMCYykarBar
- CYyrkyutûFm’ eFI[RbCaBlrd×RKb;fÜak;RtUvEteKarBc,ab;minha‘nbmBan
i V
eRBaHKñantulakarcaMvinicäyeTas .
- CIv³PaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæ)anl¥RbesIr eRBaHCIvPaBrs;enARtUv)anFanaedayc,ab;.

- ÉkraCPaBéntulakar eFI[GgákarCati GnþrCati GñkvinieyaKCa nigbreTs
V
manTMnukcitþelIRbeTsCatiTaMgmUl eRBaHmanc,ab;manRbBn§tulakarl¥.
297>enAkñúgRbeTsttiyelakEtgEtCYbRbT³nUvGtulüPaB
EdleFIV[dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_RbeTsmankaryWtya:v .
etIGtulüPaBsmxan;²manGIVxøH?
cM>enARbeTsttiyelakEtgEtCYbRbtHnUvGtulüPaB
EdleFI[dMeNirkarGPivDÆn_RbeTsmankaryWty:av .
V
GtulüPaBsMxan;²rYmmandUcCa ³
-sMnUmBrnigesckþIRtUvkar
-cMNUlnigCMnay
-karnaMecj nigkarnaMcUl
-rUbiy_vtþnigTMnij
ú
-R)ak;eborvtS nigCIvPaBrs;enArbs;mRnþIraCkar
-kMlamgBlkmµnigkargareFIV
-sMNUmBr GPivDÆn_ RbeTsCatinigFnFanmnusS
-sMNUmBr GPIvDÆn_ nigehdæarcnasm<½n§.
298>etInimitþsBaØaénRksYlGb;rMyuvCn nigkILamanrUbPaBGIVxøH ? ehIydMnag[GIV?
cM>nimitþsBaØaénRksYlGb;rMyuvCnnigkILamanrUbPaB ehIydMnag[dUcteTA ³
-kMrgpáapøIeTs BN_manB½T§CMviju
-dMnagvb,Fm’Exµr
-tMnag[RsTab;yuvCn EdlkMBugTTYl)anplCapáaCaEpø
-rgVgmUlRTgePøgtb;BN_mas
; I
-nimtþrbvis½ykILa
i U
-manyuvCnCaGñkbnþevn
-kaMrsµBN’masEcgcaMRKb;TisTI
I
-BnøénviC¢a
W

-karGb;rMstibBaØasµartI RbCaCnExµrTUTaMRbeTs
-kMnat;ExSbUBN_ mancarwkRksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa
Canimtþrbénvis½yGb;rMsikSaEdlmanTMnak;TMngnigGnþrCati
i U
299>etIkILa)anpþl;nUvsm,TanGIVxøH ? EdlCaGtþRbeyaCn_dl;GñkEdlniymva ?
cM>kIILa)anpþl;nUvsm,Tan EdlCaGtþRbeyaCn_dl;GñkEdlniymva dUcCa ³
-kaysm,Ta ³ mankMlaMgkayTaMgmUl suxPaBl¥ rh½srhyn
-sil,_sm,YTa ³ mankaymammUn kMBs;smamaD
-viC¢aCIv³ sm,TanCaGaCIBmYy sMrab;rbbciBa©wmCIvit
-bBaØasm,Ta ³QøatévecHeRbIl,ic edIm,IykCICMnH
-ePaKsm,Ta ³ GacrkR)ak;cMNUl b¤rGVan;eBl)aneCaKC½y
cMenHdwgsm,Ta ³mancMenHdwg nigsmtþPaBkñgkarkarBarxøn kñúgeBlmanGasnñ .
ú Ü
300>etIGdægáikmKÁ rbs;RBhsmµasm<úT§Cam©as;manGIVxøH?cUrBnül;?
cM>Gd×gÔkmKÀ ³rbs;RBHsmµasm<T§CamaKa’RbkbedayGgÀR)aMbI EdlmandUcteTA ³
i ù
-smµaTidæ³ karyl;eXIjRtUvsmµasgÇ karRti³ri³kñúgpøvRtUv .
Ú
-smµakmµnþ³ karRtwmRtUv
-smµavicar
-smµaGaCIv ³karciBa©wmCIvitRtwmRtUv
-smµavayam ³karBüayamRtwmRtUv
-smmasti ³karPñak;rlwkRtwmRtUv
-smµasmaFi ³ kartaMgcitþRtwmRtUv .
301>etIkare)aHeqñatenARBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa GaNtþiTI1 TI2 TI3
mankarbriec©tenAéf¶Na ? ExNa ? qnaMNa ?
cM>kare)aHeqñatenAkm<CaTaMgbI GaNtþi mankarbriec©tdUcteTA ³
ú
-GaNtþTI1 ³23 ]sPa 28 ]sPa 1993
i
-GaNtþTI2 26 kkáda 1998
i
-GaNtþTIbI 27 kkáda 2003 .
i

302>etImnusSEdlTTYlrgnUvsßanPaBEbbNa eTIbGackMNt;fa CaCnePosxøÜn ?
cM> nigGMnackMNt;fa CaCnePosxønKWCamnusS EdlmankarP½ykøac edaysarEtehtuplxagbUCsasn_
. ehtuplxagsasna ehtuplxagsBa¢ati b¤ehtuplxagneya)ay .
303>kñúgGdægÁimKÁrbs;RBhBuT§Cam©as;Rtg; smµaGaCIv elak)anGb;rM
[buKÁlTaMgLayRbkbrbbciBa©wmCIvit edaysucritRtwmRtUv Biesshamlk;
b¤CYjdUrTMnijb:unñanRbePT ? etICaTMnijGIVxøH ?
cM>kñúgGdægÁmKÁrbs;RBhBuT§Cam©as;Rtg; smµaGaCIv elak)anGb;rM [buKÁlTaMgLayRbkbrbbciBa©wmCIvit
i
edaysucritRtwmRtUv Biesshamlk; b¤CYjdUrTMnij5RbePT KW ³
-hamlk;b¤CYjdUrTMnijRbhaCivit
-hamlk;b¤CYjdUrmnusS ¬CYjdurpøvePT ¦
Ú
-hamlk;b¤CYjdUrstVmanCIvit
hamlk;eRKOgBul
-haamlk;eRKOgejon
eBal KWRBHBuT§Cam©as; TUnñan[eyIgciBa©wmCivitedayRtwmRtUv .vacakkarekgRbv½j e)akR)as;GñkdéT
eFI[GñdéTTTYlTukeTasGab;eGanedaysarxøn .
V
304>etIbuKlmñak;²RtUvmansilFm’ cMeBaHxøÜnÉgdUcemþc ?
cM>buKÁlmñak;²RtUvmansilFm’ cMeBaH xønÉg dUctrTA ³
Ü
-eKarBxønÉgmanCMenOrelIsmtþPaBrbs;xøÜn
Ü
-minRbmafemIlgay bnÞab;benßakxønÉg manKMnitTuTidæiniym elIxønÉg hYseBlevla
Ü Ü
nigxitxMsikSabegáInsmtþPaB edIm,IksagGnaKtrbs;xÜøn[fáúMefágrugerOg/.
I
-manTMnYlxuRtUvral;TegVrI bs;xn.
øÜ
305>etICnRbeTsNaxøH EdlKµansiT§iCaebkçCne)aHeqñat eRCIserIsCatMNag raRsþ/
cM>CnEdlKµansiT§iQreQµaH CaebkçCneRCIserIsCatMNagraRsþKW
-CnEdlKµanGayu25 qñaM minGacQreQµaHe)aHeqñat
-CnEdlKµansBa¢atiExµrBIkMenIt
-CnEdlsñak;enACaGciéRnþ ¬kñúgRbeTsminRKb;1 qñaMKitdl;éf¶e)aH eqñat¦

-CnEdlminmankarEtgtaMgBIKNbkSneya)ay Edl)ancHubB¢aIQreQµaHe)aH eqñat.
-CnEdlAKµanb½NÑe)aHeqñat –mRnþItulakar kñúgmuntMENg
-mRnþrI aCkarsþasIvil kñúg muxtMEng
u
-kgkMlaMgnKr)alkñúg mux tMENg
-buBCitsasna ¬GñkbYs¦
V -Cnviklcrit
-CnEdlRtUvtulakarpþnÞaeTas dak;Bn§FnaKarBIr bT]Rikdæ bTmCÆwm ehIyEdlminTan; mannIti
sm,TaeLIgvij.
-CnEdlRtUv)anpþnÞaeTas dksiTe§i )aHeqñat.
-CnEdlRtUv)andkhUt siT§iCabeNaþHGasnñBIsiTi§ e)aHeqñat
-CnEdlRtuv)anlubeQµaHBI bB¢aIe)aHeqñat edayKNkmµaFIkar CatierobcMkare)aHeqñat.
-smaCikénKNkmµaFikarCati nig KNkmµaFikarerobcMkare)aHeqñateRCIserIstMNag raRsþ.
-smaCik]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecA Rkm
-smaCikRkumRbwkSaFmµnuBaØ.
306>cUrrkPaBxusKñarvagkarcuHeQµaHeqñat nigkarcuH eQµaHQrCaebkçCn
tMNagraRsþ[eKe)aHeqñat?
cM>PaBxusKñarvagkarcuHeQµaHGñke)aHeqñat nigkarcuHeQµaHGñke)aHeqñat nigkarcuHeQµaHQr
CaebkçCntMnagraRsþ[eKe)aHeqñat.
÷karcuHeQµaHCaGñke)aHeqñat
-mansBa¢atiExµr
-manGas½ydæanc,as;las;kñgRbeTs.
ú
-minEmnCaCnviklcrit
-minEmnCaCnCab;eTas
-eTAcuHeQµaHe)aHeqñatedayxøÜnÉg
= karQreQµaH[eKe)aHeqñat

-mansBa¢atiExµrBIkMenIt -manb½Ne)aHeqñat
-Gayu 25qñaMeLIgeTAKitdl;éf¶e)aHeqñat
-sñak;enACaGciéRnþkgRbeTskm<úCay:agtic 1qñaM Kitdl;éf¶e)aHeqñat
ñú
-minEmnCaCnCab;BnÁFnaKar
-mankarEtgtaMgBIKNbkSneya)ayEdlcuHeQµaHe)aHeqñat.
307>edIm,IGacGPivDÆn_xøÜnÉg)an CaTUeTAmnusSmñak;RtUvmansmtßPaBCa mUldæan.
etIsmtßPaBTaMgenaHGacekItmantamry³GVIxøH? cUrBnül;?
cM> edIm,IGacGPivDÆn_xÜnÉg)an CaTUeTAmnusSmñak;RtUvmansmtßPaBCa mUldæan.
ø
-=smtßPaBKWCaPaBEdlGacbMeBjkic©kar1 [sMerc)anedayeRbImeFüa)aysBVEbbya:g TaMgpøÚvkay
vaca citþ.
-=smtßPaBKW CakarEdleKGacbNþH)an RbsinebIeKhVwkhat; Gb;rM[)anRtwmRtUv.
ú
CaTUeTAsmtßPaBGacekItmanedaysar³
-GMnacFmµCatiBkMenIt
I -]bnisS½yBIkMenIt
-karhVwkhat; karGb;rM
-kñúgbriyakasEdlGMeNaypl
-tMNBUCBIEm:« CIdUnCIta jatisNþan
-BiesaFn_kñúgkic©karRKb;Ebbya:g
-kMlaMgcitþEdlBüayamBuHBar[xagEt)an
-kareronsURtRtiHriH sYr nigkarcgcaM.
308>etIGnkçrPaBpþl;nUvplvi)akGaRkk;GVIxøHdl;buKÁl nig sgÁmCati?
cM>GnkçrPaB ³PaBminecHGkSr GnkçrPaBEtgnaMmknUvplGaRkk;dl;samIxøÜnpÞal;
RBmTaMgsgÁmCatidUcCa³
k-vi)akGaRkk;cMeBaHbuKÁlpÞal;
-)at;m©as;karkñúgkarrs;enA
-kargarTTYl)ankMértic
-l¶ge; xøa qab;eCOqab;caj;beBaäateK

-xVHkarBicarNa eRcInedIrpøvxus
Ú
-Bi)akrkkargareFVI eRBaHcMenH -RKYsarxVHsuPmgÁl
-kargareRcIneRbIedaykMlaMgkay
-CIvPaBrs;enAkñúgRKYsarmankMritTab niglM)akxVHmuxxVHeRkay
-manPaBenOyht;xaø MgsuxPaBRTuDeRTam
-minGacTTYlBt’manBittamrykarGan rW minGaclak;Gaf’kM)aMg)an
-gayTTYlrgnUvkarCiHCan; ekgRbv½jnigrgeRKaHedayRbkarepSg².
x>plGaRkk;cMeBaHsgÁmCati
-xVHFnFanmnusS
-xVHÉkraCüPaB )at;m©as;karkñúgkarGPivDÆn_ shKmn_BgEtCMnYybreTs
w
-esd×kic¨vb,Fm’Gn;fyeRBaHRbCaCnl¶g;exøA xVHcMenHbec©eTskñúgkarplit
-vb,Fm’breTshUrvUlKµanCMerIs GtÓsBaÏaNCatiRtUv )anbMpøajbnûcmûg².
i
-RbCaCnRkIRkl¶g;exøA gaycaj;beBaäatbreTs qab;TTYlmenaKm viCa¢rbs;RbeTseK
EdleFV[RbeTsFøak;kñúgnwmGaNaniKmbreTs.
I
niyayrYmGnkçrPaB KWCaPaBGn§karEdlmnusSminecHGkSrRtUv)ancat;TukCa mnusSxVak; .
GnkçrPaBC]bsKÁ nigCaeRKaHfñak;d¾FMbMput cMeBaHkic©karGPivDÆn_shKMn_
EdlrdæaPi)alRtUvykcitþdak;CacMbg.
309>etIsßab½nCatikm<úCarYmmanGVIxøH?
k>sßab½nnImYy²tMnag[GMnacGVI?
x>sßab½n rW GgÁkarnImYy²RtUv)anerobcMbegáIteLIgedayrebobNa?
K>etIGMNacrdæ)alfñak;mUldæansßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;GMnacGVI? rdæ)al
fñak;NaxøHEdlminqøgkat;RbCamti?
cM>sßabnCatirYmman rdæsPang RBwT§sPa raCrdæaPi)altulakar.
k>>sßabnnImy²sßtkñúg³
Y i
-rdæsPa RBwT§sPa GMnacnitibBaØti
-raCrdæaPi)al GMnacnItiRbtibtþi

-tulakarGMnac nitivinicäy rWGMnactulakar
x>>sßabnnImYy²RtUv)aneRCIstaMgnig begáIteLIgdUcteTA³
rdæsPa
-ekIteLIgedaykare)aHeqñatCaskl tamRbBn§smmaRt
-tMNagraRsþRtUvmanGayuya:gtic 25qñaM
-ebkçCnRtUvmansBa¢atiExµrBIkMenIt nwgmaneQaµHBIbBa¢IKNbkS
-ebkçCnrdæsPa rW GasnkñúgrdæsPaRtUvman 120 ya:gtic
-rdæsPamannItikal 5qñaM ehIyputkMnt;enAeBlEdl sPafµcUlkan;tMENg
I
-GNtiþTI 1 man 120Gasn³ TI2 man 122Gasn TI3 man 123Gasn
RBwT§sPa
-mansmaCikesµBak;kNþalénsmaCikrdæsPa
I
-smaCik 2rUb RtUv)an EtgtaMgedayRBHmhakSRt
-smaCik 2rUb eTotRtUv)anEtgtaMgedayrdæsPa
-nig smaCikdéTeTot RtUv)ane)aHeqñatCaGskl
-smaCiRBwT§sPamanGayuya:gtic 40qñaM.
-smaCikRBwT§sPa RtUvmansBa¢atiExµrBIkMenIt
-RBwT§sPamanGayu 5qñaM ehIyputkMnt;enAeBlEdl RBwT§sPafµcUlkan;dMEng.
I
raCrdæaPi)al
-tamsMeNIrrbs;RbFanrdæsPaedaymankar ÉkPaB BIGnuRbFanTaMgBIr énrdæsPa
RBHmhakSRtRTg;ecjRBHraCRkwtEtgtaMgvIv³CnmYyrUbkñúgcMeNam KNbkSQñHeqñat
[eFVCanaykrdæmRnþ.
I I
-naykrdæmRnþeI LIgkan;tMENg ehIybegáItrdæaPi)alCarUbrageLIg
-naykrdæmRnþI KWCatMnagraRsþénKNbkSQñHeqñat
-naykrdæmRnþmantYnaTIeRCIserIs smaCik rdæaPialecj BItMnagraRsþmYycMnYn
I
nigBIsmaCikénKNbkSYycMnYneTot EdlmansMelgenAkñúgrdæsPapÁrÚ pÁg[kan;tMENg
epSg²enA raCrdæaPi)al ehIyeTAsueM sckþITukcitþBIrdæsPa

rdæsPae)aHeqñatpþl;TMnukcitþdl;mti 2PaK 3 ehIyRTg;fVayRBHmhakSRtecjBI RBHraCRkwtü
edIm,IEtgtaMgKNrdæmRnþITaMgmUl.
= salaCMrHkþI
tamsMeNIrrbs;]tûmRkumRbwkSaGgÀecARkmEdlmanrd×mRnûI RksYgyutûFm’ CaGñkeRBog
i
RBHraCRkwtüEtgtaMgecARkmnig RBHrCGaCJaGmsalaCMnuCMrHkþI
M
edIm,Idak;fVayRBHmhakS®t.
-RBHmhakS®tRTg;LayRBHhsßelxaEgtaMgecARkmnig RBHraCGaCJa.
K>>GMnacrdæ)alfñak;mUldæansßtenA eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;GMnac GaCJaFrEdndIfñak; extþRkug
i
EdlEckCa.
-Rsuk ³GPi)alRsuk -Xu³M GPi)alXMu –PUmi ³ emPUmi
RkugEckCa
-xNÐ ³GPi)alxNÐ -sgáat; ³ ecAsgáat; -PUmiRkum³ emPUmi
min)anqøgkat;RbCamti KWGPi)alextþ GPi)alRsuk emXuM GPi)alRkug GPI)alxNÐ emPUmI Rkug.
310>etIsIlFm’ rbs;RBHBuT§sasna RBHBuT§sasnaGb;rMènmnusSdUcemþcxøH?
cM> sIlFm’RBHBuT§sasna Gb;rMmnusS[manGtûcrit³
-ecHEsVgrksnþPaB nigGPivDÆn_PaB
i
-Gb;rM[eFVCam©as;elIxøÜnÉg xønTIBwgxøÜn
I Ü
-Gb;rMmnusS[mancitþ KMnit brisuT§ RCHføa
-[ecHxnþGt;Fµt; cMeBaHbBaðaRKb;ya:gEdl)anCYbRbTH.
I
-[mnusSevorcak nUvelaP eTas emah³ CamUlehtuénTukç GviC¢a nig tNða.
-sagEtGMeBI suc©rit Gnuvtþn_ sIlR)aM nig GdægÁkmKÁ.
i
-[manPaBesµaHRtg; cMeBaHKñaeTAvijeTAmk
-[ecHedaHRsayCMelaHedaysnþviFI nig GhwgSa
i
-[ecHeyaKyl;GFüaRsy ecHCYyseRgÁaH Kña BIess mansamKÁ. I
-Gb;rMyl;fasagGMeBINaTTYlplenaH

-Gb;rM[lHbg;[GñkdéT
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311>etIesdækic©enAkm<úCabc©b,nñGnuvtþn_RbBn§GVI?
k>cUrniyayedayRtYs²BIsßanPaBesdækic©enAkm<úCa.
x>cUrrkBaküesøak rWsPasit EdlTak;Tg eTAnwg Baküfaesdækic©.
cM>tamrdæFmµnuBaØ énRBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca maRtTI 56 )anEcgfa
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RBHraCaNacRkkm<CaGnuvtþesdækic©TpSar.
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312>etIRbBn§Gb;rMeBjeljenAkm<úCa man GVIxøH? cUrerobrab;lMGit.
cM>RbBn§Gb;rMeBjeljenAkm<Ca man³
ú
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x>mFümsikSa³ 6qñaM
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énTMnYlxusRtUvsgÁm.
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TMnYlxusRtUv.
314>etIGaBah_BiBah_CaGVI? edIm,IFanaesßrPaBkñúgRKYsar
etIGaBah_BiBah_Kb,Imanlkççx½NÐdUcemþcxøH?cUr[]TahrN_.
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úM Ú
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ú Ð
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x-lkçx½NevTna ³
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k-ebImanEtsiT§ixVHkrNIkic© KWGNaFibetyü
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K-ebImanTaMgsiT§i manTaMgkrNIkic© KwRbCaFibetyü.
316>smiT§plsüg; nigticnic CaGavuFmuxBIr cUrBnül;.
cM>vDÆnPaBrbs;süg; CaGavuFmuxBIr ³
k-süg;bMerIdl;karrs;enArbs;mnusS
x-süg;bMpøajCivitrbs;mnusS
k-süg;bMerImnusS ³
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;
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karxag srIr³ edIm,IRTRTg;CIvit nigtMrUvkarxag suvtßPaB edIm,IkrBarCIvit.
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i
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sV½yRbvtþ.
320>CIvitrbs;eyIgCaGMenayrbs;eyIgcMeBaHBiPBelak. GMenayenHRtUvEt
[edaytMélbMput. cUrBnül;KMnitenH.
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k-kfax½NÐTI1 ³ erobrab;BIKMnitviC¢man rWGMeBICaviC¢manEdlRtUvRbRBwtþ ³
rs;enAedIm,IeFVRI beyaCn_CUnmnusSCati ksagsñañ éd begátsmtßPaB eFVbric©akha‘nlH
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i i
RskreRkay²eTot xitxMksagsmtßPaBbegáItsUltMémørbs;rbs;xøÜn.
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Ð
kMubgáGkuslkmµ kMbgáPaBGaRsUv kMbgávinaskmµ rWk¾sRgÁam rWbMpøcbMpøajsmiT§pl
u u i

dl;RbeyaCn_Cati eCosvagnUvkarRbRBwtþkmµNamYy EdlnaMplvi)akdl;mnusSCati nignaM
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karnitibBaØtiþ )ansMercrYcehIy.
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ú
cMnYn2 KWrdæelxaFikardæanmuxgarsaFarN³ nigrdæelxaFikardæan GakascrN_sIuvil .
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EdlmnusS RKb;rUbRtUvbMeBjmuxeKbg¥s; KWtMrUvkar srIr³ .
322>edIm,I[BiPBelakmansnþiPaB sßirPaB nigGPivDÆn_ yUeNsáÚ)ankMnt;
eKalkarN_Gb;rMsMrab;stvtSTI21 KWctusþmÖGb;rM. cUrGFib,ayBnül; BI
ssrsþmÖGb;rMnImYy²edayTajesckþIsnñidæan faetIssrsþmÖGb;rMNamYy
EdlsMxan;CageK?
cM>ctusþmÖGb;rM KW ³
k-eronrs;CamYyKña ³
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i
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i
edaHRsaybBaðaedaysnþviFI nigGhigSa.
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x-eronedIm,IecHdwg ³
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K-eronedIm,IecHeFVI ³
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ú i
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ú
Gnuvtþ kargar sgÁmtamry³ karksagsmtßPaBelImUldæanBiesaFn_ nigkarsakl,g.

X-eronedIm,IecHrs; ³
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mnusSeBjlkçN³ nigéføfñÚrminrs;enAbeBaIEØ k¥k.
snñdæán ³ kñgcMenamctusþmÖGb;rM manEtssrsþmÖGb;rMTI1eTEdlsMxan;CageK.eRBaHfa ³
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324>edIm,IeRCIserIsmuxrbr rWkargarNamYysMrab;GnaKt etIGñkKb,IBicarNa
eTAelIlkçx½NÐGVIxøJH?
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x-]bnisS½y rwcMng;cMnUlcitþ ³ edayRtUvBicarNaelInisS½yBIkMenIt BIcMng;cMnUlcitþpÞal;xøÜn
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fa etImuxCMnaj muxrbr rWkargarEdl´eRCIserIsykenaHRsbnwgnisS½yrbs;´EdrrWeT.
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TaMgeBlevlapgfaetI´GacRTaMRTnwgkargarenaH)aneT nig)ankñúgkMritNa.
X-c,ab;sgÁm nig]tþmKtisgÁm ³ RKb;kargarEdl´manlT§PaBeFVI)an ehIyEdl´bMrug
nwgeRCIserIsykenaHKb,ICakargarrWmuxrbrEdlRsbc,ab; nigRsb]tþmKtisgÁmeTIb
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raraMg naM[manplvi)akGaRkk;.

g-sßanPaBsgÁm nigsßanPaBTIpSar ³ edImI,[kargar rWmuxrbrrIkcMerIn bEnßmBIelIlkçx½NÐ
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CaRbkarcaM)ac;bMput.
325>etIesdækic©rdæ nigesdækic©TIpSar xusKñadUcemþcxøH?
cM>cMnucxusKµarvag esdækic©rdæ nigesdækic©TIpSar
esdækic©rdæ esdækic©TIpSar
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plitkmµ
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edIm,IrkR)ak;CMnUl .
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ecjsarRkmCasßaBr ehAfa CnCab;ecaT .
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362>RkumRBwkSaFmµnuBaØmanGaNtþi 6 qÞaM .

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eRKaHfÞak;eLIy.
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etImUlehtuGVIEdlnaM[mankarePosxøÞÜn?
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369>cUrrkcMnucxusKÞarvagkare)aHeqÞatskl nigkare)aHeqÞatGskl
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374>etImnusSRbePTNaxøHEdlcat;TukfamansBa¢atiExµr?
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376>cUrerobrab;BIeKalaarN_begáItraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.
cM>eKalkarN_énkarbegátrdæaPi)al ³
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398>cUrbgðajBIvismPaBénkarcUleron rvagkUnGÞkRknigGÞkman? bu:nµanPaKry?
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. kUnGÞkRkcUleron )an 50PaKry GÞkman )an 75PaKry.
399>etITwksatenAkm<úCamanTwkGVIxøH?RbCaCnmanbu:nµanPaKrymanTwksat eRbIR)as;?
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400>TwkeRbIR)as;enAmYldæan TwkTenø bwg RtBaMg RsH GNþÚgCIk
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401>extþRkugNamanmNÐlsuxPaBticCaeK?cUrerobrab;?
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swgERtg RkecH nigkMBt.
402>etIRbCaCnTIrYmextþRkugNaxøHEdl)antP¢ab;bNþajTwksateRbIR)as;tic CageK
eRcInCageK nigKµanbNþajTwksateRbIR)as;?
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403>etIRbeTskm<úCamansßanIyvarIGKÁIsnIEdlrWeT?enATINa? pþl;famBl
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404>cUreRboeFobksikmµGn;fy nigksikmµTMenIb.
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406>RbeTseyIgmanRbCaBlrdæRbmaNBI 80PaKry eTA 85PaKry Caksikr.
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407>edIm,IrkR)ak;bMeBjtMrUvkar etIksikrplitRsUvrW GÞkERseFVIdUcemþc?
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409>cUrGFib,aybNþajpøÚvEdkenAkm<úCa?
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PaKFM rvagPÞMeBjnig tMbn;Bay½Bü énRbeTs.
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nigRkugRBHsIhnu ¦ ehIyCapøvfµEI dlebIk[eRbIR)as;enAqÞaM 1969 manRbEvg 266K>m
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pøvenHFanara:b;rgdwkCBa¢nTMnij rvaPÞMeBjnig tMbn;nIrtIénRbeTs.
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410>cUrniyayGMBIkMBg;EpPÞMeBjnig kMBg;EpRkugRBHsIhnu?
cM>kMBg;EpsMxan;CageKenARbeTseyIgKW³
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nigkMBg;EpsmuRTpg eRBaHk)a:l;smuRTGacecjcUl)answgRKb;rdUv .eRkA BITTYlGÞkdMeNIr
kMBg;EpPÞMeBjmanskmµPaBTTYllMnaMecj niglMnaMcUlTMnij .
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411>etIRbeTskm<úCaeyIgmanGakasyandæansMxan;²bu:nµan? GVIxøH?
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cM>RbeTskm<úCa eyIgmanGakasyandæansMxan;² 2 KW eBaFicintug PÞMeBj nigesomrab.
Gakasyandæanesomrab manskmµPaBmmajwkEpÞkeTscrN_.
412>etIextþRkugNaxøHEdlsMbUrmIneRcInCageK? etItMbn;mInsßitenAtMbn;
NaxøHénépÞRbeTs?

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kMBg;s<W kMBg;FM kMBt nigRkugéb:lin .
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413>ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTskm<úCaeyIgsMbUrmInemø:H? cUrBnül;.
cM>bNþalmkBI³
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-sRgÁamBIqÞaM 1975-1979 mIncin sUevot
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ú
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413>etIextþRkugEdlcat;cUlkÞúgRbePTTI1 manlkçN³dUcemþc? manextþRkugNaxøH?
cM>extþRkugcat;cUlkÞúgRbePTTI1 KWmanesdækic©rwgmaMnigman RbCaCneRcInCageK manTIRkugPÞMeBj
nigextþkMBg;cam.
414>etIextþRkugNaxøHmanskmµPaBesdækic©P¢ab;eTAnwgtMbn;eTscrN_sMxan;²
énRbeTs? etIvisyeTscrN_mantYnaTIsMxan;GVIxøH?
cM>manTIRkugPÞMeBjRkugRBHsIhnunigextþesomrab kNþal. visyeTscrN_ mantYnaTI
sMxan;sMrab;karsþab; nigGPivDÆn_esdækic©CatinaMmknUvR)ak;cMNUlRBmTaMgkargarCUnRbCaBl rdæeTot.
415>GnaKtqab;²enHeKelIkKMerageFVIynþbf GnþrCatimYyedaytP¢ab;
eTAnwgTIRkugNaxøH? etIextþRkugNaxøHEdlTTYlplRbeyaCn_énKMeragenH?
cM>KMerageFVIynþbfGnþrCati mYyedaytP¢ab;KÞarvagTIRkug)agkk PÞMeBj hUCImij.
TIRkugnigextþEdlTTYlplRbeyaCn_ BIKMeragenHmanTIRkugPÞMeBj extþbnÞaymanC½y )at;dMbg
eBaFisat; kMBg;qÞaMg kNþal éRBEvg sVayerog.
416>shrdæGaemric sßitenAkÞúgTVIbNa? manépÞdIbu:nµanK>mkaer?
FMCagRbeTskm<úCab:unµandg? bc©úb,nÞmanrdæTaMgGs;b:unµan?

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bc©úb,nÞ manrdæTaMgGs;cMnYn 50rdæ.
417>tMbn;bwgFMmanbwgGVIxøH? sar³sMxan;esdækic©ya:gdUcemþcxøH?
cM>tMbn;bwgFMman ³ bwgelI bwgmIskin bwgh‘y r:nbwgeGrIey nigbWgGugtarIya. sar³sMxan;esd×kic¨
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418>ehtuGVI)anCaeKcat;TukshrdæGaemricCaRbeTs mUlFnFMCageKelIBiPB elak?
cM>shrdæGaemricCaRbeTsmUlFnFMCageKmkBI³
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419>etIesdækic©shrdæGaemricmanlkçNdUcemþcxøH? rWesdækic©mUlFnniym
GaemricmanlkçNdUcemþcxøH?
cM>esdækic©mUlFnniymGaemricmanlkçN ³ RbmUlpþnUvGÞkÉkeTs visVkr kmµkrCMnaj RbmUlpþúM
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nUvshRKas ]sSahkmµ mhaplitkmµ kmµsiT§ÉkCn RbkYtRbECgTIpSar esrInigGnþrCati
bNþrÚ edayesrI nigbNþak;Tun b¤ vinieyaK.
420>RKwHènGriyFm’GaemricmaneKalkarGVIxøH?
cM> maneKalkarN_ 2 KW ³ TI1 mnusSRKb;rUbmansiT§rs;enAedayesµPaBKÞa nig Rbkbeday
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suPmgÁl.TI2 kmµsiT§ÉkCnrbs;mnusSmÞak;².
421>ehtuGVI)anCashRKastUc² ksidæanrab;lannigRkumh‘untUc²RtUvrlM
rlayeTAvij?
cM>RbkYtRbECgminQÞH shRKastUc²TaMgenHmanmYlFntictYc² shRKasFM² ¬edImTuneRcIn
shRKasFM²manmUlFn ¬edImTun¦ya:gsMebIm rab;landuløa.
422>eKniyayfaviTüasaRsþ nigbec©eTsrIkcMerIn RBm²KÞaGaRs½yelIkar
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423>eKniyayfashrdæGaemricCardæRbCaFibetyü FMCageKelIBiPBelak
?cUrbkRsay?
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424>dUcemþcEdlehAfa rdæshB½n§?
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CaeRcInEbøkKÞa.
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GMnacnItibBaØtþ¬sPa¦ GMNactulakar ¬tulakarkMBUlénshB½n§¦.
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425>dUcemþcEdlehAfa}rbbRbFanaFibtI} ? manRbeTsNaxøHGnuvtþ
rbbenHkÞúgBiPBelak?
cM>EdlehAfa rbbRbFanaFibtI KWGMnacTaMgGs;Føak;kÞúgkNþab;édRbFanaFibtI nigGMnacBiessmYyeTot
EdlRbFanaFibtI nigGMNac b¤siT§iev:tU Droit de veto siT§iCMTas; rbs;RbFanaFibtI .kÞúgkal³eTs³
sRgÁam RbFanaFibtIedIrtYCaGKÁembBa¢akar Can;x<s;énkgT½B CanaykrdæmRnþI CaRbFansPa
nigRbFanhirBaØvtßú pgeTot. kÞúgBiPBelaknaeBlbc©úb,nÞ
enHmanEtshrdæGaemricmYybue: NaHEdlRbkan;ykrbb RbFanaFibtI.
426>etIbNþajpøÚvfÞl;suT§EtjwkeskBaseBj EdndIshrdæGaemric rWeT? cUrBnül;.
cM>bNþajpøÚvfÞl;minEmnjwkBaseBjEdndIshrdæGaemricenaHeT.
k> bNþajpøÚvfÞl;jkesk nigjwkman³
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x>bNþajpøvfÞl;minsUvjwkman³ PUmIPaKxagt,Úg nigPUmPaKBay½Bü.
Ú i
427>etIkMBg;EpsMxan;²sßitenAEpÞkxagNaénRbeTs? cUrerobrab;.
cM> 1-PUmiPaKxagekItman³ kMBg;Ep jÚvy:k )al;FIm½r nigPILaEdlPI.
2-PUmiPaKbwgFM³ QIkaehÁa Duylut.
3-PUmiPaKGeKÞy_ ³ kMBg;Ep jÐrGreln hUsûùnRKIsûI kM)a: mUbIl.
‘ :
4-PUmiPaKxaglic³ kMBg;Ep LÚGinsWeLs esoFil Lúgbic san;RhVan;susá. I Ú
428> GakasyandæanGnþrCatiEdlmanskmµPaBxøaMgCageKmanGakasyan NaxøH?
cM> GakasyanGnþrCatiEdlmanskmµPaBxøaMgCageK GakasyandæanRkugjÚvy:k elx1 BiPBelak
RkugLÚGinsWeLs bnab;mkmanGakasyan GnþrCati QWkaeKa nigGatøg;Tic.
429>enAqÞaM1996 shrdæGaemricmanRbCaCnbu:nµanlannak;? manzanelxbu:nµan
kÞúgBiPBelak mandg;suIetRbCaCnbunµannak; kÞúg1K>mkaer?
cM>qÞaM1996 shrdæGaemricmanRbCaCn 269/4lannak; manzan³TI3kÞgBiPBelak bnab;BIcinNÐa.
ú
dg;seuI tRbCaCnman 28nak; kÞúg1 K>mkaer.
430>ktþaGVIxøH)anCaRbCaCnGaemriccUlcitþcl½t¬karedIrehIr¦ emøH?
cM> bNþalmkBIktþadUcxageRkam³
-PaBFMeFgénEdndI –PaBr)a:t;r)a:yénRbCaCn
-PaBsMbUrEbbénePaKRTBüFmµCati
-PaBbNþÚrplitplkÞúgesdækic©mYyEdlman]sSahkmµltlas;. U
-PaBsMbUrEbbénRbB½n§KmnaKmn_eRbIR)as; kMlaMgskmµcMnYn 3/5lannak;.
-PaBrIkcMerInEpÞkesdækic© nig]sSahkmµ éntMbn;ExSRkva:t;RBHTitü.
431>etImanktþaNaxøH)anCatMbn;enHeKehAfatMbn;ExSRkvat;RBHGaTitü?
cM>mankþadUcxageRkamenH³
-tMbn;cMnUlRsukya:geRcInmkBITVIbGasumanrdækalI pørI ticsas; manBYkGusSanic ¬misukkaMg Kuy)a
I I u i
B½rtYrIkaMg¦

-tMbn;rIkcMerInEpÞkesdækic© nig]sSahkmµ esvakmµRbkbedaybec©keTsx<s;.
-CatMbn;manskmµPaBesdækic© BaNiC¢kmµrIkcMerIn nig rs;revIk.
432>eRkABIm©as;RsukedIm etIRbCaCnGaemrikmanedImkMenIt mkBICati sasn_ NaxøH?
cM>eRkABIm©as;RsukedImRbCaCnGaemriksuT§swgCaCnGenþaRbevsn_mkBIRKb;RCugeRCay
énBiPBelakEdlmanedImkMenItCatisasn_epSg²BIKÞaeTA BYkGWrubmanCag 80° énRbCaCnGaemrik
i :
manCnCatiGg;eKøs eGorLg; eGkUs sg;DINal; ¬s‘yEG‘t hVaMgLg; n½rev: daNWma:k¦ GaLWm:g;
u
)araMg GutalI BYkLataMg ¬eGs,:aj B½rTuyhÀal;¦ nigBYksÒav ¬rUsuI bULÐj hughÔarI bu‘yhÀarI eqk
I :
søÚvaKI yUehÁasøavI ¦ mkBIGWrbxagekIt.
u:
-CnCatiGaRBicsBVéf¶enHman30lannak;esµI 12° énRbCaCnGaemrik.
-CnCatiGasuIsBVéf¶man 8lannak; manCnCatii cin 1/6lannak; eRcInCageKenArdækalI
CnCatiPIlIBIn 1/4lannak; Cbun ¬rdæhaév:¦ kUer: nigCnCatiNÐcin ¬ km<Ca Lav evotNam ¦
: Ú ú
PaKxaglic.
-CnCatiGaemrikLaTIn¬ Gusüanic¦man muksuik Kuy)a éhTI B½rtUrkaMg.
I i I
432>etIbNþajTIRkugjwksßitenAtMbn;NaxøHmanTIRkugNaxøH? cUrerobrab;.
cM>k-bNþajTIRkugjwkeskmanenAtMbn;PaK san dUcCa³ RkugbUsþn jÚvy:k PILaEdlPI blFim
ú
va:snetanDIsu.
uI I
x-bNþajTIRkugjwkbgÁrÜ manenAtMbn;PaKxagt,ÚgEpÞkxagkÞúgdUcCa³ Gatøg;ta mumPIs daLas;
i
sanGankUnIj:. Ú
K-tMbn;eqÞrmhasmuRT)a:sPic manbNþajjwkdUcCa³ sufil san;RhVan;susáÚ LÚsGiunsWELs.
uI I I
433>shrdæGaemrikCaRbeTsmYysMbUrFnFanEr: nigRbPBfamBlya:geRcIn
.ehtuGVI)anCashrdæGaemrikkøayCaGÞkbMerIbMras;Er: nigfamBlmYy ya:gxøaMgkøa?
cUrBnül;.
cM>)anCashrdæGaemrikkøayCaGÞkbMerIbMras;Er: nigfamBlmYy ya:gxøaMgkøaeRBaH³
-PaBkgVHxaténplitkmµFnFanEr: nigfamBl ya:geRcIn. shrdæGaemriknaMcUlEr:Edk
BIbreTsya:geRcIndUcCaRbeTskaNada eRbsuIl evensuyeGLa nigGURsûalIeTot .
‘
müa:geTotshrdæGaemriknaMcUleRbgkatya:gxøaMgkøaRbmaN 50° énkareRbIR)as; nig

]sµnFmµCatieTotpg edIm,I tMrUvkar[)anRKb;RKan; nigkarrIkcMerInEpÞk]sSahkmµ eRKOgynþ
½
yanynþtUcFMRKb;RbePTEdleRbIR)as;enAshrdæGaemrik.
434>etItMbn;FüÚgfµshrdæGaemrikmanenArdæNaxøH?
cM> rdærIymig rdæTI1 plitFüÚgfµ rdæxinfikXI nigrdæGulINy.
:U I
435>edIm,IRbQmmuxnwgvibtþi etIshrdæGaemrikeRbIyuT§saRsþdUcemþc?
cM>edIm,IRbQmmuxnwgvibtþi etIshrdæGaemrikeRbIyuT§saRsþEbøk²
-]sSahkmµEdkEfb cMnYnBlkr fyGs;50PaKry kÞúgry³ eBl20qÞaM.
-]sSahkmµxøHeToteprskmµPaBmYyEpÞkeTAkÞúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ tMélBlkmµTab
- mYycMnYnpøas;bÚrþ kEnøgkÞúgTwkdIshrdæGaemrik Biesseq<aHeTArdæPaKxagt,Úg.
-shRKasxøHeRCIsykyuT§saRsþ ]sSahkmµfµIedaykat;bnßyR)ak;]btßmÖbBa©Úl
bec©kviTüaCan;x<s;eTAkÞúgplitkmµ CamYyKÞaenaHhtßBlkrmankarbNþHbNþalú
RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB.
436>karRbmUlpþúM]sSahkmµenAshrdæGaemrikeFVI[]sSahkmµTaMgenHman
lkçNdUcemþc?
cM>karRbmUlpþ]sSahkmµenAshrdæGaemrikeFV[]sSahkmµTaMgenHmanlkçNdUcxag eRkam³
úM I
-karpøas;bþÚrTItaMg]sSahkmµB|san Gg;eKøsfµI jÚvy:k mkPaKxagt,Úg edIm,IEsVgrk
I
htßBlkrxVHCMnajtMélefak.
-bNþM]sSahkmµ)anGnueRKaHdl;kareFVITMenIbkmµ naM[]sSahkmµvaynPNÐGaemrikkøay
ú
CaEpÞkmYypþl;plRbeyaCn_eRcInCageKkÞúgBIPBelak.
-bNþMeú ragcRkenAtMbn;bwgFM CMuvijDIRty CaraCFanI rfynþ)ancuHfy ehIytMbn;kalIprnI nigxagt,Úg
eLIgédmþgvij.
437>edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðavibtþirbs;ksikr etIrdæaPi)aleFVIGnþraKmn_ya:gNa xøH?
cM> rdæaPi)alshrdæGaemrikeFVGnþraKmn_CaRbcaM kÞúgkarrkTIpSarCUnksikr.
I
-kat;bnßysþúkFBaØCatid¾eRcInenH dUcCapþl;CMnYyes,ogdl;RbeTsRkIRkedaypÞal; b¤tamry³
kak)aTRkhm.

-begáIteragcRkedIm,IEkécÞksipl CYybg;xatkÞúglMnaMecj.
-pþl;NTanxøHdl;ksikrenAeBlplitpllk;minTan;dac;¬tMélFøak;cuHTab;¦.
438>enAGasuIbUBa’manRbeTsNaxøH?etIRbeTsCbu:nsMbUrGVIeRcInCageK nigxSt;CageK?
cM>GasubUB’amanRbeTscin Cbun kUer:xagt,Ðg kUer: xageCIg nigmu:gehÀallI. RbeTsCbu:n
I :
sMbUrPÞMeRcInCageK nigxSt;ePaKRTBüFmµCati.
439>cUrbgðajBIcMnucxøaMg nigcMnucexSayénksikmµRbeTsCbu:n?
cM>k-cMnucxøaMgénksikmµCbun³
:
-TMenIbkmµksikmµ
-beRmIbRmas;dInig eRKOgynþ
-vDÆn_PaBksikmµ edaymankMEnTMrg;esdæsaRsþ
-kMEnTMrg;ksikmµkÞúgRsTab;RbCaCnCnbTBIdI ksikmµtUctacedayBRgwgTMhMdIdaMduH.
-ksikmµmanlkçNCaGtipl plx<s;
x-cMnucexSayénksikmµCbun :
-plitplksikmµminRKb;RKan;nwgtMrvkar
U
-cMnYnksikrfycuHBI 6lan mk 3lan RKYsar
-Cbu:nCaRbeTsTI1 kÞúgBiPBelaknaMcUlnUvplitplksikmµdUcCa FBaØCati 70PaKry sENþk)ay
90PaKry sárs 60PaKry sac;eKa 30PaKry nigplitpl epSgeTot.
-dIksikmµtUccegot 16PaKryénEdndI
-RbCaCnCbu:ncMNayfvikarya:geRcInelIcMNGaharEdlmantémøx<s;.
I
440>cUrrab;eQµaHshRKasFM²EdlelceFøaCageKenARbeTsCbu:n?
cM>shRKasFM²EdlelceFøaCageKman muItsu‘yb‘su/I sU‘mim:tU> mItsuI FnaKarPUCI FnaKarsan;va:
É U
FnaKardayGukaMgküÚ.
I
441>etIcMnucxøaMgén]sSahkmµCbu:nkÞúgcenøaHqÞaM 1950 nig1973 manGVIxøH?
cM>KWmankarbBa©ÚllkçNTMenIbkmµénbec©keTsviTüafµnig plitkmµd¾eRcIn.
I
CMBUk1 lkçxNÐsgÁmkm<úCa

RbeTskm<úCamanépÞdI 181035K/mkaer. ebIKitBIcMnYnRbCaCnKWman ticCagRbeTsxøH
enAGasuGeKÞy_ elIkElgEtRbeTsLav sigðburI nigRBuyen.
I
tamkareFVICMerOnnaExmina qÞaM 1998 RbCaCnkm<Ca mancMnYn 11437656 nak;
ú
ehIyGRtakMenInRbCaCnRbcaMqÞaM man 2/49°.
sRgÁamnig vibtþneya)ayenAkm<Caknøgmk )aneFVI[sßanPaBRbCaCnmanbMErbMrYl
i ú
nigeFV[manclnabMlas;lMenApgEdr.
I
CMBUkenHeyIgnwgelIkykTMrg;RbCasaRsþ nigbMlas;lMenARbCaCnkm<CamksikSa
ú
eTAtamlMdab;lMeday.
emeronTI1 TMrg;RbCasaRsþkm<úCa
TMrg;RbCasaRsþkm<CarYmmandg;seuI t RbCaCn TMrg;tamePT nigGayuRbCaCnskmµ
ú
nigRkumTn;exSay.
1>dg;suIetniglT§PaBbgákMenIténRbCaCnkm<úCa
1/1 RbCaCnkm<úCa
eyagtamkareFVICMerOnrbs;RksYgEpnkar éfTI3-12Ex mIna qÞaM1998 cMnYnRbCaCn km<Casrubman
ú
11437656nak;. kÞúgenaHmanburscMnYn 551408nak; nigRsþI 5926248nak;. buE: nþ
r)ayRbCaCnenAtamtMbn;minesµIKÞaeT³
-tMbn;valrab ¬PÞMeBj kNþal kMBg;cam sVayerog éRBEvg nig taEkv¦ RbmUlpþúM RbCaCn cMnYn
5898305 nak; esµnwg 51/57°.
I
-tMbn;Tenøsab¬kMBg;FM esomrab )at;dMbg eBaFisat; kMBg;qÞaMg bnÞaymanC½y ]tþrmanC½y
nigRkugéb:lin¦ RbmUlpþRúM bCaCncMnYn 3505448nak; esµnwg 30/65° .
I
-tMbn;eqÞrsmuRT ¬RkugRBHsIhnu kMBt RkugEkb nigekaHkug ¦ RbmUlpþRúM bCaCncMnYn 844861nak;
esµnwg 7/39°.
I
-tMbn;x<g;rab nigtMbn;PÞM ¬kMBg;s<W sÞwgERtg rtnKIrI mNÐlKIrI RkecH nigRBHvihar ¦
RbmUlpþúMRbCaCncMnYn 1189042nak; esµnwg 10/39°.
I
dUcenHtMbn;valrab nigtMbn;TenøsabmanRbCaCn rs;enAeRcInCageK edaysartMbn;enH sMbUrdImanCICati
pøvTwk RtI EdlCalkçx½NÐ d¾RbesIrsMrab;karrs;enA.
Ú

1/2 dg;sueI tRbCaCn
dg;suIetRbCaCn KWcMnYnRbCaCnkÞúg 1K/mkaer. RbeTskm<CamanépÞ 181035 K/mkaer
ú
nigmandg;sueI t RbCaCnmFüm 64nak;kÞúg1K/mkaer. buE: nþdg;sueI tenH ERbRbYl eTAtamtMbn; ³
tMbn;valrab man 235nak; tMbn;Tenøsab 52nak; tMbn;eqÞrsmuRT 49nak; tMbn;x<gr; abnig tMbn;PÞM
17nak;. kÞúgcMenamextþRkugTaMgGs; dg;seuI tRbCaCn ERbRbYlBI2nak; kÞúg1K/mkaer enAextþmNÐlKIrI
dl; 3448nak;kÞúg 1K/mkaer enAraCFanIPÞMeBj. dg;sueI tenH k¾ERbRbYlBIRsukmYyeTARsukmYyeTot
Edr eTaHbIenAkÞúg extþCamYyKÞakþI.
1/3 kMritlT§PaBbgákMenIt
GRtalT§PaBbgákMenItKWcMnYnkUnCamFümEdlRsþmÞak;GacbegáIt)ankÞúgdMnak;bnþBUC/.
I
tamkareFVCMerOnkÞúgqÞaM 1998 GRtalT§PaB bgákMenIt KWRsþmankUnmFüm 5/2nak; EdlCa
I I
GRtamYyx<s;CageKbMputenAGasuIGeKÞy_. buEnþkMritlT§PaBbgákMenItERbRbYleTA tamlkçxNÐ rbs;narI³
½
kÞúgRKYsarFUrFarehIyrs;enATIRkug enaHlT§PaBbgákMenItrbs;RsþI kfycuHEdr.
kMritlT§PaBbgákMenItrbs;RsþKWCaktþakMnt;énGPivDÆn_mnusS. karsikSabgðajfa
I
ebIkMritGPivDÆn_mnusSmankMritTab bBaðacUlsalaeron pþl;cMnIGahar suxPaB –l-
lT§PaBbgákMenItGaceRcIn .EtvaGacfycuHRbsinebImaneRbIviFIBnüarkMenIt.
2>TMrg;tamePT nigGayuénRbCaCnkm<úCa
2/1 TMrg;tamePT
tYelxCMerOnkÞúgqÞaM 1998 bgðaj[eyIgdwgfa RsþIkm<CamancMnYneRcInCagburs TaMgenA TIRbCuCn
ú M
nigCnbT. buE: nþebIeKBinitücMnYnmnusSRbuselIcMnYnmnusSRsI 100nak; tamRkum GayueKeXIjfa³
- enAkÞúgRkumGayu 15-19qÞaM cMnYnRsþI nigbursmanRbhak;RbEhlKÞa. pÞyeTAvij
ú
kÞúgRkumv½ycas; ¬Gayu f65qÞaMeLIg¦ cMnYnRsþImaneRcInCagburs.
cMnYnRsþmanPaKeRcIn bMput eRbobeFobnwgcMnYnbursenARtg;RkumGayu 40-44qÞaMeLIgeTA.
I
rbbRbl½yBUCsasn_ExµrRkhm ¬1975-1979¦ eFV[TMrg;RbCaCnkm<CaERbRbYl
I ú
ya:gxøaMg ³ mnusSCag3lannak; )ansøab;eRkamkarkab;sMlab; CMgWepSg.
RbCaCnmYynak;kÞúgRbCaCn6nak; )ansøab;kÞúgsm½yenaH CaBiessbursEdlCamuxsBaØa sMrab;bu:lBt.
dUcenHmnusSEdlsßtkÞúgv½y 40-44 qÞaM naeBlbc©úb,nÞ KWmanGayu 21-25qÞaM enAsm½yExµrRkhm.
i

2/2 TMrg;tamGayu
kumar GayuticCag 15qÞaMmancMnYndl;eTA 42/8°énRbCaCn km<úCasrub. smamaRt kumarIman¬
40/4°¦ ticCagsmamaRt kumara¬45/4°¦. RkumGayuEdlsßtkÞúgskmµPaB
i
esdækic©¬RkumEdlskmµCageKelIvis½yesdækic©¦ BI 15eTA 64qÞaM man 53/7°
ehIyRkumv½ycMnas;¬Gayu65qÞaMeLIg¦ man3/5°. dUcenHcMnYnkumard¾eRcIn nabc©úb,nÞ
CalT§plénbnÞúHTarkeRkay qÞaM1979 ¬eRkaykardYrlMBYkExµrRkhm¦.
3> RbCaCnskmµ
RbCaCnskmµelIvis½yesdækic©KW burs nigRsþI EdleFVkargar kÞúgplitkmµ nigesva. enAkm<úCaf
I
RbCaCnskmµ 87PaKry rs;enACnbT EdlPaKeRcInCaRsþI ehIyeFVkargar kÞúgvisyksikmµ.
I
3/1 GRtarYmcMEnkkÞúgskmµPaBesdækic©
GRtarYmcMEnkKWCaPaKryénRbCaCnskmµeFobnwgRbCaCansrubcab;BIGayu 7qÞaM eLIgeTA.
cMnYnRbCaCnskmµenARbeTskm<úCaman 5117879nak; kÞÞúgenaHman 2641579 nak; rW 51° CaRsþI.
GRtarYmcMEnkkÞúgskmµPaBesdækic©énRsþItamCnbTman kMritx<s;Nas;¬61°¦ BiesscMeBaHRkumGayu
f20-54qÞaM.dUcenHRsþIcUlrYmya:g RCaleRCAkÞúgskmµPaBksikmµ.
lUvenHebIeKBinitüelIGRtarYmcMEnktamGayuepSg² cab;BIGayu 7qÞaM eLIgeTA eKeXIj
faGRtarYmcMEnkTabcMeBaHRkumGayu 7-14qÞaM ehIyk¾ekInya:gelOnrhUt dl;RkumGayu 45-49 qÞaM.
CaTUeTAGRtarYmcMEnkfycuHcMeBaHRkumGayu 7-29qÞaM enAeBlEdllT§PaBcUleronnig
TTYlkarbNþHbNþalekIneLIg.
ú
3/2 kargarkumar
bBaðamYykÞúgcMenambBaðacMbg²EdlRbeTskm<CaRtUvRbQmmuxKWcMnYnkumard¾eRcIn EdlbMerIkargar
ú
nigeFVCaRsþeI Bsüa. tamÉksarrbs;GgÁkarGPivDÆn_RbCaCnGgÁkar shRbCaCatiqÞaM1997 RsþeI Bsüa
I
35° CaGnItiCn ¬taMgBIqÞaM 1991mk TIRkugenAkm<Ca CYbRbTHbnÞúHxagpøvePT¦.elIsenHeTAeTot
ú Ú
narIrab;Ban;nak;rgeRKaHBIkarCYjdUrkÞúgbnRsI xUcRbeTséf ehIyRbkbkargarenAtamksidæanRKYsar
nigshRKasÉkCn edIm,I)anluy CYyRKYsar. kargarrbs;kumarenACnbTman 29/3°
eRcInCagenaTIRkugEdlmanRtwm 11/3°.
4/RkumTn;exSay

sRgÁamnig vibtþineya)ayenARbeTskm<úCa )aneFVI[manplvi)akcMeBaHRbCaCn. TMnas;
TaMgenHminRtwm Et)anbgçM mnusSrab;Ban;nak;[cakecj BIPUmkMenIt rW RtUveKcecjBI
i
RbeTsrbs;xøn¬CnePosxøÜn¦ edIm,IeTARCkekanenARbeTsepSg² eTotbunenaHeT buE: nþva
Ü :
k¾)anbnSl;TuknUvRsþIÉeka rab;Ban;nak;¬RsþeI mma:y¦ nigCnBikareRcInnak;eTotpg.
4/1 RsþIemma:y
enATUTaMgRbeTsman 2188663nak; kÞúgenaHman 25/7° RsþCaemRKYsar.
I
buE: nþsmamaRtenHkan;EtekIneLIgenATIRkug ¬29/8°énRKYsar¦ extþTaMgLayEdlsßt i
enAEb:kxageCIgnigxaglic )anrgeRKaHeRcInCageKedaysar sRgÁamxøaMgkøa nigGUsbnøay yUr¬
extþ)at;dMbg nigbnÞaymanC½y¦. PaBTb;exSayénRkumenHF¶n;F¶r bMputcMeBaHRsþI emma:yenAtamTIRkug
BIeRBaHplTunrbs;eKtictYcNas; ¬UNDP 1997).enACnbT
RsþeI mma:y)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIRKYsarFMEdlmanbursCaGÞkrksuciBa©wm ¬kUnRbus rWkUnRbsarRbus>>>¦.
I
4/2 CnBikar
esaknadkmµmykÞúgcMenamesaknadkmµCaeRcIn EdlRbCaCnkm<Ca )anqøgkat;kÞúg
Y ú
CMelaHRbdab;GavuF KWkarbMpøajEdlbgáeLIgedayRKab;mInrab;lanbgáb;kÞúgdI.
plvi)akénRKab;mInTaMgenH)anbnSl; TuknUvCnBikar d¾eRcInsn§ksn§ab; ehIy bc©úb,nÞ
w
enHbBaðamInenAEtbnþsMlab;mnusSRKb;vis½y. tamkar)a:n;sµanRbCaCnkm<Ca 1nak; elI 236nak;
ú
)an)at;bg;EpÞkNamYyénGvyv³. bc©úb,nÞRbeTs km<CamansmamaRt mnusS kMbutédeCIgrW
ú
EpÞkNamYyénGvyv³x<s;CageKbMputkÞúgBiPBelak KWman 30elImnusS 1000nak;.
cab;BIqÞaM1991-1999 CnBikarmYycMnYn)anRtUvbNþúHbNþal[manviC¢aCIv³ dUcCaEpÞk kat;edr
CageQI t,ajhUl GgÁúlIelx kuMBüÚT½r nigPasa edIm,I[BYkeKman lT§PaBGac
rs;enAedaykþIsgÇwm.
emeronTI2 bMlas;lMenAénRbCaCnkm<úCa
GMlugqÞaM 1970 nig qÞaMbnþmkeTot manclnabMlas;leM nATaMgkÞúgRbeTs nigeRkARbeTs CaeRcIn
EdleFV[b:HBal;ya:gF¶n;F¶rdl;TMhM nigsmasPaBénRbCaCn. vibtþbMlas;leM nA sMxan;²
I i
bNþalmkBIsRgÁam TurPiS-l- ehIyCnePosxønmYycMnYnFM)antaMgTIlMenA CaGciéRnþy_ kÞúgRbeTsTI3
Ü

nigxøHeTot)antaMgTIlMenAbeNaþHGasnÞkÞúgRbeTsCitxag ehIyk¾)aneFVmatuPUminivtþn_
I
enAeBlEdlsßanPaBCMelaHmanPaBs¶be; TAvij.
1/bMlas;lMenAenAkm<úCa
1/1 munqÞaM1975
munqÞaM 1975 manclnabMlas;lMenAsMxan;² EdlBak;Bn§CamYynwgshKmn_evotNam
½
bnÞab;BIrdæRbharTMlak;semþcsIhnu eday]tþmesnIy_ ln;nl; naqÞaM 1970 ³ CnCatievoNam
200000nak; RtUv)aneKbgç[cakecjBIRbeTskm<Ca CaehtunaM[ shKmn_ evotNam
M ú
enAsl;RbEhlBak;kNþalbunenaH. :
1/2 sm½yExµrRkhm ¬1975-79¦
eBleLIgkan;GMnacExµrRkhm)anbgá[manclnabMlas;lMenAmYyya:gFM.
eBlenaHRbCaCnEdlrs;enAtamextþ-Rkug RtUveKCenøosTaMgbgç[eTAenACnbT ehIy TnÞwmKÞaenH
M
k¾manmnusSCaeRcIn)ansakl,grt;eKc BIRbeTskm<Ca eTARbeTsCitxagmin
ú
manCaRbCaCnrs;enAextþxaglic EdlPaKeRcInCakUnkat;cin nigcam. enAcenøaH qÞaM1975 nig 1978
RbCaCnkm<CaRbmaN 35000nak; )anrt;eTARCkekan enARbeTséf.
ú
cMEnkRbCaCnkm<CamYycMnYnEdlrs;enA Eb:kxagekIt )anrt;eTARCkekan enAevotNam xagt,Úgna qÞaM
ú
1977.
1/3 sm½ysaFarNrdÆRbCamanitkm<Ca ¬1979-1990¦
ú
kardYlrlmrbbkm<CaRbCaFibetyü¬ExµrRkhm¦ min)anbBaÆb;clnacMnakRsuk eLIy .
ú
clnaenHmanenAExmkra 1979 KW CaelIkTI1 BIqÞaM 1975 mk EdlRBMEdnRbeTséf )anebIkTVarcMh
ehIyRbCaCnkm<CaRbmaN 100000nak; )anrt;eKcBIRbeTsrbs;xøÜn edIm,IEsVgrkCMrk nig cMnIGahar
ú
. k¾bEu: nþenAExmifuna 1979 kÞúgbMngbBaÄb;clna enH RbeTséfk¾biTRBMEdn
ehIybBa¢ÚnCnePosxøÜnkm<CacMnYn 44000nak;mkkm<Ca vij. enAcugqÞaM1979 RbCaCnkm<CaRbmaN
ú ú ú
500000nak; )ancakecjBIkm<CacUleTARbeTs éfmþgeTot. bMlas;lMenAenH
ú
eFVeI LIgenAeBlEdlkm<CakMBugCYbRbTH nwgeRKaHTurPikS. enAedImGMlugqÞaM1980
ú
eBlEdlsßanPaBneya)ay nigesdækic©kÞúgRbeTskan;EtRbesIr eLIgenaH
clnacMnakRsukk¾)anbnßyel,OnpgEdr. karvaycUlRkugPÞMeBjedaykgT½B rNsirSsamKÁIseRgÁaH

Catikm<Ca nigkgTBevotNam pþl;»kas[RbCaCnkm<Ca 100000nak; Edlrs;enAevotNam
ú ú
)anvilRtlb;mkmatuPUmirbs;xøÜnvij.
eRkayqÞaM 1980 CnCatievotNam Edl)anbBa¢necjBIRbeTskm<CakalBIqÞaM
Ú ú
1975enaHk)anvilRtlb;mkkm<CavijEdr nigmanmkCamYynUvGÞkcMnUlRsukCnCati
ú
evotNamCaeRcIneTot Edlrt;eKcBIPaBRkIRkkÞúgRbeTsevotNam.
kÞúgcenøaHEx mifuna 190 nigExkkáda 1982 RbCaCnkm<CaRbmaN 56000nak;
ú
)ancakecjBICMrueM nARbeTs éfvilRtlb;mkkm<Cavij.
ú
tamkarkt;Rtarbs;GKÁsÞgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;CnePosxøÜn BIqÞaM 1980dl; edImGMlugqÞaM
1990 manmnusS 580000nak; )anqøgkat;RBMEdnéf eBalKWesµnwg 1PaK10 énRbCaCnsrubkÞúgqµaM
I
1980. CalT§plclnabMlas;lMenA enH)anbnßy el,OnkMenInRbCaCnya:geRcIn.
1/4 matuPUmnivtþn_énRbCaCnkm<Ca 1991-1993
i ú
kic©RBmeRBogsnþPaBTIRkug)a:rIs 23/10/1991 pþllT§PaBdl;karvilRtlb;mkvij
i ;
edaysµRKcitþénCnePosxøÜnRbmaN 375000nak; BICMruRM Kb;RKgedayGgÁkar shRbCaCati
kÞúgRbeTs éfmunkare)aHeqÞatEx ]sPa 1993. kmµviFI)anmatuPUmi nivtþn_ enHCakic©cab;epþmd¾FMmYy
I
EdlknøgmkGKÁsÞgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;CnePos xønminFøab;)anerobcMeLIy. enAExmina
Ü
1992 manCnePosxøÜn 313500nak; )ansMEdg qnÞ³ rbs;xønkÞúg Ü
bMngcg;vilRtlb;cUlkÞúgRbeTsrbs;xÜnvij.ø
TnÞwmKÞaenH GKÁsÞgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;CnePosxøÜn xitxMrkdIsMrab;eFVksikmµ RbmaN
I
240000hicta EckCUndl;CnePosxøÜnTaMgenaHpgEdr. CnePosxønnPaKeRcIn Ü
manbMngR)afÞavilRtlb;eTARsukkMenItrbs;xÜønvij ³ 57° cg;rs;enAextþ)at;dMbg 14°
eTAextþbnÞaymanC½y 6° eTAextþesomrab nigeBaFisat;. bu:EnþépÞdImYycMnYnenAkÞúg extþxagelI
CYbkarlM)akedaysarRKab;mnd¾eRcIn. cugbBa©b; eKsegáteXIjmankar
I
RbECgd¾xøaMgmYyBIGÞkeFVbMlas;TIkÞúgRsuk. BYkTaMgenH cg;daMduHelIdI rbs;eK eLIgvijmun
I
karvilRtlb;mkdl;énCnePosxøn edayehtufaépÞdITMenrsMrab;CnePosxønmancMnYntic.
Ü Ü

dUcenHehIy )anCaGKÁsÞgkarCnePosxøÚnsMerc[CnePosxønTaMenHeFVCMerIs³ ykdIsMrab;daMduH
Ú I
rWmyykluy . enAExkkáda 1992 kÞúgcMnYnmnusS90000nak; eKeXIj man55° eRCIerIsykluy
Y
25° ykdIdaMduH nig 20° eTotrg;caMdIEdleKedaHmInehIy.
enaExemsa 1993 CnePosxøn 360000nak; )aneFVImatuPUmnivtþn_ mkkm<Cavij
Ü i ú
KWTan;eBlEdlRbeTskm<Ca erobcMe)aHeqÞat. dUcenHcab;taMgBIqÞaM 1970 dl; 1990
ú
manmnusSCagmYylannak;)anePosxønecjBIRbeTskm<úCa ehIykÞúgcenøaH qÞaM 1992 nig1993
Ü
mnusSRbmaN 400000nak; k¾)anvilRtlb;mkmatuPUmivijeRkamkar ]btßmÖ BIGgÁkarshRbCaCati.

2 / bMlas;lMenAenAkÞúgRsuk
2/1 bNþaqÞaM 1970
enAedImGMlugqÞaM 1970 clnaRbCaCnmanTMnak;TMngKÞaya:gxøaMg eTAnwGÞkCnbT EdlmkRCkekan
nigrkkargareFVeI nAkÞúgTIRkug. dUcenH mnusSRbEhl 2lannak; EdleKc
BIsRgÁam)anmktaMglMenAkÞúgTIRkug. k¾bEu: nþcab;BqÞaM 1975 eKeXIjmanclna
I
pÞyKÞanwclnaxagelIenH mYy)anekIteLIg KWBYkExµrRkm)anbeNþjGÞkTIrYmextþ nigRkug
ú
[eTArs;enaCnbT. neya)ayenH )aneFVI[b:HBal;dl;CIvPaB GÞkCnbTEdlenakÞúg
tMbn;kan;kab;edayrdæaPi)alrhUtdl; qÞaM 1975. CakarBitNas; RbCaCnrab;lannak; )an
pøas;TIlMenAeTAkan;tMbn;epSgeTot BiessenAtambNþaextþ PaKxaglic. dUcenH kÞúg cenøaH qÞaM
1975nig 1979 eK)an)a:n;sµanfa RbCaCnkm<Ca 2PaK3 )anRtUveKbgçM [Cenøosxønecj.
ú Ü
2/2 bNþaqÞaM 1979-1989
eBlEdlrbbExµrRkhm dYlrlM smykalfµmYy)ankekIteLIg saFarNrdæRbCamanit km<Ca
I ú
EdlmanesrIPaBeRcInCagmunxagkaeFVdMenIr ³ cracrN_BIextþmyeTAextþmYyBuman bBaðaGVIraMg
I Y M
eToteLIy. CamYyKÞaenHEdr RbCaCnkm<CaCaeRcInBan;nak; )aneFVIdMenIrqøgkat; TUTaMgRbeTs
ú
edIm,IEsVgrk RkumRKYsarEdl)anEbk)ak;KÞaCMnan;ExµrRkhm. GÞkxøHeTAena ÉRBMEdnéf
ehIyGÞkxøHeToteTAenaTIRkug CaBiessTIRkugPÞMeBj.

enAqÞaM 1983 Cnsuvilkm<Ca CaeRcInnak; RtUv)aneKbBa¢neTAbMeBjkargar karBar
I ú Ú
enAtamRBMEdnéf. GÞkxøHeTot RtUv)aneKbBa¢ÚneTAextþEb:kxagekIt dUcCaenAqÞaM 1984
eK)anbBa¢nBlkrcMnYn 14000nak; eTAextþrtnKIrI .
Ú
2/3 cab;BIqÞaM 1990
eBlEdlkgT½BevotNamdkecjGs;BIRbeTskm<úCaenAEx kBaØa 1989 eKeXIj
mankarrIkduHdalénkarRbyuT§rvagkgT½Brbs;rd×aPi)al nig kgT½Bts‘U. RbCaCnCaeRcIn
nak;)ancakecjBItMbn;RbyuT§KÞaTaMgenH eq<aHeTAkEnøgepSgeTot³ xøHeTAenACMurMCnePos xøn
Ü
xøHeToteTAenATIRkug. enABak;kNþalqÞaM 1990 mnusSeTARCkekanf enATIRkug manRbmaN
150000nak; eRkaymkekIndl; 200000nak; enAqÞaM 1992. GÞkTaMgenaH eRcInmanRsukkMenItenA
extþbnaymanCy 47000nak; extþ)at;dMbg 32000nak; extþkMBg;s<W 31000nak; extþesomrab
27000nak; extþkMBt 25000nak; nigextþkMBgqÞaMg 30000nak;. enAqÞaM 1993 mnusSRbmaN
40000nak;fµIeTot )anrt;eKcBIkarRbyuT§KÞaenAEb:kxaglicRbeTs.
CMBUk 2> GPivDÆn_RbCaCnminesµIKÞa

sMrab;mnusSGPivDÆn_ mann½yfalT§PaBGacrs;enAyUrGEgVg RbkbedaysuxPaB
RbesIrTTYl)ankarGb;rM niglT§PaBTTYl)anFnFancaM)ac;sMrab;karrs;enAsmrmü. cab;BI qÞaM1990
mkkmµviFIGPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati(UNDP) )anbegárI snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_ mnusS (IHD)
edayKiteTAelI ³ sgÇwmrs;BIkMenIt GkçrPaBmnusSeBjv½y muxrbrkÞúg vis½yksikmµ ]sSahkmµ
esvakmµ nig plitpl kÞúgRsuksrubsMrab;mnusSmÞak;. mkdl;qÞaM1997
GgÁkarxagelIenHGPivDÆn_snÞsSn_mYyeTot sMrab;vas;EvgPaBxusKÞa rvagburs nigRsþI ehAfa
snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_tamePT.
eyagtamr)aykarN_ kmµviFIGPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati (UNDP) kÞúgqÞaM1997
RbeTskm<úCaCab;cMnat;fÞak;TI 140 elI 153 kÞúgcMenamRbeTs)ankt;Rta.
emeronTI 1> vismPaBcMeBaHsuxPaB

sßanPaBsuxPaBRbCaCn CaktþaKnøHénGPivDÆn_mnusS. PaBRbesIrénCIvitGacvas;Evg
w
)aneTAtamrbbmðbGaharEdlCaktþasMxan;sMrab;suxumalPaBmnusSelak.
Ú
bc©úb,nÞenARbeTskm<Ca CMgWqøgRtUv)aneKykcitþTukdak;ya:gxøaMg BiessCMgWeGds_
ú
EdlrIkraldalkan;EteRcIneLIg². bBaðcugeRkayEdlkMBugecaTenARbeTskm<úCa KWkgVH
Gaharrbs;RbCaCn Biesskumar. kgVHenH)aneeFV[RkummnusSmYycMnYnkÞúgsgÁmgay
I
TTYleRKaHfÞak;edayCMgWepSg².
1/CMgWRKuncaj;
1/1 lkçNTUeTA
CMgWRKuncaj;qøgtamry³mUsEdkeKalEdlxaMmnusS. eBlxaM)øasµÚdüÚm ecjBImscUleTA
U
kÞúgQamrbs;mnusS¬mUsCaGÞkBaMnaM)µasµÚdüÚm eK[eQµaHfa PÞak;gar cMlg¦
ehIybgá[manCMgWRKunekþAxøaMg ehIyjak; Gs;CatiTwk nigQWk,al>>>. RbsinCaeKmin
Büa)al[Tan;eBlevlaeTenaH CMgWRKuncaj;GaceFV[søab;)an. tamsßitiRksYgsuxaPi)al qÞaM1996
I
manmnusScMnYn 10726nak; cUlBüa)alenAkÞúgmnÞIeBTü. rhUtdl; qÞaM 1997 manmnusS
811nak;)at;bg;CIvitedaysarCMgWRKuncaj;.
1/2 PUmsaRsþéntMbn;eRKaHfÞak;
i
bNþaextþTaMgGs;enARbeTskm<úCaBuEM mnsuT§Et)anTTYleRKaHfÞak;edayCMgWRKuncaj; dUc² KÞaenaHeT.
épÞsI 62° RKbdNþb;edayéRBs,at EdlCaCMrkénmUsEdkeKal.
tMbn;éRBs,atsuT§swgCatMbn;RKuncaj;kMritmFüm ¬PUmiPaKkNþal¦ nigRKuncaj;kMritx<s;
¬PUmiPaK|sanBay½Bú nigcMkarekAs‘¦.tMbn;x<g;rabnig PÞMEdlsMbUréRBeQI
U
CatMbn;eRKaHfÞak;edayCMgWRKuncaj;kMritx<s; BiesstMbn;|sanénextþrtnKIrI tMbn;GaeKÞy_ énextþRkecH
tMbn;tamRBMRbTl;rvagextþRBHviharnig extþ]tþrmanC½y RBMRbTl;extþ)at;dMbg eBaFisat;
nigRkugÙb:lin nigtMbn;cMkarekAs‘U. RbCaCnRbmaN 500000nak;
EdlPaKeRcInCaCnCati)anrs;enatMbn;RKuncaj;kMritx<s;. RbCaCnRbmaN 95°
eTotrs;enAtMbn;RKuncaj;kMritmFüm nig tMbn;KµanRKuncaj;. edayELktMbn;CMuvij bwgTenøsab
tMbn;dIsNþTenøemKgÁ nigEpÞkxageRkamTenø)asak; BumanCMgWRKuncaj;eT.
M

GRtasøab;edayCMgWRKuncaj;enARbeTskm<Ca mankMritx<s;CagRbeTsCitxag ¬RbEhl 800nak;
ú
søab;kÞúgmYyqÞaM¦.
bc©úb,nenH kMenIneLIgénCMgWRKuncaj;)anpSarP¢ab;eTanwgclnaCnePosxøn nigbMlas;bÚrþ TIkEnøg.
Ü
buE: nþk¾Tak;TgpgEdr eTAnwgkarCYjdUrfµEkv t,Úg nigmas>>>. edayePaKRTBü TaMgenHkan;EtxSt;eTA²
GÞkCIkEr:GÞkkab;Guskan;EtcUleRCAeTAkÞúgéRBeQI ehIysßitenA TIenaHkan;EtyUréf¶.
enHCaehtuGac[eKTTYleRKaHfÞak;kan;EtxøaMg eLIg² ¬GÞkCMgW 82° CaCneBjv½yGayuelIsBI15qÞaM
¦. tamr)aykarN_bUksrubkargarrbs;mCÄmNÐlCati RbyuT§nig CMgWRKuncaj;kÞúgqÞaM 2000
)anbBa¢ak;fa³ extþEdlmanRbCaCnsøab;eRcInCageK eday CMgWRKuncaj;manextþ)at;dMbg esomrab
eBaFisat; kMBg;FM RkecH nigkMBg;cam. edIm,Ikat;bnßyGRtaQW nig søab;edayCMgWRKuncaj;
RksYgsuxaPi)alk¾dUcCamCÄmNÐl CatiRbyuT§nwg CMgWRKuncaj;PanshkarCamYyGgÁkarnana
xitxMGb;rMRbCaCn[yl;BI mUlehtuénCMgWRKuncaj; Gb;rMRbCaCnBIviFIkarBar begáInkMrt yl;dwg
i
nigEckcaymugRClk;pÞaM dl;RbCaCntamextþ EdlmanGRta CMgWRKuncaj; kMritmFüm nigx<s;.
2/CMgWeGds_CaCMgWbgáeday HIV
eGds_ CaCMgWratt,atekItmanya:gBitR)akd )anqøgraldaleBjsklelakTaMgmUl.
CMgWenHBuMman»sfNaGacBüa)al[CasHes,Iy)aneLIy. CMgW eGds_
CadMnak;cugbBa©b;énkarbgáeraKeday HIV ¬vIruseFVI[RbB½n§ragkaymnusScuHTn;exSay ¦
CasßanPaBmYykacsahavbMput.
cab;BIeBleRCotcUldMbUgeTAkÞúgsrIragÁ vIrussMgMes¶om rhUtdl;eTA 6s)þah_. CYnkal
eKeXIjmaneraKsBaØaxøH² dUcCaRKunpþasayFMCaedIm. cMEnkry³eBlKµanecjeraKsBaØa
eKBinitüeXIjmanHIV viC¢mankÞúgQam. buE: nþry³eBlenHGacGUsbnøayCaeRcInqÞaM. CnEdlmanHIV
vivtþeTArkCMgW eGds_kÞúg ry³eBl10qÞaM ¬bc©úb,nÞenH manry³eBl fycuH kan;EtxøaMg¦.
GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelakqÞaM1991)an)a:n;sµanfamanmnusS8eTA 10lannak;enAelI
BiPBelak)anTTYlkarbgáeraKedayvIrusenH. eGds_CaCMgWqøgtamTMnak;TMngpøvePT Ú
dUcenHeyIgRtUvmanviFIkarBarBIsMnak;édKU EdlmanpÞkemeraK eGds_ ¬70° énkarcMlg HIV
ú
kÞúgBiPBelakbNþalmkBIkarrYmrkS¦. karcMlgtamQamdUcCakarcak;bBa©ÚlQam
¬QampÞkemeraK¦qøgtamsMPar³vHkat; tamm¢lcak;kxVk; qøgtamry³karb:HBal;elIdMe)A
ú ú

edaysarQammanemeraK ¬karvHkat; rW karsMralkUnedayKµaneRsaméd¦ karcMlgBImþay
eTATarkBiesskÜùgeBlmanKk’ rWeBlsMralkUn. karcMlgeBlbMe)Aeday edaHmûay
GacekIteLIg)anEdr. HIV mincMlgtamTwkmat; mUsxaMxül; kardkdegðIm Twk cMnIGahar
karb:HBal;elIEs,k exaGav Rbdab;RbdapÞH)ay nigRKb;skmµPaB rs;enARbcaMéf¶eT.
2/1 CMgWeGds_enARbeTskm<úCa
tamkmµviFiGPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati 1997 RbeTskm<úCaCYbRbTHkarcMlg CMgWeGds_
xøaMgkøaCageKbMput enATVbGasu. enAqñaM1996 RbCaCnBI 70000 eTA 120000nak;
I I
)ancMlgeraKedayvIrusenH. tamÉksarCMgWeGds_enARbeTskm<úCa eK)a:n;
sµanfacMnYnRbCaCnekIteraKeGds_ kñgqñaM 1998 manRbEhl 150000nak; kñgenaHmanbursRbEhl
ú ú
75000nak; nigRsþIRbEhl 4300nak;. kñúgcMenambursEdl)anqøgmanTahan 10000nak; nigb:lis U
5000nak;. cMEnkRsþ)anqøgKWmanGñkrksIpøvePTeTAtambnRbEhl7500nak;
I uÚ
nigGñkrksIPøvePTRbeyallYclak;35000nak; ¬EdlbMerIkargartamrgÁsalePanIdæan¦ .
uÚ
edayElkRsþmanemerakeGds_32000nak;eTotRbEhlqøgBIbþIrbs;xøn.
I Ü
b:Eu nþbBaðaEdlRBYy)armÖCageKenaH KWTak;TgnwgRsþmanépÞeBaHEdlGRtapÞúkvIrus ekInya:grh½s
I
¬25PaKryH kñgqñaM1995 30PaKry enAqñaM1996 ¦.
ú
tYelxc,as;las;)ankmBIr)aykarN_ebs;mnÞIeBTükal;Em:t bBa¢ak;fa GñkCMgWCag300nak;
manemeraKeGds_enAcenøaHEx vicäikar qña1994 nig ExkumÖH qñaM 1997 ehIyCag80PaKry
M
manGayuB20eTA 40qµaM kñúgcMenamenaHGñkenAlIvmaneRcIn bMpt Edlsßtkñgv½y20qñaM .
I u i ú
3>karbriePaKminRKb;RKan;
bBaðaecaTenAelIBIPBelaksBVéf¶enHKWkgVHeRKOgbriePaK
nigkarbriePaKminRKb;RKan;sMrab; mnusSelakEdlecH EtekIneLIgya:gxøaMg .
karbriePaKminRKb;RKan;ecaTya:gxøaMgenARbeTskMBugGPivDÆ
BIeRBaHRbCaCnRbeTsTaMgenHmankMenInx<s; ÉplitkmµmankMenInyWt . kgVHGahar
nigkarbriePaKminRKb;RKan; EtbNþal[ekItCMgWxVHCIvCatiEdleGI[mnusSsøab;ya:gsn§wksn§ab;.
V
T§BlénkgVHGahar nigbriePaKminRKb;RKan; manPaBF¶n;F¶rNas;cMeBaHsgÁmmnusS BuesskumartUc².
i
kgVHGahareFI[suxPaB cuHRTuDeRTam karrIklUtlas;srIragÁcuHGn;fy
V

b:HBal;dl;karrIkcMerInénxYrk,al kareronsuRtexSay minGacTb;Tl;negCMgWepSg² . dMenaHRsaybBaða
enHKwrkvIFITb;Tl;nwgkMenInRbCaCn rYcRtUvxitxMelIkkMx<s;kMritCIvPaB edaybegátplitplksikmµ
I
biessplitplGahar[)anRKb;RKan; .
3>1 cMnIGaharrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa
GaharmUldæanrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCaKW)ayEdl)anBIRsUv . )aypþl;karLÚrI
2¼3 sMrab;RbCaCnkm<úCamñak;² . b:Eu nþ)aypþl;kaLÚrI minTan;RKb;RKan; enAeLIyrT
eRBaH)ayxVHsarFatudéTeTotCaeRcIndUcCa CatiEdk CIvCatiGa >>>. RsþI nigkumar
km<CaCaeRcInrgCMgWxHCIvCati CMgWcVHQamRkhm ¬xVHCatiEdk ¦ CMgWs<wk¬xVHCIvCatiGa ¦>>>>.
ú V
tMrUvkarkaLÚrImn)anesµIPaBKña enAtammCÇdæanCnbT nigTIRkug .
i
GñkCnbTTTYlTanGaharmUldæan mankaLÚrIeRcIn CagGñkTIRkug ¬2330kaLÚrTl;nig 2153 I
kaLÚrsMrab;mnusSmñak;kñgmYyéf¶ .
I ú
cMnIGaharepSg²CaktþasMxan;Nas; eRBaHvapþl;saFaRKb;RKan;
sMrab;ciBa©wmsrIragÁ . manEtRkumGñkmanenATIRkugb:unenaH Edl)anTTYlcMnIGaharepSg² sac;RCUk
sac;eKa sac;man; sac;RtI EpøeQI >>>>>.
3>2 karpþl;GaharminRtwmRtUvdl;kumar
kumarkm<CaGayu2qñaMeLIgeTA manGRtapÁt;pÁg;GahrminRtwmRtUv eRBaHmþayrbs;eKElg[
I
)AedaH ehIyGaharEdlpþl;bnþKñansaFatuRKb;RKan; sMrab;ciBa©wmsrIragÁ nigCYykarxVHxatEfmeTot .
TUTaMgRbeTsminfakumarrsenACnbT b¤TIRkugEdlmanplb:HBal;dUcKña BIbBaðaxagekIenH .
CabEnþm vismPaBmankMritx<s;rvagextþ nigextþ 50PaKry énkumarEdlTTYlTanGaharmin
RtwmRtU sßitenAkñgextþkMBg;cam kNaþl taEkv nigéRBEvg .
ú
kñúgqñaM 1998 GRtamrNPaBkumarkm<úCaGayueRkam5qñaM man115nak;elI 1000 . b:Eu nþnaykdæan
Epn kar nigBt’manrbs;ksYgsuxalPi)al bB¢ak;facab;BIqÜaM2003 eTA GRtaenHnwgfycuH
enARtwm 90 nak;elI 1000 ehIynwgbnþfycuHEfmeTot .
kgVHsarCaticiBa©wm efIV[kumarsÁm Es,kdNþb;q¥wg sc;dMuTn;RCay yarRCivRCYj cuHTMgn;
ehIyrakjwkjab;-l-. eKeRcInehACMgWTTYlTanGaharminRtwmRtUv

nigminRKb;RKan;sarCaticiBa©wmnana. CgWenH GaceFI[kumarsøab;ya:ggay edaymanCMgWepSg²
V
eTotkmratt,atbEnßm biessCMgWrak .
yuT§viFIsMrab;Tb;Tl;nwgbBaðaxagelIenH RksYgsuxaPi)alRtUvGb;rM matabita
b¤GaNaBüa)al[ecHEfrTaMkumar [)anRtwmRtUvedaybegáInKuNPaBcMnGahar EdlsMbrU CIvCatiGa
dUcXabEnøsøwkBN_ébtg bEnø b¤EpøeQIBN’elOg sac; s‘t nigeføm >>>.
u I
emeronTI2 vismPaBcMeBaHkarGb;rM
GkçrPaBKWCalT§PaByldwgGMBIGIVEdleKGan nigsresEdCaKnøwHkñúgkarGPivDÆmnusS .
i
karecHGan nigecHsresrrYmpSMnwgkarGb;rl¥ pþl;lT§iPaBkñgkarbegánTun nigbegánlT§iPaBkargar
M ú I I
¬smtþPaBkúgkaryl;GMBIbec©keTskargarfµI²¦ .
kumarI)aneronkñúgGRtaRbhakRbEhlnwgkumaraenAbzmsikSa b:Eu nþsisSRsItictYcbMput
EdlmanlT§PaBcUreronfñak;]tþmsikSa. TUTaMgRbeTs GRtaRtYtfñak;kumara nigkumarI
i
mankMritxs;bMputenAbzmsikSa KWfñak;TI1 mancMnYn 41PaKry .ebIeRbottamtMbn;vij
kumarIenACnbTCYbRbTHkarlM)akkNþaleTotenAtMbn;dac;Rsyalk¾)ane)aHbg;karsikSaEbbenHEdr.
mUlehtucMbgEdleFI[kumarI min)ancUleron b¤ minGacsMerckarsikSa dl;TIbBa¢b;)an
V
edaysarCIvPaBxVHxat bnÞúkkargareRcIn TMenomTMlab;RbéBNI ÉsalaeronsßtenAq¶ayBIpÞH –l-.
i
edIm,IGnuvtþeKalneya)ayGb;rM[[manRbsiT§iPaB RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa)anykcitþTukdak;
RbmUlkumar yuvCn RbCaCn[cUleron)anRKb;²Kña .
1>sm,TaxagGMnag nigsMenrrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa
1>1> lkçNHTUeTA
RbCaCnCCabursGayucab;BI 7qñaMeLIgecHGan nigecHsresr 71PaKry ÉRbCaCnCanarIvij
manRtwmEt55>4PaKry b:unenaH . dUcenHGRtabursecHGan nigecHsresrmaneRcInCagRsþI .
1>2>vismPaBénGkçrPaB
RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs; BMTan;)anqøg;putBIGnkçrPaBTaMgRsugenaHeT . CaTUeTAGkçrPaB 60PaKry
u
rIÉGñkmanRTBüsm,tþiTTYl)an80PaKry . PaBxusKñaxagePTrvagGñkCnbT nigGñkTIRkug
RtUv)aneKcab;GarmñNpgEdr RsþICnbTmanGkçrPaB 50>9PaKry
_

rIÉbursenATIRkugmandl;eTA85PaKry .CneBjv½ykñúgextþmNÐlKirI nigesomrab manGkçrPaBBI
16>3 PaKry eTA26>4PaKry cMEnkenAPñeM Bjvijmandl;eTA82.1PaKry .
1>3>GaTiPaBénGkçrkmµ
kmµviFIGkçrkmµRtUveKykcitþTukdak;enAtamextþmYycMnYnDuCaextþrtnKIrI mNÐlKIrI
BiesseTAelIRmEdlmanGaTiPaB ¬CnRkIRk CnBIkar nigRsþeI PT ¦ .
u
enARbeTskm<úCakarRsavRCavelIEpñkenH enAfµIenAeLIy ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgbNañlRbeTsdéTeTot .
dUcenHeyIgRtUvxitxMeFIVkarRsayRCavTinñn½y
nigsßtiGb;r[)anc,as;las;sMrab;CamUldæankñgkareFIVEpnkar. Tinñn½yenaH
i M ú
KYreyIgbMEbkeTAtamePTdak;edayELkBIKña .eKalneya)ayelIkkMBs;karcUleron
karbnþkarsikSaenAmankMritenAeL:y .karGb;rMmanRbsiT§PaBRtUvpSarP¢ab;CamYysalaeron
I
nigshKmn. kumarEdlrsenAtamTIRkug )anTTYlkarsikSaeRcInCagkumarrs;enACnbT . bBaðaCMbg
cMeBaHkUmarenACnbTdac;RseyalKWGRtaw)aHbg;karsikSakñgcMnYndl;eRcInelIslb;.
ú
2> karcUlerontamsala
2>1> lkáçNHTUeTA
RbB½n§Gb;rcMenHTUeTARbeTskm<úCamanrYHeBl6qñaM enAbzmsikSa ¬kumarmanGayuB6qñaM dl;11qñaM ¦3
M I
qñaMenAmFümsikSabzmPUmi ¬CMTg;GayuBI12dl;14qñaM ¦3qñaMenAmFümsikSa
TutiyPUmi¬yuvCnGayuBI15qñaM dl;17qñaM ¦.
1>eQµaHGµkdwknaM RbFanaFietyü
-kaT½r ³ RbFanaFibetyüshrdæGaemric
-kalm:ak; ³ TsSnHviTU CatiGalWm:g;
-kUhVGaNan; ³GKÁelxaFikaGgÁkarshRbCaCati CnCatikaNa
W
-kU)aeqv ³ emdwknaMshPaBsUevot
-kUrasUn GaKINU ³ RBFanafibetyü PIlIBIn
-Eksn PUmivhan ³ naykrdæmRnþLav 1989
i I
-RKUeqv ³ emdwknaMshPaBsUevot
-Kwm Giulsug ³ emdwknaM ¬RbFanaFietyü kUer:xageCIg ¦
-KI sIgK½r ³ edæmRnþkarbreTsshrdæGaemric
u I

-eKokvalEhm ³ GKÁHelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati CnCatiGURTIs
-Xin jún ³ ]tþmesnIy_ eyaFaniymPUma mIya:ma:
-egVonhIvFI ¬egVonhIuvf ¦ ³emdwknaMrNsirSrMedaH CatievotNamxagt,Úg
u
-egVon GanKUk ¬hUCmij ¦ ³ emdwknaMrbs;yYn ¬evotNam¦
I
-egVot Gaj; ¬ya:Lúg ¦ esþcyYn ¬GFiraC ¦
-cag ékecok ³emdwnaMenARbeTscin
-cag Cimij RbFanaFibetyücin
-qat;éqQunhav:an; ³ ]tþmesnIy_éf nigeRkaymkkaøyCanayrdæmRnþI raCGaNacRkéf
-qava:lIt yugéqyut ³ ]tþmesnIy_éf nigeRkaymkkøaCanaykrdðmRnþI éf
-Ck RbUTItU ³ RbFanaFibtI shB½n§yUyUehaÁsøavI
-eCan edon ³ÉkGKÁrdæTUtshrdæGaemric
-daLaDIey: ³ naykrdæaPi)al)araMg RbFanaFibtI
-dIkUl ¬b¤dIehÁal¦ ]tþmesnIy_ nigkøayCaRbFanaFibtI)araMg
-dak;ma:hSÚl ³ GKÁelxaFikarGgkarshRbCaCati ¬CnCati s‘yEGt ¦ u
-NaEs‘ ³emdwknaMeGhSIù nigkøayCaRbFanaFibtIsaFarNrd×Gar:abrUm
-tan;esV ³ ]tþmesnIy_eyaFaniymenAPUma ¬mIyama: ¦bc©úb,nñCaemdwknaM eyaFaniymmIyyaMma:
-RTIv lI GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬CnCati n½rEvs ¦
-nic sun ³ RbFanaFibtI shrdðGaemric
-en vin ³ emclnats‘U rMedaHCatiPma ¬mIya:ma: ¦nigCa]tûmesnIy_mIya:m:a
U
-en ru ³ naykrdæmRnþI NaÐ
-eRb eNv ³ emdwknaMsPaBsUevot
-eb Kin ³ emdwknaM GIRU saEGl
-eb:er: dI KUeGLa ³ GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati CnCati eb:r:U
-b:URtU kalI ³ GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati CnCatieGhSIb ú
-eRbm ³naykrdæmRnþI mIya:ma:
-b‘un G‘uM ³ GÜkGgÀm¨as;Lav nig køaCaNayrdæmRnþI Lav
-par:k ³ esþceGhSIú
u
-pan;va:n;dug ³ naykrdæmRnþI evotNam

-eBt sara:t ³ emdwknaMrdæaPi)al Lav
-PIlIB ³ raCbuRtesþceGs,a:j EdleKykeQµaHraCbuRtenaH dak;eQµaHRbeTsPIlIBIn
-PUmivgSviCit ³ ]bnayrdæmRnþILav
-ma:k;mILin ³ naykrdæmRnþGg;eKøs
I
-ma:lg;kUv ³ emdwknaMshPaBsUevot
-m:a sal; ³]tþmesnIy_shrdæGaemrik CardæelxaFikar RksYgkarbreTs Gaemrik Epnkarm:asal;
-mhatµHKn§I ³ emdwknaM NaÐ
-m:ak; GaFU ³ embBa¢akarT½BshrdæGaemrik enAPIlIBIn
-m:a kUs ³emdwknaMPIlIBIn
-em:A esgtug emdwknaMcin
-y:aLug GFiraCyYn ¬namedImegVonGaj; ¦
-rI ehÁn ³RbFanaFibtI shrdæGaemrik
-el nIn ³ emdwknaMclna kuMmµynIsþ enAr:suI emKNbkSbul esvic
u U
-lIv cavCI ³ RbFardæcin
-vilsþn qWQin ³ nayrdæmRnIþ Gg;eKøs
ú
-vielom ³ RBHecAcRkPBGg;eKøs
-vaMsg;GrU IyU:l ³ RBFanaFibtI)araMg
u
-sadat ³ emdwknaMeGhSIb ú
-esþcsa GFiraCcRkPBr:UsIu
-sþa lIn ³emdwknaM pþac;kar enAshPaBsUevot
-s‘UkaNU ³ RbFanaFibtI NaÐensIu
-supan;vgS ³ Gñkm©as;RbeTs Lav ¬emdwknaM eNvLavhk;sat ¦
-saevKILa ³ emdwknaMéf ¬RbtiPéf eFITsSHkic©enAkm<Ca ¦
U V ú
-suv em:ag ³ GñkGgÁm©as;Lav nigkøaCanaykrdæmRnþLav
I
-hVEW dlkaRsþÚ ³ emdwknaMclnarMedaHCati KuN)a ¬bc©úb,nñ CaRbFanaFibtI KuN)a ¦
-hgrIRTUm:an; ³ RbFanaFibtIshrdæGaemrik
-hUCmIj ³ ¬namedIm egVonGanFUk ¦ emdwknaM clnats‘rU MedaHCatiyYn
I
-eGEdn ³ naykrdæmRnþIGg;eKøs

-GIEu Kør ³ emdwknaMpasIs GaLWm:g;
u
-Gg;Ekl ¬Gg;Ekr ¦ ³ CaTsSnHviTU nig CamitþPkþi kal; ma: CnCatiGaLWm:g;
-G‘U’nU ³ Ükts‘PUma
U
-Gg;san ³ emdwknaM TamTar ÉkraCCYnPUma
-GUKUsþdg;DINU ³ emdwknaM enAnIkaraMKr½
Ú
-GUfan; ³ GKÀelxaFikar Gg§karshRbCaCati ¬CnCati PUma ¦
‘ Á
-Gg;sans‘CI ³ emdwknaM KNbkS sm<½n§ Cati edIm,I RbCaFibetyú .
U
2>Bnül;n½yénBakü ³
-RbvtþviTüa ³ CaviTüasüg; EdlsikSaBIerOgra:vBIGtItkal rbs;sgÁmmnusS CIvPaBrs;enArbs;mnusS
i
Edlmankalbriec©T nigTItaMgPUmisaRsþ c,as;las; .
eKHGac[niymn½yya:gxø)anfa RbvtþviTüaKWCaviTüasüg;EdlsikSaGMBIviTüasaRsþ .
I i
-RbvtþsaRsþ ³ CakMrgerOgravGtitkal rbs;sgÁmmnusS Edlmankalbriec©T nig TItaMgPUmisaRsþBitR)akd .
i
-sRgÁamRtCak; ³ CakarRbQmmuxdak;Kña rvagbøkelak xaglic EdlRbkan;yklTie§ srIniym.
ú
-Gg;karGUtg; ³ CaGgÁkarlT§sBaØa énmhasmuRTGataLg;Tc xageCIg EdlbegáIteLIg edIm,IkarBarTVbGWr:b
i i I u
nigRbqaMgnigkarrIkray énclnakMmµynIsþ .
uú
-GgÁkaresGatU ³ CaGkarén sn§isBaØaGasIGaeKñy_ EdlbegáteLIg edIm,IkarBarGasIGaeKñy_ RbqaMg .
u I u
-smahENkmµ ³ karrYmbBa¢lCamYy karRbmUl[enAeRKaykarcat;karEtmYy .
Ú
-GnuFn ³ vNÑHkNþal CavNñHEdlsßtenAeRkamvNñHmUlFn nig GFnvNñHenH KWBYmRnþIraCkarnig
i
BYkmnÞIRksYgnana .
-yueTabkrN_ ³ GnusBaØaEdlcuHhtþelxa rvagKYrbdibkç edIm,IbBaÇb;karRbyuT§mYyry caMsnþPaBCasßaBr
i
EdlRtUvykmkBIPakSaenAeBlbnaÞb;mk .
-ebVIluc ³ CaeQµaH)anmkBIkar bBa¢leQµaHbIRbeTsrYmKña EblsIc NWETLg; ¬hULg;¦nigRbeTslucsMbUr.
Ú u
-m:aRkUesdækic© ³ CaEpñkmYyénesdækic© EdlsikSaRsavRCavGMBIexOn esdækic© TaMgmUl vaBMusikSalMGt
i
dUcma:RkUesdækic© eT .
3>karbriec©TsMxan;²
-04 emsa 1949 ³ kMenItGgÁkarGUKg;
-08 kBaØa 1954 ³ shrdæGaemrik begáItGgákaresGatU
-1949 shrdæGaemrik GWr:ub tamryHEpnkarma:sal;

-1975 _1985 ³ PaBtan;twgrvag shrdæGaemrik nigshPasUevot
-1978 kic©RBmeRBog kMdavid rvageGhSInig GIuRsaEGl
ú
-1980 shrdæGaemriceFIVBhikarmincUlrYmRbkYt kñúgkILaGULaMBik enARkugm:UsáÚ
-1983 shrdæGaemriklukluyekaHRKINat enAkMrgekaHGg;TIrYcRbkas;KeM ragsRgÁampáay .
-1946 kMeNItsaFarNHrdæTI4 enA)araMg
-01 mifuna 1958sPaB)araMgpþl;GMnacdl;sal dWehaÁl
4>menaKmviC¢asgÁmniym
-1848 karRsayCasaFarNHénesckþI RbkasKNbkSkMmµynIsþ
uú
-tu la 1917 bdivtþsgÁmniymenAr:UsIu
-01 sIha 1914 sRgÁamelakelIkTI1 pÞÞúHeLIg
-23 kumÖH 1917 08 mIna TivaGnþrCati ¬TivanarI ¦
-tula 1957 shPaBsUevot begðaHsþtnic CaelIkdMbUg
ú
5>rdæRbCaFietyüRbCamanit
-01 tula 1949 elakem¶AesgTug RbkasbegátsaFaNHrdæRbCamanitcin
I
-14 kumÖH 1950 elakem:AesgTug cuHhtþelxaCamYysþalIn enAm:sáÚ edIm,Icgsm½n§PaB nig pþl;CnYj
U < M
-1950-1953 cM0aMgrvagkUer:cageCIg nigcagt,Úg
-27 kkáda 1953 kic©RBmeRBogsnþPaBenA)a:n;m:g Cum rvagkUer:TaMgBIr .
i u
-mina 1954 C½yCMnHrbs;evokmij elI)araMg enAsmPUmieDonebonPU
-20 kkáda 1954 evotNam EckCaBOr sT§siT§RkugsWENv sþIBIbBaðaenANÐÚcin
i
-30 emsa 1975 evotNamQñHshrdæGaemric rYbrYmKñaCaevotNamEtmYy
-1959 hVEW dlkaRsþÚ kan;GMnacenAKuN)a
-21 mina 1947 RbFanaFibetyüGaemrik hgrIRTum:an; RbkassT§Tb;sáat;clnakMmµynIsþ kMu[rIksay
i uú
-05 mifuna 1947 karRbkasEpnkar ma:sal;
-tula 1947 karbegátGgákar kUminhVg
I
-12 mifuna 1948 vibtûei nA eb‘LaMg
-14 mifuna 1955 ktþkarsBaØava:sUvI
i
-1958-1991 neya)aymhaelaepøaH rbs;bkSkMmuynIsþ cin
u
-1947 -1991 sm½ysRgÁamRtCak;

-1964 cin plitRKab;EbkbrmaNUCa elIkdMbUg
-mifuna 1991 karbBa©b;GgÁkarkUemkug
-01 kkáda 1991 karrMsay én ktþkarsBaØa va:sUvI
i
6>RbeTscin nigCb:uneRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTIBIr
-09 sIha 1945 T½BsUevot cUlPaBsan én RbeTscin
-shrdæGaemrik TMlab;RKab;EbkbrmaNU enARkugNakasaKI
-08 kBaØa 1948 T½Belakem:A esgTug TTYleCaKC½y enARkugsiny:g
-05 tula 1949 elak cagcayecokbegáItrdæcinCatiniym enAekaHétva:n;
-1958 bkSkMmµynIsþcin dwknaM RbeTstamKMrU sUevot
uú
-1968 bkSkMmµynIsþcin dwknaM RbeTs tamKMrUsUevot
uú
-1969 karb:HTgÁicKañrvagkgT½Bcin nigsUevot
-sIha 1945-1947 RbeTsCb:unsßteRkamkarRtUtRtarbs;shrdæGaemrik
i
-03 kBaØa 1946 karRbkasrdæFmµnuBaØ fµI rbs;Cb:un
-Cb:unkøayCardæRbCaFibetyü GaRs½ysPa
-08 sIha 1951 shrdæGaemrik Cb:ncuHhtþelxa elIsn§IsBaØa snþisux
u
7>karerIbMras;binImGaNaniKm
-1858-1951 NÐaensIu sßteRkamGaNaniKm Gg;eKøs
i
-1947 Gg;eKøsRbKl;ÉkraCü CYnNÐa
-1602 NÐÚensIu sßtenAeRkamGaNaniKm hULg;
i
-17 sIha 1945 elaks‘karNU RkkasÉkraCüCYn NÐÚeNsIu
U
-1949 NÐeÚ nsIu TTYl)anÉkraCüeBjelj
-sIha 1954 NÐÚensIu pþac;cMngmitþPaB BIshPaBhULg;
1880 PUmaFøab;eRkamGaNaniKmGg;eKøs
-1948 Gg;eKøs RbKl;ÉkraCüCYn PUma
-09 vic©ika 1953 RbeTs km<CaRbkasÉkraCü
ú
-20>21 kkáda 1954 snñisIT Rkug sENv sþIBIsn§iPaB enANÐcin
Ú
-18 mifuna 1953 karRbkasrbbsaFarNHrdæeGhSúb I
-vic©ika 1954 Gal;esrIRbyuT§beNþj GaNaniKm)araMgrhUtQñH rYcRbkasÉkraCü

-1952 RbeTslIb‘I TTYl)anÈkraCú
-1956 RbeTsTuyensIu ma:rukTTYl)anÉkraCü
-1954-1960 RbeTseenAGaRBicxaglic nigGaRBiceGkVaT½r TTYl)anÉkraCüCa bnþbnÞab;
-1958 RbeTskUnIv½r TTYl)anÉkraCü
-1958 RbeTsKIen TTYl)anÉkraCü
-1974 RbeTsKIenbIsav TTYl)anÉkraCü
-1975 RbeTsm:sMb‘ic TTYl)anÈkraCú
U
-1959 RbeTsKuN)a TTYl)anÉkraCü
-kkÔda 1979 bdivtûpûlrMlMrbbpûac;kar s‘Um:saenAnIkara:K½r
Ð U
-20 kkáda 1979 karbegátrdæRbCaFibetyü RbCamanit nIkara:K½r
I
8>GgÁkarshRbCaCati
-24 tula 1945 karbegátGgÁkarshRbCaCati
I
-11 qñÚ 1954 shrdæGaemrik sMrac[dak;TsñakkalelIRbeTsxøn ¬Rkugjúy;k ¦
I Ü ;
-30 tula 1943 mhaGMnacbI shrdæGaemrik sUevot Gg;eKøs
RbCMuKañedIm,IeRKagbegátGgÁkarGnþCatirkSasnþiPaB
I
-28 mkra 1949 RkumRBåkSasnþisux GgÁkarshRbCaCatiecjbBa¢eGayhULg;Qb;Gnþra
Kmn¾eyaFaelIekaHCaVnigedaHElgeQøIysåkNÐÚensIu
-30 emsa 1947 EkumRBåkSasnþisuxbBa¢nsMnMulixit eTAtulakarGnþrCati edaHRsayvivaTrvag
Ú
Gg;eKøs Gal;)ani
-15 mifuna 1962 tulakaGnþrCatikat;kþeI GayExµr QñHkþkñgerOgkþkþaMgsþBIR)asaTRBHvihar
Iú I I
EdlesomrMelaPeyakedalxusc,ab; enAqañM1954
-12 tula 1984 tulakarGnþrCatiedaHRsayvivaTrvagUSAnigkaNadaenAQUgsmuRTEm:n
-23 ]sPa 1993 kae)aHeqñatCasklEdlerobcMedayGgÁkashRbCaCatienAkm<Ca ú
-10 FñÚ 1948 eskþRI bkasCasklénsiT§ mnusS
-23 mifuna 1948 elaksûalInbBa¢T½BsUevoteGayhMB½T§ RkumEb‘kLaMg
-1950-1953 sRgÁamrvagkUer:xageCIgkUer:t,Úg
-15 tula 1950 shrdæGaemricelIkT½BcUlkUer:kñgnamCaGñkrkSasn þPaBrbs;GgÁkar shRbCaCati
ú i
9>sgÁmesdækic©éf

-sIha 1988 kaelIgkan;GMNacén]tþmesnIy¾qatéqQunhava:n;
÷karcab;epþImneya)ayeRkARbeTsfµrI bs;éf
-24-25 vicäka 1988 elakeRbmeFVITsSnkic©enARbeTsLav
i
10>sgÁmesdækic©evotNam
-939 evotNamRbkasÉkraCü
-1010-raCvgSlI¬evotNam¦
-1471-1697 kaGnuvtþneya)aybM)at;BUCsasn¾camBIsMNak;yYn
-1697 yYnyk)anTåkdIcamTaMgRsugcam)at;bg;TåkdI ekreQaµHelIBiPBelak
-1802-1820 rCäkalGFiraCya:Lg ú
-1859 )araMgelIkT½BlukluyevotNam¬kUsaMgsIn¦
u
-1885 evotNamsßteRkamGaNaniKm)araMg
i
-1920evotNamkøayCaRbeTsEdlnaMRsUvFMCageKenAGasIu
-09 mina 1945 Cb:un)aneFIblRbhardeNþImGMNacBI)araMenANÐÚcin
V
-]sPa 1941 karbegIátTB½ evotmij
-20 kkáda 1954 ÷ )araMRbKl;ÉkraCü CUnevotNam
÷RbeTsevotNaamEckCaBIKwevotNaxageCIg ¬kMmµynIsþ¦ evotNamxag
uú
t,Úg ¬esrI¦
-30 emsa 1975 evotNamTTYlC½yCMnHelIshedæGaemrik
÷karbRgYbbRRgYmevotNamEtmYy .
-emsa 1976 kardak;eQµaHevotNamCasaFarNrdæ sgÁmniymevotNam .
11>sgÁmesdækic©Lav
-1893 RbeTsLavFaøk;kñgGnaniKm)araMg
ú
-14 kBaØa 1945 RbeTsLavFøak;eRkamGNaniKm)araMg
-14 mIna 1946 T½BLav rMedaH)anextþ suvNÑextþ BI)araMg
-14 emsa 1946 T½BLav rMedaH)anextþpaekt nigevogc½nÞn_
-13 ]sPa 1946 T½BLav rMedaH)anextþ lYgRBH)ag nig TIRkug
-27 sIha 1946 )araMgeFIVkic©snüabeNþaHGasnñ[sVy½tLavkñgshPaB)araMg .
ú
-15 qñÚ 1946 kareRCIserIssmaCIksPafµI enALav

-11 ]sPa 1947 karbegáItrdæFmµnuBaØfµI enALav
÷LavkøayCaGaNacRkGaRs½yrdæFmµnuBaØ
-13 sIha 1950 karebIksmaC CatiRbCaCnLav
÷evotmij ecjBILav nig)araMgRbKl;ÉkraCü[Lav
-14 qñÚ 1955 RbeTsLavcUlCasmaCikun
÷RbeTskm<CacUlCasmaCikun
-18 kkáda 1977³ kic©RBmeRBogmitþPaB sþIBIbBaðaRBMEdn cin Lav .
-24kkÔda 1997 ³ LavcUlCasmaCikGas‘an
PUmacUlCasmaCikGas‘an
sgÁmesdækic© mIy:an; ma: ¬PUma¦
÷18 ]sPa 1989 ³ RbeTsPUma bþrÚ eQµaH CamIya:n;ma:.
÷24 mkra 1948 ³ Gg;eKøsRbKl;ÉkraCüeBjeljdl;PUma
mina 1962³ ]tþmesnIy_ envin eFVIrdæRbharTMlak;elak Gg;san
÷]sPa 1990³ kare)aHeqñattamlT§Ri bCaFibetyü ¬KNbkSsm<n§Cati edIm,IlT§i RbCaFibetyü¦
½
rbs;elakRsIGg;san sU‘CI mansMelgelIslub.
÷08 sIha 1988³ rdæaPi)aleRbIkMlaMgRbdab;GavuFXøaMemIlclnanisSit
÷22 sIha 1988³ nisSitRbmUlKñaeFV)atukmµRbqaMgrdæaPi)al
I
÷23 kkáda 1988³ emdwknaM envin cuHecjBIdMENg
÷18 kBaØa 1988³ BYkeyaFabegátrdæaPi)alfµmYy bnþBIelakenvin
I I
÷ 1991³ elakRsI Gg;san sUCI TTYl)anrgVan; NUEblsnþiPaB.
‘
sgÁmesdækic© PIlIBIn
- 1571³ BYkeGs,a:jdeNþIm)anRkug ma:nIl
- 1754-1759³ eTsaPi)aleGs,a:j )anbeNþjBYkcin EdlminEmnsasnaRKisþ ecjBI PIlIBIn
- 1762-1764 ³ Gg;eKøskan;kab;Rkug ma:nIl
- 1898-1942³ PIlIBIn sßteRkamGaNaniKmshrdæGaemric
i
- 1942-1946³Cbu:nrujRcan USArYcRtYtRtaPIlIBIn
- 1945-1946³ PIlIBInsßteRkamGaNaniKm USA mþgeTot
i
- -04 kkáda 1946³ PIlIBIn TTYl)anÉkraCübribUN_

13>eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 bBa©b;eTA BIPBelakRbQmmux
nigmenaKmviC¢aFM²bu:nµan? GVIxøH?
cM>BIPBelakRbQmmuxnwg menaKmn_vC¢a BIrsMxan;² KW ³
i
-menaKmviC¢esrI
-menaKmviC¢asgÁmniym¬kumµynIsþ¦
Mú
13>etIRbeTsNaxøH EdlelceFøaCageKenAkñúgmenaKmviC¢aTaMgBIrenH?
cM>RbeTselceFøaCageKkñgmenaKmn_viC¢esrIKW shrdæGaemric cRkPBGg;eKøs nig)araMg
ú
-RbeTselceFøaCageK kñgmenaKmn_viC¢asgÁmniym¬kumµynIs¦KWshPaBsUevot cin RbCamanit.
ú Mú
14>shrdæGaemricmankrNIkic©dUcemþc cMeBaHRbeTsenATVIbGWru:beRkay
sRgÁamelakelIkTI2?
cM>enAeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 shrdæGaemric )ankøayCamhaGMNacesdækic©ya:gsMxan;
elIBIPBelak.enAqñaM1949 shrdæGaemric)anpþl;CMnYyesdækic©dl;TVbGWru:btamEpnkar
I
ma:sal;edIm,IelIksÞÜyesdækic© énRbeTsenATVbGWrub[cakputBIPaBdundab
I :
EdlTVbGWrubeBIbRbTHkñgsRgÁamelak.
I : ú
15>GgÁkar GUtg;¬OTAN) mann½ydUcemþc?begáItenAqñaMNaedIm,IGVI?
cM>GgÁkar GUtg; mann½yfa GgÁkarsn§isBaØa énmhasmuRTGatøg;TikxageCIg
-begátenAéf¶TI 04emsa 1949
I
-edIm,IkarBar TVbGWrubRbqaMgnig karrIksayrbs;kumµynIsþ nigEsVgrkcMNgmitþPaBshRbtibtþikar
I : Mú
16>GgÁkar esGatU(SEATO) mann½ydUcemþc? begáItenAqñaMNa?edIm,IGVI?
cM>GgÁkaresGatU mann½yfa GgÁkarénsn§isBaØaGasuGaeKñy_
I
-begátenAqñaM 1954
I
-edIm,IkarBarGasuIGeKñy_Tb;Tl;nwkarraldalénclnakumµynIsþ
Mú
÷RbeTsEdlCaGñkbegátGgÁkar GUtg; nigGgÁkaresGatU KWshrdæGaemric.
I
17>kñúgkic©karBarmitþPaBrbs;xøÜn shrdæGaemric)anbegáIt[mansn§i sBaØaGVIxøH?
cM>shrdæGaemricbegát[mansn§isBaØa2 KW³
I
-sn§isBaØa énmhasmuRTGatøg;TkxageCIg ehAkat;GUtg;
i
-sn§isBaØa énGasuIGeKñy_ ehAkat; esGatU.

18>enAqñaM 1970 etIshrdæGaemrikCYbnUvbBaðaGVIxøH?
cM>shrdæGaemrikRbQmnig vibtþiCaeRcIndUcCa³
-bBaðaesdækic© ¬rkTIpSarlk;plitpl nigsBaVvuF¦
-bBaðaenATIRkug¬sgÁ¦ KW Xatkmµ qk;bøn; eBsüacar karejon yuvCn tamEbbhuBI-bBaðarbb
I
¬CMelaHkñgCYrGñkdwknaM bBaðanItikmµrvag RbFanaFibtInig sPa¦.
ú
19>KNbkSkargarniymGg;eKøs Edl)ankan;kab;rdæaPi)alBI qñaM 1945-1951
)aneFVIGVIxøH edIm,IelIksÞÜyesdækic©[cakputBIsßanPaB dundab?
cM>edIm,IelIksÞyesdækic©[cakputBIPaBdundab KNbkSkargarniymGg;eKøs Edlkan;rdæaPi)alBIqñaM 1945-
Ü
1951 )ancat;vFankardUcteTA³
i
-erobcMexOn]sSahkmµ sMrab;naMplitpleTAeRkARbeTs nignaMcUl mkvijnUves,ogGahar
nig vtßFatuedImEdlcaM)ac;
ú
-EkTMrg;esdækic©Cati]sSahkmµFn;F¶n; føvrfePøg
Ú I
-GPivDÆn¾Epñkksikmµ
-karbBa©úHtMélR)ak;lIv )aneFIVeGaykarnaMecjplitpleTAeRkARbeTsmansPaBya:gxaøgkøa
M
viFankarenH hucplya:gRbesIr ehIyenAqañM1950edaysrviFankart,itet,oteFIVeGay
esdækic©mandMenIrRsY;leLIgvij .
20>KNbkSGPirkSniym EdlbnþrBIbkSkargarniym)ancat;viFankarfµI
GIVxøHxagesdækic©?
KNbkSGPirkSniymkan;knbrdæaPi)alBIqañ1951-1964 )ancat;viFankarfIµ xagesdækic©
M
dUcteTA
-dak;Rkumh‘nCatixagsøEdk nig kardÖknaMtampøvfÜl;[ÈkCnkan;kab;
u Ð
-ebIkesrIPaBya:geRcInxagesdækic©
21>cUlniyayBIcMnucl¥ énneya)ayeRkARbeT¬neya)ayGaNaniKm¦
rbs;GgÁeKøsnaeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTIII?
-cMeBaHneya)ayGaNaniKmn¾KwcRkPBGgÁeKøs)anbn§ÚbnßyRbeTskñgGaNaniKmn¾rbs;xøÜn
ú
eGayTTYl)anÉkraCaünig GFibetyüPaBEdndIrbs;eKedayBMeRbIR)as;kMlaMgTB½eRcIn nig
BMubgáeGaymankarbgðrÚ QamdUcCaenARbeTsNÐa nigeGhSIbCaedIm.
ú

22>saFarNrdæTIII etIesdækic©)araMgcab;bdisn§ienAqañMNa?
-enAqañM1946
23>eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTIIIetIesdækic©)araMgCYbnUvsaßnPaBdUcemþc?
eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTIIIesdækic©)araMg_AnFøakdundabya:gxaøgdUcCa³
M
-plitpl]sSahkmµnigksikmµmankarfycuHEdleFIVeGayrdæaPi)alnaMplitplcUlsn§åk
sn§ab; CaehtunaMeGayman]inPaBfvikarCati rhUteFIeV GayrdæaPi)alx©IR)ak;breTsbEnßm
eTot.
-)araMgTTYlykCMnyYBIshrdæGaemrictamry³Epnkarma:sal;
-enAqañM1951 RbeTs)araMg)anCYbnUvbBaðaFM²CaeRcIneTotdUcCabBaðaplitplelIs
bBaðaxVHR)ak;dulaøcab;bIeBlGs;CMnYyma:sal;nigbBaða»nPaBfvika
Cati.
edaybBaaðxagelI)aneFVIeGayrdæaPi)al)araMgcat;vFankarTb;sáat; ehIyenAqañM1956
i
saßnPaBRbeTs)araMgcab;RbesIreLIgvij.
24>eRkayqañM 1951 esdækic©)araMg)anCYbbBaðaGIVxøH?
enAqañM1951esdækic©)araM)anCYbnUvbBaaðCaeRcIndUcCa
-bBaðaksikmµelIs ¬RsÚvsalI RsaTMBaMg)ayCU dMbUg ¦
i
-bBaðaxVHR)ak;duløa KWeRkayeBlGs;CMnYyma:sal;
-bBaða»nPaBfvikaCati bNþalBIkarcMnayxagebsskkmµT½BÉnaysmuRTeRcIneBk
-bBaðaTaMgbIenHRtUvFURsaleLIgvijenAqñaM1956 .
25>enAeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 rdæaPi)al)araMg)aneFIVkMEnrTMrg;kñúg
vis½yesdækic©GIVb¤eT edIm,IelIksÞÜyesdækic©[cakputBIPaBdundab?
cM>eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTIBIrrdæaPi)al)araMg)aneFIVkMEnTMrg;sMxan;²xøHedIm,IelIksÞyesdækic©[cakputBIPaBdun
Ü
dabBIessBIqñaM 1945-1947 .
-edæaPi)al)ansþaresdækic©eLIgvij edayeFIVCatYnIykmµ¬eragcRkFM² FnaKar GNþgFüÚgfµ
Ú
-rdæaPi)al)anbegátRbB½n§epSg² sMrab;karkarBarsnþisuxsgÁm .
I
26>ehtuGIV)anCasßanPaBTUeTA énesdækic©)araMgcab;epþIml¥ eLIgvij
eRkayRbeTsGg;eKøs ?
cM>)anCasßanPaBTUrTAénesdækic©)araMg cab;epþImRKan;ebIeLIgvijeRkayRbeTsGg;eKøs enaHeRBaH ³

-enAqñaM1951 PaBminsßtesß énKNrdæmRnþ)araMg eFIV[BMumankMEnTMrg;fµ²eToteLIy
i I I
ehIyRbeTs)araMg)anCYbBaðad¾FMCaeRcIn
-karlM)akxagneya)ayeRkARbeTs EdlCa]bs½KÁdl;dMeNIrvivtþ énesdækic©)araMg dUcCasRgÁamenANÐÚcin
enAGal;esrIenA ma:ruk TuyensIu EdleFIV[)araMgcMNayR)ak;ya:gsn§wksn§ab;.
27>etIRbeTsNaxøH EdlFøak;enAeRkamGaNaniKmn_Gg;eKøs
nigeRkamGaNaniKmn_)araMg?
cM>k>RbeTsEdlFøak;enAeRkamGaNaniKmn_Gg;eKøsman ³
-TVbGasIu ³ manRbeTsNÐa PUma mIya:ma: ma:LayU ma:eLsIu sigðburI cin PaKxøH hugkug suIb Gadin
I
Gab;háanIsßan
-TVbGaemric ³manRbeTskaNada Kuyya:n
I
-TIbGaRBIc ³manRbeTseGhSIúb nIesrüa: GaRBic xagekIt GaRBiccagt,Úg
V
-TIbGUesGanI ³manRbeTsesLg;fµI nUEvesLg; GURsßalI
V
-TIbGWr:uib ³manRbeTs eGoLg;
V
x>RbeTsEdlFøak;enAeRkamGaNanikmn_)araMgKW ³
-TIbGaRBic ³manRbeTsGal;esrI TuynIsIma:ruk GaRBicxaglic sUdg; kUtDIv½r dahuem . GaRbickVaT½r ma:dakarsþa
V u
-TIbGUesGanI ³ manRbeTs nUEvlkareldUnI
V
-TIbGaemrik ³manRbeTs Kuyya:nma:Tinik kadilub
V
-TIbGasIu ³manRbeTs evotNam Lav km<Ca .
V ú
dUcenñH GaNaniKmn_Gg;eKøsFMCagGaNaniKmn_)araMg .
28>munnigbþÚreQµaHmksUevot etIRbeTsenaHmaneQµaHGIV ? Rbkan;rbbGIV?
cM>munnigbþÚreQµaHmksUevotRbeTsenaHmaneQµaHfa cRkPBr:sIu
U
-Rbkan;rbraCaniympþac;kar
29>shPaBsUevotcab;kMeNItenAqñaMNa ? dwknaMedayGñkNa ?
-shPaBsUevotcab;kMeNItenAqñaM 1922
-dwknaMedayelak elnIn .
30>sUevotmann½ydUcemþc ?
cM> sUevotmann½yfa CardæGMnacrbs;kmµk nig ksikr .

31>eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2etIbBaðaFM²
EdlshPaBsUevotRtUvedaHRsaymanGIVxøH ?
cM>eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 bBaðaFM² EdlshPaBsUevotRtUvedaHRsayman Epnkarsþaresdækic©
nigsþarkarxUcxat edaysRgÁam.
32>viFankarrbs;rdæaPi)alsþalIn kñúgvis½yksikmµ nig]sSahkmµmanGIVxøH ?
cM>viFankarrbs;rdæaPi)alsþalIn kñúgvis½yksikmµ nig]sSahkmµmandUcteTA ³
-eFIVkic©karFM²tamneya)ayTwk nigkñgkarerobcMdIsMrab;daMdMnaM
ú
-eFIV[mankarrIkcMerInxag]sSahkmµBiess]sSahkmµFn;F¶n; nig ]sSahkmµCamUldæan
edIm,IkarrIkcMerInénvis½yepSg²eTot .
33>etIrbbshPaBsUevoteRkayelaksþalI manlkçNHya:gNaxøH ?
-rbbRKb;RKgshPaBsUevot eRkayelaksþalIn manlkçNHdUcteTA ³
-kartwgrwugxøHenAkñúgRbeTs RtU)anbn§ÚbnßyedayBRgwgplitkmµ eRKOg]bePaKbriePaK EdleFIV[
RbCaraRsþrs;enAkan;EtRbesIreLIg .
-karebIkRBMEdn[bs©imRbeTscUlTsSnashPaBsaFarNHrdæsgÁmnimysUevot
-xageRkARbeTs shPaBsUevot)anbn§Úbnßyriyabfkñgneya)aykarbreTs .
ú
34>etITMrg;TUeTAénrdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanitmanlkçNHdUcemþc ?
-TMrg;TUeTAénrdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanitmanlkçNHdUcteTA ³
-manKNbkSneya)ayEtmYyCaGñkdwknaM KWKNbkSkMumµynIsþtamlT§ma:elnInniym
ú i
-sgÁmKañnvNÑH vNÑHGFn
-rbbesdækic©sgÁmniy KñankmµsiT§ÉkCn KWrdækan;kab;kic©karTaMgLayedayRbtibtþtam
i i
EpnkarEdlerobcMeLIg edIm,IRbeyaCn_rYm nigtMrUveTAtamesckþRI tUvkae rbs;Cati .
35>rdæTaMgLay énbøúkxagekIt ¬rdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanit ¦
)anerobcMeGaymanRbB½n§GIVxøH ?
rdæTaMgLay énbøkxagekIt )anbegáteGaymanRbB½n§shRbtibtþikarCaeRcIndUcCa ³
ú I
-RbB½n§shRbtibtþkarxagneya)ay PUminhVm begáItqñaM 1947
i
-RbB½n§shRbCaFibetyüxagesdækic© kUemkug begáItenAqñaM 1948
-RbB½n§shRbtibtþkarxagneya)ay bkSva:sUvI begátqñaM 1955 .
i I

36>kUminhVm CaGIV ?begáIteLIgenAqñaMNa ? manRbeyaCn_NaxøHCasmaCik ?
cM>kUminhVm KWCakarl½yneya)aymYy)anbegÔIteLIgedIm,IeFITMnak;TMngBt’manrvagKNbkSkMumµynIsûenA
V ù
GWr:bTaMgmUl .
u
-kUminhVm begáIteLIgkñgqñaM 1947
ú
-RbeTsCasmaCikman b:ULÚj yUehÁasøavI r:ma:nI hugRKI GIutalI nig)araMg .
U
37>saFarNHrdæRbCamanitcin RbkaseLIgenAéf¶ Ex qñaMNa? dwknaMedayGñkNa
?
-RbkasbegátenAéf¶TI 01 tula 1949
I
-dwknaMedayelak em:AesgTug
38>eRkaysRgÁamelakelITIBIr bB©ab; etIRbeTsenAGWr:ubxagekItNaxøH
EdlRbkan;yklT§ikMumµúynIsþ ?
enAGWr:bxagekItRbeTsEdlRbkan;yklT§kMmµynIsþ eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 enaHKW ³
u iuú
-RbeTs b:U:LÐj eqkUsøÐva:KI GaLWm:g;xagekIt hugRKIb‘lkarI r:ma:nI yUehÀasûavI Gal;)anI.
u U
39>RbeTskUer:EckCaBIenAqñaMNa? tamryHGIV ?
-RbeTskUer:EckCaBIrenAEx kumÖH 1945
-tamryHsn§isiTRkug ya:l;ta .
40>sRgÁamrvagkUer:TaMgBIrekIteLIgkñúgqñaMNa? bB©ab;kñúgqñaMNa ? tamryHGIV ?
cM>sRgÁamrvagkUer:pÞHeLIgcab;BIéf¶TI 15 mifuna 1950 dl; 27 kkáda 1953
ú
-bB©ab;tamryHkic©RBmeRBogsnþPaBenA)a:n;mn Cum .
i u:
41>RbeTsevotNamEckecjCaBIrkñúgqñaMNa? tamryHGIV ?
-RbeTsevotNamEckecjCaBIrenAéf¶TI 20 kkáda 1954
-tamryHsn§isBaØaRkug sWENv.
42>ktþaNaxøHEdleFIV[mhaGMnacxaglic nigxagekItRbQmmuxdak;Kña?
cM>ktþaEdleFIV[bøúkTaMgBIrRbQmmuxdak;Kañ KW ³
-bBaðalT§i KWlT§mUlFnniym nigsgÁmniym
i
-bBaðarbbneya)ay KW RbCaFibetyüBhubkS nigrbbkMmµynIsþ EdlmanKNbkSneya)ayEtmYy .
uú
43>enAelIBIPBelakmanbkSsm<½n§eyaFasMxan;²b:unµan ?

cM>enAelIBIPBelakmanbkSsm<n§eyaFarKW bkSGUtg;nigbkSva:sUvI .
½
44>RbeTsNaxøHEdlCasmaCik énbkS GUtg; ?
RbeTsEdlCasmaCikénbkSGUtg; man Gg;eKøs GaLWm:g;xaglic )araMg ebeNluc daNWma:k b:Tyháal;
u
kaNada Rkic TUKI shrdæGaemric GIsøg; eGs,a:j GIutalI .
u
45>ehtuGIV)anCamankar begáItktþikasBaØava:sUvI ?
eRkayBIshrdæGaemricbegátGgákarGUtg; shPaBsUevotk¾bMBak;GavuFTMenIb²dl; GWr:bxagekIt
I u
b:uEnþenAqñaM1954 GUtg;)anbBa©ÚlRbeTsGaLWm:gxaglic CasmaCik ehIyebIkéd[GaLWm:gxaglic
plitGavuFeLIgvij .
bBaðaenH)aneFIV[bNþalRbeTsenAGWr:b xagekItEdlFøab;rgeRKaHedaysarGaLWm:g; bgçcitþbgáItkasBaØava:sUvI
u M
eLIg .
46>ktþikava:sUvI egáIteLIgenAqñaMNa ?edIm,I ? manRbeTsNaCasmaCik ?
-begátenAéf¶TI 14 mifuna 1955 enARkugva:sUvI
I
-edIm,IkarBarRbeTsGWr:bxagekIt ¬kMmµynIsþ ¦nigsMxan; RbqaMgTb;Tl;GgÁkarGUtg;
u uú
-RbeTsCasmaCiman Gal;)anI b‘ulkarI r:Uma:nI hugRKI bULÐj eqkUsøÐva:KI shPaBsUevot .
:
47>bBaðaNaxøHEdleFIV[cin nig sUevotmanCMelaHCamYynigKña ?
cM>bBaðaEdleFIV[cin nigsUevotmanCMelaHnigKañenaH KåbBaðamenaKmviC¢a nigbBaðaEdndI .
48>cUrerobrab;BIkarRbkYtRbECgKñarvagRbeTscin nig sUevotenAelIkm<úCa ?
cM>edaybBaðamenaKmviC¢a nigbBaðaEdldIcinnigsUevot)anRbQmmuxdak;Kñayq:gxøaMg .cin nigsUevot
)anRbNaMgRbEcgKña kñgkarpSBVpSaymenaKmviCa¢ eTAtamRbeTsttIyelak
ú
edIm,ITak;TajRbeTsmYycMnYnenAGasIu nigGaRBic CarNb. bBaðaenaHcin nigsUevot
)anlUkédcUlkñúgépÞneya)ay enARbeTskm<Caeday ³
ú
-rdæaPi)alsUevot)anKaMRTevotNam[elIkT½B cUllukluyRbeTskm<úCa
bBaðaenaHeFIV[rd×aPi)alcinRBYy)armÍya:gxøaMg ehIycin)anecaTsUevotfa manbMNgh‘MB½T§RbeTscin
u
tamryHkardak;BRgayT½B . kñúg»kaseBlEdlT½BevotNam EdlKaMRTedaysUevot kMBuglukluykm<Ca ú
cink¾minrujrakñgkarbBa©ÜnT½Bpþl;emerondl;evotNamEdledIm,I[evotNamdkT½BxønecjBIRbeTskm<Ca.
ú Ü ú
-enAeBlEdlsUevot nigevotNamRtYtRtakm<Ca edayykrdðaPi)alPñMeBjeFICaGay:g cink¾)anpþl;CMnYy
ú V
eyaFa nighirBaÏvtûù dl;clnats‘rU bs;ExµrTaMgbI Rkum EdlmanCMrMeu nAtamRBM EdnExµrÙf
edIm,IRbqaMgrdæaPi)alRkugPñMeBj nig kgT½BevotNam .

bBaðaelIkenHeFI[mansRgÁamsIvil enARbeTskm<Ca CarhUtdl;TMnakTMngcin nigsUevot
V u ú
manPaBFURsaleLIgvij eTIbBYkeKeFIVkarcrcaredIm,I bBa©blCMelaHenAkm<Ca .
ú
49>cUrniyayGMBIkarpøas;bþÚrrbbneya)ayenAGWr:ubxagekIt eRkayBImankMEnTMrg;
ebIerRsÞÜyka ?
eRkayBImankMEnTMrg;eb:erRsÞykaqñaM 1985 s<anPaBneya)ayenAsUevot nig GWr:bxagekItmankarPøas;bþrÚ
Ü u
dUcGgákarkUemkugRtUv)anbB©ab; ¬mifuna 1991 ¦
-ktþkasBaØava:sUvI RtUvsayecal ¬01 kkáda 1991 ¦
i
-rbbTIpSaresrI)ancUlmCMnYs lT§ipþac;karkMmµynIsþ nigrbbsmUhPaenAsUevot nigGWr:bxagekIt
uú u
-RbeTsbItammat;smuRTRbkas;ÉkraCü ¬1991¦
dUcenñHkMEnTMrg; eb:erRsÞyka GWr:ubxagekItmankarpøas;bþrÚ rbbneya)ayTaMgRsug ehIyRbeTselakxaglic
Ü
k¾cUleTAvinieyaKTunEdr .

1>RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuRTgRbsURtenAéf¶TI31 tula 1922 enAraCFanIPñMeBj .
2>qñaM1930-1940 RTg;)ancUleTARbkbkarsikSaenAsalabzmsikSa RhVgsWbUDUv:an;
.
3>RTg;)anbnþkarsikSaenAviTüal½y)araMgeQµaH sasWlUl)a éRBnKr .
4>RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu )aneLIgRKgraCBIrdg elIkTImYy éf¶TI24 emsa 1941
elIkTIBIr éf¶TI29 kBaØa 1993 .
5>1946-1948 RTg;bnþkarsikSaenAsalaCan;x<s;GnuvtþT½BesH nigkgrfBasEdk
enAsUenor RbeTs)araMg .
6>éf¶TI 3 mina 1945 RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuRTg;)andak;raC fVayRBHbitasUraRmwt .
7>enAqñaM1995 RTg;)anbegáInKNbkSeQµaHfa KNbkSsgÁmniym .
8>karbriec©tCati ³
-1620-1863 sm½y]tþg . ú
-1620 mankartaMgraCFanIenARkug]tþúgExµr manTMnak;TMngCamYyyYn .
-1620-1775 dMnak;kalTImYyénsm½y]tþg . ú

-1775-1860 dMnak;kalTI2énsm½y]tþg. ú
-1854-RBHGgÀDYgesayraCú TUtExµreTATMnak;TMngnÖgkugs‘y)araMgenAsigÛburI
u
-1860-)arMgcUlRtYtRtaelIyYnedaytaMgmUldaænenAéRBnKr
-1861-RBH)atneratþmePosxøYÜneTA)agkkedaynaMykbBa©kkuFPNÐ
-1862-RBHraCaExµrTTYlTsSnkic©rbs;elakÉktþmnavabUNa
-1862-esomnaMRBHneratþmmkRsukExµrvij
-1963-sn§isBaaØ)araMgExµr
-1963-RBH(atneratþm[extþeBaFisat;nigkMBg;saVyeTAesom
-1 qñÚ 1963 sn§isBØaaExµresom
-mina 1864 sn§sBaØaepJIrRtLb;BIRkug)arIs
i
-3 mifuna 1964 RBH)aTneratþmraCaPieskenARkug]tþgeday)araMg .
-07 867 sn§isBaØa)araMgesom
-1867 RBHneratþmyagecjBIRkug]tþg mkP>B
-1877 erobcMc,ab;TMlab;kñgRbeTs
ú
-17 06 1884 sn§isBaØafµmYyrvag)araMgExµr km<úCaeRkameTA)araMgTaMgRsug
I
-1886-1887 kare)aHeqñatRbqaMgnig)araMg
-9 11 1953 ÉkraCüBI)araMgrbs;km<Ca ú
-31 10 1922 RBHneratþmsIhnuRbsURt
-23 04 1941 RBHneratþm esayraCü
-28 10 1941 RBHneratþmsIhnu erobGPiesk
-06 05 1947 RbTanrdæFmnuBaØelIkTImy Y
-09 03 1945 Cb:uncUlRsuk ehIycab;)araMg RBmTaMgfaVÉkraCmkExµrvij .
-09 1945 Cb:uncajsRgÁam dUcenñHRtUecjBIk>C .
-07 01 1946 )araMgRtLb;mkkan;kab;vijehIy eFIVGnusBaØa)araMgExµrmYyeTot
-12 1947 esomRbKl;extþ)at;dMbg; nigesomrab[mkExµrvij
-21 05 1949 )araMgPa¢b;k>CeRkay[yYn
-1949 sn§sBaØa)aramgExµrbEnþmelI GnusBaØa1946
i
-1949 BYkeyokmIjcUltaMgmUldæanB½nenA)at;dMbg

-1949 )araMgRbKl;sV½yPaBeyaFafVaysemþcsIhnu extþesomrab kMBg;cam .
-06 1952 semþcsIhnusnüaCamYyraRsþfa nigTamTarÉkraCü[)an
-11 04 1953 semþcsIhnueTAkaNada Gaemric
-23 10 1953 karcrcasþIGMBIÉkraCüRbeTskm<Ca enA)arIs
ú
-05 1953 EkERblkçnkHxøH²énkm<úCa
þi
-11 1953 km<Ca)aÉkraCüTaMgRsug
ú
-17 11 1953 edjBYkeyokmij Gs;BeI xtþ)at;dMbg
-04 1954 BYkeyokmijcUlmktaMgenAextþsÞgERtg nigRkecH
w
-21 kkáda 1954 T½BeyokmijdkGs;BIkm<úCa
-1954BRgwgkMBgEpPñMeBj
-24 03 1955 k>C cUlCasmaCikeBjsiT§i rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati
-17 06 1884 k>C sßitenAeRkamGaNaniKmTaMgRsug
-07 1954snñsiT§RkugsWENlv
i
-03 03 1955 semþcsIhnudak;raCüfaVybita
-1956 semþccuHhtþelxaelIrdæFmµnuBaØ mincUlbkSsm<n§ ½
-1960 RBHsUraRmwtesayTIvgÁt sIhnueFICaRbmuxrdæ
V
-1964 snñsiT§eTARkug EblRkad yUhÁÚsøavI
i
-18 03 1970 esnaRbmuxlunNuleFIrV dæRbharTMlak;semþcsIhnu
-1958 ksagpøvCatielx 34 BIPeñM Bj eTARkugRBHsIhnu 226K>m
Ú
-1958 ebI[eRbICapøvkarenAGakasyandæaneBaFicintug
Ú
-1959 ksagGakasyandæan GnþrCatiesomrab
-1960 eFIpøvrfePøgBI PñeM Bj RkugRBHsIhnu 270 K>m nigksags<an;eRcaycgVa
VÚ I
-13 01 1960 begáItsklviTüal½y PñMµeBj
-1961 Pa¢b;ExSTUrs½BPñMeBj tUküÚ GUsakar san;RhaVg a)assMGatGMeBIBukrlYy
Þ
-22 03 1970 sIhnuRtUvEtgtaMgCaRbFancrnats‘EU xµr
-04 1970 ebIsnñsiT§kMBUlRbCaCnNÐcin
i Ú

-17 04 1975 rdæk>C RbCaFibetyübegáteLIg
I
-1982 -1990 RBHGgÁRbFanclnaCati k>C SNC
-24 06 1991 Rbkas;Qb;)aj;RKb;TIkEnøg nig KañneBlkMnt;enAkm<Ca
ú
-23 10 1991 kic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaB Rkug)arIs
-14 11 1991 RBHGgÁyagnivtþn_mkTIRkugPñMeBj

50>etIbBaðaGIVxøH EdlrdæaPi)alBMuTan;edaHRsayrYccenøaHqñaM1949-1990?
ehIybBaðaenH etIbBaðaNaRtUvedaHRsayrYceRkayqñaM 1960?
k>bBaðaEdlrdæaPi)alcin BMuTan;edaHRsayrYccenaHqñaM 1949-1960KW
-bBaðaCUrCasmaCIk énGgákarshRbCaCati
-bBaðaekaHétva:n; Edlkan;kab;efayrsæaPi)alxin Catiniym .
x>bBaðaBIrxagelIenH rdæaPi)alcin edaHRsayrYc EtmYy b:ueNÑaH KWbBaðacUrCasmaCikGgákarshRbCaCati
¬1972 ¦.
51>eRkaysRgÁamelakelITIBIr Pøam etIRbeTsCb:unsßit
enAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;RbeTsNa ?
cM>eRkaysRgÁamelakelITIBIrPøamRbeTsCb:unsßtkñgeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kg;T½BGaemrikkaMg ¬1945-1047
i ú
¦.
52>kñúgryHeBlénkarRtYtRtaRbeTsCb:un
etIshrdæGaemrik)anCYyelIksÞÜyRbeTsCb:unEdlb¤eT ? eRBaHGIV ?
cM>kñgryHénkarRtYtRtaCb:un¬1945-1947 ¦sgedæGaemrikBMu)anelIksÞyRbeTsCb:un
ú Ü
[rYccakputBIPaBdundabeLIy
ehIyEbCashrdæGaemrikruHerIeragcRkEdlenAesssl;BIsRgÁammin[edIreTAeTotpgeRBaH
shrdæGaemrikcg;Tuk[esdækic©RbeTsCb:unenAkñúgsPaBTn;exSay edIm,I[Cb:unBRgwgkMlaMgeyaFarbs;xøÜn .
53>ehtuGIV)anCacab;BIqñaM 1947 shedæGaemrikxitxMCYyesdækic©Cb:un [rIkcMerIn ?
cM>cab;BIqñaM 1947kmshrdæGaemrik )anxitxMCyesdækic©Cb:un[rIkcMerIneLigvijeRBaH
Y
shrdæGaemrikmanbMNgTb;Tl;nigkarraldal énrbbkMmµynIsþenAcinnigsRgÁamRtCak;
uú
RBmTaMgTb;sáat;k[Cb:ungakrkkMmµynIsþ .
Mu uú

54>eRkayBITTYl)anÉkraCü etIRbeTscinEckCab:unñan ?GIVxøH ?
cM>eRkayBITTYl)anÉkraCü RbeTscinEckCaBIr KW ³
-saFarNrdæRbCamanitcin ¬01 tula 1949 ¦dwknaMedayem:AesgTug
-rdæcinCatiniym¬étva:n;¦¬15 tula 1949¦dwknaMedayelakcag xayecok .
55>bkSkMumµúynIsþcin dwknaMGPiDÆn_RbeTstamKMrURbeTsNa?
cM>tamKMrUshPaBsUevot .
56>cUrniyayBIkarTajykplRbeyaCn_KñaeTAmkvagcin nigshrdæGaemrik.
cM>shrdæGaemriknigcin)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIKñaerog²xøneday ³
Ü
-sMrab;cin³shrdæGaemrikCaRbPBvinieyaKTunnigCaRbPB bec©kviTüaya:gsMxan;sMrab;cin
-shrdæGaemrik ³ RbeTscinCaTIpSardl;FMmYy enAkñúgBIPBelaksMrab;shrdæGaemrik nastvtSTI 21 .
57>buBVehtuNaxøH EdleFIV[manCncMnakRsukcin ? CncMnakRsukcinTaMgenH
eTArs;enATINa ? eK)anpþl;RbeyaCn_GIVxøH?
cM>cMnakRsukRbCaCncin ÉnaysmuRT ekImaneLIgCayUNas;mkehIy ehIyekIneLIgx<s; énstvtSTI19
edaymanRCaCnRbmaN30lannak;elIBIPBelak .
k>cMNakRsUkTaMgenHbNþalmkBI
-kaKñandIsl;TMenr ÉRbCaCnekInya:gqab;rh½s
-cM)aMgraMgCl; TUrÖkS ecarkmµ vibtþiepSg²
i
-karbMbiTsiTi§esrIPaB
-RbeTscinRbkan;rbbraCaFibetyü pþac;kar
-edIm,IEsVgrkesrIPaB
-enABak;kNþalstvtSTI19 BYkbs©wmRbeTsbgársRgÁamQøanBancin .
x>CncMNakRsukCaticin)aneTAtaMgTIlMenABaseBj EfmTamgcakecjBIsgÁmCati dUcCa
GalWm:g;¬1933¦Cb:un ¬1933¦ GIutalI ¬1937¦sUevot ¬1939¦.
ducenñHGgákarshRbCaCatimancMnucxøaMgCagsgÁmRbCaCati nigGnuvtþkargarmanRbsiT§PaBCagsgÁmRbCaCati .
i
58>GgÁkarshRbCaCatimansßab½nFM²b:unañn ?
sßab½nNaxøHEdlmantYnaTIsMxan;CageK ?
cM>GgÁkarshRbCaCatimansßab½nFM²cMnYn6 KW ³

k>mhasnñi)at ³ eFIeV LIgkñgmYyqñaMmþg edaymansmaCikTaMgGs;cUrrYm edIm,IedaHRsay Gnum½t
ú
nigBiPaKSaelIbBaðarYm .
x>RkmmRBwkSasnþisux ³ mansmaCik11 RbeTsKWsmaCikGciéRnþy_5 dMnagmhaGMnacTaMg5 ¬shrdæGaemrik
sUevot Gg;eøKøs )araMg cin ¦nibsmaCikminGciéRnþy_6 .enAqñaM2000 RkumRBwkSaenH mansmaCikcMnYn15RbrTs
.
RkumRbwkSasnþisux manParkic©rkSasnþiPaB CYnBIPBelak tamryHkMlaMgT½B ¬T½BmYkexov¦.
K>tulakarGnþrCati ³ manTIsñakkarenATIRkugLaeG manParHedaHRsayvivaTGþrCati EdlekItmanelIgdUcCa
krNICMelaHEdndI EdnTwk BANICkmµ nig]RkidæCnsRgÁam .
¢
X>GKÁelxaFikardæan ³ TTYlbnÞúkEpñkrdæaPi)al r)aykarN_eFVsMerc nUvesckþIsMercrbs;
I
mhasnñi)atrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati.GKÁelxaFikardæan manGaNtiRþ )aM.
g-RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁm ³ manPar³CYyRbeTsTn;exSayTaMgLayxagesdækic© nigsgÁm
GgÁkarenHmanKN³kmµkarCYykargarCaeRcIndUcCa
-KN³kmµkaresdækic©CnbT -KN³kmµkarbec©keTs
c-RkumRbwkSaPi)al ³TTYlbnÞúkRKb;RKg nigCYyRKb;RKgEpñkrdæaPi)alelIRbeTsTaMgLayCa GtItGaNaniKm
GItalI Cb:un GaLWm:g; edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkÉkraCüPaB.
u
sßab½nEedlmantYnaTIcMbgCageKman 3KW
-GKÁelxaFikardæan
-RkumRbwkSasnþisux
-mhasnñi)at
59>taMgBIqñaM 1945 rhUtqñaM2001 etIGgÁkarshRbCaCati
manGgÁelxab:unµanehIy?cUrrab;edaybBa¢ak;BIGNtþi nigCnCati?
cM>taMgBIqñaM1945 dl;qñaM2001 enHGgÁkarshRbCaCatimanGKÁelxaFikardæancMnYn7rUbKW ³
1>RTIv lI¬1946-1952¦CnCati N½rEvs
2>dak;haMma:sUl ¬1953-1961¦CnCatis‘uyEGt
3>G‘fan;¬1961-1971¦CnCatiPma
U U
4>eKokvalEhm¬1962-1981¦CnCatiGURTIs
5>savIeyeb:erdWKueGLa¬1982-1991¦CnCatieb:rU
6>b‘URtU b‘RU tUkalI¬1992-1997¦CnCatieGsSIb
ú

7>kUhVGaNan;¬1997bc©úb,nñ¦CnCatikaNa
I
60>etIGgÁkarshRbCaCatiFøab;edaHRsaybBaðaGVIxøHenAkm<úCa?
cM>GgÁkarshRbCaCatiFøab;)anedaHRsaybBaðaBIrFM²rbs;RbeTskm<Ca dUcCabBaðakþkþaMg R)asaTRBHvihar
ú I
nigbBaðaCMelaHenAkm<Ca.
ú
k-bBaðakþI TwkdIR)asaTRBHvihar ³
TwkdI nigR)asaTRBHviharRtUvesomrMelaPykedayxusc,ab;taMgBIqñaM1954.bBaðaenHkm<Ca ú
)andak;BakúbNûgeTAtulakarGnûrCatienARkugLaeG edIm,IrkyutûFm’.enAéf¶TI 15mifuna
; w i
1962tulakarRkugLaeG)ankat;k[éfRbKl;TwkdI nigR)asaTRBHvihar[Exµrvij.
þI
x-karbBa©b;CMelaHenAkm<Ca ³
ú
tamry³kic©RBmeRBog 23tula 1991 PaKICMelaHTaMgGs;enAkm<Ca)anyl;RBmbBa©b;CM
ú
elaHehIyedIreTArksnþiPaB edaymanGgÁkarshRbCaCatiCaGñkerobcM.GgÁkarshRbCaCati
)anerobcMkare)aHeqñateRCIserIstMNagraRsþ nigedIm,IerobcMraCrdæaPi)alRtwmRtUvmYy Edlkar
e)aHeqñatRbRBwtþeTAenAéf¶TI 23-28 ]sPa 1993.
kare)aHeqñatTTYl)aneCaKC½yTaMgRsug rhUtPaKIQñHeqñat)anrYbrYmKñabegátrdæaPi)alfµmYy
I I
dUcecñHGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anbMeBjebskkmµd¾RbéBenAkm<Ca ehIybc©úb,nñGgÁkarshRb CaCati
ú
k¾)anCYykm<úCatamryHGgÁkarshRbCaCatiepSg²eRkam»vaf TaMgkay citþ sMPar³ bec©keTs hirBaØvtß.
ú
62>kñúgcMenamsßab½nénGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTaMgGs; etIsßab½nNamYyEdledIrtYnaTI
CaGgÁkarRbtibtiþ?eRBaHGVI?
cM>kñgcMenamsßab½nénGgÁkarRbCaCatiTaMgGs; sßab½nEdledIrtYnaTI CaGgÁkarnItiRbtibtiKWRkum
ú þ
RbwkSasnþisuxeRBaH
-RkumRbwkSasnþisux CaGñkyknUvral;esckþIsMerccitþkñgmhasnñi)atEdlTak;TgeTAnwgsnþisux
ú
BiPBelakmkGnuvtþ
-RkumRbwkSasnþisux CaGñkrkSasnþiPaBCUnBiPBelak edayeFVIskmµPaBedaypÞal; elIRbeTs
bgáCMelaH nigmanbBaða.ebIRbeTsNaBMRu BmGnuvtþ tamesckþsMercrbs;RkumRbwkSasnþisux
I
RkumRbwkSasnþisuxnwgcat;viFankar edaydak;TNÐkmµ.
63>ehtuGVI)anCaeKbegáItsßab½nGnþrCati¬GgÁkarshRbCaCati¦ehIy
rMlaysßanb½ncas; GgÁkarshRbCaCatienAeRkaysRgÁamelakTI2?

cM>enAeRkaysRgÁamelakTI2 eK)anrMlaysßab½nGnþrCaticas;ecalenaHKWsgÁmRbCaCatieRBaH
sgÁmRbCaCatiBM)anbMeBjParkic©rbs;xøn[manRbsiTPaB TIbMputsRgÁamenAEtpÞúHeLIgCafµmþg
u Ü § I
eTot KWsRgÁamelakelIkTI2.mü:ageTotGgÁkaeenHekIteLIgsMrab;EtTVbGWr:ubEtb:nenaH eRBaH
I u
shrdæGaemricBMucUlrYCasmaCikGgÁkarenHeLIy ÉmhaGMnacmYycMnYneTot dUcCasUevotRtUv
beNþjecjBIsgÁmRbCaCati enAeBlsUevotQøanBan hVaMLg; 1939.
edaysarbuBVehtuneya)ay nigkarEsVgrkkarBRgwgsnþiPaBBiPBelak eTIbRbeTs
cMnYn51rYmKñabegáItGgÁkarGnþrCatifµmYy EdlcUlmkCMnYssgÁmRbCaCatienaH KWGgÁkarshRbCaCati.
I
dUecñHeKeBalfa GgÁkarshRbCaCatiekItecjBIKMnrepHpg; énsgÁmRbCaCati.
64>enAbc©úb,nñenH RbCaCnéf PaKeRcInmanmuxrbrGIV?
cM>Caksikr.
65>etIneya)aykarbreTsfµIéfcab;epþImenAqñaMNa?
sßitenAkñúgkaRKb;RKgrbs;GñkNa?
cM>-cab;BIqñaM1988
-sßitkñgkarRKb;RKgrbs;elak qatéqQunhav:an;
ú
66>etIRbeTséfmanCMhrEbbNa cMeBaHkgT½BshrdæGaemricenAPIlIBIn
cM>sMeNIr[rkSavtþmankgT½BshrdæGaemric enAelIRbeTsPIlIBIn.
67>ehtuGVI)anCaelak rIEKn RbFanaFibtIGaemrickaMg eRbIc,ab;evtU?
cM>edIm,ITb;Tl; nigkar)at;tulüPaB énCBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ.
68>etIRbeTséfrIkcMerInCageKkñúgvis½yGVIenAGasIuGaeKñy_?
cM>vis½y]sSahkmµ
69>etIRbeTséfCab;cMNat;fñak;elxb:unµan xagnaMGgárecjeTAbreTs?
cM>Cab;cMNat;fñak;elx2 bnÞab;shrdæGaemric.
70>cUrniyayBIsßanPaBTUeTAénRbCaCnéf?
cM>RbCaCnéfRbmaN2¼3Caksikr.BYkeKCMBak;bMNuleKy:ageRcIn edaysarplitpl
ksikmµcuHefak.enAEb:k|sanmanRbCaCnrs;enAeRcIn EtBYkeKBMsUvsMbUrTwkRKb;RKan;sMrab; ksikmµeT
u

eFVI[ksikrRkIRk lk;dUr eFVIsMNg;.ÉBYkxagt,ÚgmanTwkCMnn; bNþal[hinehac
pldMnaMksikmµEdlbNþalmkBIkarkab;éRBeQI.
dUecñHRbCaCnéfPaK|san xVHTwkeFVIERsÉBYkxagt,ÚgCYbTwkCMnn; EdlCa]sKÁ raMgsÞH
dl;muxrbrksikmµ.
71>kMritCIvPaBkñúgsgÁmRbeTséf manKMlatKñaEdrrWeTeRBaHGVI?
cM>kMritCIvPaBkñgsgÁmRbeTséf manKMlaty:agxøaMgrvagksikr kmµkr mRnþrI aCkar Gñkman.
ú
KMlatKñaenHbNþalmkBI³
-CIvPaBksikr BMuTan;elIkdMekIg
-R)ak;eborvtSkmµkrenAmankMritTab
-R)ak;eborvtSmRnþrI aCkar mankMritmFüm
-]sSahkr BaNiC¢kr Gñkman manCIvPaBx<s;
PaBKMlatKñaenH bNþalmkBIneya)ayesdækic©rbs;rdæaPi)aléf.
72>esdækic©RbeTséf kñúgTsSvtSqñaM80 nigTsSvtSqñaM90manlkçN
eCOnelOndUcKñaEdrrWeT?cUrniyay¬eRbobeFob¦.
cM>neya)ayesdækic©éf naTsSvtSqñaM80 nigTsSvtSqñaM90 BMuMmanlkçNeCOnelOnenaHeT
k-TsSvtSqñaM1980 ³ BMTan;eCOnelOneRBaH
u
-GñkdwknaMRbeTsRbkanykrbbesrIeBk
-eRKOgcRkenAmanlkçNBMuTan;sm½y BMuTan;TMenIb
-BMusUvmanTIpSar nigédKUBaNiC¢kmµ
-RbCaCnBMumanbec©keTs kñgkarplitc,as;las;¬Biessksikr¦
ú
x-TsSvtSqñaM90
cab;BIqñaM1990 mkRbeTséfmankarERbRbYlelIRKb;vis½y EdlbNþalmkBI
-karrIkcMerInxagEpñkneya)aykarbreTsfµ¬kMEnTMrg;neya)aykarbreTs¦
I
-karelIkTisedAGPivDÆn_esdækic© eFV[esdækic©Cati nigesdækic©tMbn;mankarrIkcMerIn
I
-CIvPaBRbCaCnRtUv)anelIkkMBs; edaymankarbegáteragcRkFunmFümtamextþ tamtMbn;dac; Rsyal
I
edIm,I[GñkRsukmankargareFVI.
dUecñHesdækic©éf naTsSvtSqñaM 90 manlkçNrIkcMerIneCOnelOnCagTsSvtSqñaM 80.
73>ktþaNaxøHEdleFVI[esdækic©raCaNacRkéf rWrIkcMerIn?

cM>esdækic©RbeTséf mankarrIkcMerIn bNþalmkBI
-ktþaGñkdwknaM ³ GñkdwknaMRbeTsQøasév minKitBIRbeyaCn_pÞal;xn KitEtGPivDÆn_RbeTsCati
øÜ
nigdwknaMRbkbedaysmtßPaB
-ktþaesßrPaBéneya)ay snþisuxsgÁm
-ktþaneya)ayesdækic© rdæ)anebIkTUlay[RbCaCnx©Iluy edIm,IeFVeI dImTun ehIyrdæ)anRbmUl
Tijplitplrbs;RbCaCnvij.
-eragcRk]sSahkmµ RtUv)anBRgIk nigelIkdMekIg
-ktþaesßrPaBénTMnij TIpSar nigR)ak;dULa.
-karykcitþTukdak;rbs;rdæ eTAelICIvPaBrbs;RbCaCn
ktþaxagelIenH eFV[esdækic©éf mankarrIkcMerIneCOnelOn kñgcMenamesdækic©én bNþaRbeTs
I ú
enAGas‘an.
74>edImkMenItCnCatievotNamekItecjBIkulsMB½n§b:unµan?eKbegáItrdæ eQµaHGIV?
cM>-edImkMeNItRbCaCnevotNamekItecjBIkulsMB½n§cMnYn15
-eKbegátraCaNacRkeQµaHv:an;Lag
I
75>raCaNacRkv:anLag sßiteRkamGMNacGMNacRtYtRtarbs;cinBIwqñaM
Nadl;qñaMNa?
-sßiteRkamGMNaccinqñaM111munK>s dl;qñaM939énK>s¬KWs>vTI2munK>s¦dl;s>vTI10
énK>s¦KWCag1000qñaM.
76>RbeTsevotNam RbkasCardæÉkraCücakputBIkarRtYtRtarbs;cin enAqñaMNa?
GñkNadwknaMclnats‘Y?
cM>-RbkasrdæÉkraCüBIcinenAqñaM 939K>s
-edayesþc g:UegVón
77>etIraCvgSevotNammYyNa EdldwknaMRbeTstamlMnaMcin?
cM>raCvgSlI¬1010-1225¦dwknaMRbeTsedayerobcMRbB½n§rdæ)alRsedog nigrdæ)alcin.
78>enAstSvtSTI15 RbeTsevotNamRKb;RKg edayraCvgSNa
EdlBRgIkraCaNacRkevotNameq<aHeTATisxagt,Úg?
cM>raCvgSeL.

79>cUrniyayBIGMNacneya)ay énraCvgSeLenARbeTsevotNam?
cM>raCvgSeLRKb;RKgRbeTs edayeFVIkarBRgIkTwkdIeq<aHeTATisxagt,Úg ehIyenAqñaM1697
eKvayyk)anRbeTscam,:a.eRkaymkGFiraCeL manEteQµaHb:nenaH ÉGMNacBitR)akd sßit
u
kñgkNþab;édRtkUlBIreTot KWRtkUlRCij RtYtRtaPaKxageCIg nigRtkUlegVónRKb;RKgPaKxag
ú
t,Úg.RtkUlTaMgBIrenHeQøaHKñaminecHQb;Qr.EteTaHy:agNakþRI tkUlegVónminePøckarBRgIk
TwkdImkPaKxagt,Úg nigxaglicEdrrhUteKdeNþIm)andIkm<CeRkameTotpg.
ú
80>kñúgraCvgSeLevotNamEckecjCab:unµan?
cM>EckCaBIr ³
-xageCIgRKb;RKgedayRtkUlRCij
-xagt,ÚgRKb;RKgedayRtkUlegVón
81>enAstSvtSTI18 nigedImstSvtSTI19etIevotNamCYbnUvkarbH e)areQµaHGIV?
GñkNaCaGñkkMcat;clnaenH?
cM>-clnaétsWn
-GñkkMcat;ecalétsWnKWGFiraC y:aLuúg¬eQµaHedImegVónGaj;¦
82>GñkNaxøHEdl)anCYyRBHecAy:aLúg kñúgkarkMcat;clnabHe)arK?
cM>GñkCYyRBHecAy:aLúg kñúgkarkMcat;clnabHe)arKW ³
-kgT½BExµrkñúfrC¢kalGgÁcnÞTI 2
-RkumsasnaTUt)araMg
83>)araMgQøanBanevotNamcab;BIeBlNaehItevotNamkøayCa
GaNaniKm)araMgTaMgRsugenAqñaMNa?)araMgykelsGVIedIm,IQøanBanevotNam?
cM>1859 )araMgcab;elIkT½Blukluy
-1885)araMgykevotNamCaGaNaniKmTaMgRsug
÷els ³
sasnakatUlik)an hUrcUlevotNamtamry³ sasnTUt)araMg bBaðaenH mankarRbqaMg
y:agxøaMgBIsMNak;skþPUmievotNam.rdækarevotNameFIVTaruNkmµeTAelIGñkpSaysasnaRKisþ
i
bBaðaenH)ankøayCaelsmYyEdleFVI[)araMgelIkT½BcUleFVIGnþraKmn_¬1859¦vaylukluy
evotNamedaysMGagfa edIm,IkarBarCnrgeRKaH¬GñkpSaysasnaRKisþ¦.

84>etI)araMgGnuvtþneya)ayesdækic©EbbNa cMeBaHNÐÚcinBiessevotNam
kñúgsm½ysRgÁamelakelIkTI1?
cM>enAeRkaysRgÁamelakTI1rdæaPi)al)araMg)anbegáItKMeragedIm,ITajykesdækic©NÐcin eTA
Ú
sþarRbeTseK.)araMg)anGnuvtþneya)ayesdækic©dUcteTA
-bBa¨ÐlmUlFn)araMgmkvinieyaKTun nigeFVIGaCIvkmµelIEr:FúÐgfµ nigdMnaMekAs‘>U >>>
KmnaKmn_ ³)araMg)anerobcMRbB½n§pøvfñl; pøvrfePøIg edIm,IgayRsYldl;kareFVIcracrN_ TMnij nigvtßFatuedIm
Ú Ú ú
]sSahkmµ ³ )araMg)anykcitþdak;elIshRKasplit EdlmanRTg;RTaytUc nigmFüm dUcCamðbGahar Ú
tM)aj sMParsMng; m:asInkinRsUv eragcRkeFVIRkdas sab‘U Ekv )arI>>>.È ]sSahkmµRTg;RTayFM
u
)araMgBMusMerc[begátenAevotNameLIy.
I
ksikmµ ³ )araMg)anerobcMRbB½n§FarasaRsþ sMrab;beBa©jbBa©ÚlTwkeFIVERs nigCMrujkardaMduH rhUtenAqñaM
1920 RbeTs)an)araMg)annaMRsUvecj BIevotNamFMCageKbg¥s; kñúgBiPBelak.
dYecñHneya)ayesdækic©enH KW)araMgeFVIeLIgedIm,IRsUbykplRbeyaCn_ [Cati)araMEtb:unenaH.
85>vibtiþesdækic©BiPBelak qñaM1929 manT§iBlnigpþl;nUv plvi)ak
GVIxøHdl;esdækic© nigsgÁmevotNam?
cM>mhavibtþiesdækic©BPBelakqñaM 1929C³T§Bl nigpþl;nUvplvi)aky:agxøaMgdl;esdækic© nig
i i
sgÁmevotNamy:agxøaMgdUcCa
-ksikmµ ³ tMélRsUv nigtMélplitplksikmµcuHefak ehIydIERscMkarRtUveKe)aHbg;ecal y:ageRcInelIslub
-]sSahkmµ³÷tMÙlplitplekAs‘U nigplitpl]sSahkµcuHefak
÷plitplFÚügfµfycuH
÷karecorC½rekAs‘fycuHenARtwm 1¼3ÙnÙpÒdI
U
÷GNþgEr:Qb;dMenIrkar
Ú
-sMng;sarFarN³epSg²Qb;dMenIrkaeesÞrI EtTaMgGs;
-vi)akxagsgÁm ³
÷kmµkr nigrdækar1¼3xVHkargareFVI
÷R)ak;eborvtSticminGacrs;)an¬bBa©úHR)ak;Exrdækar25°¦
÷RbCaCnCMBak;bMNuleKF¶n;F¶r
÷RbCaksikrRtUvbg;Bn§F¶n;F¶r>>>.
dUcenHvibtþei sdækic©qñaM 1929 eFV[RbCaCatisßiteRkamGaNaniKmrgTukçevTnay:agxøaMg.
I

86>kñúgsm½ysRgÁamelakelIkTI2etIRbeTsevotNamRbQmmux nig
BYkGaNaniKmNaxøH?
cM>RbQmmuxnwgsRtUvBIrKW
-GaNaniKm)araMg
-kgT½BpasIusCb:un
87>etI)araMgRbKl;ÉkraCü[evotNamenAExqñaMNa?tamry³GVI?
cM>)araMgRbKl;ÉkraCÜÜü[evotNamenAéf¶TI 20kkáda 1954
-tamry³snñisiTRkugsWENv
88>eRkayBI)anÉkraCü etIRbeTsevotNam TTYl)AnÉkPaBCatiEdrrW eT?eRBaHGVI?
cM>eRkayBI)AnÉkraCRbeTsevotNam BMTan;manÉkPaBeT eRBaHRbeTsevotNamRtUvEckCa BIr
u
KWevotNamxageCIgEdlRbkan;yklT§kMmuynIs nigevotNamxagt,ÚgEdllMeGogeTAesrI
iu
niym.evotNamTaMgBIrenH)aneFVIsRgÁamnwgKñaedayevotNamxagt,ÚgKaMRTedayshrdæGaemric
eFVI[sRgÁamGUsbnøaydl;qñaM 1975eTIbcb; ehIyevotNamk¾ÉkPaBCatieLIgvij.
89>evotNamrYbrYmKñaelIgvijenAeBlNa ? tamry³GVI ?
cM>-rYbrYmKñavijeRkayBIbraC½yénT½BGaemrickaMgéf¶ 30emsa 1975
-tamry³kic©RBmeRBogsnþisuxRkug)a:rIs 1973.
90>GVICabBaðakgVl;d¾FMenAevotNameRkayqñaM1975?
cM>KWfaRtUvbRgYbbRgYmevotNamxageCIg nigxagt,Úgy:agdUcemþc.
91>enAqñaM 1976 RbeTsevotNambþÚreQµaH dUcemþc ?
cM>saFarNHrdæRbCaFibetyüevotNam)anbþrÚ eQµaHeTACasaFarNrdæsgÁmevotNam ¬02 kkáda 1976¦.
92>rNsirSrMedaHCatievotNam kan;kab;éRBnKr enAéf¶ Ex qñaMNa ?
cM> -30 emsa 1975 .
93>shrdæGaemricRtYtRtaevotNamxagg,Úg BIqñaMNadl; qñaM ?
cM>1960-1975 .
94>eKalneya)ay dUymIuy mann½ydUcemþc ?

cM>tamn½yneya)aydUymIy sMedAdl;karcab;bdisn§iénkardwknaMfµI nig ekµgx©ImYysmRsbtameKalkarN_
u
rdæ)alkñgRsuk karEkTMrgkñgCYrbkS nigCMrujkarRKb;RKg c,ab;edjedalrdæaPi)alnigbeBa©jeyabl;edayesrI
ú ú
.
95>etIGaNaniKm)araMg)anbgárplvi)akGIVxøHdl;RbCaCatievotNam ?
cM>RbeTsevotNam sßiteRkamGaNaniKm)araMgTaMgRsug taMgBIqñaM 1885 rhUtdl;qñaM 1954.
kñgsm½ykalenH GaNaniKm)araMg)anpþl;nUvplvi)akBIrya:gdl;RbCaCati evotNam .
ú
k>pll¥ ³
-karerobcMRkug ³ )araMg)anerobcMRkug[man lkçNHTMenIbedaybMBak;GMBUlePøgGKÁsnIeRBagRBat
I I
-vis½yKmnaKmn_ ³ )araMg)anerobcMRbB½n§pøÐvfµl; edayRkalekAs‘U sg;pøveTHePøg ¬BIÙRBnKreTAhanUy¦
Ð I
sg;kMBg;EprTMenIb²
-vis½yGb;rM sikSaFikar ³ )araMgbegát[manRbB½n§Gb;rM TMenIbedayebIksala BIbzmsikSa dl;]tþmsikSa
I
-vis½y]sSahkmµ ³ )araMgbegÔt nigCMruj[manshRKas pliteRKOg]bePaK briePaK sib,kmµ plitEkv sab‘U
I
>>>.
-vis½yksikmµ ³ )araMgCMruj[dI sNþTenøemKgÁkøayCa mCÄmNÐldMnaMRsUvFMCageKdMNaMRsUvFM CageK
nigCaGñknaMRsUvFMCageKelIBiPBelak 1920
-TwkdI ³ )araMgBMu)aneFVI[evotnNamxatbg;TwkdIeLIy KWmanEtrIkFMCagmunedayevotNam
TTYl)anTwkdIkm<CaeRkayeFVICakmµsiTir§ bs;xøÜn¬21 ]sPa 1949¦.
ú
x-plGaRkk; ³
TnÞmnwgpll¥ )araMgk¾)anpþl; nUvplGaRkk;CaeRcIncMeBaHRbCaCnevotNamdUcCa
w
-)araMg)anbMpøajRKwHvb,Fm’evotNam BiessGkSrevotNam RtUv)araMglubbM)at;ecal eday
[evotNamTTYlykGkSrEbb)araMgmkCMnYsvij
-)araMg)anRbmUlykFnFanFmµCati vtßúFatuedIm BIevotNam
-)araMg)anRbmUlBn§daF¶n;F¶rsBVsareBI eFV[CIvPaBRbCaCncuHdundab
I
-)araMg)anbgVlRbCaCatievotNameRscEtGMeBIcitþ dUcCabgç[ksikrdkRsUvkMBuglUtlas;l¥ eTAdaMsENþk
i M
lðúgExµr tambBa¢aCb:n u
-)araMg)anbRgÔabclnats‘U rbs;GÜkbdivtûevoty:agÙRBÙpS
FmµtaCatiCabreTsBYlGaNaniKm EtgEtbgánUvplvi)akcMeBaHRbCaCatisßiteRkamcMnuHeK

96>eRkayBImankic©RBmeRBogRkug)a:rIs 1973 BiesseRkayéf¶rMedaH 30emsa
1975 etIsgÁmevotNamCYbRbTHbBaðaGVIxøH?
cM>eRkayBImankic©RBmeRBogRkug)a:rIs 1973 BiesseRkayéf¶rMedaH 30emsa 1975 mk
sgÁmevotNamCYbRbTHbBaðaCAeRcInRtUvedaHRsaydUcCa
-bBaðasmahrNkmµ ³ taMgBIstSvtSqñaM 50 eKsegáteXIjmanPaBxusKña BIEbbbTneya)ay
nigrbbesdækic©edayevotNamxageCIgmansßanPaBesdækic© nigrcnasm<n§ tamEbbshkrN_ sgÁmniym
½
ÉevotNamxagt,Úg tamEbbmUlFnniym ehIyEbbbTesdækic© Ep¥kelICMnYy
GaemrickaMgniymvb,Fm’elakxaglic.enHCabBaÛafaRtUvbRgYbbRgYmy:agdUcemûc.b:uEnû
evotNamxageCIgCaGñkQñH eKmansiTicat;EcgRbB½n§neya)ay edaykMnt;[evotNamxag t,ÚgykKMrUtam
§
nigTTYlbBaðaTIRkug haNUypÞal;.
-bBaðavibtieþ sdækic© ³
÷rdæRbkasEpnkarshkrN_nIykmµ énksikmµxageCIg nigxagt,ÚgedIm,I[TMnak;TMng
edIm,I[TMnak;TMngesdækic©TUlMTlay b:Eu nþeRKaHTwkCMnn; nigeRKaHmhnþrayepSg²eFVI[ evotNam
U
CYbvibtþi¬1977-1978¦
÷kMEnTMrg;enAsUevot eFV[evotNamxatfvikar 30°
I
eRkayBIneya)aykMEnTMrg; dUymWyeFVI[karksagevotNammansnÞúHy:agelOn Biess xagesdækic©.
u
97>etIRbeTsLavsßiteRkamGaNaniKm)araMgtaMgBIqñaMNa?
cM>-1893 K>s
98>eRkayBICb:uncaj;sRgÁamelakelIkTI2etIRbeTsLavRbkasÉkraCüenAéf¶ Ex
qñaMNa?ehIy)araMgRbKl;ÉkraCüenAéf¶ Ex qñaMNa?
cM>-LavRbkasÉkraCü enAéf¶TI 14kBaØa 1945
-)araMgRbKlÉkraCüenAéf¶TI 20kkáda 1954.
99>etIsmaCCatiénRbCaCatiLaveFVIeLIgenAéf¶ Ex qñaMNa?
cM>éf¶TI 13 sIha 1950.
100>RbeTsLavcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAéf¶ Ex qñaMNa?
cM>éf¶TI 14FñÚ 1955.
101>etIRbeTsNaxøH EdledIrtYnaTIsMxan;kñúgdMeNaHRsaybBaðaenA Lav?

cM>RbeTsevotNam nigshPaBsUevot.
102>snñisiTRkugsWENv 20-21 kkáda )anpþl;RbeyaCn_GVIxøH dl;CatiLav?
cM>snñisITRkugsWENv )annaMmknUvkic©RBmeRBogmYyCaRbvtþsaRsþ Edl)annaMmknUvy:ageRcIn dl;Lav ³
i ;
-)araMgRbKl;ÉkraCüCUnLav
-tMrUv[PaKILavQb;c,aMgKña
-tMrUv[evotNamdkT½B evotmijecjBILav
103>kic©RBmeRBogmitþPaBsþIBIbBaðaRBMEdnrvagcin nigLaveFVILaveFVI eLIgenAéf¶ Ex
qñaMNa?
cM>18 kkáda 1977.
103>esdækic©RbeTsLavBwgEp¥keTAelIvis½yGVI CacMbg?
cM>vis½yksikmµ.
104>RbeTsLavcUlCasmaCiksmaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_¬Gas‘an¦ enAqñaMNa?
cM>cUlGas‘anenAÙf¶TI 24 kkÔda 1997.
105>RbeTsNaxøHCaédKUBaNiC¢kmµsMxan;²rbs;Lav?
cM>manRbeTskm<Ca éf evotNam )araMg hugkug NÐÚensIu cRkPBGg;eKøs
ú
106>ehtuGVI)anCaesdækic©RbeTsLavenAmanlkçNGn;fy?
cM>)anCaesdækic©LavenAmanlkçNGn;fyeRBaH
-esdækic©LavBwgEp¥kelIksikmµEtksikmµ enAmanlkçNGn;fy
-]sSahkmµLav enAmankMritTab manEteragcRkFn;tc ]sSahkmµFn;Rsalb:nenaH
U u
-LavnaMplitplecjlk;breTstictYc EtnaMcUleRcInelIslub
-TItaMgPUmisaRsþLav BMusUvGMenaypl.
ktþaxagelIenH eFVI[esdækic©Lav enATunexSayEtLavGaccakputBIRbeTsRkIRkbMput kñgelak.
ú
107>RbeTsPUmabþÚreQµaHeTAmIy:an;m:a enAéf¶ Ex qñaMNa?
cM>bþÚrBIPUmaeTAmIy:an;m:a enAéf¶TI 18 ]sPa 1989.
108>RbeTsPUmaFøab;sßiteRkamnwmGaNaniKmRbeTsNa?
cM>RbeTsGg;eKøs.

109>RbeTsGg;eKøsRbKl;ÉkraCüCUn PUmaenAéf¶ Ex qñaMNa?
cM>enAéf¶TI 24 emsa qñaM 1948.
110>GñkNaEdl)andwknaMclnats‘UTamTarÉkraCüCatiCUnPUma?
cM>elak Gg;san.
111>elak envineLIgkan;GMNacedayviFINa?
cM>edayeFVIrdæRbhar¬mina 1962¦
112>edIm,Ikþab;GMNac[rwgmaMetIrdæaPi)aleyaFaPUmaGnuvvtþneya)ayGVI
cM>rdæaPi)aleyaFabegáItrbbsgÁmniym tamTMrg;EbbhVasIus EteKelIkdMekIgRBHBuT§sasna
Casasnarbs;rdæ.
113>etIkare)aHeqñatCaTUeTAtamlT§iRbCaFibetyü RbRBWtþeTAenAqñaM Na?
KNbkSNaCaGñkQñHeqñat?
cM>-kare)aHeqñatRbRBwtþeTAenAqñaM ]sPa 1990
-KNbkSQñHeqñatKW KNbkSsMB½n§Cati edIm,IlT§Ri bCaFibetyü
114>KNbkSsMB½n§Cati edIm,IRbCaFibetyüdwknaMedayGñkNa?
KNbkSenH)ankan;GMNacrWeT? eRBaHGVI?
cM>-dwknameday GñkRsI Gg;sansUCI
-BMu)ankan;GMnaceTeRBaH emdwknaMeyaFaniymminTTYlsÁal;snøkeqñatrYceKbdiesF cMeBaHlT§
w
plÙnkare)aHeqÜat ehIyRBmTaMgcab;GÜkRsIGg;sansU‘CI nigemdwknaMsMxan;²rbs;GñkRsIdak; KukeTotpg.
115>cUrniyayBIrbbRKb;RKgrbs;rdæaPi)al eyaFaPUma eRkayrdæRbhar qñaM
1962?
cM> eRkayBIeFVrI dæRbhar)ansMerc rdæaPi)aleyaFa)andwknaMRbeTsdUcteTA ³
-dwknaMneya)ayrdæ tamlkçNsgÁmniym TMrgEbbCapasIus EdlmineKarBc,ab;FmµnuBaØCa sgÁmKµanGMnac
tulakarmanKNbkSRbqaMg KWmanEtKNbkSEtmYyKt; KWbkSsgÁmniym mIy:an;m:a.
Y
-rdæaPi)alGnuvtþneya)ayribGUsksidæan eragcRkshRKas dak;Carbs;rdæ ÉGñkbNþak;Tun RtUvbeNþj
nigribGUsRTBüsm,tþKµansl;
i
-bMbiTsiT§iesrIPaBsarBt’¬BiessBYksarBt’manelakxaglic¦

-begÔtPÜak;garnKr)alRtYtBinitú saBt’manCnbreTs nigclnaRbCaCatinisSit
I
-GÜkNaha‘anbriharrd×aPi)aleyaFa enAmIy:an;m:a )aneFVI[RbeTsenHXøatcakq¶auBIshKmn_ GnûrCati
ehIyesdækic©PUmaCYbkarlM)aky:agxøaMg nigkøayCaRbeTsRkIRkkñgBiPBelak.
ú
116>etIrdæaPi)aleyaFaenAPUmabeBa©jGakb,kiriyaEbbNacMeBaHclna
)atukmµrbs;nisSit edIm,IRbCaFibetyü?
cM>nisSit)aneFVI)atukmµ edIm,ITamTar[rdæaPi)aldwknaMRbeTstamlTiR§ bCaFibetyü.cMeBaH
)atukmµenHrdæaPi)aleyaFamIy:an;m:a)anbeBa©jRbtikmµtbtvijeday³
-bBa¢a[biTsklviTüal½yTaMgGs;enARkugrg;hÁn CaeRcInEx.
Ú
-biTsalaeronNaEdleFIV[nisSitGacpþMúKña
-eRbIkMlaMgbRgáab nigXøaMemIlnisSit nisSitxøHRtUvCab;Kuk
-nisSitRbmaN 3000nak;RtUvsMlab; xøHeTotRtUveFVITaruNkmµ
eTaHy:agNakþI rdæaPi)alminGacbRgáab nigrMgab;clnanisSitTaMgRsug)aneLIy.
117>kñúg»kase)aHeqñat 1990 etImanKNbkSFM²b:unµan enARbeTs PUma?
cM>kñg»kase)aHeqñatqñaM 1990 enARbeTsPUmamanKNbkSFM²bYn KW ³
ú
-KNbkSsgÁmniym mIy:an;m:a
-KNbkSsMB½n§Cati edIm,IliT§Ri bCaFibetyü
-KNbkSÉkPaBCati
-KNbkSsMB½n§PaB edIm,IlT§iRbCaFibetyü nigsnþiPaB.
118>etICMgWeGds_eFVI[b:HBal; dl;RbeTsmIy:an;m:a?
cM>CMgWeGds_ )aneFIV[b:Bal;y:agxøaMgdl;karGPivDÆelIvis½ynanadUcCavb,Fm’ esd×kic¨ sgÀm mIy:an;m:a
EdleFVI[RbeTsCatiFøak;xønRk.
Ü
119>ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTsm:Iy:an;m:akøayCaRbeTsRkIRk enAkñúgelak?
cM>)anCaRbeTsmIy:an;m:akøayCaRbeTsRkIRkenAkñgBiPNelakeRBaH ³
ú
-ktþaGñkdwknaM emdwknaMmIy:an;m:a KitEtRbeyaCn_pÞal;xn RbRBWtþGeM BIBukrlYy bkSBYk xVHsmtßPaB
øÜ
-rdæaPi)aleRbIR)as;fvikar eTAelIvs½yeyaFay:ageRcInsn§wksn§ab;eBkeFV[fvikarkñgkar ksagCati
i I ú
-cMNUlrdæmyPaK Føak;kñgkNþab;pÞal;xønrbs;Gñkkan;GMnac
Y ú Ü
-neya)ayGesßrPaB eFVI[GñkvinieyaKTunmYycMnYnFMxøacrGa

-bBaðaeRKOgejón nigkarraldal énCMgWeGds_)aneFV[raMgsÞHdl;dMeNIrvivtþn_én esdækic©sgÁmCati.
I
ktþaxagelIenH )aneFVI[esdækic©mIy:an;m:aFøak;cuHdundaby:agxøaMg ehIymIy:an;m:aFøak;xn kñúgPaBRkIRk.
øÜ
120>RbeTsPIlIBIn ekIteLIgBIRbCMuekaHRbEhlb:unµan?
cM>kMrgekaHRbmaN 7000.
121>munkarmkdl; énBYkeGs,:ajsgÁmPIlIBInmanlkçNEbbNa?
cM>munkarmkdl; énBYkeGs,:ajsgÁmPIlIBInmanlkçNdUcteTA ³
-GñkRsukedImniyayPasaepSg²Kña manRbéBNITMenomTMlab;xusKña
-CnCatiPIlIBInRbkan;elICMenORBlwgniym elIkElgEtekaH mindaNavs‘lU eKmkkan;sasna
U
GIsøam¬s>vTI15¦
u
-eKecHTb;TwkeFVIERs¬TwkdIeFVIERs¦
-eKecHTb;TwkeFVIERs¬TwkdIeFVIERsmantictYc¦
-BMumanRbvtirþ ugerOgeT.
122>etIRbeTsPIlIBInykeQµaHtamGñkNa?
cM>PIlIBInykeQµaHtamRBHraCbuRtesþceGs:,ajnamPIlIb
123>ktþaNaxøHEdlCMruj[BYkeGs:,ajmkkan;ekaHPIlIBIn?
cM>ktþaEdleFVI[BYkeGs:,ajmkkan;ekaHPIlIBInmanBIry:agKW ³
-ktþaTI1 karpSBVpSayRKwHsasnanikaykatUlik
-ktþaTI2 karebIkTItaMgCMnYjfµI nigkarnaMTnijmklk;enAGasIu
M
124>RbeTsPIlIBInsßitenAeRkamGaNaniKmshrdæGaemricb:unµanelIk?
qñaMNadl;qñaMNa?
cM>sßiteRkamGaNaniKmshrdæGaemric2elIk KW
-elIkTI1 BIqñaM 1948-1942
-elIkTI2 BIqñaM 1945-1946
125>enAmunstSvtSTI15 etIRbeTsPIlIBInRbkan;CMenOGVI?etICMenOenaH
GnuvtþrhUtdl;sBVéf¶EdrrWeT?eRBaHGVI?
cM>-muns>vTI 15 Rbkan;CMenOviBaØaN rWRBlwgniym
-CMenOenHBMRu tUv)anGnuvtþTaMgRsugdl;sBVéf¶enHeT eRBaH

÷cab;BIs>vTI15 RbCaCnPaKxagt,ÚgbþÚrmkkan;sasnasøamvij
÷enAs>vTI16sasnaRKisþ)anRCabcUlkñúgRsTab;RbCaCnedaykarpSBVpSayénCneGs:,aj
dUecñHRbeTsPIlIBInTTYlTi§sasnaepSg² edayeyIgsegáteXIjfa mansasnaBIrmk
RCabcUlkñgRsTab;mhaCn¬sasnaRKisþ96°¦ katUlik nigsasnasøam m:søm4°.
ú U I
126>ehtuGVI)anCaBYkGaNaniKmeGs:,abeNþjCnCaticinBIPIlIBIn?
etI)aneCaKC½yEdrrWeT? eRBaHGVI?
cM>-)anCaBYkGaNaniKmeGs:,abeNþjCnCaticinBIPIlIBIn eRBaHxwgCnCaticin kan;kab;esdækic© pþac;mux.
-karbeNþjCnCaticinenH eFVIBMu)ansMercdUcbMNgeTeRBaHBYkcin)anbegáItRkumkUnkat;¬BYkcin
emsÞIsU¦ehIykøayCaRKisþsasnikeBjlkçN.
127>etIRbeTsPIlIBIn Føab;sßitenAeRkamGaNaniKmRbeTsNaxøH?
cM>Føab;sßteRkamGaNaniKm eGs:,aj Gg;eKøs Cb:n Gaemric
i u
-GaNaniKmeGs:,aj BIqñaM 1565-1762 nigBIqñaM 1764-1898
-GaNaniKmGg;eKøsBIqñaM 1762-1764
-GaNaniKmGaemricBIqñaM 1898-1942 nig1945-1946
-GaNaniKmCb:un BIqñaM 1942-1945
128>etIRbeTsPIlIBIn TTYl)anÉkraCüenAéf¶ Ex qñaMNa?
cM>TTYlÉküraCéf¶TI 04kkáda 1946.
129>rdæam:akUs TTUleCaKC½yelIneya)ayGVI?
cM>rdæaPi)alm:akUs TTYleCaKC½yelIneya)ay]sSahnIykmµ EdleFVI[PIlIBInTTYl
eCaKC½ybMputxag]sSahkmµenAGasIGaeKñy_.
u
130>elak m:akUsdwknaMRbeTsPIlIBInBIqñaMNa?ehtuGVI)anCaelakcuH
ecjBItMENgRbFanaFibtI?
cM>-elak m:akUs dwknaMRbeTsPIlIBIn BIqñaM 1965-1986
-)anCaelakm:akUs laElgBItMENgeRBaHenAedImTsSvtSqñaM80 rdæaæ m:akUsmanPaBTn;exSay Epñkneya)ay
nigesdækic©.m:üageTotedayelak m:akUsmanerOgGaRsUvCaeRcIn dUcCaGMeBIBuk rlYy.
131>eRkayBIelak m:akUs cuHecjBItMENg etIGñkNaeLIgkan;GMnac bnþ?
cUrniyayBIskmµPaBdwknaMRbeTsrbs;Kat;.

cM>-KW GñkRsI kUrasUn GaKINU
-eRkayBI)aneLIgkan;GMNac elakRsI kUrasUnGaKINU )andwknaMrdæaPi)aldUcteTA ³
k-vis½yneya)ay rdæ)al ³
neya)ayRtlb;eTArkEkTMrg;tamrdæFmµnuBaØqñaM 1972 vijb:uEnþkarRKb;RKgRbeTs enAEtmanlkçN
-RKb;RKgtamrebobRKYsar nigbkSBYkniym
-BYkKhbtIm©as;dI enAbnþRbmURTBüsm,tiþ edIm,IerobcMGMNacxøn Ü
-elakRsI GaKINU mineGIeBIcMeBaHkic©snüakMEnTMrg;dIFøeI LIy.
-GMNacRbKl;[sac;jati nigbkSBYkniymEdlbNþal[manGMeBIBukrlYy
x-vis½yesdækic© ³
-elakRsI)aneFVI[esdækic© PIlIBInlUtlas;eLIgvijeRkayBIelakm:akUscuHecjBItMEng.b:Eu nþ edaykarFøak;cuH
énesdækic©BiPBelak nigedaybraC½y énkarerobcMehdæarcnasMB½n§ tammUl
dæanpgenaH)aneFVI[esdækic©RbeTsPIlIBInFøak;cuHvij.
enABak;kNþals>vqñaM90 RbeTsPIlIBIn )anedIreTArkPaBeCOnelOnxagesdækic© esµInwg
RbeTssmaCikGas‘andÙTeTot.
Gas‘an¬smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_¦
1>Gas‘anmann½ydUcemþc?begàItenAéf¶ Ex qñaMNa?enAÉNa?
cM>-Gas‘anCaBakúkat;mann½yfa smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKÜy_
-begáteLIgenAéf¶TI 08 sIha 1967
I
-enARkug)agkk
2>RbeTsNaxøH Edl)ancUlrYmbegàItGas‘an?
cM>manRbeTs NÐ§ÚensIu PIlIBIn sigðburI éfLg;d¾
3>munnwgekItCasmaKmGas‘an etImanekItGgÁkarb:unµanmkehIy?
cM>munnwgekItCasmaKmGas‘aneK)anbegátGgÁkarBIrrYcehIy
I
b:uEnþGgÁkarTaMgBIrRtUvrlayeTAvij.GgÁkarTaMgBIrenHKW
-GgÁkarGal;sa¬1958¦
-GgÁkarm:ahVINÐÚ¬1963-1964¦
4>RbeTsenAGasIuGaeKñy_manb:unµan?dIeKakb:unµan? dITwkb:unµan?

cM>RbeTsenAGasIGaeKñy_mancMnYn10 kñúgenaHRbeTsenAelIdIeKakman5 dITwkman5 KW³
u
-dIeKakmanRbeTs ³ PUma éf evotNam Lav km<úCa
-dITwkmanRbeTs ³ PIlIBIn NÐeÚ nsIu sigðburI RBuyen nigm:aeLsIu
5>RbeTskm<úCacUlCasmaCikénsmaKmn_RbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ enAéf¶ Ex qñaMNa?
enAÉNa? CasmaCikTIb:unµan?
cM>-éf¶TI30 emsa 1999
-enARkughaNUy
-smaCikTaMg10 ¬eBAeK ¦
6>cUrniyayBIkarbegàItsmaKmGasa‘n?
cM>enAqñaM1967 rdæmRnþIkarbreTsNÐÚensIu PIlIBinsigðburI éf ma:eLsIu
)anrYmKñaRbCMuenARkug)agkkkñgeKalbMNgeFIV[sMerc nUvkarbrgátsm<½n§PaB enAtMbn;GasIGaeKñy_.
ú I u
karRbCMuRbRBwtþtamryHkalbIéf¶ edayTTYl)annUvkarcuHhtþelxaelIesckþRI bkasmYyeQµaH
esckþRI bkasRkug)agkk naéf¶TI 08 sIha 1967 edIm,IbegáItsmaKmRbCaCatiGasIGaeKñy_ EdlehAkat;fa
u
{Gas‘an }.
7>GriyFm’RbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ sßitenAcenøaHGriyFm’NaxøH ?
manGMbUrBUCsasn_dUcKaEdr b¤eT ? cuHsasnaÉPaBEdrb¤ya:gNa ?
cM>-GriyFm’RbCaCatiGasIuGaeKÜy_ sÓtcenøaHGriyFm’FM² BIrKWGriFm’NÐa nigcin .
i
-RbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ BMumanBUCsasn_dUcKñaeT KWcMruHBUCsasn_dUcCacin TIeb ma:el nigGMbUr GURsÚGasIu
þ
-Éksasna k¾BMékPaBKñaEdr mansasnasøam RKisþBuT§sasna niglT§xugCI>>>>.
u i
8>etIRbeTsenAGasIuGaeKøy_Føab;sßitenAeRkamGaNaniKmelakxaglic Edr b¤eT
?ebIFøab;RbeTsNaxøH? ehIyRbeTsNarYcBInimGaNaniKm ?
cM>RbeTsenAgasIGaeKñy_suT§EtFøab;sßuiteRkamGaNaniKmrbs;Gg;eKøs hULg; )araMg shrdæGaemrik eGs,a:j
u
elIkElgEtRbeTséfmYyKt;EdlrYccakputBInwmGaNaniKm .
¬enAeRkAGaNaniKm¦. RbeTsTaMgenaH KW ³
-RbeTsNÐÚensIu sßteRkamGaniKmhULg;
i
-RbeTsma:eLsIu sßteRkamGaNaniKm Gg;eKs
i
-RbeTsswgðburI siteRkamGaNaniKm Gg;eKøs
ß

-RbeTsRBuyeN sßiteRkamGaNaniKm Gg;eKøs
-RbeTsPUma sßitenAeRkamGaNaniKm Gg;eKøs
-RbeTsevotNam sßitenAeRkamGaNaniKm )araMg
-RbeTsLav sßitenAeRkamGaNaniKm )araMg
-RbeTskm<úCa sßitenAeRkamGaNaniKm )araMg
-RbeTsPIlIBin sßitenAeRkamGaNaniKm eGs,a:j nigeRkaykm sßitenAeRkamGaNaniKmrbs;shrdæGaemrik
¬1898-1946¦ .
dUcenHmanEtRbeTsmYyKt; EdlrYccakBIGaNaniKmelakxaglic EtCaRbeTs RTnab;.
9>eRkABIRbeTsCaGñksßabnikGas‘an etImanRbeTsNaxøH cUrCasmaCikbnþbnÞab; ?
cM> RbeTsEdlcUrCasmaCikbnþbnÞab;KW ³
-smaCikTI6 KW RbeTs RBuyeN cUléf¶TI 08 kmra 1984
-smaCikTI7 KWRbeTsevotNam cUléf¶TI 09 mkra 1995
Y
-smaCikTI8 KWRbeTsLav nig PUma cUréf¶TI 25 kkáda 1997
-smaCikTI10 KWRbeTskm<Ca cUréf¶TI 30 emsa 1999 .
ú
10>bMNgGas‘an?b¤Gas‘anbegàIteLIgkñúgeKalbMNgGVIxøH?
cM>Gas‘anbegÔIteLIgkÜgeKalbMNg7ya:g kÜgenaHshRbtibtûikaresd×kic¨ CabMNgTI1 nigsMxan;CageK
ù ù
.bMNgTaMgenaHman
-eFIV[mankarlUtlas;xagesdækic© karGPivDÆn_sgÁmkarrIkcMerInvis½yvb,Fm’kgtMbn; tamryHkarRbwgERbgrYm
ùÜ
kñgsµartIsmPaB kñgKMnitsmaKm nigkúgKMnitshKmn_ snþPaB énRbCaCatiGasIGaeKñy_ .
ú ú ñ i u
-elIkkMBs;shRbtibtþikarya:gskmµ nigCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk QrelIplRbeyaCn_rYm kñúgvis½yesdækic© sgÁm
vb,Fm’ bec¨keTs vITúasaRsû nigrd×)al .
-karCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk enAeRkamTMrg;eFIV[manPaBgayRsYleTAelIRkbx½nGb;rM nigRsavRCav
kñgEpñksikSaFikar viCa¢ CIvH nUvbMerIbMras;ksikmµ nig]sSahkmµ edIm,IBRgWgvis½y BaNiC¢kmµ
ú
EdlmanrYmTaMgkarsikSa eTAelITIpSarGnþrCati tamTisedA BRgwkKmnaKmn_ nig elIksÞyCIvPaBRbCaCn .
Ü
-ykcitûTukdak;eTAelIGasIGaeKÜy_edayRbeTssmaCikGas‘an)anykcitûTukdak;ya:gxøaMg
u
eTAelIkarlUtlas;ebs;vis½yesd×kic¨ nigCaRbPB ÙnkarGPivDÆn_sgÀm vb,Fm’ .
rd×aPi)alkÜùgRbeTsenAGas‘an EtgEtFanara:b;rg eFI[neya)ayesÓrPaB
V
nigxitxMritcMNgshRbtibtþikarrvagRbeTskñgtMbn; edayeKarbBnUvGFibetü
ú

PaBrbs;RbeTsnImYy² CasmaCik.
-karelIkTMekInsnûPaBnigesÓrPaBkÜtMbn; edayeKarBdac;xatnUvyutûFm’ nig PaBRbesIÙnc,ab;
i ù i
kñgTMnak;TMngrvagRbeTskñgtMbn; edayGnuelamtamFmµnuBaØénGÁkashRbCaCati.
ú ú
-edayyl;elImUldaænT½BbreTs CalkçNHbeNaHGasnñ tamkic©RBmeRBogsmIRbeTs
mUldæanT½BtaMgenaH minEmnRbesIsMrab;bMpaøjÉkraCüCati rw eFVIeGayb:HBal;esrIPaBRbeTs
Citxag nigCa]bsKÁeFVeI GaymankaraMgsÞ³dl;dMenIrkarGPIDÆn¾CatieLIy.
11>bc©úb,nñenH smaCikGasa‘nmanRbeTs? GVI?
smaCikGasa‘nman10 RbeTsKw
-éfLg;d¾ 08 sIha1967
-NÐeÚ nsIu 08 sIha 1067
-ma:eLsIu 08 sIha 1967
-PIlIBIn 08 sIha 1967
-sågðburI 08 sIha 1967
-RBuyeN 08 mkra 1984
evotNam 1995
-Lav 24 kkáda 1997
-PUma¬mIya:n;ma:¦ 24 kkáda 1997
-km<Ca 30 emsa 1999
ú
12>etIsmaKmn¾Gasa‘nFaøb;CYbvibtþiEdl rweT? ebIFaøb;vibtþiGVI?b:unañnelIk?
Gasa‘nFaøb;CYbvibtûBIrelIkrYcmkehIyKw vibtûei sd×kic¨
i
-vibtþiTII ¬1985-1986¦³RbeTsCasmaCikCYbvibtûei Rbgkat sMNr nigekAs‘UrcuHefak
EdleFVIrGay)at;bg;tulüPaBkñgsgÁmrhUtekItCavi)at;neya)ay.
ú
-vibtþiTIII ¬1997-1998¦³Cavi)at;F¶n;F¶r bNþalmkBIvbtþhirBaØvtßú EdlrFVIeGayesdækic©
i i
KañnlMnåg ehIyb:³Bal;dl;RbeTséf NÐÚensIu ma:eLsIu nigradaldl; kUer:xagt,Úg nigCb:n.
u
13>ehtuGIV)anCaGasa‘n enAEtmankarRBÜy)armÖBIGesßrPaBkñúgtMbn;?
)anCaGasa‘n enAEtmankarRBÜy)armÖBIGesßrPaBkñgtMbn;eRBaH
ú
-manbBaaðénT§Blrbs;mhaGMNacxageRkAtMbn;
i
-manbBaaðCMelaHenAsmuRTEb:kxagt,Úg kñgerOgvivaTGMBIeka³b:Rb³TåkEdll,Ifamansm,tþi
ú

d¾mhasal¬eRbgekt¦
-RbeTsTaMg10enAGasa‘n BMumanÈkPaBKaÜxagsasnadUcenAGwrubeT¬RBHBuT§ saøm RKis¦.
-RbeTsmYycMnYnenAGasa‘n enAEtmanvibtûineya)aysasna EdlbNûalmkBIvibtûiesd×kic¨
-RbeTsCamhaGMNacmYycMnYn BMTTYlsaÀl;smaKmn¾Gasa‘neT dUcCashrd×Gaemric
u
sUevot>>>>>.
edayP½y)armÍnigGesÓrPaBenH smaCikGasa‘n)an RbkasmincUbkSsm<n§ nig
½
dak;Gasa‘nCatMbn;snûiPaBesrIPaB GbúaRkitúedaysMmhaGMNac3 RbeTs ¬cin suevot
u
shrdæGaemric¦TTYlsÁal; b:Eu nþmanEtcineT EdleqøIytb.
14>ehtuGVI)anCaGasa‘ncab;GarmµN¾BImUldaænTB½ breTsenAkñúgtMbn;?
RbCaCatienAGasIGaeKñy¾suT§EtFaøb;Faøk;eRlamGaNaniKmrbs;elakxaglic eTaHbICaraCaNacRkéf
u
rYcputBIGaNaniKmk¾eday k¾eKminputBIT§BlGaNanikmrbs;elak
i
xaglicEdr ¬RbeTsRTnab;¦. eRkayTTUl)anÉkraCüRbeTsTaMgenHsßitkñgbkSsm<n§neya
ú ½
)ayrbs;shrdæGaemric¬OTASE¦nigsßtenAmenaKmviC¢akMmµynIsþrbs;cin nigsUevot
i uú
¬kñgsm½ysRgÁamRtCak;manRbeTsbI CaRbeTskMmµynIsþ KWevotNam Lav km<úCa
ú uú
¦.sRgÁamRtCak;menaKmviCa¢ kMmµynIsþnigesrI )anpÞúHeLIgenAeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTIBIr ÉsgÁmNÐÚcin
uú
)anpÞHeLIgenAsRgÁam nigvibtþitQb;Qr cab;taMgBIqñaM 1954 rhUtmk.
ú
edaysegáteQIjfa tMn;enHCatMbn;ékarRblg RbECgKñarvagmhaGMnacxageRkA
EdlCabuBVehtueFIV[Gas‘anKÜanesÓrPaB eTIbGas‘anKÜankarRBYy)armÍBImUld×an swkbreTsenA kÜgtMbn;enH .
ù
15>etIGas‘anmanCMhrEbbNa rvagRbeTsCasmaCik nigCMeBaHbreTseRkAtMbn;
BiessmhaGMnac ?
cM>smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKÜy_¬Gas‘an¦)anRbkan;CMhrdUcteTA ³
-cMeBaHRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ ³ RbeTsnImYy²RtUvrYmshkarN_Kña eFVIshRbtibtþkar esdækic© sgÁm viTüasaRsþ
i
bec¨keTs sikSaFikar rd×kar vb,Fm’ CMrujkarGPivDÆn_edayCyyKÜaeTAvij eTAmk kÜùgKMnitshKmn_snûiPaB
smPaB ehIyeKarBsiTie§ srIPaBRbCaCatinImYy² RBmTaMg eKarBGFibetyüPaB ÉkraCüPaB
bUrNPaBrbs;RbeTsCasmaCik nigeFVI[mandac;xatnUvsnþi PaBkñgtMbn;.
ú
-cMeBaHRbeTseRkAtMbn; ³ Gas‘anRbkan;yk snûiPaB esrIPaB GBúaRkwtúmincUlbkSsMB½n§.

edIm,IbBa¢ak;BIneya)aycUlbkSsMB½n§ Gas‘an)aneFVsnÜsITenAÙf¶ 26kBaÏa 1971 ehIy
I i
)anRbkasdak;tMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_CatMbn;snþPaB nigGBüaRkwtü.snñsiTRkugkULaLaMBY
i i
qñaM1972k¾)anRbkasbEnßmeTotfa ³
÷Gas‘anminGnuBaÏati[mhaGMnacbreTs cUleFVIGnûraKmn_kÜgkic¨karÙpÒkÜgÙnRbCaCati GasIuGaeKÜy_.
ù ù
÷Gas‘anmincUlbkSsMB½n§ nigmincUlrYmkùÜgCMelaHNamYyCaBiessCMelaHeRkAtMbn;.
eTaHCaGas‘anRbkan;ykCMhry:agNakûI k¾Gasa‘nenAEtmankarRBYy)armÍcMeBaH esÓrPaBkÜgtMbn;dEdl.
ù
CMBUk 1 > BiPBelakeRkaysRgÁamelakTI2

emeronTI1 mhaGMnacxagmenaKmviCa¢ esrI

eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 shrdæGaemric nigshPaBsUevot CamhaGMnacdwknaM BiPB
elakTaMgmUlTaMgneya)ayeyaFa nigesdækic©. kñgcMenammhaGMnacelakTaMgBIr edayELk
ú
xagmenaKmviC¢aesrI RbeTsEdlelceFøaCageK KW shrdæGaemric cRkPBGg;eKøs nig)araMg.
1> shrdæGaemric
eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 shrdæGaemrickøayCaRbeTsmhaGMnacxagesdækic©kñg BiPBelak.
ú
RbeTsTaMgLayenAGWrubxaglic EdlTTYlrgeRKaHedaysarsRgÁamRtUvBwg Ep¥k elIshrdæGaemric
:
edIm,Isþaresdækic©rbs;xøneLIgvij. tamry³Epnkarma:sal; shrdæGaemric )anpþl;CMnYyesdækic©dl;GWru:b enAqñaM
Ü
1949.
cab;BIqñaM 1947 shrdæGaemricxitxMbegáInkMlaMgT½Brbs;xøn nigEsVgrkcMngmitþPaB
Ü
nigbNþaRbeTselakesrI. edayehtuenHehIyenAqñaM1949 shrdæGaemricCamYybNþa
RbeTsGWr:bEb:kxaglic)anbegáItbkSsm<n§ EpñkeyaFaeQµaHGUtg; edIm,IkarBarTVIbGWrub. enA qñaM 1954
u ½ :
shrdæGaemric)anerobcMGgÁkarmYyfµeI TotsMrab;karBarGasuGeKñy_ehAkat; fa esGatU .
I
1/1 vis½yesdækic©
R)ak;duløashrdæGaemricCatMnagrUbiyb½NÑ GnþrCati shrdæGaemric CaRbeTssMbUrvtßFatu
ú
edImEdleRbIR)as;bec©kviTüakñgvis½y]sSahkmµ nigksikmµ. R)ak;kMérCatiRbcaMqñaM )anekIn eLIgCanic©
ú
ebIKitdl;qñaM 1979. kMérsMrab;RbCaCnmñak; 7000dULaGaemric esµnwg rW RbEhl 45300 Rbg;)araMg
I
¬tamtYelxqñaM1979¦.
1/2 rbbneya)ayshrdæGaemric

CasaFarNrdæEdlmanGMnacbIdac;edayELkBIKña³
-nItbBaØt¬sPatMnagraRsþ nigRBwTsPa¦
i i §
-nItiRbtibtþ¬RbFanaFibtICaRbmux¦
i
-tulakar¬tulakarkMBUl¦
cMeBaHneya)ayépÞkñgvijenAedImqñaM 1970 elakRbFanaFibtI shrdæGaemric nicsun )anRbkasfa
ú
shrdæGaemric)anRbQmmuxnwgvibtþiCaeRcIndUcCa ³ bBaðaesdækic© ¬rkTIpSar lk;plitpl]sSahkmµ
nigsBaVvuG¦ bBaðaenATIRkug ¬karejon karqk;bøn; Xatkmµ eBsüacar rebobrbbrs;enAényuvCntamEbb huBI¦ I
bBaðarbb¬ CMelaHkñgrgVg;GñkdwknaMBIbBaðanItkmµ rvagRbFanaFibtI nigsPa ¦.
ú i
1/3 shrdæGaemric nigbBaðasRgÁamRtCak;
kñúgqñaM 1975-1985 mansPaBtantwgd¾xøaMgkøa rvagshrdæGaemric nigshrPaBsUevot . ¬elakeRbseNv
GñkdwknaMshPaBsUevot )anniyayBIsRgÁam RtCak;enH¦ .vibtþi esdækic© nig
vibtþei Rbgkat)anb:HBal;dl;BiPBbs©imRbeTs. cab;BIqñaM 1979 mkPaBtantwg )anekIt eLIgCafµeI Tot
¬bdivtþn_ eGor:g; karlukluyRbeTsGab;kanIsßan edayshPaBsUevot ¦.
shrdæGaemric)ancaj;sRgÁamenAevotNamBlTahanCaeRcIn)ansøab;. )at;kmµFM² CaeRcIn
RbqaMgnigGnþraKmn_enARbeTsevotNam )anekItmaneLIgenAshrdæ Gaemric.
neya)ayrbs;elakRbFanaFibtI kaT½r ¬ 1975-1979¦CaskçPaB énkarpøas;bþÚrenH.
I
elakkaT½r)anelIkTwkcitþ dl;kareKarBsiT§mnusS.
i
enAmCÄimbUBa’ elakkaT½r)anelIkTwkcitû dl;kic¨crcar snûiPaBrvageGsuIb nigGuRI saEGl sadat nigebKIn
EdlnaMeTAdl;kic©RBmeRBog kMdavId enAqñaM1978.BYkGIRu saEGl)anyl; RBmRbKl;tMbn;sIuNaGI[eGsIbvij
u u
b:uErnþbBaða)a:elsÞnmin)anedaHRsayeT..enAqñaM1981 elaksadatRtUveKeFVXat.
I I
shrdæGaenric)anyl;eXIjfa PaBFUrRsalRKan;EtCa])ayklmYyb:unenaH eRBaHfa shPaBsUevot
eqøót»kasCanic©BIPaBFUrRsalCamYyshrdæGaemricedIm,IBRgIkmenaKmviC¢a
kMnuynIskñgBiiPBelak.BIqñaM1975 dl;1979mnusSRbEhl100lannak;)anFøak;cUleRkam
u ú
T§BlsUevot¬enAGasIu GaemricLaTIn GaRBIc NÐÚcin¦.cab;BIqñaM1980mknigkarlukluy
i
rbs;kgT½BsUevotcUlGab;kanIsßan shrdæGaenric)anBRgwgCMhrrbs;xøn.qñaM1980 shrdæGaemriceFIVBhikar
Ü
mincUlrYnRbkYtkñgkILaGULaMBicenATIRkugm:UsÁÚ ehIyenAqñaMenHdEdl shrdæGaemricbdiesF
ú
karlk;RKab;FBaØCati[shPaBsUevot.

enAqñaM1981 elakRbFanaFibtIrIEKn )ansMercRbkan;neya)aydwknaMmWgm:at;bMputRbqaMg
u
nwgshPaBsUevotEdlehAfa cRkPBénGMeBIGaRkk;.fVEI tmanvibtþei sdækic©k¾edayk¾elakrIEKn
)anesñbegIncMnayEpñkeyaFaEfmeTot ehIyenAGaemricLaTInshrdæGaemricKaMRTclnamin EmnkumµynIsþ.
I á ú
enAqñaM1983 shrdæGaemriccUllukluyekaHRKINat enAkMrgekaHGg;TIEdlrbb
RKb;RKgenATIenaH)ankøayCakumµynIsþ rYc)anRbkasKMeragsRgÁampáay KWkareRbIR)as;tara
ú
rNbkñgGakasedIm,IbEgVmIsIul.
ú
KMeragenHRtUvcMNayy:ageRcInsn§wksn§ab; ehIyshPaBsUevotminGaceFVtam shrdæGaemric)aneT
I
enHKWCakarGnuvtþkarrt;RbNaMgsBVavuFCabnþeTAeTotb:uEnþmhaGMNac TaMgBIrRtUvRbQmnwgbBaðaesdækic©
nigbBaðaenAkñgtMbn;rbs;eKerog²xøÜn.
ú
2-cRkPBGg;eKøs ³
enAeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 cRkPBGg;eKøs)at;TIpSarCaeRcIn nigxUtxatGs; 1¼4
énmUlniFiEdldak;TunenAbreTs.cRkPBGg;eKøsmanTwkdIGaNaniKmy:agFMeFg cRkPBmYy
EdlRBHGaTitüminGsþgÁt k¾RtUvcuHfyedaysarkarxUcxatxagmnusS sMPar nighirBaØvtß.dUc ú
enHeKaledAFMbMputrbs;KNbkSkargarniymEdlCab;eqñatenAqñaM1945 KWsþarkarxUcxateLIg
vij.neya)aybnÞan;KWerobcMexOnesdækic©]sSahkmµsMrab;naMplitpleTAeRkARbeTs nignaM cUles,ógGahar
nigvtßFatuedIm.m:üageTotKNbkSkargarniymeqøót»kasenHedIm,IEkTMrg;
ú
esdækic©eTotpg.kñúgb:unµanqñaMdMbUgeRkaysRgÁamplitpl]sSahkmµrbs;Gg;eKøs)anQr cMnat;fñak;elxBIr
bnÞab;BIshrdæGaemric.bnÞab;mkplitplenHFøak;cuHmkelx3 rYcelx4 bnÞab;shrdæGaemric Cb:un
nigGaLWm:g;.kñgcMeNamRbeTs]sSahkmµnanaEdlmankarrIk cMerIn
ú
RbeTsGg;eKøsmanPaByWty:avCageKkñgvis½yTMenIbkmµeRKÓgm:asIun nigbrikçar.
ú
]sSahkmµsMxan;²rbs;cRkPBGg;eKøsman ³ rfynþ ynþehaH eRKOgynþepSg² plitplKImI søelah³Fatu
tM)aj nigkarsßabnanava.EpñkksikmµeTIbGPivDÆ)anesµnwg I
50°énes,ógtMrUvkarkñúgRbeTs.luHmkdl;qñaM1950 kMEnTMrg;esdækic©)anpþl;lT§pld¾RbesIr
edaysarviFankart,itet,ót.m:üageTotkarbBa©úHtMélR)ak;lIv eFV[karecjplitpleTAeRkA
I
RbeTsmanskmµPaBxøaMgkøa.enAqñaM1951 KNbkSkargarniym)ancuHBItMEngrdæaPi)al.
KNbkSGPirkSniymEdlmanelak vinsþn qWQil CanaykrdæmRnþ)ankan;kab;vasnaRbeTs
ú I
rhUtdl;qñaM1955.GñkbnþtMENgnaykrdæmRnþI manelakeGEdn nigm:ak;mILin.

dUcenHcRkPBGg;eKøs enAeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 fVeI bImanvibtþxøH²k¾eday k¾vibtþi
i
enaHmansPaBminF¶n;F¶rEdr ehIycRkPBGg;eKøs GacTb;xøn)annwgnr.cMnucl¥mYyeTotEdlKY
Ü
kt;sMKal;EdrenaH KWcRkPBGg;eKøs )anbnßÚrbnßyRbeTskñgGaNaniKmrbs;xn[TTYl ÉkraCü
ú øÜ
nigGFibetyüPaBEdndIrbs;eKedayBM)aneRbIR)as;kMlaMgT½BeRcIn nigBMubgá[man karbgðrÚ Qam dUcCaenANÐa
u
nigeGsIubCaedIm.
3-RbeTs)araMg ³
RbeTs)araMgrgeRKaHy:agF¶n;F¶r BIkarratt,atBIkarkan;kab;BIsMNak;kgT½BpasIushIEu tø
bnøas;bþÚrrbs;)araMgeRkayeBlsRgÁammanCaGaT×dUcCa ³
3>1 vis½yneya)ay
kñgkare)aHeqñatCaTUeTAenAExtulaqñaM 1945 BYkkmµkr nigbkSBYkkumµynIsþ)araMg)an
ú ú
TTYlsnøwkeqñatCag 5lansMelgehIy)ankøayCakMlaMgneya)aysMxan;bMputrbs;RbeTsenH
nigmanT§BlxøaMgkøa kñgkarerobcMKNrdæmRnþI.kñúgépÞraCrdæaPi)alEdl)anbegáteLIgmankar
i ú I
cUlrYmrbs;smaCikbkSkumµynIsþ)araMg ehIysuTE§ tTTYltMENgsMxan;².
ú
enAExkBaØaqñaM1946 rdæsPa)araMg)anGnum½trdæFmµnuBaØfµI ehIyRbkasRbeTs)araMgCa saFarNrdæT4
I
nigpþl;lT§PaB[rdæPi)aledIm,IEkTMrg;RbB½n§esdækic©exÞcxÞaMkñgGMLúgeBl sRgÁamknøgmk.enAEx]sPaqñaM1947
ú
rdæaPi)alrbs;elakdaLADIey )anTTYleCakC½ykñg karbMEbkCnkumynIsþecjBIrdæaPi)al
ú µú
rYcehIyTTYlCMnYyesdækic©rbs;shrdæGaemrictamEpn kar m:asal; nigcUlCasmaCikénbøúkeyaFa
Gatøg;ticxageCIg ¬GUtg;¦.
enAqñaM 1954 kgT½B)araMg)anTTYleCaKC½ykñugkarbnþeFIVsRgÁamenANÐÚcin nig
Gal;es‘rI.edIm,IsûarRbeTsCatieLIgvij rdæsPa)araMg)anpþl;GMNaceBjeljdl;]tþmesnIy_ dWehÁalenAéf¶TI1
Exmifuna qñaM1958.enAExtula qñaMdEdlenHEdrrdæsPa)araMg)anGnum½trdæFmµ nuBaØfµmYyeTotI
nigbegátsaFarNrdæTI5 Edlbnþneya)aydl;sBVéf¶enH.
I
3>2 vis½yesdækic© ³
eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 plitpl]sSahkmµ nigksikmµmankarfycuH.karnaMcUl
mancMnYneRcInsn§ksn§ab;CaehtunaM[manfvikarCati eTIbtMrUv[rdæaPi)alx©IR)ak;breTsEfm
w
eTot.karsûaresd×kic¨eLIgvijenAcenøaHqÜaM 1945 dl;qÜaM1947Ep’keTAelItUbnIykmµ
nigkarbegáItRbB½n§epSg²sMrab;snþsuxkñgsgÁm.edaymanCMnYyshrdæGaemrickñgRkbx½NÐ Epnkar m:asal;
i ú ú
nigshkarénGwr:b rdæaPi)alGaceFV[lUtlas;plitplRKb;Ebby:ag Epñk]sSahkmµcab;taMgBIqñaM 1949.
u I

eRkayBIqñaM 1951 fVt,itEtmankarRbwgERbgk¾edayk¾RbeTs)araMgenAEtRbTHbBaðaFM²
I
KWbBaðaplitplksikmµelIs¬RsUsalI RsaTMBaMg)ayCUr nigdMlUg¦ bBaðaxVHR)ak;dULa cab;taMg
BIeBlGs;CMnYym:asal; nigbBaða»nPaBfvikar Cati.enAeRkaysRgÁamelak)araMg)AncMNay
R)ak;CaeRcInsMrab;ebskkmµxagkgT½BenAÉnaysmuRT.TMnijk¾ecHEteLIgéføtQb;Qr tMrUv
[rdæaPi)altMeLIgR)ak;Ex nigR)ak;bMnac;RKYsar. kñgGMlugeBlenaHR)ak;Rbg;)ancuHefakCa
ú
eRcInelIkrhUtdl;qñaM1956 eTIbsßanPaBTUeTAénesdækic©)ancab;epþm RbesIreLIgvij.
I
dUcenHcRkPBGg;eKøs nig)araMgsuT§)ansÁal; nig)anedaHRsayvibtþi bNþalmkBIpl
vi)akénsRgÁam.bc©úb,nñshrdæGaemric cRkPBGg;eKøs nig)araMgCatMnag[BiPBelakEpñk elakesrI
)anGPivDÆBiPBelak tammaKa’snûPaB nigCaGÜkCYyeRCamERCgkÜùgvis½ysiT§mnusS
i i
nigpSBVpSaylTiR§ bCaFibetyü.

emeronTI 2 ³ menaKmviC¢aesrIsgÁmniym nigRbeTsrUsIu
1 lkçN³énlT§im:ak;elnIn
elakkal;m:ak; CaTsSn³viTCatiGaLW m:g;mYyrUbekItenAqñaM1818.lT§irbs;Kat;RtUv
U
)anlaTRtdagkñúgÉksarCadMbUgeQñaHesckþEI føgkarénKNbkSkMumµynIsþ EdlpSayCasaFarNHenAqñaM1949
ú
. CMerAénlT§ei nH)anbBa¢ak;CabEnßmkñgesovePAeQµaH {mUlFn} Edl)ane)aHBum<pSaykñúgcenøaHqñaM1868
ú
nig894.enATIRkug)a:rI ¬1844¦ma:k;)anCYbnigGg;EKl ehIyk¾cgmitþnigKñaeRBaHGñkTaMgBIrmanTsSnHdUcKña .
lTima:k;niym manlkØNHCasgÀmniymviTúasaRsûnigkarts‘vNËH. sgÀmniym viTúasaRsû
§ U
CasgÀmEdlmanmaKa’Bit naMeTAdl;karts‘eU daHxønrbs;vNËHGFn. ma:k; nig
Ñ
Gg;Ekl)anviPaKc,ab;énkarrIkcMerInrbs;sgÁmmnusStamEbbviTüasaRsþ .
Kat;)anbgðajBITsSnHepSg²CaeRcIndUcCa ³
-bBa¢ak;BIebskkmµCaRbvtþsaRsþ nigvNÑHGFnfa {CaGñkCIkreNþAkb;rbbmUlFn}.
i
KWsMedAelIBYkGFnTaMgLay RtUvyl;BIkatBVkic©rbs;xønfa RtUvbegátbkSrbs;xønpÞal;
Ü I Ü
sMrab;ksagsgÁmmYyKµankarekgRbv½Ba©nigKabsgát; .
-bBa¢ak;BIniymn½y én {CnkumµynIsþ} KWCaRkumGñkQanmuxénvNÑHkmµkr EdlCaGñkdwknaMvNÑHGFn
ú
rMlMvNÑHmUlFn edIm,IdeNþImykGMnac BIBYkenH ykmk[vNÑHkmµkrnigerobcMksagsgÁmniym .

manTsSnHCaeRcIneTotEdlCaeKalkarCamUldæankñglkçnþkHénlT§ima:k;)ansgát;fa
ú i
mankarts‘Uneya)aymYyKt;EdlFana[vNÑHkmµkrGacrMedaHxøn)anIkarCiHCan;rbs;BYkmUlFn lT§ei nHbBa¢ak;fa
Ü
manEtclnabdivtþénBYkGFneTEdleFIV[BYkeKmanGnaKtrugerOg .
lT§ma:k;niym)anRtUvelnInykmkpSBVpSayenAkñúgRbeTsr:sIu kalBIsm½ybdivtþExtula tula 1917
i U
EdlmansarHsMxan;Caskl BIeRBaHvaCarbt;mYykñg RbvtþsaRsþBiPBelak. elnIn)anyklT§i
ú i
enHmkpSMlaybBaÞÜlnigRTwsþIrbs; GñkbegáIt)an RTwsþImYyKWlT§ma:k;-elnIn
i
)anelIkeLIgBImaKa’bdivtûn_kÜùgdMeNIrBIbdivtûn_RbCaFietyüKhbti eTAbeFyüsgÁmniym .
2>shPaBsUevotnigmenaKmviC¢asgÁmniym ¬1917-1941¦
2>1 bdivtþn_sgÁmniymExtula 1917
enAExsIha 1914 sRgÁamelakelIkTIBIr )anpÞúHeLIg . edaymankarRBYy)armÖcMeBaH
plRbeyaCn_bkSBYkxøn CmUlFn)araMgnigGg;eKøs esþcsa)anCMrujRbCaCnrUsIu[ Faøk;cUl kñgsRgÁamenH .
Ü ú
yuvCn 14 lannak; ¬1¼2 ényuvCnkñgRbeTs¦)anbBa¢neTAsmrPUmiTaMgbgçM .eRkaysRgÁamryeBlbIqñaM
ú Ü
manmnusSsøab;1>5lannak; nigrbYs5lannak;.esdækic©CatiRtUvexÞcxÞaM ehIyRsutcuHya:gxøaMg. TurPikS
nigCMgWtMkat;ekItmanRKb;TisTI. enAsmrPUmimux kgT½BrUsuI TTYlbraC½yCabnþbnÞab; edayxVHes,ognigGavuF>.
cMEnkplitkmµrbs;RbeTsrUsuI)anTTYl RtwmEt 1PaK4 éntMrUvkar. ktþaTaMgenHeFV[sgÁmRsutcuH.
I
bu:EnþcMeBaHmuxsßanPaBd¾Gasnñ enHmin)anbg¥ak;GMeBIBukrlYy nigdMenIrkarrs;enAd¾sÁmésáénraCvaMgesþcsaeT.
w M
k>C½yCMnHénbdivtþn_RbCaFibetyüKhbtI¬nayTun¦ ExkumÖ³ 1917
RckEtmYyEdlmhaCnRtUveRCIsyk KWRtUvpþÜlrMlMesþcsa eRBaHeKBuGacRTaMRT nwg
M
CIvPaBd¾evTnaexøacpSateTAeTot)an. enAtamTIRkugkmµkregIbeLIgeFVIkUdkmµenAtamCnbT ksikrbHe)ar
TahanbHe)arenAtamsmrPUmi. buE: nþkarpÞúHbdivtþn_EtmYyKt; BuMGacdeNþmC½y CMnH)aneLIy.
I
ktþakMnt;KWkMlaMgdwknaMvNÑ³ GFnrUsuI eRkamkardwknaMrbs;bkSbulesric.
enA»kasTivanarIGnþrCatiéf¶TI 23kumÖ³ 1917 RtUvnwgéf¶ 8mIna ¬yWtCag 13 éf¶Kit
tamRbtiTincas;eRbIenArUsuI¦ eRkamkardwknaMrbs;bkSbulesrickmµkrénTIRkugeb:RtURkat )aneFVI
)atukmµeRkamBaküesøakbM)at;TurPikSbraC½ysRgÁam braC½yesþcsa.rdæaPi)aleRbIkMlaMg eyaFa 60000nak;
nigb:UlisedIm,IbRgáabclnaenaH.éf¶ 28kumÖH¬13mIna¦bdivtþn_manC½y
CMnHedaysarBYkb:UliscUlédCamYybdivtþ eFVI[rbbraCaniymEdlcak;rwsenARbeTsrUsIuRtUv dYlrlMCasßaBr.
x-C½yCMnHbdivtþn_sgÁmniymExtula1917 ³

eRkaybdivtþExkumÖH rdæGMnacTaMgBIrRtUv)ancab;epþImeLIgenAkñúgRbeTs.TI1³ rdæaPi)al beNþaHGasnñ
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2>3-Epnka]sSahnIykmµ nigsmUhkmµksikmµenAsUevot ³

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3>karksags>s>s>seRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2
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cab;BIeBlenaHmkeK)anelIkKMeragEpnkarFM² ehIymanry³eBlEvgedIm,Ipøas;bþrÚ TMrg;esdækic© Cati.

emeronTI 3 ³ rdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanit

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dIFø)at;bg;KuNPaB edaysarkareRbIR)as;CIminsmRsb müa:geTotbgá[mankar
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xUcxatbrisßanya:gF¶n;F¶redaysarkareRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥txøaMghUsRbmaN.
i
neya)aymhaelatepøaH¬1958-1991¦EdllIcavCI)anelIkkñg smaCKNbkS kumµúynIsþcin
ú
enAqñaM1953man TisedA CMrujesdækic©RbeTs[tamTan;RbeTselakxaglic kñúgryHeBlEt2rW3qñaMxagmux .
karbegátbrimaNEdkEfbenAkñgRbeTscin min)ansMerctam TisedAeRBaHLsøEdktUc²
I ú
enAtamCnbTplitEdkKñanKuNPABsMrab;tMrUvkarkñúgRsuk .
müa:geTotkareRbIfñaMsMlab;stVl¥t nigstVcabbgáplvi)akya:gF¶n;F¶rdl;ksikmµ
i
nigeFIV[xUcdl;brisßanRbeTscin .
]sSahkmµRbeTsb:ULÚj )anKMramkMEhgya:gF¶nF¶rdl;brisßaneRBaHvaCa eragcRk
hYssm½ytamEbbsUevotk¾manKuNPaBTab eRbIR)as;)anEtenAkñgnigenAtampSarrbs; GgÁkaresdækic© kUemkug
ú
minGacnaMcUleTAlk;enAelITIpSarRbeTsesrI)aneLIy . cMEnkÉvis½yksikmµEdlmanksikrcMnYn 30PaKry
énRbCaCnb:ULÚjminGacciBa©wmRbCaCn TUTaMgRbeTs)aneT ehtuenHeKRtUvnaMes,ogBIeRkARbeTsEfmeTot .
6>kareRbHqarvagmhaGMnackumµúynIsþ
CMelaHrvagcin nigsUevotGMBIbBaðamenaKmviCa¢ nigEdndIEdlCabBaðacas;)aneFIV[ mhaGMnacTamgBIr
køayCasRtUv søab;rs;. b:Eu nþbBaðafµ²eTotdUcCakarelITBsUevotcUeTA RbeTsGakanIsßan
I ½
edIm,IKaMRTrd×aPi)alkumµynIsûRkugkab‘l nigkarEdlsUevotKaMRTevotNam[elIlT½BcUllukRbeTskm<Ca
ù u ú
CabBaðaeFI[cinmankarRBYy )armÖCaxøaMg .
V
cin)anecaTsUevotfamanMNgh‘mT½BRbeTscintamryHkardak;BRgayT½B .
u
dUcenHcinminrYjrakñgkarpþl;emerondl;RbeTsevotNamedIm,I[evotNamdkT½Brbs;rbs;xøÜn
ú
ecjBIRbeTskm<Ca. müa:geTotcinnigsUevot)anRbNaMRbECgKña kñúgkarpSBVpSaymenaKmviC¢a
ú
eTAtamRbeTsttiyelak edIm,ITak;TajRbeTsmYycMnYn enAGasIunigGaRbicCarNb . cin
nigsUevotTak;TajRbeTsTaMgGs;tamryHkarpþl;CMnYytameyaFa nigihirBaØvtþeú nARbeTskm<Ca ú

cin)anpûl;CMnYyeyaFanighirBaÏvtûùdl;rcnats‘UExµrTaMgbIRkum EdlmanCMru MenAtanbeNþaytamRBMEdnExµr
éf edIm,IRbqaMgnigkgT½BevotNam .
elIsBIenHeTAeTotcinmanbMngbegáItbkSsm<n§RbqaMgnigsUevotEdlmancin Cb:un Edlkan;menaKmviCa¢
½
elakxaglicenAGasIumYycMnYneTot .
cinCaRbeTsmhaGMnac BiPBelakfµbMputEdlbøkshPaBsUevot TTYlsÁal;enAqñaM1949
I ú
nigeRkaymkRbeTselakxaglic manGg;eKøs suyeGt sVis enAqñaM1950 nig)araMg enAqñaM1964
cin)anplitRKab;EbkbrmaNU . CaelIkdMbUgenAqñaM1964 .
karrt;RbNaMgeRKOgsBaVvuFrvagGaemriknigsUevot enAkñgsm½ysRgÁamRtCak;Edkcab; epþImBIqñaM1991
ú
EdlCaqñaMGditshPaBsUevot)andYlrlMTaMgRsug. karrt;RbnaMgxagsBaVvuF
nigbec©keTsrvagmhaGMnacputelx TaMgBIr)ancMnayfvikareRcIntKNna EdlRbeTscinBuM
Gacrt;tamedIm,Icab;ykbec©eTsTMenIb kñgkarplitGavuFTMenIb )an dUcCakaMRCYc ry³mFümrW
ñú
kaMRCYcGnþrTVIbCaedIm edaysarRbeTscinmanesdækic©Gn;exSay enAeLIy. cinEtgEtmankar P½yxøac
GMBIkarvaylukedaykaMRCYcRbePTenH. dUcenHkardkkgT½BsUevotecjBIGakanIsßan
nigkardkk,alkaMRCYcrbs;sUevotecjBItMbn;suIebrI eFVI[ TMnak;Tngrvagcin nigsUevot manPaBFUrRsaleLIgvij
M
EdlCa»kashuc[BYkeKeFVIkarcrca edIm,IbBa©b;CMelaHenAkm<Ca. ú
bBaðaEdlemdwknaMcinkMBugmankarRBYy)armÖ KWbBaðakgT½BCbu:ncab;CMBak;GavuFTMenIb bBaðaétva:n;
bBaðaRbeTsNÐa CamhaGMnacmFümxagbrmaNUEdlCasRtUvcas; bBaðaTIeb
nigbBaðabRgáab)atukrenAeTonGaemn EdleFVI[mankarrGak;rGYlxagBaNiC¢kmµrvag RbeTselakxaglic
CaBiessCamYyshrdæGaemric.
7> karpøas;bþrÚ rbbneya)ayenAGWr:bxagekIt
u
cab;taMgBImankarEkTMrg;eb:erRsþÚyka enAqñaM 1985 sßanPaBneya)ayenAshPaB
sUevotnigenAGWrubxagekItmankarpøas;bþÚrTaMgRsug.GgÁkarkUemkugRtUvbBa©b;enAExmifuna qñaM 1991
:
nigktþsBaØav:asUrIRtUvrMsayenAéf¶TI 1 kkáda 1991 Edr. rbbdwknaMtamEbbrbb
i
esdækic©TIpSar)ancUlmkCMnYslT§pþac;karkumµynIsþ nigrbbesdækic©smUhPaBenAkñgshB½n§ rUsuI
i ú ú
nigenARbeTsGWrub Eb:kxagekIt. GtItshPaBsUevotRtUv)an)at;eQµaHenAelIqak GnþrCati.
:
edIm,IEkTMrg;esdækic©RbeTsGWrubxagekItnigshB½n§rUsuI RtUvx©ITunvinieyaKya:geRcIn BIrRbeTselakxaglic.
:
kardYlrlMénGtItshPaBsUevotbNþal[RbeTsbIenAmat;smuRT )al;TcRbkasÉkraCü enAqñaM 1991 .
i

müa:geTotbBaðaCnCatiPaKtic )aneFVI[manPaBtan twgenA]bTVIb )al;kg;rvagCnCatiEs‘b
nigRkUGatEdltsUe‘ dIm,IdeNûmÈkraCú.
I
emeronTI4 cinnigCbu:neRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2
1 RbeTscineRkamsRgÁamelakelIkTI2
kñúgGMlugeBlsRgÁamelakelIkTI2 kgT½BRkhmRbCaCncin)anshkarKñaCamYynigkg
T½BrdæaPi)alkYmIgtag. BYkeKTaMgBIr rYmKñaRbyuTCamYykgT½BCbu:nQøanBan.
§
éf¶TI 9 sIha qñaM 1945 kgT½BsUevot)ancUldl;PaK|sanénRbeTscin nigyk)an
C½yCMnHelIkgT½BCbu:n enAkg;tug rYc)anRbKl;tbn;enaH[dl;bkSkumynIsþcin nigrdæaPi)al bdivtþn_.
M µú
enAExkkáda qñaM1946 kgT½BCatiniymEdldwknaMedaycag xayecok edaymanCMnYy
]btßmÖBIshrdæGaemricpgenaH )aneTAvayRbhartMbn;rMedaH Edlkan;kab;edaybkSkumµynIsþ cin.
ú
sRgÁamrvagRbCaCnbdivtþn_cin nigT½Bcagxayecok )anGUsbnøaY ycab;BIqñaM 1946 dl;qñaM 1949.
enAéf¶TI 8kBaØa 1948 kgT½BrMedaHdwknaMeday elakem:A esTug )anTTYleCaKC½y
elIkdMbUgenARkugsiny:g; cab;BIeBlenaHmk dMenIreTAmuxénkgT½B kumµynIsþtman]bsKÁ GVrI araMgeLIy.
ú
enAéf¶TI 1tula 1949 saFarNrdæRbCamanitcinRtUv)anRbkaseLIgenATIRkugeb:kaMg bnÞab;mkenAéf¶TI
15 tula 1949 rdæaPi)alkYmIgtag rYmTaMgkgT½Besssl; )anbegáItrdæ cinCatiniymenAekaHétva:n;
edaymanelak cag xayecokCaRbmux.
1/1 karsagRbeTscinCafµeI RkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2
enAcindIeKakkMEnTMrg;xagsgÁm)anGnuvtþcab;taMgBIqñaM 1949 mkemøH. rdæaPi)alnig bkSkumynIsþ
: µú
cin)anesIerIEbgEckdICafµdl; RbCaksikrRkIRk. buE: nþbBaðaenH enAEtCYbkar lM)ak edaysarkMenInRbCaCn ¬
I
12lannak;kñg 1qñaM¦.
ú
müa:geTotedaymancM)aMgkñgRsuk pøvreTHePøgpøvfñl; kMBg;Ep GNþgEr: FarasaRsþ RtUve)aHbg; ecal
ú Ú I Ú Ú
nigbMpøicpøajedaysarsRgÁam. edaymanCMnYyBIshPaBsUevotnigBIrdæ RbCamanitTaMgLay
BYkbs©imRbeTsk¾bBaÄb;TMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµrbs;eK CamYynwgRbeTs cin
.BitEmnEtman]bsKÁya:genHk¾edy kñgry³eBld¾xøRI beTscink¾køayeTACamhaGMnac mYyenAkñúgBiPBelak.
ú
karGnuvtþCatUbnIykmµEpñk]sSahkmµ ksikmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµ )ansßt enAkñgkNþab;édbkSkumµynIsþ cin
i ú ú
RbCaCncinCaGñkkan;kab;kic©karrdæTaMgGs; ehIyvNÑHmUlFn lubbM)at;enAkñgeBlya:gxøI
ú
CamYyKñaenHkMritRbCaCncin)anERbRbYlRbesIrCalMdab;tamEfnkar5qñaM EdlelIkeday smCikbkSkumynIsþcin µú
. cMeBaHEpñkbec©keTsksikmµvjekInBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaMebI eRbobeFobeTACIvPaBenAqñaM 1949
i

esdækic©Gn;fyCageKenAelIelak . bIqñaM1949-1959 esdækic©cin)anRtUveKsþaeLIgvij
plTunCati)anekIneLIgBI 36>2 dl; 151>5ryekadiyn; . rIÉvis½y]sShkµcin RtUv)anrdæaPi)alcinyk
citþTukdak;bMBak;bMBn kmµkrbec©keTsRKb;RbePTeRkayGnuvtþePnkar5qñaM elIkTI1 ¬1952-1957¦
rYcmkGñkbec©keTssUevotmkCYyCMnYyfycuHCalMdab; . kmµkrcin)ankan;kab;elI vis½y]sSahkmµ
mUldæandNþgEr: nigvis½yfamBl .
Ú
enAqñaM1958 bkSkumµynIsþ )anGnuvtþRbeTstamKMrUshPaBsUevot EteRkammk em:AesTun
ú
)ankat;pþac;ecjBIsmUhPaBsUevotedayGnuvtþneya)ay {mhaelatepaH }tamEbbcinvij .
eRkayBIbraC½yneya)ayenHem:AesgTug)anRbKl;zanH RbFanrdæenAsaFarNHrdæCanimiteþ TA[elak
lIvcavCI enAeRkamkardwknaM rbs;em:AesgTug cin)anpþac;TMnakTMngEpñkxøHeTot
ecjBIshPabsUevotedayKMnitelIktMekInxøÜnÉg .
1>2 RbeTscinnigmhaGMnacBiPBelak
bnÞab;BIeCaKC½yrbs;elakem:AesgTug BYkGñkCatiniym EdldwknaMedayelak cagxayecok
)anbegátrdæaPi)alcinenAekaH étva:n . shrdæGaemric TTYlsÁal;faelakcagéfecok
I
CaGñkdwknaMRsbc,ab;EtmYyKt;rbs;RbeTscin ehIyminTTYlsÁal;rdæaPi)alsaFarNHrdæ RbCanamitcineT .
cMEnkbkSkumµynIsþ cinvijminlHbg;kardeNþImykekaHétva:n;eLIy edayeKcat;Tukfa étva:n;CardæÉkraCmYy
ú
enAqñaM 1954 .
saFarNHrdæRbCamanitcin )anTMlak;RKab;EbkenAelIekaHtUc² enACitétva:n; EdlRKb;
RKgedayBYkGñkCatiniym .eBlenaHrdæaPi)alGaemrikmanRbtikmµtbtrya:gmWugma:t; ehIyKMramKMEhgcinfa
nigTMlak;RKab;EbkbrmaNU . EdlRbeTscinKñaGavuFbrmaNU
dUcenHcinRbkas;vayuétva:n;edaykMlaMgT½BEtb:unenaH.
enAqñaM1969 mankarb:HTMkicKñaepSgeTot rvagkgT½BcinnigshPaBsUevot
ekIteLIgenAtambeNþayRBmEdn. PaBtantwgrvagcinnigshPaBsUevotkan;EtxøaMgkøaeLIg .
bkSkumµynIsþcncab;TukshPaBsUevotdUcCasgÁmniympasIs EdlmaneRKaHfñak;CagcRk BRtþGaemrikeTAeTot
ú u
.
bnÞab;BIehtukarb:HTgÁc cin-sUevot knøgeTAcinkumµynIsnigshrdæþGaemrik
i ú
EdlCaRbeTsmUlFnniym_anxitcUlCitKñatamryHTsSnkic©rbs;elak KIsIgK½r CardæmRnþkar
u I
breTsshrdæGaemrienAeb:kaMgkñgqñaM 1971 ehIyenAqñaMenaHdEdlRbeTscinkumynIsþ
ú µú
)ancUlCasmaCikénGgÁkarshRbCaCatimYyeTot .

mYyqñaMeRkaymknc sun k¾)aneTAeFIVTsSnkic©enAeb:kaMgeTot EdlrwgEteFIV[mitPaB
þ
rvagRbeTsTaMgBIrkan;EtRbesIreLIg .
1>3 RbCaCncineRkAmatuPUmi
cMnakRsukRbCaCncin ÉnaysmuRT ekItmanCayUrlg;Nas;mkehIy ehIy)anekInx<s; eRkays>vTI19
EdlmancMnYnRbEhl30lannak;enAelIBiPBelak¬edayminrab;bBa©Úlétv:an;22lan nak;kg1998¦.
ñú
BYkcMnakRsukCnCaticinTAMgenHPaKeRcInmkrs;enAGasIGaeKñy_ nigrs;enA
u
BaseBjBiPBelakpgEdr¬elIsBI1lannak;enAshrdæGaemric¦.cMnakRsukPaKeRcInCaRbCaCncinEdlrs;enAE
b:kxagt,ÜgénRbeTs.CnCaticinEdlenAray)a:yBaseBjBiPBelakeRcIn
TTYl)aneCaKC½yFMEFgEpñkesdækic©¬Cag 3¼4énRbCaCnRbeTssigðburImanedImkMenItcin ¦ .
CnCatiTaMgenaH)anpþl;TnvinieyaKmYyPaKFMdl;RbeTskMenItrbs;eK .
u
shKmcinEdlrs;enAÉnaysmuRTeTaHCaenATINak¾edayeKEtgEtrYmcMEnkkñgkarksag RbeTs.
ú
1>4 RbeTscinnaeBlGnaKt
bc¨ùb,nÜRbeTscinRtUvBwgBak;breTsya:gxøaMgTaMgEpÜkesd×kic¨nigbeckviTúacinenA mankMritvb,Fm’KMrU
EdlBiPBelakTTYlsÁal; dUcshrdæGaemriknigGWrub xaglicenAeLIy . rbbRKb;RKgneya)ay
:
edayeRbIGMnacCiHCan; pþac;kar)anraraMgdl;esrIPaB kñgkarbeBa©jeyabl; . karBinitüelIkarpSBVpSay
ú
¬GMBImeFúa)aybec¨keTsRtYtBinitú ¦ Bt’manviTúakÜglMdab;fÜak;BiPBelakenAmankgVHxat.
ù
vis½yeyaFak¾PaB)ajbBa©Ún kaMRCUceTA kñglMhk¾eday .
ú
kgT½BRbeTscin eRcInEtCakgT½BkarBarTwkdI ehIyKñavtþmanenAelIRbeTsNa mYyeTot.
smtþPaBeFIGnéraKmn_enAeRkARbeTsenAmankMrit b:Eu nþkarGPivDÆ TMenIbkmµbrikçar kMBugEtdMenIrkar .
V
cinmanlT§PaBya:geRcIn nigkøayeTACamhaGMnacesdækic©BPBelak
i
ehIyGacCMnH)anelIkarGPivDÆkarGPivDÆrbs;xøn . T§Blrbs;cin nigcUleTARbKYtRbECg CamYyCb:un
Ü i
nigCaBiessshrdæGaemrik .
bc©úb,nñcin nigshrdæGaemrik)anTTYlplRbeyaCKBIKña eTAvijeTAmk
nigshrdæGaemrikCaRbPBvinieyaKdl;eRcInelIslb; nigCaRbPBbec©kviTüasMrab;cin cMEnkRbEnkRbeTscinvij
TIpSarmYydl;FM enAkñúgBIPBelak sMrab;shrdæGaemrikn stvtSTI21 eyIgenHpgEdr .
2>RbeTsCb:un

cab;taMgBIExsIha qñaM1945 rhUtdl;qñaM1947 RbeTsCb:unRtUvzitenAeRkamkarRtYt
BinitünigTRtYtRtarbs;kgT½BGaemric )anGnuvtþkMEnTMrg;mYycMnYnmanCaGaT× ³kat;eTas]Rkidæ CnsRgÁam
RbkasrdæFmµnuBaØmYyfµI rYmmaneKalkarN_sþIBIsiTimnusStamEbblT§i RbCaFibetyü.
CMhandMbUgénkarRKb;RKgRbeTsCb:un shrdæGaemric )anbiTFVargcRkTaMgLayEdl esssl;BIsRgÁam
min[dMenIrkarteTAeTot ehIyshCIBFM KWÙs)At;s‘U k¾RtUv)at;bg;skmµPaB
Edr.rdæFmµnuBaØfµmYytamEbbGaemricRtUv)anRbkaseLIgenAéf¶TI3 kBaØa 1946.RbeTsCb:un
I
CardæRbCaFibetyüGaRs½ysPa ÉRBHecAGFiraCRKan;EtCanimitþrUbrbs;rdæ nigÉkPaBCati.
rdæFmµnuBaØfmYytamEbbGaemrik)anRtUvRbkaseLIgenAéf¶TI3 kBaØa1946 .RbeTsCb:un
µI
CardæRbCaFietyüGaRs½ysPa ÉRBHecAGFiraCRKan;EtCanimitþrUbrbs;rdæ nigÉkPaBCati . rdæFmµnuBaØfeµI nH
)anhamXat; min[Cb:neFIVsRgÁam min[begáItkgeyaFBlfµI RBmTaMg kMEnrTMrg;kñgvis½yksikmµ
u ú
nigvis½yrdæ)al .
cab;BIqñaM 1949 mkmanRBwtþkarN_GnþrCatifIekIteLIg edayRbeTscincab;yk rbbkumµynIsþ
i ú
enaHninñakarneya)ayGaemrik cMeBaHRbeTsCb:unRtUvEkERb edIm,IRbqaMgnigkarrIkraldalénlT§kumµúynIsþ i
.GaemrikRtUvEtCYyesdækic©Cb:un[ rIkcMerIn . kñgsRgÁamenAkUer:Cb:n køayCamUldæanpÁt;pÁg;
ú u
kgeyaFBlGaemrik. eRkaysn§isBaØasnþiPaB san;R)an;sIsáÚ naéf¶TI 08 sIha 1951
u
RbeTsCb:un)anTTYlÉkraCüeBjelj. ehIyenAExkBaØa 1951 shrdæGaemriccuHhtþelxa
CamYyCb:unelIsn§sBaØa {snþisux } Cb:unGaemrik . tamlT§sBaØaenaHshrdæGaemrik Gackan;kab;RbeTsCb:un
i i
manskmµPAB]sSahkmµ nigesdækic© RbkbedaylT§PaBCak;Esþg nigmanRbsiT§PaB .
i
shCIBÙs)at;s‘Uk¾cab;epûImeFIVskmµPaBebs;xøn [dMenIrkarkÜgvis½y]sSahkmµFunF¶n; .
Ñ ù
edayPaBbinRbsb;eRbIR)as;mUlniFi BIshrdæGaemrik Cb:n)anEkécñbec©keTsTMenIbkñgvis½y
u u ú
plitkmµnigecHtMrgmuxsBaØa enAelIkarBRgwk]sSahkmµ xageRKOg]bePaKbriePaK nigplit]bkrN_eRbIR)as;
tMrUvkarsgÁmTMenIb ehIyCaBiessedaysarkarRbNaMgRbECgdl; binRbsb; u
Cb:undeNþmykTIpSarGþrCatiCaeRcIn naM[esdækic©Cb:unrIkcMerInya:gqab;rh½s elIsesdækic©
I
bNþaRbeTsenAGWr:bxaglic .esdækic©Cb:unCab;lMdab;fñak;elxBIr bnÞab;BIrshrdæGaemrik
u
.Cb:unman]sSahkmµmYycMnYn elIsRbeTselakxaglicdUcCa vis½ysMng; nava eGLicRtUnic kMnat;sMeyaK
rfynþ nig eRKOgma:sIunFunRsal.
bc©úb,nñ Cb:unCaRbeTsnaMmuxeK kñúgkarCYybM)at;PaBRkIRK enAelIBuPBelak nÞab;BIshrdæGaemrik .
emeronTI5 karbMerIbMrHBInwmGaNaniKm

eRkaysRgÁamelakelITI2 clnarMedaHCatiecjBInwtGaNaniKmmankarrIkcMerIn ya:gxøaMgenATVbGasIu
I
GaRBic nigGaemrikLaTIn . GWr;bnigshrdæGaemrik EdlmunsRgÁamelakelITI2)anRtYtRta
u
elIBiPBelakTaMgmUl . clnarMedaHCatiTaMgenaH RtUvTTYlbraC½yTaMgGs; . b:Eu nþ
enAeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 clnarMedaHCatiTaMgenH TTYl0aneCaKC½yeLIgvij .
1>sßanPaBesdækic©neya)ayeRakysRgÁamelak
1>1 Gakb,kiriyarbs;RbeTsGaNaniKm
BYkGaNaniKmniymmankarenOyht;CaxøaMgeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 .
eRBaHBYkeKRtUvsarehdæarcnacnasm<n§esdækic© hirBaØvtþú neya)ayRbeTsCati RtUvRbQm muxTb;Tl;nig
½
clnats‘Urbs;BYkeRkamGaNaniKmnigmúa:geTotRtUvRbqMag nigninaÜkarlTi§sgÀm niymrÚkduHdaleBjBiPBelak
edaysarshPaBsUerotCaGñksabe®BaHeLIgvij.
enAkñúgGMlugeBlsRgaáámBökGaNaniKm)ansnüaCamUYybNþaRbeTseRkamGNaniKm
faebICöyc,aMgQñHT½BpasIs GItalI GaLWm:g;nigeyaFaniymCb:un nigRbKl;smPaBesrIPaB
u u M
nigÉkraCüm©as;kar.b:Eu nþBYkeKBMu)aneFVtamBaküsnüaeLIy.enATVbGasIuBYkeK)an)at;bg;
I I
kitüanuPaBy:agxøaMgenAeBlEdlkgT½BCb:unvaydeNþImykRbeTseRkamGaNaniKmTaMgGs; elIkElgEtNÐa
Cb:un)ancab;BYkGaNaniKm nigbrivaxøHdUceKaRkbI.
enAeBlenaHCb:n)anRBmeRBogRbKl;ÉkraCü[bNþaRbeTsenANÐÚcin.eRkaysRgÁamRbeTs)araMg
u
nigcRkPBGg;eKøs)anBiPakSaKñafaKYeTukrWminKYrTukRbeTseRkamGaNaniKm.
manmtiCaeRcIn)anRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm EtmanmtixøHKaMRTfaKYrEtTukGaNaniKmteTAeTot.
eTaHbICay:agNak¾edayk¾rdæaPi)al)araMg nigGg;eKøsbgçcitþe)aHbg;eRkamGaNaniKm EdlCa RbPaBFnFan
M
nigCaTIpSard¾sMxan;sMrab;lk;plitplrbs;xøÜn.
1>2 sßanPaBneya)ayRbeTseRkamGaNaniKm
munsRgÁamnigeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2RbeTseRkamGaNaniKmTaMgGs;enAEtTTUc
sMsiTisVyRKb;RKgRbeTsCati BIBYkGaNaniKm.karTamTarsiT§isV½yRKb;RKg nigÉkraCüenH )aneFIeV LIgBIBYk
u § ½
GÜkCatiniymenARKb;TIkEnøg edayEp¥kelIsÓanPaBGyutûFm’EdlBYk
i
GaNaniKm)aneFVImkelIRbCaCnkñgbNþaRbeTsGaNaniKm.BYkGPiCnCatiniym nigbBaØvnþ
ú
)Anyl;c,as;BIsiTie§ srIPa smPaB rbs;BlrdæRKb;rUb BYkeK)anerobcMedayxønÉgkñgkar
Ü ú
TamTarGnuvtþsiTiesrIPaBTaMgenaH.BYkeK)anTamTarpgEdrnUvkareKarB nigkarrkSaTuk RbéBNI TMenomTMlab;
CMenO Pasa sasna vb,Fm’.

karTamTarenHeFVeI LIgedayGhigSapg nighigSapg.CYnkalmankarbHe)arRbqaMgnwg BYkGaNaniKm
EtRtUvBYkeKbRgáaby:agkacsahavéRBépS.karTamTarCatiniymRtUv)anKaMRT eLIgedayshrdæGaemric
nigshPaBsUevot.
shPaBsUevotKaMRTy:agxøaMgdl;clnaCatiniymenATVbGasIeu day)AnbBa©ÚlmenaKmviC¢akumynIsþ.karK
I µú
aMRTrbs;shPaBsUevotdl;bNûaRbeTskMBugts‘TamTarÈkraCúenH)anCH
U
T§Blrbs;xøneTAelIbNþaRbeTsTaMgenaHpgEdr.
i
karKaMRTrbs;shrdæGaemrickñgclnarMedaHCatiBIGaNaniKm)anBRgIkT§Blrbs;xøn
ú i Ü
eTAelIbNþaRbeTsEdlnwgTTYlÉkraCünaeBlxagmux.karRbkYtRbECgrvagmhaGMnacTaMgBIr
nwgpûl;plvi)aky:agF¶n;F¶rdl;bNûaRbeTsTaMgGs;elIBiPBelak.clnats‘TamTarÈkraCüenHk¾mankarKaMRTBI
U
sMnak;GgÁkarshRbCaCatipgEdr eTIbcab;BIqñaM1945mkBYkGaNaniKmmanRbtikmµy:ag ³ RbKl;ÉkraCüþPøam²
nigBnüakarRKb; RKgrhUtdl;mankarRbyuT§Kña rWbgðrÚ QameTIbyl;RBmRbKl;ÉkraCü .
2>clnarMedaHCatienATVIbGasIu
munqñaM 1939 enATVbGasIGMnacRtYtRtaCiHCan;rbs;mahGMnac GaNaniKm cRkBtþniym
i u i
bs©imRbeTsmansPaBregÁaHCaxøaMg .
eRkayeBlT½BpasIsCb:un TTYlbraC½yenAGasIu RbCaCnenAtMbn;enH)aneRkakeLIg kan;GavuFRbqaMg
u
nigkarvilRtlb;mkvijrbs;BYkGaNaniKmcas;manhULg; Gg;eKøs )araMg CaedIm >>>.
edaysarkarts‘Udl;sVitsVajenHeTIbRbeTsNÐa NÐÚensIu PUma nigbNþaRbeTs enANÐÚcin
deNþm)anmkvijnUvÉraCü esrIPaB nigGFibetyüPaBrbs;xøn .
I Ü
2>1 clnarMedaHCatirbs;NÐa
RbeTsNÐasßitenAeRkamGaNaniKmcRkPBGg;eKøs taMgBIqñaM1858emøH . :
karCiHCan;ya:geXaeXAelIRbeTsNÐaedayBYkGaNaniKmGg;eKøs )anCMruj[RbCaCn
NÐabegátCamhaclnaCatiniym mYydwknaMedayKNbkS smaC
I
¬KNbkSenHekItenAqñaM1885¦EdlmanelakmhatµHKn§I CaGKÁmKÁeú TÞsk¾. enAmunsRgÁamelakelIkTIBIr
clnaenHRKan;Et TamTarkMEnTMrg;RKb;RKgrdæ)alBIGaNaniKm Gg;eKøseBalKWRKan;Et[mansV½yPaB
kñgRkbx½NÐcRkPBGg;eKøsdEdr.
ú
EteRkaysRgÀamclnaxagelIERbkøayeTACamhaclnaRbCaCneFIVkarts‘TamTarÈkraCúeBjlkØNHEtmûg .
U
clnats‘UedIm,IrMedaHRbeTsCatimatuPUmienH )anTTYlkarKaMRTBIRbCaCnRKb; RsTab;vNËHkÜgnigeRkARbeTs
ù
nigbNþalRbeTskñgbøúksgÁmniymBiessshPaBsUevot .
ú

edayBMuGacTb;Tl;nigmhaclnarMedaHCatixagelI GaNaniKmniymGg;eKøsbgçMcitþ
RbKl;ÉkraCüeBjeljdl;RbeTsNÐakñgqñaM1947 . EtRbeTsN11/19/2011aEbgEckCardæBIKW
ú
)a:Ksßan nigshPaBNÐa .
I
munnwgcakecjBIRbeTsNÐa cRkPBGg;eKøs )anbnSl;TukbBaðaFMmYy[NÐa nig)a:KIsßanedaHRsay KW
{bBaðardækaesµo} EdlmanmnusS)at;bg;CIvitrab;Esnnak;edaysarkar EbgEckTwkdIenH .
2>2 clnarMedaHCaytirbs;NÐÚensIu
RbeTsNÐeÚ nsIusßiteRkamkarRtYtRtaénGaNaniKmniymhUgLg;taMgBIqñaM 1602 .
karCiHCan;yua:geXaeXArbs;RbeTsNÐÚensIu CaTMB½rmYydl;exµAggwteRkamnwmGaNaniKmniymhULg; .
karCiHCan;xagelIedayP¢ab;eTAnig neya)ayerIseGIgBN’sMbur
EdlGaNaniKmhULg;)anRbkan;enaH)aneFIV[CnCatiNÐeÚ nsIurg TukevTnaRklM)aketakya:kéRkElg .
edayGt;RTaMBM)annigGMeBIÙRBÙpSGmnusSFm’ RbCaCn NÐeÚ nsIu eRkakeLIgts‘Uya:gkøahan
u
RnqaMgGMnacRtYtRtarbs;hULg; . KNbkSneya)ayCaeRcIn)ancab;kMenIteLIg
edIm,IdwknaMclnats‘Urbs;RbCaCnNÐÚensIu . KNbkSTaMgenaHmanKNbkSGIsøamqñaM 1911
u
KNbkSkumµynIsþqñaM 1921 nigKNbkSCatiniymNÐÚensIu . KNbkSTaMgGs;)ancUlrYm
ú
CaFøúgmYyedIm,IÉkraCüCati .
eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTIBIr fVeI bImanCMnYyya:gsþksþmÖBIcRkBtþiniym Gaemrik nigGg;eKøsk¾eday
ú
k¾hULg;BMGacTb;Tl;nigclnaRMedaHCatirbs;RbCaCn NÐeÚ nsI)aneLIy .
u u
eRkayeBlEdlkgT½BpasIsCb:unTMlak;GavuFkÜùgqÜaM1945 elaks‘UkaNU)anRbkasÈraCúenA Ùf¶TI 17 sIha
u
1945 . b:Eu nþdl;qñaM1949 eTIbTTYl)anÉkraCüeBjelj . eRkatmkrdæaPi)alNÐÚensIu
)anRbkaspþac;cMngmitþPaB ¬NÐÚensIBIshPaBhULg;¦enAEcsIha 1954 .
u
2>3 clnarMedaHCatirbs;mIya:n;ma: ¬PUma¦
RbeTsmIya:n;ma:RtUvFøak;kñgGaNaniKmniymGg;eKøsenAqñaM1880 .
ú
RbeTsenHk¾dUcCabNþalRbeTsd¾éTeTotedlsþitenAeRkamGaNakiKmEdr.
karts‘UedIm,IrMedaHRbeTSCatimansnÒùHxøaMgkøa BiesseRkaysRgÀamelakelIkTI2 .
eKsegÁteXIjeRkambBVCitEdlCaGñkdwknaMCati eRBaHRBHsgÇTaMgenaH QWcab;nwgkarFøak;dundab
Gab;GanuPaBrbs;Garam ehIymüa:geTot KWQWcab;nwgkarCiHCan;
énGaNikCnPaKticNÊaEdlKaMRTedayGaNaniKmGg;eKøs . b:Eu nûclnats‘rU MedaHRbeTs
CatidwknaMedayelakG‘nU nigelakenvin )anRbQmmuxRbyuTnwgkgT½BCb:unvijya:gGg;Gac køahan .
U §

enAeRkamsRgÁamelakelIkTI2 GaNaniKmniymGg;eKøs)anvilmkvij
b:uEnþRtUvRbQmmuxnigclnats‘rU bs;RbCaCnmIya:n;ma: ya:gF¶n;F¶r.
edayTb;Tl;nwgclnats‘rU bs;RbCaCnmIya:n;ma:min)an
cRkPBGg;eKøsk¾bgçcitþRbKl;ékraCü[RbeTsenHvijenAqñaM 1948.
M
2>4 clnarMedaHCatirbs;RbCaCnNÐÚcin
eRkaysRgÀamelakelIkTI2 edaysarkarts‘UrMedaHCatid¾xøaMgkøa nigyUGEgVgrbs;
RbCaCnenAPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_ BiessenA]bTVbNÐÚcin eFIV[BYkeKGacdeNþImykÉkraCü esrIPaB
I
nigGFibetyúPaBmkvij)an . kÜugenHclnats‘UEdlpÒHmuneKbg¥s; nigTTYl)aneCaKC½y
ù
KWclnarMedaHCatirbs;RbeTsenANÐcin km<Ca evotNam Lav .
Ú ú
RbeTskm<Ca)anTTYlÉkraCeBjbribUrBIGaNaniKm)araMgenAéf¶TI09 vicäika qñaM1953
ú
cMEnkRbeTsevotNam nig Lav )anTTYlÉkarCüeBjeljenAExkkáda qñaM 154 tamryHsnñw sITRkugsWENv .
3>clnarMedaHCatienATVIbGaRBic
karts‘UrMedaHCatidMbUgbg¥s;enATVbGaRBicEdlRbkbedayfamBlxøaMgkøa KWenARBicxageCIgman eGsIub
I
lIb‘I TuynIsIu Gal;es‘rI nigma:r:k .
u
enARbeTseGsIbBYknayTahan nigBlTahanesñhaCati)anpþÜlrMlMesþc par:k
u u
edayeFIVrdæRbhareyaFamYy . rbbraCaFibetyü rNbcRkPBGg;eKøs RtUvbM)at;ecalehIysaFarNHrdæeGsIuib
RtUv)anRbkasenAéf¶TI 18 mifuna 1953.
RbCaCnGal;esrI eRkakQreLIgepûmeFIVkarts‘U edayGavuF)anrujRcanBYkGaNaniKm
I
niym)araM[ecjBIRbeTsrbs;xøÑn . eRkayBIkarts‘Uya:gsVitsVaj Gs;ryHeBl 7qÜaM kgT½B)araMgEdlmancMnYn
800000nak;sÓtenAeRkA karRbyuT§ eRBaHRbCaCnGal;rs‘rI
i
bgçrM dæaPi)alGaNaniKmniym)araMg[TTYlsÁal;ÉkraCü BitR)ak;rbs;RbeTsxøn . Ü
)araMg)anTTYlsÀal;ÈkraCúrbs;RbeTsGal;es‘rIenAExvicÕka 1954 .
i
RbeTslIb‘TTYl)anÈkraCúenAqÜaM 1952 RbeTsTuynIsIu nigma:r:kTTYl)anÈkraCú enAqÜaM1956 .
É u
enAcenøaHqñaM 1954-1960 RbeTsenATVbGaRBiceGkVaT½rTTYl)anÉkraCü CabnþbnaÞb;dUcCaRbeTskUDIv½r 1957
I
nigKIen 1958 .
cab;BIwqañM 1960 mkclnarMedaHCati)anrIkraldalya:gqab;rh½sdl;GaRBickNþalGaRBicxagekIt nWg
GaRBicxagt,uÚug. RbeTscMnYn17 EdlsßtenAGaRBickNþal xagekIt nWgxagt,ÚgTTUl)anÉkraCü dUcCaRbeTs
i
KIenb‘‘Ésav1974m:sMb‘É 1975
U

nigGg;kULa1975.b:uEnûenAGaRBicxagt,ÐgenAbnûclnats‘RU bqaMgnigrbbRbkan;BYCsasn_
Es,ks¬rbbGa)a:eft¦. bc©úb,nñenHRbeTsenAGaRBicesÞrI EtTaMgGs;¬Cag40RbeTs¦
deNþmyk)anÉkraCüCatimkvij .
I
4>clnarMedaHCatienAGaemrikLaTIn
RbeTsenAGaemricGaTIn suT§EtCaRbeTssßtenAeRkamkarRtYtRta rbs;shrdæGaemric.
i
eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 clnarMedaHCatienAGaemricLaTIn mansnÞúH xøaMkøa. enAqñaM1959
RbeTsKuN)a)anTTYlÉkraCüBIGaNaniKmniym .
enAnIkara:K½r)anbegáItrNsirSsg;DINUEdldwgnaMedayelakGUKUsþsg;DINU .
Ú
edaymanemdwknaMRtwmRtUvnigmanRbCaCnnIkara:Kr½ cUlrYmnaqñaM1975
)aneFIV[bdivtþn_mankMlaMgnigsnÞúHya:gxøaMgkøa . enAéf¶TI20 kkáda 1979 bdivtþ)anpþÜlrMlMrbbpþac;kar
Rbtirikiyarbs;sUm:sarCabrivarcRkBtþGaemrik . enAéf¶TI20 kkáda 1979 rdæRbCaFibetyü
U i
nigRbCamanitnIkara:KrRtUv)anbegáteLIg .
I
C½yCMnHrbs;bdivtþn_Kuy)a nigbdivtþn_nIkara:K½rCaKMrU nigCHT§Blya:gxøaMgkøa
i
dl;c;lnarMedaHCatienAGaemricLaTIn BiessenAGaemrickNþal.
enAGaemrickNþalclnarMedaHCati)anTTYleCaKC½ysßaBrenAGMlugqñaM1960-1970 .
bc©úb,nñenHRbeTsenAGaemricLaTIn TaMgGs;deNþm)anÉkraCüCatimkvij .
I
Etneya)aydwknaMRbeTsmanlkçNHepSg²Kña .

emeronTI 6 ³ GgÁkarshRbCaCati
GgÁkarshRbCaCati KWCaGgÁkarBiPBelakd¾kMBUlmantYnaTIEfrkSasnþiPaB snþisux
nigPaBrugerOgénmnusSCati.GgÁkarenHbegátelIgenAéf¶T24tula1945 edaysar
I i
smaCik51RbeTs.b:uEnþenAeBlenaHGgÁkarenHminTan;manTIsñak;karenAeLIy luHdl;éf¶11 FñÚr 1945
eTIbsPashrdæGaemric )ane)aHeqñatCaÉkcä½nÞsMerc[dak;TIsñak;karenAkñúg shrdææGaemric.
1 buBVehtuénkarbegáItGgÁkarshRbCaCati
PaBraldalénsRgÁamelakelIkTI2 )anCMrujshrdæGaemric nigRbeTsGg;eKøs[ cuHhtßelxa
elIsn§isBaØakarBarrYmeQµaHfaGgÁkarrdæFmµnuBaØGatøg;tic enAéf¶TI14sIha 1941
.bnÞab;mksRgÁamelakelIkTI2 )anbgç[RbeTscMnYn26
M
eTotcuHhtßaelxaelIsn§isBaØakarBarrYceQµaHfaGgÁkarFmµnuBaØGatTicenAéf¶TI 14 sIha 1941

.bnÞab;mksRgÁamelakelIkTI2 )anbgç[RbeTscMnYn26eTotcuHhtßelxaenATIRkug v:asIunetan
M
edIm,IeFIVsRgÁamRbqaMgnwgGaLWm:g;.mYyqñaMeRkaymkeTotsRgÁamelakkan;Etqab
eqHxøaMgeLIgeTotesÞrI EtBaseBjBiPBelak eTIbmhaGMnacTaMgbImanshrdæGaemric Gg;eKøs
nigsUevot)anCYbRbCMuKñaenATIRkugm:UsÁÚenAéf¶30tula 1943 edIm,IerobcMKeM ragbegáItGgÁkar
GnþrCatimYyEdlmanRbsiT§PaB edIm,IrkSasnþiPaB nigsnþisuxGnþrCati.edIm,I[GgÁkarenHman
tYnaTIkan;EtTUlMTlayEfmeTot snñisITRkugy:alta)ansMercbBa©ÚlsmaCikfImYyeTotenAkñúg GgÁRbCMuExkumÖ³
U µ
qñaM1945.GgÁkarBiPBelakmYy)ancab;bdisTie§ LIgenAeBlEdlRbeTscMnYn
51enAelIBiPBelak)anRbCMKñapøas;bþÚreTAelIKMeragFmµnuBaØénGgÁkarenHGs;ry³eBlBIrEx¬Ex4-5-
u
1945¦enATIRkugsan;R)an;sIsá.FmµnuBaØenHmantMélCapøvkar enAeBlEdlsmaCik
u Ú Ú
GciéRnþy_énRkumRbwkSasnþisux nigsmaCikdéTeTotcuHhtßelxaTTYlsÁal;cb;sBVRKb;enAéf¶TI 24tula qñaM1945
ehIyéf¶enHCaéf¶xYbkMenIténkarbegáItGgÁkarshRbCaCatiEdlRbeTsCa smaCikR)arBVeFIVCaerogral;qñaM.
2>TisedA nigeKalkarN_ énGgÁkarshRbCaCati
FmµnuBaØénGgÁkarshRbCaCAtiman111maRta.maRtaEdlsMxan;CageKKWmaRtaTI1
nigTI2eRBaHmaRtaTaMgBIrenHEcgGMBITisedA nigeKalkarN_GgÁkarenH.
2>1 TisedA ³
maRtaTI1 EcgGMBITisedAmanbYncMnuc ³
-rkSasnþiPaB nigsnþisuxBiPBelakedaycat;viFankary:agmanRbsiT§PaBedIm,IbRgáab
nigeBa©ósral;karKMramkMEhg snþisuxRBmTaMgeFIVkareKobsgát;ral;GeM BIrMelaP rWeFV[xUcdl; snþPaBBiPBelak.
I i
-BRgIkTMnak;TMngmitPaBrvagRbCaCatiTaMgLayedayQrelIkareKarBsiTir§ bs;RbCaBlrdæ
þ
nigcat;vFankarepSg² edIm,IBRgwgsnþiPaB.
i
-eFVI[manshRbtibtþikarGnþrCatiepSg²xagEpñkesdækic© sgÁmR)aCJa
nigmnusSFm’edayKµankarRbkan;BUCsasn_ ePT sasna nigPasa.
-sßitenAkñúgRkbx½NÐEdlRbCaCatinana xitxMRbwgERbgeq<aHeTArkesckþbBa©b;rYmmYy.
I
2>2 eKalkarN_ ³
cMnucxøH²enAkñúgmaRta2mandUcteTA ³
-GgÁkarshRbCaCAtiEp¥kelI smPaBnigGFibetyüPaBrvagsmaCikTaMgGs;.
-smaCikTaMgGs;RtUvbMeBjkatBVkic©edayeCOCak;elIFmµnuBaØénGgÁkarshRbCaCti.

-smaCikTaMgGs;RtUvedaHRsayral;CMelaHGnþrCatiedaymeFüa)aysnþiPaBenAkñglkçxNÐ ú
mineFVI[xUcxatdl;snûiPaB snûisux nigyutûFm’.
i
-RtUvGt;Fµt;ral;GeM BIKMramkMEhg nigkareRbIkMlaMgRbqaMg nwgRbeTsNamYyenAkñúgTMnak;Tng GnþrCatirbs;xøn.
M Ü
-FmµnuBaØmin[GnuBaØati[GgÁkarshRbCaCatieFVGnþaKmn_kgkic©karépÞkgrbs;RbeTsNamYy eLIy.
I ñú ñú
3>sßab½nnana
RbB½n§énGgÁkarshRbCaCati
÷elxaFikardæan
÷tulakarGnþrCati ÷RkumRbwkSaPi)al
÷mhasnñi)at ÷RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁm ÷RkumRbwkSasnþisux
Pañk;garGnþrCatiplit GgÁkashRbCaCati
famBlbrmaNAIEA sMrab;kmµviFIGPivDÆ
KN³kmµkarxagc,ab; ¬UNDP¦
GnþraCati ]tþmsñgkarGgÁkar
KN³kmµkarBieRKaH shRbCaCatisMrab;Cn
eyabl;viTüasaRsþ én ePosxøn¬UNHCR¦
Ü
GgÁkarshRbCaCati mUlniFiGgÁkarsh
KN³kmµkarBieRKaH RbCaCatisrM ab;kumar
eyabl;xagrdæ)al ¬UNICEF¦
nigfvika
GgákarshRbCaCatimansßb½nsMxan;²cMnYn6 EdlmantYnaTIdac;edayELkBIKña sðßab½nnImYy²
EbgEckCaGgákartUc²CaeRcInEdlmankariyal½yenABaseBjBiPBelak CaBiessenAtamRbeTsttiyelak
nigRbeTsEdlRkIRkbMput . GgÁkarTaMgenaHmandUcCayUensáÚ GayeGmeGb vU yUGinDIPI pav –l-.
3>1 mhasnñi)at
mhasnñi)atKWevtikaCUbCMuRbeTsCasmaCik edIm,IBiPakSanigGnum½telIesckþsMerc epSg².
I
GgÁkarshRbCaCati)anebImhasnñi)aterogral;qñaMenAEx kBaØa nigbBa©b;eTAvijenA
Ùf¶buNúNUEGl¬kMenItRBHeys‘U ¦. karebIkmhasnÜi)atmanTisedAedaHRsayral;bBaÛaEdl dak;cUleTAkÜg
ù
rebobvarHénGgÁmhasnñi)at. PasaCapøvkarEdleKykeTAeRbIenAkñg mhasnñi)atman Gg;eKøs )araMg
Ú ú
eGs,a:j Gara:b; rUsIu nigcin .
3>2 RkumRBwkSasnþisux
cab;taMgBIéf¶begátGgÁkarshRbCaCatimkdl;éf¶ 1 mkra 1966 RkumRBwkSasnþisux mansmaCik
I
TaMgGs; 11RbeTs .R)aMRbeTsCasmaCikGciéRnþy_ nig6RbeTseTotCasmaCik Fmµta .

sBVéf¶enHGaRs½yedaysmaCikGgÁkarshRbCaCatiecHEtekIneLIgCalMdab; ¬188RbeTsqñaM2000
¦eTIbtMrUv[RkumRBwkSasnþsuxbegánsmaCikEfmeTotrhUtdl;15 RbeTs .
i I
enAqñaM1988RkumRBwkSasnþisuxmanReTsmhaGMnacCasmaCikGciéRnþy_ KWshrdæGaemric cRkPBGg;eKøs
GtitshPaBsUevot )araMg cin cMEnksmaCikFmµta man10RbeTsKW Gal;es‘rI Gasg;TIn eRbsIul
saFarNHrdæshB½n§GaLWm:g; GItalI Cb:un en)a:l; esenkal; yUkUsøavI nig sium)aev .
u
RkumRBwkSasnþsuxCaGgÁkarnitiRbtibtþd¾FMeFgEtmYyKt;EdlmantYnaTIBRgwgsnþiPaB BiPBelak .
i i
GgÁkarenHGacekaHRbCMuRKb;eBlevla RbsinebImankarcaM)ac; .cMeBaHkarGnum½t
RbkarGImYyRtUvEp¥keTAelIkarmUlmtiXCaÉkcä½nÞ rbs;mhaGMnacTaMg5EteBlxøHmha GMnac)aneRbIsiT§ei vtU
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CMTas;minGac[RkumRBwkSasnþisuxminGacdMenIrkar)anenAkñgdMeNaH RsayNamYyrs;xøn .
ú Ü
cab;BIeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 mkGgAkarenH)anbMeBj tYnaTIrbs;xøÜnCaeRcIn
elIkedIm,IrkSasnþiPaB .
 enAéf¶TI 28 kmra 1949 RkumRBwkSasnþisux)anecjbBa¢a[RbeTshULg;
bBaÇb;ral;GnþraKmn_eyaDaenAelIekaHCVa RBmTaMgedaHElgeQøIyswkNÐÚensIu
TaMgGs;EdleK)anXMXaMg edaytlkçxNÐ cMEnkÉxagNÐÚensIvijRtUvEt
u u
bBaÇskmµPaBT½BéRBedaycab;negáItrdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñmYyeLIg
enAmunkare)aHeqñatbegáItrdæaPi)alfµI .
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GnþrCatiedIm,IBicarNaerOgkþIrvagGg;eKøsnigGal;)anI GMBIkareFIV[pÞHnava Gg;eKøs
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edayRKab;Ebkbégárbs;Gal;)anI enAkñgRcksmuRTkUpU . eRkayBIeFIV karBicarNarYc
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tulakartularGnþrCati)ankat;[Gal;)anIcaj;edaydMrUv [sgkarxUcxatdl;RbeTsGg;eKøs.
 ebIsinNasmaCikCasmaCikNamYyEdlTak;TgenAkñgerOgCMelaHminRBm
ú
GnuvtþtamesckþsMercrbs;RkumRBwkSasnþsux RkumRBwkSaenHnigcat;vFankarBIr
I i i
ya:gdUcxageRkam ³
k> TNÐkmµmineRbIkMlaMg
 eFIVkarBiPakSatampøvTUt .
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 dak;Tn;kmµesdækic© mankarkat;pþac;TMnakTMng esdækic©GnþrCati biTpøveKak
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b¤pøvGakasEdlnaM[RbeTsenaHman vibtþiesdækic© nigvibtþisgÁm .
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x>TNÐkmµedayeRbIkMlaMg
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TTYlyklkçx½NÐ EdlRkumRBwkSasnþsux )andak;[ Gnuvtþtam.
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dUcCasRgÁamenAQUgsmuRTEBkqñaM 1991
rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatidIm,IRbqaMgnigRbeTsGIru a:k;EdlminRBmdkT½B
ecjBIRbeTskUEv:t .
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tulakarGnþrCatimanecARkm 15 nak; manGaNtþi9 qñaMeRCIsedaymhasniñ)at1¼3
¬5nak;¦kñgrtHeBlbIqñaMmþg . cMeBaHlkçNvinicä½ykñúgkar eRCIserIseK minGaceRCIsykecARkm2 nak;
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kñgRbeTsEtbYy)an eLIy. ecARkmKWCa mRnþIGnþrCati EdlmansIlFm’l¥ .
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tulakarenH)ansMerceCaKC½ynUvbBaðaGnþrCatikgkar CMelaHCaeRcIndUcCaxagEpndI EdnsmuRTnegBaNiC¢kmµ .
ñú
k>CMelaHEdndI
CMelaHrvag)araMgnigGg;eKøskñgkardeNþmekaHminKIey nigeGRkWGsEdk Gg;eKøs)ankan;kab;cab;BIqñaM
ú I U
1066 edayesþcGg;eKøseQµaHvIelom .cMEnkPaKI)araMg)anGHGag
faesþcGgÁenHCaesþcsYyrbs;)araMgeTIb)araMgRbkan; faekaHrbs;xøn . éf¶TI17 vicäka 1953
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tulakarGnþrCati)ansMerc[Gg;eKøs)anQñHkþbnÞab; BI)anbicarNaya:gl¥itl¥n;rYcmk.
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enAqña1954 RbeTscin)anelIkT½BcUlkan;kab;RbsaTRBHviharTaMgkMeral
R)asaTenHCasñaédsil,HExµrl¥KµanBIrEdlsßitenAelIPMñRBHvihar. éfeFIVEbbebHcat;TkfaCa u
karqk;bøn;ykmrtkRbvtþsaRsþrbs;Exµrpg nigCakarbgçtRBMEdn edayykR)asaTCaeKalRBM EdnfµI
i i
rvagExµrnigéfpg . RbeTskm<Ca)aneFIVBakübNþwgeTAGgÁkarGnþrCatiTIRkugLaeG edIm,I CYyytyutûFm’.
ú i
eRkayBIkarRsavRCavrkPsþtag nig BicarNaya:gl¥itl¥n;mk. tulakarGnþrCati)anecj enAéf¶TI15mifuna qñaM
ú
1962 [éfdk;T½BnigtMrYtecjBIR)asaTenH CabnÞan;.
CMelaHEdnensaTrvagGaemric nigkaNadaenAQUgsmuRTEm:n tMrUv[tulakarGnþrCati
sMercEbgEckEdnTwkenAéf¶TI 12tula 1984.
x-CMelaHBaNiC¢kmµ
enAÙf¶T01 mifuna 1951 rd×aGWiur:g;)aneFVItUbnIykmµeTAelIRkumh‘nd¾FMeQµaH
I u

Gg;kGIru a:nIjinedayxusc,ab;.luHdl;Ùf¶TI05kkÔda 1951 Rkumh‘unenH)anbBa¢nsMnMulixiteTA
øÐ ù Ð
tulakarGnþrCati.enAéf¶TI22kkáda tulakarenH)antMrUv[RbeTsGWru :g;RbKl;Rkumh‘unenHeTA[
RbeTsGg;eKøsvij.
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GNti5qñaMeRCIstaMgedaymhasnñi)aT TTYlbnÞúkeFVIr)aykarN_erogral;qñaM mhasnñi)aT
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kariyal½ysBVavuF kariyal½yRbwkSaPi)al nigkariyal½yxagkic©karesdækic©.
GKÁelxaFikardæanGgÁkarshRbCaCatiman7 nak;ehIyrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH.
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GaNtþei nHRtUvBa©b;enAéf¶TI01 vicäka qñaM1950 elak)anRtUvEtgtaMgbnþrhUt
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nigvibtþkugkUCaedIm.
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elakG‘fan;)anxitxMbMeBjkatVkic¨edIm,IsnûPaBBiPBelakdUcCa ³
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nigEtgtaMgCaGKÁelxaenAGaNtþTI2enAExFñÚqñaM1976nigbBa©bGaNtþei nAéf¶T31FñÚ qñaM1981.
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eBlCit3TsvtSknøgmk .
c>b‘RU tUb‘URtUkalI nigkUhVGaNan;
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GKÀelxaGgÀkarshRbCaCaticuHeRkay KWelakb‘URtUkalI ¬1992-1997 ¦
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dUcCavibtþirvag)a:elsÞnbBaðasiT§mnusSenAcin nigenAmIya:n;ma:enAeBlfµI²enHGgÁkarsh
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nigBn§darEdlEtgEteFIV[crntBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCatirGak;rGYl. karbegÁItGgÁkarkat;
nigkarbegáItGgÁkarmUlniFiGnþrCatiCavtþbMNgEtmYyKt; edIm,IkarrIkcMerInénesdækic©GnþrCati .
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nigkgVHxatsalaeron .
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-manstism,CBaØ³
-ecHRtIHriHBicarNaeFIVGIV²RbkbedayvicarNBaØaN nig]tþmKti
-ecHKMnt;eKaledA[)anc,as;
-ecHeFIVsm,Tandl;GñkdéTnigGñkmanKuN
-eKarBc,ab;sgÁm.
11>edIm,I[køayCamnusSeBjeljeBjlkçNHGacrs;enAkñúgsgÁm)ansuxRsYletIeyI
gmñak;²RtUve)aHbg;ecalb¤luHbM)at;nUvGIVxøH?
cM> mnusSRtUve)aHbg;nigbM)at;nUv ³
-e)aHbg;karcUlcitþeRbIsPavKtinigTMlab;dUcstV.
-e)aHbg;ecalnUvcriteqvqavxVHkarBicarNaeFIVGItamEtcitþnwkeXIj.
V
-lHbg;karx¢ilRcGUsecHEtsIunigedk.
12>karecHRbmaNkMlaMgrbs;xøÜneTAnigkargar KWCatMél³ tMElpÞal;xøÜn .
13>mnusSmanlkçNHBiessxusBIstVedaymnusSman Kti .
14>karCYyCaKMnitbec©keTs l,icb¤KnøwHkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaKW samKÁIpøÚvbBaØa.
15>lkçNHmYyénFmµCatiEdpþl;[mnusSstVnUvcMenHtaMgBIkMenItsøab;RklaehAfasPa
vKti .
16>eKGacrMelaPbgçMb¤dak;TNÐkmµdl;rUbragkaymnusSmñak;)anb:uEnteKminGacbgçMcitþ
KMnit b¤]tþmKti sµartI mnusS)aneT.
17>cUlsresrsuPasitb¤BaküesøakmYyEdlmanxøwmsanigGtßn½yTak;TgnUvlkçNHl¥
éncitþKMnitrbs;bnusS .
cM>eFIVl¥)anl¥
-citCaeTvTtþ mat;CaeTvta.
-CYyKñakñgRKaRk
ú
-Rk²cuH[Etman

-citþl¥RkminyUr
-RtkUlsCati mayaTsBUC
18>etIlkçNHéncitþKMnitrbs;mnusSdUcKña nigxusKñaRtg;cMnugNaxøH?cUrerobrab;.
cM>lkçNHducKñanigxusKñaéncitþKnitmnusSman ³
M
k>lkçNHdUcKña ³
-Rslaj;CIvitcg;rs;xøacsøab; GtßTtßbuKÁl .
-cg;)anesrIPaBÉkraCü sSrPaB .
cg;mancg;)an suPmgÁlxøacRk
-cg;)anGIVEdlgay²cg;RsNuk cg;RsYl xøaclM)ak
-manCMenOrcg;)anesckþIsux .
x>lkçNHxusKña
EpñkviC©man
-citþsb,úrs citþTlay
U
-esñaHRtg; PkþIPaB
-søÚtbUtcitþF¶n;suPaBrabsa
-KMnitbrTtßbuKÁlcUlcitþCYyseRgÁaHGñkdéT
-KMniteCOnelOnGPivDÆ écñRbDitbegátfµII
EpñkGviC©man
-citþGaRkk;Gtµaniym kMNaj;
-evocevr lak;Butk,t;
-RbehInekagkac citþRsalsahavéRBépS
-RcEnnQñanIs Büa)atmincg;eXIjeK)ansuxeT
-KMnitGPirkS Gn;fycUlcitþeRbIEtTMlab;cas;.
19>kñgsgÁmCatinImYy²rdæaPi)alEtgcat;vFankarTb;sáat; niglubbM)at;plitkmµTMnij Ekøgkøay
ú i
»sfEkøgkøaypliyplhYskalkMnt;xUcKuNPaB eRKOgejon .l.edIm,IFanabMeBjCUnBlrdænUv
tMrUvkarsuvtßPaB.
i
20>karkarBarbrisßanKWCakareqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarEpñk suvtßiPaB.
21>tMrUvkarsrIr³RtUvnwgsuxkñgRBHBuT§niym KWGtßisux.
ú

22>karrs;enAkñúgsßanPaBnirnþrPaB KWBitCa)anbMeBj tMrUvkarsuvtßPaB
i
23>tMrUvkarFMCageKbg¥s;rbs;mnusStamRTwsþeI lak m:asøÚ KWtMrUvkarcg;)ankarRslaj;.
24>CnNak¾dUcCnNaEtgEtRtUvkaresckþIéf¶frñÚ kitþiys muxmat; Biesscg;[man
tMélesµI²KñacMeBaHmuxc,ab;mincg;[eKerIseGIg.tMrUvkarenHbgðajnUvsmiTi§plsñaédEdleKeFVI)anenHCatMrUvkar
EpñktMél.
25>cUrelIkBaküesøakEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkar[tMéleTAelIFnFan FmµCati.
cM>-TwkCaRbPBénCIvit. -edImeQICaRbPBénTwkePøóg
-éRBeQICaCMrkénstVéRB. -TwkRtCak;RtIkM.
u
-manTwkmanRtI. -manéRB manstV.
-BnøWCaRbPBénCIvt.
i
26>etItMrUvkarTUeTArbs;mnusSsMxan;²manb:unµanEbb?
cM>k-tMrUvkarEpñksrI³
-kareRskXøan -cMnIGaharTwkedIm,IciBa©wmCIvt
i
-tMrUvkarsMelokbMBak; -eRKOgdNþb;ragkay
-TICMrk -brisßanCMvijxøÜnl¥ xül;brisuT§
u
-fñaMeBTüedIm,IBüa)alCMgW -karsMraklMEh.
x-tMrUvkarEpñksgÁm CatMrUvkarEdlmnusScg;)ankñgzanHCasmaCiksgÁmKW³
ú
-tMrUvkarkitiys ³ muxmat; GMna kitþs½BÞl,Il,aj.
þ i
-tMrUvkarsMPar³ ³sMPar³TMenIb²eRbIR)as;cg;begáItsñaéd .
-tMrUvkaresrIPaB³ sSrPaBcg;)anlT§pll¥.
i
-cg;EfTaMGñkxøneBjcitþ nigcg;[eKEfTaMxønÉg .
Ü Ü
27>tamTsSn³rbs;elak ma:søÚ etIKat;)anEcktMrUvkarrbs;mnusSCab:unaµn? GIVxøH ?
cUrerobrab;.
cM>tamTsSn³rbs;elakma:søÚKat;)anEcktMrUvkarrbs;mnusSCa5sMxan;²KW³
1>tMrUvkarEpñksrIr³ ³ CatMrUvkarmUldæanEdlmnusScg;)annUvGIV²sMrab;pÁt;pÁg;bnþCIvitsMxan;KW
bc©½y4ya:gkñúgkarrs;enAmandUcCa ³cMnIyGahar TICrM k sMelokbMBak; fñaMBüa)al nigeBTüBüa)al.

2>tMrUvkarsuvtßPaB ³ mnusSRtUvrs;enARbkb;edayesckþsux nigFananUvstþisuxTaMgpøÚvkay nigpøvcitþ
i I Ú
minrs;enAkñúgPaBP½yxøac b¤)armÖeLIy.
3>tMrUvkarkarRslaj; ³ CatMrUvkarmYyEdlGñkNak¾cg;)ancg;[eKcat;TukxønfaCanmnusSeBj lkçN³.
Ü
4>tMrUvkartMél ³ CnNak¾dUcCnNaEdl EtgEtRtUvkareskþéføfñrÚ kitiys muxmat;
I þ
Biesscg;[mantMélesµI²KñacMeBaHmuxc,ab;mincg;[eKerIeGIgtMrUvkarenaHbgðajnUvskþanuPaB
plsñaédEdleKeFIV)an .
5>tMrUvkarbgðajBIskþaniPaB b¤ bBa¢aBIxønÉg ³ CatMrUvkarEdlmincg;mnusSTUeTAcg;eFIGI²edayxønÉg
Ü VV Ü
cg;bgðajBIsSrPaB esrIPaBmincg;sßtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;GñkdéTeLIy . tMrUvkarenHehAfa
i
tMrUvkarsVyPaB .
½
29>kñúgcMenamtMrUvkarTaMg5 rbs;elak ma:søÚ .
etItMrUvkarmYyNaEdlGñkcg;)anmuneKbMput ?eRBaHGIV?
cM>mnusSmantMrUvkarEpñkCIvtnigEpñksgÁmxus²Kña. tMrUvkarEdleyIgcg;)anmuneKbMputKW
i
tMrUvkarEpµksrIr³eRBaHvaCatMrUvkarsMxan;cMeBaHkarrs;ranmanCIvit nigsuxumalPaBehIyk¾CatMrUv karmUldæanEdr
ñ
EdlmnusScg;)ansMrab;pÁt;pÁg;bnþCIvitsMxan; KWbc©½y 4ya:gkñúgkarrs;enAman cMnIyGahar TICMrk sMelokbMBak;
fñaMeBTü nigeBTüBüa)alCMgW .
30>edIm,IerobcMCIvitmYy[)anl’RbesIreTAeBlGnaKtetIbuKÁlmñak;²RtUveFIVdUcemþc ?
cM> edIm,IerobcMCIvit[)anl¥RbesIreTAGnaKtbuKÁlmñak;²RtUvyl;[)anc,as;GMBItMrUvkarcaM)ac;
rbs;xønedayRtUvRbemIlemIl[eXIjBIxnÉg nigGIEV dleyIgcg;)anBitR)akdkñgCIvit .
Ü øÜ ú
dUcenHeyIgRtUvsVHEsVgeGFIVGIV²edIm,IbMeBjdMrUvkarTaMgenHCaRbcaMrhUtTTYl)aneCaKC½yCa
sßaBr.karerobcMCIvt[)anl¥RbesIreFIV[mnusSrs;enARbkbedayesckþIéføfrñÚ
i
nigmankitiys .
þ
32>mnusSRKb;rUbEtgRtUvkarplitples,og
nigcMnIGaharTaMgLayNaEdlmanGnam½ymanKuNPaBRtUvtamk<nviC¢saRsþ edIm,IbMeBj ³ suvtßiPaB .
Ú
33>edaysarkarhgareTIbeFIV[mnusSrvl; ehIyeCosputG)aymux nignaMmnusSeTArkPaB x<g;x<s;
EdlCaRbPBÙntMÙlEpÜk ³ sIlviC¢a b¤ sIlFm’ .
34>sm,tþTaMg4 RbkarEdlmnusSmñak;²EdlRtUvEtmanKW rUbsm,tþi RTBüsm,tþi nig viC¢asm,tþi>>>>.
i
35>buNübc©½yTaMg4 kñúgRBHBuT§sasnamanGtßn½yeqøIytbtMrUvkarEpñk srIr³.

36>tMrUvkarmnusSTUrTAcg;eFIGI²edayxøÜnÉg cg;bgðajsSrPaB esrIPaB
VV
mincg;sßtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;GñkdéTeLIy tMrUvkarenHehAfatMrUvkar sVyPaB b¤ bBa¢ak;BIxønÉg .
i ½ Ü
37>edIm,Ieqøytb nwgsiT§irs;ranmanCIvitmnusSmñak;² RtUvbMeBjtMrUvkarEpñk srIrH edim,IRTRTg;CIvit
I
nigtMrUvkarEpñk suvtßPaB edim,IkarBaCIvit .
i
38>cUrerobrab; Bnül;tMrUvkarsuvtßiPaB .
cM>tMrUvkarsuvtßPaB CatMrUvkarFanadl;karrs;enARbkbedayesckþsuxKµankarP½yxøac Kµankar)armÖ .
i I
ehIyk¾CatMrUvkarEdlFanadl;karrs;enAEdlRbkbedaysuvtßPaBTaMgpøvkaynigpøÚvcitþ .
i Ú
k>suvtßPaBpøvkay ³
i Ú
-suvtßPaBcMNIGahar ³ cMNIGaharmanKuNPaBKµanTMnijEkøgkøay KµanCatiKImI KµanGaharxUcKuNPaB .
i
-suvtßPaBsñak;enA ³ mansnþisux CMrkRtwmRtUv brisßans¥atl¥manGnam½yTwkePøg xül;GakasbribUrN_.
i I
-suvtßPabeFIdMenIr ³KµaneRKaHfñak;cracrN_Kµanecarkmµqk; bøn; kareCosputBIeRKaHfñak;epSg²
i V
elIragkayb¤eFIV[QWcab;dl;ragkay ¬vaydMkab;sMlab; >>¦.
-suvtßPaBEpñksuxPaB ³ esvakmµsuxaPi)alcakfµaMbgáanigBüa)alCMgW KñafµaMeBTüEkøgkøay.
i
x>suvtßPaBpøvcitþ b¤ GarmµN_ ³
i Ú
-suvtßPabkñgRKYsar ³KµanCMelaH KµanGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar .
i ú
-suvtßPaBkñúgsgÁm ³KµankarRbmafemIlgayKµanTMnas; KµanGMeBielµs KµankarrMelaPsiT§man
i I i
sm,TancMeBaHKñaeTAvijeTAmk .
-suvtÓPaBsgÀm ³ manyutûFm’ manRkumkarBarsiTi§mnusS manGgÁkarsgÁm
i i
dUcCaRkumBnøt;GKÁP½yGgÁPaBsRgÁaHbnÞan;>>>.
I
srubmk suvtßPaBBiCasMxan; sMedAFanamnusS[rs;enARbkbedaynirTukç nirP½y Kñakar)armÖ
i
rs;RbkbedaysuxumaPaB .
39>kñúgCIvitrbs;Gñk rtIEdlsMxan;CageK nigGIVEdlminsUvsMxan;?
cM>k>kñúgCIvitrbs;xJMú EdlxJúMRtUvkarCacaM)ac;KW ³
-CIvPaBrs;enARbcaMéf¶ ³ R)ak;kas nigsMPar³sMrab;eRbIR)as;.
-)ayTwk ³ mðbGahar Twks¥at TICMrk sMelokbMBak;.
Ú
-suxPaBl¥ ³ man»sfBüa)alCMgW nigeBTüBüa)alCMgW.
-snþisux ³ snþiPaB sNþab;Fñab; nigkareKarBc,ab; .
-karsikSa ³ sMPar³sikSa meFüa)aysikSa .

-yutiûFm’ ³ esrIPaB sc¨PaB .
x>GIEV dlmincaM)ac;sMrab;CIvPaBrs;enARbcaMéf¶rbs;xJMú man ³
-PaBhWha –GlgáareRKOgRbdab;Etxønman mas eBRC
u Ü
-sMelokbMBak;Tan;sm½y –sMPar³TMenIb²
-PUmiRKWHsþksþmÖ rfynþTMenIb²>>>.
ú
40>etIbc©½yTaMg4 rbs;bBVCitb¤tanBakürbs;RBHBuT§sasnamanGIVxøH ?
RtUvnigBakürbs;RKhsßfadUcemþc ?
cM>bc©½yTaMg 4 rbs;bBVCit b¤tamBakürbs;RBHBuTsasnaman ³
§
1>cIBr b¤ cIvrb,c©½y ³ sMedAelIsMBt;sMrab;RKgelIrUbragkay RtUvnigBaküRKhsßehAfa exaGav sMelokbMBak;
sMBt;>>>>>
2>biNÐ)atbc©½y³sMedAelImðÜbGahr eRKOg]bePaK briePaKRtÜvnigBaküRKhsßehAfa )ay sMl>>>.
3>esnasnb,c©½y ³ sMedAelIkEnøgKg;enA rWsMParsMrab;eBlsMrak RtUvnwgBaküRKhsßehAfa ERK mug kenÞl
exñy PYy kudi.
I
4>KilanePsC¢³bc©y ³ sMedAelI»sfBüa)aleraK rWfñaMTwk rW TwkEdlCaePsC¢³epSg² RtUvnwgBakü RKhsßehAfa
½
fñaMeBTü sMrab;Büa)alCMgW eBTüBüa)alCMgWbrikçaeBTüepSg²>>>.
41>etIesckþIsux rWtMrUvkarrbslmnusStamTsSn³rbs;RBHBuT§sasna
manb:unµanRbkar? GIVxøH? mann½ydÚcemþc?
cM>esckþIsuxrbs;mnusStamTsSnHrbs;RBHBuTæCam©as;5 RbkarKW³
1>Gtßsux³CaesckþIsuxeRBaHmanRTBüsm,tþmanmasR)ak;edIm,IeRbIR)as;kñgkarrs;enAEdlsMbÚrN¾edaybc©½y4
i i u
man
-cIBr rWcIvvbc©½y-biNÐ)tbc©½y-esnasnbc©½y-KilanePsC¢H.
2>ePaKsux³ CaesckþeI RBaHsb,ay nig kareRbIR)as;RTBüEdlxøÚnrk)anedaysuc©rit edIm,IciBa©WmRKÜsar eFIbuNü
V
Tan nig CÜyGñkdéT.
3>GnNsux³ CaesckþsuxeRBaHKaµnbMnul minCMBak;eK.
I
4>GnvC¢sux³ CaesckþsuxEdlekItecjBIkarRbRBWtþtamKnøgFm¾mankargarsuc©riteFIVCabegÁalCab;lab;.
I
5> snþi rW snþsux³ CaesckþsuxekItecjBIesckþIsJb;minmanPaBvikvr RcbÜkRcbl; minmanPaBekþARkhay
i I
KµansRgÁam KµankarlM)ak KµanesckþIsux.
emeronTI3³ karkMnt;eKaledAénCIvit

1> vcnanuRkmExµr niBnæeday CÜnNat.
2> tamCIvHTsSnHeCoWneloWn GnaKtrbs;mnusSmµak;²RtÜvkMnt;eday samIxønpÞal;.
Ü
3> edIm,IQandl;karvinic©½yeKaledAl¥RtÜvføgEføgcMeBaHsmtßPaBCamÜynWgeKaledAsin. enHCal½kçx½NÐ³
å
karvas;sÞg;.
4> GMeBImÜyEdlRbkbedaybMng nig karriHKitTukCamuneKehAfa qnÞH.
5> BuTæsasnahamlÜcRTBüGµkdéT. sikaçbTenHmanGtßn½yTak;TgnWgkareKarB
siTimanRTBüsm,tþCakmµsiTi.
æ i æ
6> tamCIvTsSn³eCOnelOnGnaKtrbs;mnusSmñak;²kMnt;eday samIxønpÞal;.Ü
7> eKaledAénCIvitrbs;eyIgminRKan;EtCa karrs;ran manCIvitbu:eNÑaHeTeyIgRtUv rs;enA Rbkbeday
esckþéføfñrÚ .
I
8> cUrelIksuPasit EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarGt;»nKñaedIm,IGPivDÆn_RbeTsCati
nigedIm,Irs;enARbkbedaysuxumalPaB .
cM> -cgmitþRbesICagcgsRtUv
-kMlaMgsamKÁnaMmknUveCaKC½y .
I
-karpSHpSarKñanaMmknUvkarGPivDÆn_
-karCUbKñakñgRKamanGasnñ
ú
-TMlak;kaMbit taMgcitþCaRBH
-egIysák »ndak;RKab; .
42>etIeKaledACaGVI? ehtuGIV)anCaeyIgcaM)ac;RtUv kMnt;eKaledAénCIvitrbs;xøÜn ?
cM>eKaledA KWCaTIbBa©b; b¤CakmµvtßéneCaKC½yEdleyIgcg;)an .
ú
)anCaeyIgcaM)ac;RtUvkMnt;eKaledAénCIvitrbs;xøneRBaH ³
Ü
-edIm,IerobcMGnaKt[)anl¥RbesIr .
-edIm,IcMenjeBlevla R)ak;kas; kMlaMgkay nigcitþ .
-edIm,IGPivDÆcMenHdwg nigCMnaj[kan;EtRbesIreLIg .
-edIm,IRtYsRtaypøvsMrab;edIr[)anRsYl .
Ú
-manKMeragEpnkarCamunedIm,ITb;Tl; nig]bsKÁ nigbBaÐananacMeBaHmux .
-edIm,ICaRtIvis½ysMrab;cg¥lTis kM[gakepþspþas;naM[xatRbeyaCn_xatkMlaMg nigxateBlevla .
ú u
-edIm,ITkCam:T½r b¤CaefÜalsMrab;CMrujqnÒ³[ha‘nBuHBarha‘nts‘CMnHkarlM)akepSg².
u U U

43>etIeKaledArbs;mnusSmanb:unñanEbb ? GIVxøH ?
cM>eKaledArbs;mnusSmanBIEbbKW ³
-eKaledAry³eBlxøI ³ KWekKaledAEdlCatMrUvkarkarcMeBaHmuxEdlRtUveRbIeBlevla xxøTamTarnUvlT§plPam²
I
.
-eKaledAry³eBlEvg ³
KWCaeKalEdlRtUveRbIeBlyUrEdlTamTarnUvkareKarlkçxNÐkñgkarkarkMnt;eKaledAenaH.
ú
]>eKaledAcab;ykCMnajNamYy .
44>edIm,I kMnt;eKaledArbs;xøÜn etImnusSmñak;²BicarNaelIGIVxøH ?
cM>edIm,IkMnt;eKaledArbs;xønmnusSmñak;²RtUvBicarNaBItMrUvkarBItR)akdrbs;xønKW ³
Ü Ü
-sm,Ta ³ cMenHdwg smtßPaB eTBüekaslü smRsbnwg eKaledAb¤eT ?
-lT§PaB ³ FnFansuxPaBeBlevla TIkEnøg {GMenayplb¤eT?}.
-sßanPaBsgÁm ³ tMrUvkarsgm TIkEnøgtMrUvkarTIpSar{ eKRtUvkarGI?} .
V
-]bnis½Sy ³ cMng;cMnUlcitþ CMnaj ¬cg;eFIeV T ? GaceTArYcb¤eT ?¦
-karecHRbmaN ³ BicarNa føwgEføgBIKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþi
-kartaMgcitû ³ karBúayam karsMerccitû ts‘UBuHBar .
45>etIktþaGIVxøH EdlCYy[GñkGacsMraceKaledA)an ?
cM>ktþaEdlCYy[eyIgGacsMerceKaledA)anKW ³
-eKaledAnigEpnkarc,as;las; .
-smtßPaBRsb nigeKaledA .
-FnFanR)ak;kassMrab;sikSa .
-eBlevla nigTIkEngGMeNaypl .
-karts‘U Búayam .
-KMnitsuTdæiniym nigkþsgÇwm .
I
-briyakassgÁmGnueRKaH .
-qnÞHemaHmut nigkarsmµaFitklcitþ[]nwg minraErk .
M
1 edIm,IQaneTAdl;karvinicäyeKaledAl¥KIeKRtUvføgEføgcMenHdWgsmtþPaBCamUynWg
½ W
eKaledAsin.enHCalkçxNÐkarvas;sÞg; .
2bMngmYyEdlzitkñgPaBsava raErkminR)akdehAfa kgV³qnÞ³ .
ú

3mnusSeyIgmñak;²suTE§ tmaneKaledACivterog²xøn . eKaledAl’KWeKaledAEdleRCIserIs ³
i Ñ
tamGIEV dlxøneyIgpÞal;GaceFIV)an.
Ü
47>eRkABI]bnisS½ycMng;cMnUlcitþ nigsmtßPaBvICaCIvH enAmanktþamYyeTot
EdlCaktþaGtenam½tTakTgnigsmIxøÜnpÞal;kñugkareFIv[eKGacsMerc
eKaledAénCivit)anenaHKWktþa suxPaB .
48>bMngBitR)akdmYyEdkKñanrUbragehAfa >>>qnÞ³esÞIr>>>.
49>etIlkçN³GIVxøHsMrab;vinicä½yeKaledAl¥mYy ?
cM> lkçxNÐkgkjarvinicä½yeKaledAl¥)anKW ³
ñú
-lkçN³Biess bBaØkmµ ³bMNgR)afñaEdlRtUveFIV
-karecHvas;sÞg; karCECk eRCIserIsføgEføg cMenHdwg nigsmtßPaB .
w
-TMnUleCaKC½y ³ karsMerccitþ taMgcitþCMnH]bsKÁ.
-TMnakTMng;éneKaledA ³ eRCIserIseKaledAnigTItaMg .
-kMnt;TisedABitR)akd ³ karRbtibtþi beFüa)ayviFankar .
50>edIm,I[CIvitrbs;GñkemIleXIjGIV²c,as; etIGñkRtUvGPivDÆriyabf
nigtMélducemþcxøH ?
cM> edIm,I[CIviteyIggemIlGI)anc,as;minP½nÖRclMmineRCIserIsxuseyIgRtUv GPivDÆriyabf
V
nigtMélrbs;xøndUcteTA ³
Ü
-k>GPivDÆEpñkragkay ³ -EfrkSasuxPaB CMerIscMnIGaharGnam½y .
-hat;R)aNedIm,IsuxPaB .
-beBa©jkMlaMgBlkmµeFIvakrgarxøH²edIm,ICMnHPaBx¢lRcGUsPaBs<wkRsBn; .
i
x>GPivDÆEpñksµartI ³
-BRgwgsµartI[køahan .
-qnÞ³emaHmut minTn;RCay .
-Qøasév kþab;sPaBkarN_[)anc,as;.
-RbRBWtþEtGMeBIsuc©rit.
-eKarBtam]tþmKitisgÁm c,ab;sgÁm .
51>edIm,IeRCIserIsmuxrbrviC¢aCIv³ b¤kargarsMrab;GnaKt etIeKRtUvBicarNaelIGIVxøH ?

cM>edIm,IeRCIserIsmuxrbrviC¢aCIv³ b¤kargarsMrab;GanKteKRtUvcicarNaelI ³
-smtßPaBvIC¢aCIv³ ³ cMenHdwgCMnaj ÉkeTsRtUvCMnaj b¤ minRtUv
-]bnisS½y ³ kargarRtUvnigcMng;cMnUlcitþ b¤nisS½y .
-RbPBFnFan ³ føwgEføgGMBIFnFan sßanPaB CIvPaB .
-suxPaB ³ suxPaBl¥b¤eT ,
-ssanPaBsgÁm ¤ tMrUvkarIpSar karGPivDÆ TIpSarBlkmµ.
-eBlevla ³ rY³eBleronCMnajEkeTs etI»kasman b¤eT ?
yUr b¤qab;?
53>edIm,IbNþúH etIeKRtUvKitKUrdl;ktþaGIVxøH ?
cM>edIm,IbNþH[manqnÞ³ekIneLIg eKRtUvKitKUrdl;ktþadUcxageRkay ³
ú
-ktþasrIragÁ ³ RtUvsuPaBl¥eRBaHsuxPaBl¥CaktþakMnt;én karCECkpÁÚrpÁgBiesskarRbtibtþi .
-ktþabBaØa ³ RtUvmanbBaØaedIm,IBicarNaGMBIGtßKuNnigGtßrTas
-ktþaseBa©tna ³ seBa©tnaCamUTr :
b¤CakMlaMgclkrmYyd¾sMxan;kñgkarCMruj[sMerccitþ)anya:gqab;rh½sminFøak;kñgTMlab;raErk b¤
ú ú
savamþgykenHmþgykenaHenaHeT . PaBraErksavaCa]bsKÁénkMenItqnÞ³ .
-ktþa]tþmKitsgÁm ³ qnÞ³manBitEmn EtRtUvRsbnigc,ab;sgÁmRsbnigqnÞ³GñkdéTPaKeRcIn
i
minEmnCaqnÞ³Gtþenam½t . ebIBMudUcenaH qnÞ³nigRtUvc;ab;sgÁmkac;bM)ak; .
54>etIkarkMnt;eKaledAnCIvitsMrab;mnusSzmñak;²mansar³sMxan;Edlb¤ eT ?
cM> karkMnt;leKaledAénCIvtsMrab;mnusSmñak;²man sar³sMxan;Nas;eRBaH ³
i
-eFVI[CIvitkan;EtRbesIreLIgCagGVEI dl)anCYbknøgmk
-manKMeragEpnkar
-GnuvtþtamKMeragkarenaH)anedayeCaKC½yeKcMenjeBlevla R)ak;kasminxatbg;kMlaMgcitþ
-GPivDÆcMenHdwg nigCMnajkan;EtRbesIreLIg.
-CafñalCMrujd¾l¥.
55>edIm,Ieronrs;enACamYyKñaedaysnþiPaB nigsuxdumrmnacaM)ac;RtUvGb;rM sIlsm,Ta.
÷mUlehtueRkAxønénPaBRkIRk KW eRKaHFmµCati.
Ü
÷kÜgcMenamRkmsIlFm’TaMgGs;EdlmnusSRKb;RtUvmankarkarBarbrisÓan karBarsm,tûvb,Fm’
ù i
enHCasIlFm’cMeBaH RbeTsCati.

÷ktþabranum½tEdlnaM[eronexSayKW TMnas;kñgRKYsar.
ú
÷TisedARbs;RksYgGb;rMkMnt;ykkarsikSaCamUldæanmanry³eBl 9qñaM.
÷ karGb;rMfñak;Gkçrkmµ nigfñak;bMeBjviC¢asMrab;mnusScas;eKehAfa karGb;rMeRkARbB½n§.
÷enAPUmisikSacMenHTUeTAkñgRBHraCaNacRkkm<CasisSRsItcCageKbMputKW enA]tþmsikSa.
ú ú i
÷eKalkarN_énkarGb;rMEdlyUeNsá)ankMnt;kgs>vTI21eronrs;TaMgbYny:agEdlmaneQµaH fa ctusþmÖ.
Ú ñú
56>kñúgcMenamBuT§iTaMgbI etIBuT§NaEdlmanlkçN³pÞúyKñaRslH?
ehIyBuT§iNaEdlmanlkçN³RCaleRCAeK?
cM> kñúgcMenamBuT§TaMgbI BuT§Ei dlpÞúyKñaRslH KW BuTisamBaØ
i §
nigBuT§süg;.ehIyBuT§Ei dlRCaleRCACageKKBuT§TsSn³viC¢a.
i i
57>etIcMenHdwgmansar³sMxan;dUcemþc?
cM>cMeNHdwgmansar³sMxan;Nas;eRBaHva)an ³
-rMedaHmnusS[rYccakputBIkare)akR)as;ekgRbv½Ba©
-rMedaHmnusS[rYccakputBIPaBl¶g;exøA rWeRKaHGviC¢a.
-eFVI[mnusSecHRtiriHBicarNaEvgq¶ay
-eFVI[mnusSmanbTBiesaFn_
-eFVI[mnusSecHedaHRsayral;bBaðaBi)ak²cMeBaHmux nigeTAGnaKt.
-eFVI[mnusSmanGnaKtl¥ edayykcMenHdwgeTARbkbmuxrbrciBa©wmCIvt eRbIR)as;RbeyaCn_ kñgkarrs;enA.
i ú
-bNûHsIltMÙldl;mnusSmansIlFm’ criyaFm’ suCIvFm¥l¥
ù
-GPivDÆn_ nigEkERbmnusS nigsgÁm[QaneTAkkarrIkcMerIn.
58>-tamFmµtakUnRsIminGacbnþkarsikSaeTAfñak;x<s;²)anedaykUnRsIRtUvCYykargarkñúgpÞH
rWCMnYsmatabitacat;EcgkargarkñgpÞH ehIyGacmanrhUtCYyrkR)ak;kMéredIm,IpÁt;pÁg;RkumRKYsar pg
ú
sßanPaBenHBak;B½n§eTAnwgbBaða buernicä½yxusqÁg.
-karsikSarbs;mnusSmñak;² nwgRtUvcb;CasßaBrenAeBlEdldl; GvsanCIvit.
-enA ]tþmsikSa sisSRsImancMnYnticbMputenAkm<Ca.ú
-tMélmYyEdlTak;TgeTAnwgmuxCMnaj riyabfviC¢a nigGakb,kiriyarbs;mnusScMeBaHkargar rWmuxviC¢aCiv³ehAfa
I
RkmsIlFm’.
59>etIssrsþmÖnImYy²)anbNþúHnUvsm,TadUcemþcxøH?

cM>ssrsþmÖTaMg4énkarGb;rM b³ctusþmÖ)anbNþHú nUvsm,TadUcxageRkam ³
1>eronedIm,IecHrs;enACamYyKña ³ Gb;rMsIlsm,Ta .
2>eronedIm,IecHdwg ³ Gb;rMcMenHsm,Ta.
3>eronedIm,IecHeFVI ³ Gb;rMviCa¢ CIv³sm,Ta.
4>eronedIm,IecHrs; ³ Gb;RmbBaØasm,Ta.
60>tamry³bec©kviTüaenAstvtSTI21 etImnusSmñak;²Gaceron)andUc emþcxøH?
cM>tamry³bec©kviT©kviTüaenAstvtSTI21 mnusSmñak;²mansikSaeronsURteTAtambuKÁlerog²
xøn.kareronsURtKWCaskmµPaB rWTnYlxusRtUvelIkic©karEdlmnusSmñak;²RtUvbMeBj.ral;
M
Bt’manEdlmanenAkñgesovePAsresrrWsSnavdþICaedIm)anRtUvbBa©ÚlkñgkMBüT½rsMrab;ykeTA
ú ú u
e)aHBum<EckpSaydl;mnusSTUeTAkñúgkarbegáInsmtßPaB nigBRgIkkaryl;dwgedIm,IedaHRsay
bBaðaCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶rbs;eK.
61>eyagtamviTüasßansßitiGgÁkaryUeNsáÚ bc©úb,nñenHRbCaCncMnYn
862lannak;enAkñúgBiPBelakminecHGkSr. dUcenHediIm,IeKarBsiTi§man
cMenHdwgrbs;kumar nigkumarRKb;²Kñaman»kaseronsURt etIkatBVkic©RtUv
Føak;elIGñkNa? ehIyGñkenaHRtUveFVIGVI?
cM> edim,IeKarBsiTiman cMenHdwgrbs;kumar nigkumarRKb;²Kñaman»kaseronsURtkatBVkic©enH
I §
RtUvFøak;eTArdæaPi)al.dUcenHrdæPi)alRtUveFVI ³
-pþl;siTie§ srIPaB edIm,ITTYlkarGb;rMdl;kumarRKb;rUb.
-rdæaPi)alGPivDÆelIvis½yGb;rMehIyksagsalaeron[)aneRcIn
-elIkkMBs;vis½ysuxaPi)al Gb;suxPaB pþl;esvakmµEpñktMEhTaMsuxPaBEpñkGaharrUbtßmÖ[
M
)aneTogTat;RKb;mUldæan.
-bM)at;PaBRkIRkIRkkñgRKYsar.
ú
-Qb;bM)at;karCYjdUrkumar bM)at;karerIseGIg.
-snþiPaB snþisux suvtßPaBsMrab;tMrUvkarkumar
i
-lb;bM)at;karekgRbv½Ba©elIkMlaMgBlkmµ
-RKYsarRtuvCYyCMrujkumar[)ancUleronRKb;²Kña

62>-edaysarkargareTIbeFVI[mnusSmakarts‘BúayamRslaj;suc¨rit yutûiFm’ s¥b;G)aymuxenHCa ³
U
tMélsIlviC¢a.
-sil,³cMlak;zitkñgcMenamsil,³TaMg7 KWsil,³ sUnrUb.
ú
-sÜaRBHhsÓd¾l,Il,ajrbs;semûcsgÇraC CYnNat kÜkarbeRgon])ask])asikacg;sikSanUv RBHFm’man
ù
Khibdibtþ.i
-bBaðacMbgEdlbNþal[mannikmµPaB nigeRKaH)at;GaCIBKW bdivtþn_]sSahkmµ.
63>etIsemþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat eCatBaØaeNa RBHsgÇraCfñak;TI1
KN³mhanikay mansñaRBHhsßGVIxøHcMeBaHsgÁmExµr?cUrerobBIsñaRBHhsß enaH?
cM>semþcRBHmhasuemFaFibtI CYn Nat eCatBaØaeNa RBHsgÇraCfñak;TmYyKN³mhanikay
I
mansmtßPaBécñRbDitx<s; nigsñaRBHhsßd¾l,Il,ajehIysuTswgEtmanRbeyaCn_dl; saFarN³Cn
§
RBHBuT§sasna nigRbbeTsCati.
÷ semþc)anksagKm<dIkarCaeRcIndUcCa ³
I
-vcnanuRkmExµrPaKmYy nigPaK2¬B>s>2461 K>s>1917¦nigqñaMbnþeTot.
-evyükrN)alImanBIrPaK cab;epþImenAB>s2462 K>s1918.
-Khibtibtiþ kñúgB>s>2468 K>s>1926.
-)atiemakçsegçb¬sMray¦kñgB>s>2470 K>s>1928.
ú
-kaBúelakFm’e)aHBum<dMbUgkÜgB>s>2500.
ù
-suPmgÁlKafabgSavtþsMrab;sURtfVaysuPmgÁlsirIsYsþcMeBaHRBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþmsIhnu.
I
-GtßbTepSg²kñgTsSnavdþIkm<úCsuriya nigTsSnavdþIBnøBuT§cRk
ú W
-bTePøg nKrraC sMrab;eKarBTg;Cati¬20kkáda qñaM1941¦
-bT savtaExµr sMrab;sURtdak;stikUnExµr[rMlwkdl;GtItkalExµrFøab;rugerOg.
-bT srPBaØ sMrabsURtrMlwkKuNdl;RBHBuT§samNeKatmunbTnmsáarRBHrtn³Rt½y Edl)an
niBn§kg»kasbuNüBak;kNþalRBHBuT§sasnakñgB>s>2500.
ñú ú
-sßabnas<anFMmYy tUcmYyeFVIGMBIfµqøgsÞgEdlCab;RBMRbTl;sgáat;ekaHrka nigsgáat;rlaMgEkn
w
-sßabnasalabzmsikSabMeBjviC¢a¬surPIeBaFiRBwkS[¦cMnYnbIxñgtaMgBIK>s>1948.
-sßabnaKilandæan mnÞrI smÖBGMBIfµ nigkMEBgfµB½T§CMuvij.
-]btßmÖkarCIkGNþÚg elIkTMnb;.
-elIkpøÚvfñl;P¢ab;BIfñl;CaticUlmkvtþsurPI nigvtþeBaFiRBwkSrYmmancMgay 3K>m.

-sßabnaRBHviharGMBIfµsalaBuTikbzmsikSa nigerobcMTIvtþGaramTaMgmUl[manlkçN³l¥ RbesIrrugerOg.
§
-]btßmÖdl;karksagGaKar salaeron mnÞIreBTü>>>.l.
64>etIktþaGVIxøHEdlnaM[manbBaðanikmµPaB nigeRKaH)at;GaCIB ?
cM>ktþaEdlnaM[manbBaðanikmµPaB nigeRKaH)at;GaCIB KW³
÷ktþaviTüasaRsþrIkcMerIn bdivtþn_]sSahkmµ )anCMnYy[kargarsib,kmµhtßkmµ
÷ktþabec©kviTüaTMenIbTamTarGñkmansmtßPaBx<s;edIm,bBa¢am:asIun. skmµPaBrbs;RbCa
BlkrenAmankMritminTan;eq¶øytbnwkgkarrIkcMerInrbs;BiPBelak.GñkmansmtßPaBkargarx<s;pþúMEtelIEpñkCMna
I
jNamYyeRcInelIstMrUvkarEdlCakEnøgeFVIkarmankMNt;naM[sl;mnusS Kµan kargareFVI.
÷ktþa Epnkarkat;bnßybuKÁlik ³
-kar[buKÁlikcUlnivtþn_munGayukMnt;.
-karbeNþjbuKÁlikkmµkrecjBIkagaredayelsepSg².
-GñkEdlKµanCMnajBitR)akd rWmin)anqøgkat;vKÁbNþHbNþalb¤viRkwtkarRtUvbBaÄb;min[ eFVIkarEdr.
ú
-Rkumh‘nshRKaseragcRkmYycMnYndYlrlMRtUvbiTTVakmµkr)at;GaCIB.
u
64>etIGVIeTACakargar? kargarmanb:unµanRbePT?
cM>kargar CaTisedA nigCameFkargar CaTisedA nigCameFa)aymYyd¾sMxan;EdlmnusSRtUv
xitxMedIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkarEpñksrIr³ nigEpñksgÁm.
kargarEckecjCaBIrRbePT ³
-kargamanR)ak;cMNUl ¬kargareRkApÞH lk;dUr Rbkbrbr>>>¦
-kargarKµanR)ak;cMNUl¬kargarCaempÞH daMsø e)akKk;sMrab;RKYsarxøÜn¦.
÷kargarmanR)ak;cMNUlEckecjCa BIrEbbeTot KW ³
-kargareRbIedaykMlaMgkay¬htßkmµ Blkmµ¦eRbIedayédeCIg.
-kargareRbIedaykMlaMgR)aCJa¬eRbIR)aCJa eRbIKMnit¦.
65>etIeRKaH)at;bg;kargareFVI rWbBaðanItikmµ)anpþl;plvi)akGaRkk;GVIxøH cMeBaH samIxøÜn
RKYsar nigsgÁm ?
cM>plvi)akGaRkk;éneRKaH)at;GaCIBman ³
k-buKÁlpÞal; ³
-)at;bg;kitþys PaBéføfñrÚ .
i
-)at;bg;tMélpÞal;xøn
Ü

-)at;bg;mitPkþi rWQaneTAdl;mnusSCaTIRslaj; rWfycuHnUvkarrab;GanBIGñkdéT.
þ
-manCMgWpøvcitþ¬xUccitþ¦.
Ú
-mYrem:AeRcIn)at;bg;mnsikar h‘anRbRBwtûGeM BIGaRkk; rWh‘anRbRBwtûpÒynwgc,ab;
ù
-CIvitGatµaniym.
x-cMeBaHRKYsar ³
-KµanR)ak;cMNUl
-CIvPaBRkIRkCMBak;eK
-ekItmanGMeBIhigSakñgRKYsar
ú
-xVHsuPmgÁl
-kUn²Gac)at;bg;karsikSa
-ekItmanCMelaHrvagKña nigKña¬jatimitþ rWsmaCikRKYsar¦.
K- cMeBaHsgÁm ³
-Gsniþsux GsuvtßPaB ecarkmµ qk;bøn; cab;CrM it.
i
-ekItmanGMeBIGyutûFm’ sIsMNUk BukrlYy
i u
-vibtþiesdækic© esdæækic©sgÁmFøak;cuH ehIyGacQandlvibtþneya)ay
i
-cMNakRsukedIm,IrkkargareFVI
-RbeTsCitxagemIlgay emIlefak.
66>-RsþIEdlGacmanépÞeBaH)anedayminmanbBaðadl;suxPaBKWcab;BIGayu 20qñaM.
-Baküfa yuvCn sMedAelI kMelaH RkmM. u
67>etIviFI4y:ag rbs;GgÁkar UNFPA ¬mUlniFishRbCaCatisMrab; RbCaCn¦qñaM
1997 sþIBIkarCYyseRgÁaHCivit nigkat;bnßykarsøab;rbs; mata nigTarkmanGVIxøH?
cM>eKalkarN_suxPaBl¥ 4y:agrbs;mata)anerobcMeFVeI LIgenAkñeú Kalneya)aysþBIsuvtßPaB
I i
rbs;mataénraCrdæPi)almandUcteTA ³
k-EpnkarRKYsar ³ karkMnt;cMnYnkUn nigBnüakarmanépÞeBaH.
x-tMEhTaMsuxPaBmuneBlsMral ³ eTAeBTüedIm,ItamdanépÞeBaH nigBüa)al[Tan;eBlevla
cMeBaHplvi)akénkarmanépÞeBaH.
K-karsMralkUnRbkbedayGnam½y ³ GñkCYysMralkUnTaMgGs;RtUvmancMenHdwgCMnajsMPar RtwmRtUv
nigedIm,Ipþl;tMEhTaMeRkayeBlsMral TaMgmþay nigkUn.

X-tMEhTaMtamviC¢saRsþCaRbcaM ³ RtUvGnuBaØatvcMeBaHRsþITaMgGs; edIm,IFana[mantMEhTaM
ditd;cMeBaHkarmanépÞeBaHEdlGacmaneRKaHfñak; nigplvi)akF¶n;Fr rYmman karRtYtBinitü karFøak;Qam
nigkarTMlak;suk rWkaksMNl;epSg ².
67>etIlkçxNÐNaxøHEdlminGacerobGaBah_BiBah_)an rWRtUvhamXat;
cM>lkçxNÐEdlminGacerobGaBah_BiBah_)amandUcCa ³
-buKÁlmanePTpÞyKña
ú
-buKÁlKµanBlanuPaBénligÁ
-buKÁlmanCMgWXøg; rebg mharIk kameraK EdlminTan;Büa)al[Cadac;
-viklcarik
-buKÁlmancMNgGaBah_BiBah_ BImun
-buKÁlEdlCab;CacMNgjatielahit CamYyKña.
68>-siTikñgkarbnþBUC)anRtUveKTTYlsÁal;fa CasiTimnusSenAkñúgqñaM 1968.
§ú §
-KUsVamI Priya Edl)anerobkaredaysµR½ KcitþTaMgsgxag nigedayKµankarbgçtbgç. enHCakar eKarBelIlkçxNÐ
i M
evTna .
68>cUerobrab;Bnül;BIsar³RbeyaCn_énkarGb;rMRsþI.
cM>karGb;rMRsþImansar³RbeyaCn_dUcteTA ³
k-cMeBaHxønÉg ³
Ü
-yl;dwgGMBItYnaTI nigsiTiGMnacrbs;xøÜn.
§
-eFVICam©as;elIxønÉg nigkargarrbs;xøÜn.
Ü
-ecHEfTaMsuxPaBrbs;xøn. Ü
-ecHRtiHriHBicarNarkehtupl.
-ecHerobrab;CIvt[manPaBl¥RbesIr.
i
x-cMeBaHRKYsar ³
-ecHGb;rMbþI nigkUn[eCosputBICMgwqøgepSg²¬CMgWeGds_ kameraK>>>¦
-Gb;rMkUn[ecHeKarBRbéBNITMenomTMlab;rbs;Catixn øÜ
-Gb;rMEpÜksIlFm’ suCIvFm’ KuNFm’
-ecHerobcMEpnkaresdækic©RKYsar
-GacykcMeNhdwgeTAbMerIkgvis½yksikmµ.
ñú

K-cMeBaHsgÁm ³
-pþl;FnFanmnusSdl;karGPivDÆsgÁm
-cUlrYmcMEnkkÜgkic¨karsaFarN³¬esd×kic¨ sgÀmkic¨ vb,Fm’ nigneya)ay¦.
ù
-eFVI[burskñgsgÁmTTYlsÁal;siTi§ nigsñaédrbs;RsþI
ú
-cUlrYmpSBVpSaysþBIkarGb;rMsuxPaBmata nigTark
I
-cUlrYmlb;bM)at;GeM BIhigSakñgRKYsar nigshKmn_.
ú
69>etIkarElglHKñapþl;plvi)akGVIxøHdl;sgÁmCati?
cM> CaTUeTAkalNamankarElglHKña EtgEtnaMnUvplGaRkk;CaeRcInCagpll¥KW ³
-bNþal[kUnRtUvrs;enAkñgsßanPaBlM)akRBat;R)as;xVHkarGb;rM nigxVHPaBkk;ekþABI«Bukmþay
ú
-bNþal[kUnkøayeTACaekµgmanKMnitTuTidæniymedIrecalpæH esBKb;mitPkiminl¥ esBeRKOg
i Þ þ þ
ejonkøayCaekµgGnafabgá[xUcsNþab;Fñab;sgÁm.
-cMeBahsamIxønpÞal; bþI RbBn§ GacRbRBwtþGeM BIG)aymuxdUcCa GtþXat ]Rkidækmµ rWLb;sti xUc citþk¾man.
Ü
-karElglHKñaenHk¾GacCabnÞúkdl;raCrdæPi)alpgEdrkñgkaredaHRsay.
ú
-eFVI[RbeTsCatimankarrIkcMerInyWt.
b:uEnþkarElglHKñak¾Gacpþl;nUvpll¥EdrdUcCa bBa©bnUvbBaðaepSg²dUcCaTukçesak EdlekIt
;
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70>-sil,³rUbPaBzitkñgTMrg;sil,³ PaBynþ.
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71>sBVéf¶enHemeraK rWCMgW ekItmanEbøk²Nas;BiessemeraKRKupþas
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73>etIekµgCMTg;manbMErbMrYlGVIxøH?
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M Ü
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77>etIyuvCnmanlkçNHsm,tþiBIessb:unµan ? GIVxøH ?
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karlUtlas;Epñkksikmµ ]sSahkmµ BaNiC¢kmµ nigeTscrN_Tak;Tgy:agCitsñiteTAnwg
karrIkcMerInxagpøvKnmnaKmn_.b:uEnþCagBIrTsvtSknøgmkenH ehdæarcnasm<n§dUcCapøvfñl; pøvEdk s<an
Ú ½ Ú Ú
EdlCasrésQaménesdækic©Cati RtUvRsutRTuDeRTamy:agxøaMgedaysarmUlehtu epSg².
bNþajKmnaKmn_ CAvis½ysMxan;mYykñúgkarGPivDÆesdækic©Cati eRBaHvaCamUldæan GPivDÆ ksikmµ
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nifdwkCBa¢ÜnTMnijepSg²enAkñgRbeTs nigeRkARbeTs.
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manpøÚvCati pøvextþ pøvlM nigpøÚvrukç)al.
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eTAkan;extþnana.

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extþeTATIRbCMuCnmYyeTot.
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sMrYltMEhTaMéRBeQI nigeFVIcracrN_FmµtapgEdr.
pøÚvfñl;TaMgGs;manRbEvg6000K>m EckCapøvCati¬2800K>m¦pøvextþ¬1200K>m¦nig
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pøÐvrukØ)al¬2000K>m¦.pøvRkalekAs‘eU hIymanRbEvg2000K>m pøvRkalfµ nigdIRkhmman 2000K>m
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-pøvCatielx3 BIPñeM BjeTARkugRBHsIhnu kat;tamkMBt nigéRBnb; manRbEvg260K>m.
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-pøvCatielx4 BIPñeM BjeTARkugRBHsIhnu kat;tamkMBg;s<W manRbEvg226K>m.
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nigbnÞaymanC½ymanRbEvg408K>m.
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¬KitBIERBkkþameTAsirIesaP½N¦.
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RbeTseyIgmanBIrExS.ExSTImYyecjBIPñeM BjeTAGUreRCA manRbEvg385K>m.ExSTIBIr
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sMrab;TUkynþ nignavatUc²ct.
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manpøÚvcuHRbEvg3200m ³ ynþehaHFunF¶n;swgRKb;RbePT
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cUlmkGakasyand×aneBaFÎcintug rIÈRkumh‘unkÜgRsukmanGakascrN_PUminÞkm<Ca r:ab;rg
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karehaHehIrrYmCamYyRkumh‘unÈkCnepSgeTotBIPÜMeBjeTATIrYmextû nigRkug.Gakasyand×an
esomrabmanskmµPaBmmajwkEpñkeTscrN_.

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CagTsvtSknøgmkenH esdækic©RbeTskm<Ca sßitenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;rdæ.rdæ)an
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dl;Rkumh‘unÈkCnRbkbrbrGahr½N nIhr½N.neya)ayEbbenH)aneFVI
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edImekAs‘EU kÙcÜ 22021/14m3 1838682/00
ekAs‘UERkb 51357/37etan 25786826/00
plensaT 3436/29etan 1371437/00

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snøwkfñaMCk; 230/00etan 108100/00
sENþkesog 1371/69etan 291351/00
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TMnijepSg² 26372975/37
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CIKImI 5385/129etan 4380340/00
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m:asIunRtCak; 29877/050etan 2906446/00
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kat;edr
567394/509etan 22410171/00
TMnijepSg²
894146/000katug 4286046/00

135770/000katug 8153636/00

737886/000katug 3505845/00

1236605/00katug 140349995/00

5874/363K>m 41644032/00

229801/000eRKOg 6177023/00

56074/000eRKOg 2210355/00

131675/000eRKOg 4944036/00

83803/000eRKOg 2493594/00

10586/000eRKOg 922710/00

620971202/362 378843585/77

150530/852etan 259916946/23
tMélsrub 1152462740/00
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muxTMnij cMnYn tMél¬dULa¦ cMnYn tMél¬dULa¦
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plitplsib,kmµ 10674 15810
Ekv 47208 18615
dMbUlekAs‘U¬tg;¦ 17001 370320
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kabUb 16648LÚ 259109
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mYk 225241LÚ 1897304
tMélsrub 145827644 485431083
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vismPaBénkarcUleronk¾manlkçNTUlMTUlayeTAtamePTEdr ³ enAsalabzmsikSa sisSRsI
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sisSRsIcMnYn45°)ane)aHbg;karsikSaedaymin)anbnþeTafñak;TI10.enAqñaMsikSa1996-97
kumarrIEdl)anbBa©b;karsikSafñak;TI6 manRtwmEt37° rIÉtMbn;dac;RsyalvijmanRtwmEt 27°b:nenaH. u
kñugRKYsarRkIRk«BukmþayBMumanlTÞPaBeGaykYnRsIcYleroneLIyehIyR)ak;
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kñgCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶rbs;RbCaCn lTÞPaBeRbIR)as;esvasgám¬mnÞåäeBTü salaeron-l-¦
ú
nigesvamYldæan¬TWk Gnam½yvtßsMrab;dut¦mansarHsMxan;Nas;eRBaHvaCaRKiHmYyénkarGPivDÆ
ú
. drabNaesvaTaMgaGs;enH sßitenAEk,rRbCaCn enaHBYkeKnWgcMnayeBltickñgkareFVIdMenIr eTAdl;TIenaH
ú
ehIyeKGaccMenjeBlkñúgkareFIVskmµPaBepSg²eTot.CaBiessCagenHeTA
eTotlT§PaBeRbIR)as;esva RbkbedayKuNPaBCakareFIVeGaysuxPaBRbCaCn)anl¥RbesIr.

Cak;EsþgkarmanTWkeRbIR)as;RKb;RKan;Gackat;bnßyCMgWqøg rW karmanmCÄdæanmNÐlBüa)al
mYyenAkñúugPUmi Gackat;bnßyryHeBlénkarraldalCMgWepSg².
Éksar ³ kaeEbgEckRKYsartamRbPBTwksMxan;²sMrab;TTYlTan qñaM 1998 ³
RbPBTwksMxan;²sMrab;TTYlTan srub Rkug CnbT
srub 100 100 100
TwkbNþaj¬Twkk,alm:asIun¦ 5/8 25/0 2/5
GNþgsñb; ¼ GNþgxYg
Ú Ú 14/9 13/8 15/1
GNþgCIk
Ú 40/3 22/4 43/4
TwkecjeRkamdI Tenø GUr bwg RtBaMg TwkePøóg 28/2 15/1 30/1
TwkTij 8/3 21/5 6/1
epSg² 2/5 2/2 2/5
Éksar ³ karEbgEckRKYsar tamRbPBbMPøsMxan;²qñaM 1998 ³
W
tMbn; srub GKÁsnI m:asIunePøg GKiÁsnInigm:asIunePøg eRbgkat GaKuyfµBil RbPBepSg²
i I I
srub 100 12/5 1/0 1/6 79/9 3/5 1/5
RbCMuCn 100 49/5 1/8 2/6 43/1 2/4 0/9
CnbT 100 6/3 0/9 1/4 86/1 3/8 1/5
Éksar ³ karEbgEckRKYsartamRbePTn§n³sMxan;²sMrab;cMGinGaharqñaM 1998
tMbn; srub Gus FüÚgeQI FüÚgfµ eRbgkat ]sµ½n RbPBepSg²eTot
srub 100 90/0 5/3 1/8 1/7 1/2
RbCMuCn 100 64/9 22/5 2/8 9/1 0/7
CnbT 100 94/3 2/3 1/7 0/5 1/2
1 lT§PaBeRbIR)as;esvasgÁm ³
1>1 lkçN³TUeTA ³
tamÉksaresdækic©sgÁmsMrab;RbeTskm<CaqñaM 1996 lT§PaBcUleronenAsalabzm sikSa
ú
hak;dUcCamanbBaðaá ecaTeLIg eRbaHRbCaCnkm<úCa62°niyayfa mansalabzmsikSa
mYyenAkñgPUmirbs;BYkeK .
ú
cMeBaHmCÄmNÐlEfsuxPaBtammUldæan eKsegáteXIjfakñgcMnYnRbCaCn21°man
ú
mCÄmNÐlEfTaMsuxPaBmYyenAkñgPUmirbs;BYkeK.m:üageTot52°énRbCaCnkm<úCaRtUveFVIdMenIr cMgaypøv 1K>m
ú Ú

edIm,IeTAdl;mCÄmNÐlenaH 28° eFVdMeNIrcMgaypøÚvBI1eTA5K>m ehIy
I
20°eTotelIsBI5K>m.esvaBüa)alsaFarN³RtUv)anBRBwgtaMgBImnÞrI eBTüfñak;CatirhUtdl;
mNÐlsuxPaBEdleFVI[RbCaCnmankarkk;ekþACabgÁrÜ .
1>2 vismPaBénesvasgÁm ³
kñgqñaM 1999 extþ nigRkugTaMgGs;enAkm<Ca suT§EtmanmNÐlsuxPaB Kilandæan nigmnÞeI BTü RbcaMextþ
ú ú
Rkugrbs;xn .b:uEnþebIKitGMBIpleFobcMnYnRbCaCneTAnwgmNÐlsuxPaBtamextþRkug nImYy²
øÜ
eXIjfamanmNÐlsuxPaBminesµKñaeLIy.extþkMBg;cammanRbCaCneRcInCageK 1608914nak;
I
manmnÞrI eBTüextþmYy1 mNÐlsuxPaB5 nigKilandæanEdlmanskmµPaB 107.extþkNþalmanRbCaCn
1075125nak; manmnÞIreBTüextþ1 mNÐlsuxPaBRsuk 6 nigKilandæan EdlmanskmµPaB 52.
pÞúyeTAvijextþesomrab manRbCaCn 696164 nak; manmnÞIreBTüextþ1 mNÐlsuxPaBRsuk 11
nigKilandæanEdlmanskmµPaB 31. extþrtnKIrI manRbCaCn 94243nak; manmnÞIreBTüextþ 1
mNÐlsuxPaBRsuk 8 nigKilandæanEdlmanskmµPaB 21.
tamÉksaresdækic©sgÁmkm<CaqñaM 1996 tMnaMgTIénmCÄmNÐlsuxPaBhak;dUcCasßtenA
ú i
Ek,rRkumCnGñkmaneRcInCag. RbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT 19° )anniyayfa eKRtUveFVdMenIr ya:g
I
q¶ayeTAkan;mCÄmNÐsuxPaBrbs;xøn. extþRkugEdlmanmNÐlsuxPaBticCageK manRkugEkb Rkugéb:lin
Ü
RkugRBHsIhnu eBaF×sat; mNÐlKIrI sÞgERtg RkecH nigkMBt.
w
Gs;ry³eBlCitBIrTsvtSknøgeTAenHkargarGb;rM mankarGPivSÆCalMdab; TaMgbrimaN
nigKuNPaB. karlM)akcMeBaHmuxrbs;RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa k¾maneRcInEdr dUcCakgVH
xateKalneya)ay TisedAGPivDÆvis½ymetþyüsikSa. eKsegáteXIjextþ RkugmYycMnYn
BuMTan;manGñkTTYlbnÞúkEpñkmetþyüsikSaenAeLIy ehIyfñak;metþyü BI40 eTA 50°
BuMTan;smRsbeTAtamniyamKruekaslü¬salacas;RTuDeRTam KµanTVar bg¥c¦. bBaðacMbgFM
Ü
bMputenAtMbn;CnbT nigtMbn;dac;RsyalKWbBaðakgVHfñak;eron nigGsßirPaBsalametþyü enA
tamshKmn_.
2>lT§PaBkñgbMerIbMras;Twk
ú
enARbeTskm<Ca CMgWmYycMnYnFMbNþalmkBIbMerIbMras;Twkmis¥at¬ man)ak;etrIenAkñúgTwk¦ .
ú
müa:geTotRbCaCnkm<úCaBuTan;manlT§PaBTaMgGs;KñakñgbMerIbMras;Tks¥atenAeLIy.
M ú w
2/1/ lkçN³TUeTA
tamÉksarsgÁmkic©km<CaqñaM 1996 RbCaCn 1¼3 eRbIR)as;TkGNþg ehIy 1¼3
ú w Ú

eToteRbIR)as;TwkRtBaMg sÞg Tenø. bMerIbMras;TwkEbbenHGacbNþal[maneRKaHfñak;BIkarcMlg
w
emeraKepSg² . RbCaCn 5/5° manTwks¥ateRbIR)as;. Twks¥atrYmman TwkbNþaj ¬ Twkk,al
ma:suIn¦ TwgGNþgsñb; rW GNþgxYg nigTwkTij.
Ú Ú
2/2 vismPaBénbMerIbMras;Twk
bNþl;TwksMrab;eRbIR)as;enATIRkug nigCnbT manPaBxusKñaya:gxøaMg. eKsegáteXIj
manTIrYmextþRkug cMnYn 6minTan;manRbB½n§pÁt;pÁg;Twks¥ateRbIR)as;enAeLIy dUcCa extþrtnKIrI
mNÐlKIrI RBHvihar ]tþrmanC½y Rkugéb:lin nig RkugEkb. buE: nþRksYg]sSahkmµ Er: nig
famBl)anGnuBaØat [EpñkÉkCncUlrYmkñgkarsagsg;RbB½n§pÁt;pÁg;Tks¥atenATIrYmextþ cMnYn
ú w
3KW extþbnÞaymanC½y kMBg;s<W nigextþtaEkv nigRsukcMnYnBIr KW RsukekonsVay kñúgextþ
kNþal nigRsukERsGMbil kñgextþekaHkug. RbCaCnTIrymextþcMnYnRKYsar Edl)antP¢ab;
ú
bNþajTwks¥ateRbIR)as;ticCageK manenATIrYmextþesomrab éRBEvg kMBg;FM bnÞaymanC½y
kMBg;qñaMg nigextþkNþal. edayELkRbCaCnTIrYmextþEdlmanRKYsareRbIR)as;Twks¥at eRcIn
CageKmanenATIrYmextþ kMBt kMBg;cam kMBg;s<W )at;dMbg sÞwgERtg eBaF×sat; ekaHkug RkecH
RkugRBHsIhnu sVayerog nigtaEkv. karplitTwks¥atenATIRkugPñMeBjkñgqñaM 1999 sMerc)an
ú
92/74°énEpnkarRbcaMqñaM cMnYn 43 800 000 m#. kargarplitTwks¥at BuMTan;bMeBjtMrUv
karRKb;EpnkarenAeLIy edaysarskmµPaBbUmTwk bBa©ÚlGag minTan;eBlevla. skmµPaB
kaNUtenArdUvR)aMg EdleFVIdMenIrcuHeLIgCitsßanIybUmTwk bNþal[TwkTenøl¥k; mankarlM)ak
Epñkbec©keTs. müa:geTotkarpÁt;pÁg;rUbFatuedIm¬ sac;CUr kMe)ar ]sµ½nkør¦ nigfamBlGKIsnI
Á
minTan;)anRKb;RKan;sMrab;dMenIrkar. bMerIbMras;TkenATIRbCuMCnman 60/3° nigCnbT 23/7°
w
énRKYsarsrub. edayELkenAraCFanIPñeM Bj bMerIbMras;Twks¥atman 85/4° énRKYsarsrub.
bu:EnþeKsegáteXIjfaGñkmanRTBüsm,tþi 18°eTIbmanlT§PaBeRbIR)as;TwkbrisuT§. RbB½n§pÁt;
pÁg;Tks¥atenAtamTIrYmextþRkugnanamansPaBcas;RTuDeRTam bu:EnþCalT§plkñúgkar Gnuvtþna
w
qñaM 1999 knøgmenH eXIjfa brimaNTwksrub Edlplit)ansMrab;pÁt;pÁg;RbCaCnman
5 520 731 m# KWekIneLIg 20/2° ¬qñaM 1998 man4 591 880 m#¦. buE: nþbrimaNpÁt;
pÁg;Tks¥atenHGacbMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;RbCaCn)anEt 13° éncMnYnRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAtam
w
TIrYmextþ Rkug TaMg 24bu:nenaH. cMEnkRbCaCnenACnbTvijmanEt 23/7° énRKYsarsrub
Edl)aneRbIR)as;Twks¥atsMrab;TTYlTan eRkABIenHeKeRbIR)as;TwkGNþÚg TwkTenø TwkRtBaMg
Twkbwg TwksÞgEdlCaTwkmins¥at. BinitüCarYmeXIjfalT§PaBkñgbMerIbMras;Twks¥at rbs;
w ú

RbCaCnkm<úCaTUTaMgRbeTsenAmankMritTabenAeLIy.
3/Gnam½ymUldæan
3/1 sßanPaBTUeTAenARbeTskm<Ca ú
kargarGb;rMsuxPaB Gnam½ymUldæanCaKnøwHmYykñgkarbegánkMrityl;dqg nigskmµPaBcUl
ú I
rYmrbs;RbCaCnRKb;rUb edIm,IGnuvtþviFankarnanadUcCaGnam½ybuKÁl nigbrisßan rs;enAkñgmUl
ú
dæanrbs;xøn. karBRgwgskmµPaBRbyuT§ nwgCMgWqøgCaktþamYysMxan;Nas;edIm,IrYmcMEnkkat;
Ü
bnßyGRtaQW nigsøab;rbs;RbCaCn. buE: nþkaryl;dwg rbs;RbCaCnkñgkargarenH mankMritTab
ú
enAeLIy. CaTUeTA 3¼4 énRKYsarkm<úCa KµanbgÁn;sMrab;eRbIR)as;eT. RbCaCnTIRkug 37°
KµanbgÁn;sMrab;eRbIR)as; ehIyenAtMbn;CnbT RKYsard¾eRcInelIslb;KµanbgÁn;Gnam½yenAtam
lMenAzanxøneLIy.
Ü
3/2 vismPaBénGnam½ymUldæan
enAkñúgmCÄdæanCnbT nigTIRkug manPaBxusKñaya:geRcInEpñkGnam½ymUldæan ³ GñkCnbT 91/4°
KµanbgÁn;Gnam½yeT elIkElg 8/6°eTotCaGñkmanRTBüeRcIneTIbmanlT§PaB eRbI bnÁn;EbbenH.
cMEnkenATIRkugk¾mansßanPaBmindUcKñaEdr eKsegáteXIjGñkTIRkug 1¼6 EdlminsUvsMbUrFnFan nig 62°
CaGñkmanRTBüeRcIn enATIRkugsuT§EtmanbgÁn;TMenIbsMrab;
eRbIR)as;enAkñgRKYsar.
ú
4/bMerIbMras;famBl
4/1 vtßsMrab;bMPøeW Khdæan
ú
RbCaCnkm<úCa 79/9° eRbIeRbgkatsMrab;dutbMPøWeKhdæan nig 12/5° eRbIR)as ;GKÁIsnI.
bMerIbMras;vtßsMrab;bMPømanvismPaBFMeFgNas;rvagGñkTIRkug nigGñkCnbT. enATIRbCuMCn 49/2°
ú W
manGKÁsnIeRbIR)as; cMEnkRbCaCnCnbTvijman 6/3°b:nenaH. drab NakMritCIvPaBRbCaCnkan;EtFUrFar
I u
eBlenaHeKniymeRbIGKÁInIkan;EteRcIn. RbCaCnCaGñkman RTBüsm,tþei nATIRkugcMnYn 3¼4 )aneRbIR)as;GKÁIsnI.
TIRkugPñeM Bj extþesomrab sÞwgERTg nigekaHkugman karbMBak;brikçar GKÁIsnIkm<CakMBugeFVIskmµPaBplit pÁt; pÁg;
ú
nigEckcay GKÁIsnIsMrab;pÁtpÁg;TIRkugPñeM Bj nigextþkNþal mankMlaMgplit 85/5 MW. eBléf¶
;
bMerIbMras;mankMritBI 30eTA 50 MW ehIyeBlyb;mankMrit BI 50 eTA 60MW. tamkar
)a:n;sµantMrUvkareRbIR)as;GKÁsnIkñgqñaM 2000 enATIRkugPñeM Bj nigextþkNþal GacekIneLIg rhUt dl; 93
I ú
MW. tMrUvkarrbs;GtifiCnkñúgbMerIbMras;GKÁIsnImankMritmanenAeLIy eFV[kar plitnigkarEckcay
I
minGacsMerctamEpnkarrbs;RksYg]sSahkmµ Er: nigfamBl eRBaHGñk

eRbIR)as;GKÁIsnIkMritx<s;mYyPaKFM)aneRbIR)as;ma:suIn ePøgpÞal;xønrbs;eK. cab;BIqñaM 2000 eTA
I Ü
FnaKarGPivDÆGasuI nwgpþl;NTan sMrab;karsþarGKÁsnIeLIgvij enAextþkMBg;s<W taEkv kMBt éRBEvg sVayerog
I
bnÞaymanC½y sÞwgERtg nigrtnKIrI kñgTwkR)ak; 25landULa. sßanIy varIGKÁsnIGUrCuM pþl;famBl 1MW
ú I
kMBugdMenIrkaredIm,IpÁt;pÁg;GKÁIsnI dl;extþrtnKIrI Edlsag sg;rYckñgqñaM 1993. rIÉsßanIyvarIGKÁsnIKIrIrmü
ú I
pþl;famBl 10MW bu:Enþmin)andMenIrkareT eRBaHRtUvrgkarxUcxatedaysarsRgÁam naqñaM 1970.
4/2 vtßsMra;cMGinGahar
ú
RbCaCnkm<úCa 90°eRbIGussMrab;cMGinGahar ehIy5/3°eToteRbIFüÚg. GñkCnbTeRbI GussMrab;dutesÞrI Et
100° . edayELkGñkTIRkugmanCMerIseRcIndUcCa eRbIGus FüÚg eRbgkat GKÁsnI nig]sµ½n.
I
bMerIbMras;GuseRcIneBkeFVI[manplb:HBal;dl;brisßan Biess
eFVI[karkab;éRBeQIkan;EtmanskmµPaBxøaMgeLIg². plitplGussMrab;dutekIneLIgRbmaN 2/4 lanEm:tKUb
enAcenøaHqñaM 1981 nig1990 ¬ RksYgbrisßan¦. enATIRkugPñMeBj RKYsar eRbIGusCasMxan;sMrab;cMGinGaharman
54/2° ÉCnbT 94/3°. GusCaRbPBfamBld¾sMxan; CageKsMrab;RbCaCnkm<úCa.
bMerIbMras;famBlGuskñgmnusSmñak;esµnwg 0/6 m# kñgmYyqñaM. bMerIbMras;GusmanlkçN³xusKña eTAtamtMbn;.
ú I ú
extþsMbUréRBeQIRbCaCneRbIGuseRcIn rIÉ extþxSt;éRBeQI eKeRbIGussnSMsMécbMput dUcCa sMbkdUg FagdUg
Fagetñat lamkeKahal [s¶t rYcykmkdut eRkABIenH manEmkeQItUctacEk,rPUmi cMebIg Ggáam
Ü
kMeTcGac;rNar CaedIm. bMerIbMras; vtßú sMrab;dutcMGin Gahar k¾manlkçN³xusKñaeTAtamsßanPaB esdækic© sgÁm
nigPUmisaRsþpgEdr.
CMBUk 3 esdækic©km<úCa
RbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlykRbB½n§esdækic©TIpSaresrICapøvkar cab;BIqñaM 1993mk. kar
Ú
Gnuvtþn_RbB½n§esdækic©enH )aneFV[RbeTseyIgmanTMnak;TMngCamYybreTstamry³kareFVI
I
BaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs nigtamry³karvinieyaKTun. k¾bu:EnþenAkñúgesdækic©Cati ksikmµCaRKwH mYyya:gsMxan;bMput
eRBaHksikrmaneRcInCag 80° énRbCaCnTaMgGs; ehIy)anrYmcMEnk ya:gskmµkgkarGnuvtþTisedAsþar
ñú
nigGPivDÆesdækic©Cati.
mInCa]bsKÁmYydl;karGPivDÆesdækic©CatieRBaH esdækic©RbeTseyIg BwgEp¥kelI ksikmµ
pÞúyeTAvijebIépÞdIksikmµCacMkarmInenaH esdækic©RbeTseyIgk¾BuGaclUtlas;)an .
M
emeronTI 1 ksikmµkm<Caú
km<Ca CaRbeTsmYyEdlBwgEp¥keTAelIksikmµCasMxan;eRBaH RbCaCnRbmaN 80° eTA85° Caksikr
ú
ehIyksikmµpþl; 50° énplitplCatisrub. plitplksikmµrYmman dMnaMRsUv nigdMnaMrYmpSM 63° karciBa©wm

stV 24° karensaT 10° nigéRBeQI 3°. dUcenHbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa RbCaCn
km<CaenAmnkMritCIvPaBTabenAeLIy.
ú
RbCaCnkm<CaeyIgPaKeRcInrs;enACnbT ehIyRbkbrbrksikmµ. eTaHbIRbeTskm<Ca
ú ú
manépÞdIsMrab;dMnaMRsUvBI 85° eTA 90°k¾eday k¾RKYsarmYycMnYnplitRsUvBuu)anRKb;RKan; tamtMrUvkareLIy.
M
1 RbePTksikr
tamkarRsavRCav)an[dwgfa cMnYnRKYsarEdlRbkbrbrksikmµmanRbmaNBI 1/2 eTA 1/3
lanRKYsarenATUTaMgRbeTs. eKGacEckksikrTaMgenaHCaRbePTFM²dUcteTA ³
- ksikr plitRsUv rW GñkERs mancMnYneRcInCageK enAkñgRbeTs nigniymeFVIRsUvvsSa ¬rdUvePøog¦
ú
elIépÞdITMnab. ksikrTaMgenaH GacrkR)ak;edIm,IbRgÁb;cMnUlrbs;BYkeK eday kargar epSg²eTot
¬ciBa©wmstV nigeLIgetñat¦ ÉksikrmYycMnYneTot eFVIRsUvRbedjTwk nigRsUvR)aMg enAcugrdUvvsSa
eBlTwkRsk tamdgTenø mat;bwg nwgERBknana. ksikrTaMgenaH
GacrkR)ak;bMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;BYkeK)anedayEsVgrkkargar eFVtamrdUv enATIRbCuCn TIRkug
I M
kargarkab;Gus nigeFVIFüÚg.
- ksikrenAtMbn;dIx<s;eKdaMdMnaMGciéRnþy_ rWtamrdUv dUcCaeBat dMlUg sENþk l¶>>>. ksikr xøHeTot ciBa©wmstV
nigeFVIRsUv RbedjuTwk.
- ksikreFVIcMkar rW ksikr mindaMRsUv EdldaMdMnaMepSg² enAtambeNþaymat;Tenø sÞg nigdI TYlnana
w
dUcCafñaMCk; bEnø daMpáa>>>. ksikrTaMgenahmankargarbnÞab;bnSM rbs;BYkeK KWciBa©wmstV eQIhUbEpønana
nigensaT.
- ksikrkñúgbNþaextþPUmiPaK |san¬rtnKIrI mNÐlKIrI¦ nigtMbn;éRBPñnanaeRcIneFVIdMnaM éRBdutman RsUv
M
eBat dMlUg nigrukçCati pþl;emIm. eRkABIenH BYkeKEsVgrkGnupl éRBeQI nigbr)aj;stV.
enAkñúgvis½yksikmµkm<Ca Rsþ)anedIrtYnaTIsMxan;Nas;bEnßmelIkargar pÞHsMEbg ¬daM)ay buk kinRsUv dgTwk
ú I
rkGus nigEfTamkUnecA¦. RsþIRtUvdaMdMnaMRbmUlpl emIlEfTaMstV Bahn³
nigRtUveTAlk;plitplenAÉTIpSareTotpg.
2> RbB½n§plitkmµ
2/1 dMnaMRsUv
RsUvCadMnaMsMxan;CageKbMputenARbeTskm<CaeyIg eRBaHdMnaMRsUv daMduHelIépÞdI RbmaN 90°
ú
énépÞdIdaMduHsrub kñúgqñaM 1999- 2000 épÞdIdaMRsUvman 2 157 592 hicta EtépÞdI RbmUlplman 2 079

442 hicta TinñplmFüm 1/94t¼h>t. RbB½n§plitRsUvGacman lkçN³xusEbøkKñaeTAtamTItaMgPUmisaRsþ
rbbTwk rdUvdaMduH nigkMritRtYtBinitüepSg². dUcenHeKGacEckRbB½n§plitRsUvdUcteTA³
-RsUvvsSa RtUv)aneKdaMenATUTaMgRbeTscab;BIEx]sPa dl;Ex tula. épÞdIsMrab;RsUv vsSaman 1 915 592
hicta nigTinñplmFüm 1/81 t¼h>t¬1990- 2000¦. TMhMdI ERbRbYleTAtamdg;suIetRbCaCnKW 1hicta
enAextþkMBg;s<W nig Cag5hicta enAextþ)at;dMbg rIÉTinñplk¾ERbRbYleTAtamtMbn;Edr.
extþEdlpþl;RsUveRcInCageK KW )at;dMbg eBaF×sat; kMBg;qñaMg taEkv esomrab kMBg;FM éRBEvg nigsVayerog.
- RsUvR)aMg eKeFVIenAtMbn; Ek,rmat;bwg Tenø sÞwg ERBk edayviFIsÞÚg nig)acTwkbBa©Úl enArdUv TwkRsk.
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 pøÚvrukç)al ³ KWCapøvEdleFIV nigEfrkSaedayRksYgrukçanigRbmaj;sMrab;dwknaM plitpléRBeQI
Ú
sMrUltMEhTaMéRBeQI nigeFIVcracrN_FmµtaplEdr .
pøÚvfñl;TaMgGs;manRbEvg6000K>m EckCapøvCati¬2800K>m ¦pøÚvextþ ¬1200K>m¦
Ú
nigpøÐvrukØa)al¬2000K>m¦. pøvRkalekAs‘UehIymanRbEvg2000K>m pøvRkalfÜl; nigdIRkhmman 2000K>m
Ð Ð
sl;BIenHCapøvlM . pøvCatisMcan;²man ³
Ú Ú
pøÚvCatielx1 ³ BIPñeM BjeTARBMRbTl;evotNam kat;tamGñkelOg nigsaVyerog manRbEvg 167K>m .
pøÚvCatielx2 ³ BIPñeM BjeTARBMRbTl;evotNam kat;tamtaexµA nigtaEkv manRbEvg 137K>m
pøÚvCatielx3 ³ BIPñeM BjeTARkugRBHsMhnu kat;tamkMBt nigéRBnb; bmanRbEvg 260K>m.
pøÚvCatielx4 ³ BIPñeM BjeTARkugRBHsIhnu kat;tamkMBg;s<W manRbEvg 226K>m .
pøÚvCatielx5 ³ BIPñeM BjeTAGUreRCA¬RBMRbTl;éf¦kat;tamkMBgqñaM eBaF_sat; )at;dMbg
nigbnÞaymanC½ymanRbEvg 408K>m .
pøÚvCatielx6 ³ BIPñeM BjetAsirIesaP½N kat;tamkMBg;FM nigesomrab manRbEvg 386K>m
KitBIERBkkþameTAsirIesaP½N .
pøÚvCatielx7 ³ BIsÁn;eTAsÞg kat;tamkMBgcam manRbEvg 180K>m .
Ú
pøÚvCatielx13 ³ BIsÞÜg eTARBMRbTl;Lav kat;tamRkecH nigsÞgERtg manRbEvg 292K>m.
w
pøÚvCatielx15 ³ BIGñkelOgeTACb; kat;taméRBEvg manRbEvg90K>m .
pøÚvCatielx19 ³ BIGUrBg;man; ¬sÞwgERtg¦ eTAbEkv kat;tamLa)anesok¬rtnHKirI¦manRbEvg 203K>m .
1>2 pøÚvEdk

RbeTseyIgmanBIExS. ExSTImYyecjBIPñeM BjeTAGUreRCA manRbEvg385K>m . ExSTIBIr
ecjBIPMñeBjeTARkugRBHsIhnU manRbEvg266K>m .
pøÚvEdkenARbeTseyIgTaMgBIrExSenHminTan;manlkçNHTMenIbenAeLIy.
2> pøÚvTwk
pøÚvTwkEdlsMxan; KWTenøemKgÁ ¬BIRkecHdl;smuRT ¦Tenøsab bwgTenøsab Tenø)asak; nigédnana.
RbeTskm<CaeyIgmankMBg;EpPñeM BjEdlGac[navasmuRu T ct)answgRKb; rdUv. eRkABIkMBg;EpPñMeBj
ú
mankMBg;EpKMBg;cam RkecH KMBg;qñaM esomrab>>>>>>.
kMBg;EpRkugRBHsIhnu CakMBg;Epfñak;GnþrCati GacTTYl[navasmuRTFM² cUlct)anRKb; rdUv .
eRkABIenHenAmankMBg;Epram EdleRbIR)as;sMrab;Ca mUldæannabacrN_kgT½BexmrPUminÞ. kMBg;EpekaHkug
sMrabb;TUkynþ nignavatUc²ct .
3> pøÚvGakas
kardwkCBa¢ÜntampøÚvGakas manskmµPaBxøaMgkøaCalMdab; . GakasyandæanenARbeTs km<CaeyIg
ú
KWeBaFi_cintug ¬PñeM Bj ¦ nigesomrab. eRkABIenH manGakasyandæanenAtamTIrYmextþ nigRkugCaeRcIneTot
dUcCa)at;dMbg rtnKirI mNÐlKirI sÞgERtg ekaHkug nigRkugRBHsIhnu . GakasyandæaneBaF_cintug
w
rIÈRkumh‘unkÜgRsukmanGakascrN_PUminÒkm<Ca ra:b;rgkarehaHehIrYmCamYyRkumh‘unÈkCn epSgeTot
ù ù
BIPñeM BjeTATIrYmextþ nigRkug . GakasyandæanesomrabmanskmµPaBmmajwkEpñkeTscrN_ .

emeronTI4 BaNiC¢kmµkm<Ca
ú
CagmYyTsvtSknøgmkenH esdækic©RbeTskm<úCa sßitenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;rdæ.
rdæ)anekþabkþab;pþacmucral;skµPaBBaNiC¢kmµkñg nigeRkARbeTs. cab;taMgBIqñaM1993 eRkaykare)aHeqñat
ú
nigeRkaykarbegátraCrdæaPi)alfµmk RBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca)anGnuvtþ esdækic©TIpSAaresrI edaypþl;lTÐPaB
I I ú
dl;Rkumh‘unCnRbkbedayGarhN nIhrN . enAeya)ayEbbenH
)aneFIV[vis½yBaNiC¢kmµmansMTHrIkcMerInya:gxøaMg .
u
R)asaTnigkEnøgdéTeTot k¾Gaccat;TukCamCÇmNÐlTak;TajeTscrpgEdr ducCavtþpMsarmnÞIr
R)asaTRBHvihar GgÁrburI PñCIsUr Pñ)asit >>>>>>>>>>.
M M
sarmnÞIenAPñMeBj¬sarmnÞCati TYlEsøg nigeCIgÉk ¦ nigtMbn;El,r²enHGac CaRbvtisaRsþ
I þ
nigvb,Fm’ÙnRbeTskm<ùCa. mrtkk,ac;cMlak;enApÜMeBj nigenAtamextûdÙTeTot cMnucl¥dl;eTscrN_Edr
RbsinebImankarEfrkSa[)anRtwmRtUv vanigkøayeTACakEnøgeTscrN)mYyya:gBitR)akdeTAéf¶GnaKt .

4> eTscrN_ nigsgÁm
cMnYnePJoveTscrN_ GacvIC¢man drabNamrtkRbvtûsaRsû nigvb,Fm’mankic¨karBar)anRtwmRtUv
i
RBmTaMgFanasnþisuxRKb;Ebbya:gkñúgkareFIVdMenIrkMsanþ . kñúgkrNipÞyBIenH
ú
ePJoveTscrN_nigminmkRbeTskm<CaeyIg ehIyR)ak;cMnUlk¾fycuH eTAtamenHEdr .
ú
CaTUeTAkMenInénR)ak;cMnUlEdl)ankmBIvis½yeTscrN)GacykeTAeRbIR)as;sMrab; EklMGeKdæarcnasm½n§ <
kñgRsukdUcCamnÞIeBTü salaeron pøvfñl;>>> . km<úCamankarRBYy)armÖEdlTak;TgeTAnigkMenInePJoveTscrN_enH
ú Ú
KWeBsüacar CMgWeGds_ brisßan nigbTelµsnana .
I

emeronTI6 bBaðamInenAkm<úCa
mInnigsMParHsRgÁamdéTeTotEdlminTan;pÞH Etgbgá]bsKÁcmeBaHkarksagRbeTseLIgvij. sgÁm
ú
nigesdækic©enAtMbn;CnbT dac;RsyalTTYlplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶rCagEK .
1> eRbImInedIm,IGIV ?
mInCaeRKOgpÞúHEdleKsak;elI nigkñúgdI ehIyGacpÞH)anedaysarEtenAeBlNaeKeTAb:HBal;.
ú
mInRKb;RbePTRtUv)aneKykmkeRbIR)as;kñgsRgÁáamenAkm<úCa . mInmYycMnYnplitsMrab;RbqaMg nwgmnusS .
ú
b:uEnþmInxøHmin)ansMlab;mnusSeT RKan;eFIV[rbYs nigBikaEtb:eu naH . enAkñgRbeTskm<Ca
ú ú
eK)aneRbIR)as;mInRbePTenHrhUtdl;eTA99° nigmInRbqaMgrfeRkaH1°.
sRgÁamBuMRKan;EtbnSl;TuknUvRKab;mInbu:nenaHeT EfmTaMgmaneRKOgpÞúHEdlminTan;pÞHCaeRcIn eTotdUcCa
ú
RKab;rU:Ekt RKab;Ebkéd nigRKab;kaMePøIg. ]bkrN_TaMgenHecaTbBaðaFMmYycMeBaH CIvitRbCaCnkm<úCa
nigstVBahn³pgEdr.
enAkñúgkareFVIsRgÁammInCa]bkrN_sMrab;karBar EdleKeRbIR)as;edIm,IkarBarsRtUveday
meFüa)ayepSg².kñgkgT½BmYyEdlmankarvwkhat; nigvin½yl¥ kareRbIR)as;mInRtUvmankar RtYtBinitüm:t;ct;
ú
kt;RtaelIEpnTInigmantMruyepSg². buE: nþenAkñgRbeTseyIgmInRtUv)aneK dak;BRgayedayKµanEpnTI
ú
KµankMnt;Rta nigKµantMruycMnaMepSg²eT.
2> tMbn;mInRbqaMgmnusS

RbeTskm<CamYykñúgcMenamRbeTsTaMgLayelIBiPBelakEdlmanmIneRcInCageK. tamkar
ú
)a:n;sµanrbs;GgÁkar CMAC famInBI 4eTA 6lanRKab;RtUv)andak;BRgaykñúg tMbn;CaeRcIn.

bc©úb,nñeK)ankt;RtaeXIjcMkarmInsrubman 2327 kEnøgEdlRKbdNþb;elIépÞ dIRbmaN 4043/6K>m 2.
tMbn;mInsMxan;² manenAtamextþCuMvijbwgTenøsab dUcCaextþkMBg;FM esomrab bnÞaymanC½y )at;dMbg eBaF×sat;
nig kMBg;qñaMg. rIÉextþepSg²eTotk¾manbBaðamInEdr. épÞdI
EdlRKbdNþb;edaymInkMBugRtUv)anrMedaHedayGgÁkar CMAC nig NPA edIm,IykdICUn
RbCaCnsMrab;sg;lMenAsßan nigeFVIksikmµ.
3> CnsuIvilCaGñkrgeRKaHedaysarRKab;mIn
enAkñúgextþEdlmancMkarmIn RbCaCnrs;enAEk,rRKab;mIn)ansÁal;TItaMg nigmeFüa)ay
eCosvageRKaHfñak;ya:gc,as;las;. buE: nþRbCaCnkm<CaminticeTEdlBikar nigsøab;edayRKab; mIn.
ú
kmµvFIelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgcMeBaHeRKaHfñak;edaysarmIn)anRtUverobcMeLIgedayGgÁkar
i
shRbtibtþkarEdndItamRBMEdnrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati UNBRO nigmCÄmNÐlskmµPaB mInkm<Ca
i ú
¬CMAC)enAeBlenaH)an[RbCaCnEdlrs;enAEk,rRKab;mInmanbMrugRby½tñkan;Et xøaMgeLIg.
bu:EnþeRKaHfñak;CaeRcInenAEtekIteLIgedaysartMrUvkarcaM)ac;xagesdækic©.
ksikrRtUvkarERBk GNþg nig sÞg edIm,IykTwkbBa©ÚlERs. edayRbPBTwkTaMgenaHman mIn
Ú w
BYkeKBüayamedaHmInedayxøÜnÉg. GñkPUmixøHeTotbegátpøvlMkat;cMkarmIn edIm,IeTAdl; mnÞrI eBTü TIpSar
I Ú
salaeron>>. müa:geTottMbn;d¾FMeFgtamRBMEdneBareBjedaymInkþk¾Rsþnig kumarenAEtbnþcUléRBq¶ay²
I I
edIm,IEsVgrkGus. eRKaHfñak;déTeTotekIteLIgBIkgVHbMrugRby½tñ énGñkrYmdMenIr CaBiessKWkumar.
mnusSxøHsakl,gedaHmIn rWyuTP½NÐEdlminTan;pÞHeday ]bkrN_epSg²edIm,IykCatipÞHeFVICa]bkrN_ensaT
§ ú ú
nigykelah³eTAlk;.
4>T§iBlénmInRbqaMgmnusSeTAelIesdækic©
mInCamhnþraycMeBaHesdækic© nigCIvtmnusSeRBaHva)an eFVI[épÞdImYyPaKFMminGaceRbIR)as; )an.
i
épÞdICatMrUvkarrbs;mnusSsMrab;erobcMlMenAsßan salaeron mnÞrI eBTü ksikmµ>>> edIm,IGPivDÆesdækic©
nigRbeTsCati. shKmn_mYyPUmimYy nigRbeTsCatiTaMgmUlcuHRkIRk)an
edaysareKBuMGacQancab;ykePaKRTBüTaMgLayEdlmanRsab;. karKµanTICMrk Twk Gahar
GussMrab;cMGinGahar nigvtßeú RbIR)as;epSg² BIeRBaHmanmInnig cMkarmInB½T§CuMvijERs RbPBTwk
nigkñúgéRBEdlCatMrUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;RbCaCnTaMgLay.
mInRbqaMgmnusS)aneFVI[RbCaCnkm<úCasøab;RbmaN 10000nak;. sBVéf¶enHeK)an
)a:n;sµanfaRbeTskm<CamanCnBikaredaysarRKab;mInRbmaN 3540000nak;. PaKeRcInén
ú

CnrgeRKaHKWCamnusSmanGayucenøaHBI 20 eTA 30qñaM EdlCaRkummnusSskmµCageKkñúgvis½y esdækic©Cati .
CnrgeRKaHedaysarmIn 90°Caburs. eRKaHfñak;enH)anbnSl;Tk[RsþICaGñk TTYlbnÞúkkñgRKYsard¾eRcIn.
u ú
5>lT§plénkaredaHmIn
enAkm<Ca karedaHmInRtUvcMnayeBlevlaya:gyUr ehIyGs;fvikareRcIn. tamkar)a:n;
ú
sµankaredaHmInenARbeTskm<CaRtUvcMnayry³eBl 300qñaM edIm,Ie)assMGatmIn[
ú
Gs;.bu:Enþtamr)aykarN_segçbrbs;mCÄmNÐlskmµPaBkMcat;mInkm<Ca ¬CMAC) enAqmasTI1 kñgqñaM2000
ú ú
sMerckargarsMGatmIn nigyuT§PNÐminTan;pÞúH)anépÞdIcMnYn 4613358K>m2
nigrkeXIjehIykMeTcecalRKab;mInRbqaMgmnusS 8858RKab; mInRbqaMg rfeRkaH 434RKab; RKab;minTan;pÞHú
33725 nigbMEnkelahFatu)an 12456978 GMEbg.
kare)assMGatmInedayeRKOgcRke)assMGatmInmkBIRbeTspaMLg; kMBugbnþskmµPaBe)as sMGatmIn
EdlsßitenAkñgPUmirsµsamKÁI extþbnÞaymanC½y. lT§plEdlTTYl)anrYmman rMedaH)anépÞdIcMnYn 47450m2
ú I
kMeTcmInRbqaMgmnusS 6RKab;mInRbqaMgrfeRkaH 1RKab; nigRKab;minTan;pÞúH 11RKab;.
eRKOgcRkmYycMnYneTotnaMmkBIRbeTsGaLWm:g; kMBugeFVIkar sMGatenARsukbvil
extû)at;dMbg.cMEnkÈRbeTss‘uEGt)anpûl;EqÔhitkøn 6k,alEdr Edl
i
kMBughat;eronenAsalavwkvWnextþkMBg;qñaMg.
mCÄlmNÐlskmµPaBmInkm<Ca¬CMAC¦Casßab½npøvkar EdlTTYlbnÞúkkaredaHmIn
ú Ú
enAkm<úCa.cMEnkhirBaØvtßú nigbec©keTs GgÁkarenHRtUv)anCMnYyBIrdæaPi)alkm<Ca CamYy
ú
GgÁkarGPivDÆrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati shrdæGaemric raCaNacRkrYm )araMg Cb:un hULg; daNWm:ak GURTIs
kaNada GURsûalI s‘yEGt NrEvs nigesLg;fµI )anpûl;CnYy[rd×aPi)al km<CakÜgkaredaHmInenH.
u M ù ù
RbeTss‘uyEGt )ancuHhtÓelxaCamYyRbeTskm<Ca kalBIÙf¶T21 ExmifunaqÜaM2000 edayCMnYyfvika
ù I
4000000dULaGaemric kñgry³eBlBIrqñaMKWrhUtdl;qñaM 2002.
ú
5>1 kargarpSBVpSaykaryl;dwgGMBImIn nigyuT§PNÐminTan;pÞúH
EpñkenHman12RkumEdl)annwgkMBugbMeBjParkic©pSBVpSaykaryl;dwgGMBIRKab;mIn nig
yuTÁPNÐminTan;pÞúHCUnRbCaCn)an797elIk enAPUmicMnYn616salaeron58nigmanRbCaCn
cUlrYmsþab;92584nak; nigcuHpSBVpSaydl;pÞH nigdl;ERscMkar43223nak;.eRkABIenHRkum
pSBVpSay)anRbmUlBt’manBIRbCaCn nig)anpûl;[nUvyuT§PNÊminTan;pÒùH 4143RKab;mIn 2007RKab;;
nigkEnøgEdlmanbBaðamIIn rWsgS½yfamanmIncMnYn266kEnøgeTot.
5>2 kargardak;pøaksBaØatamshKmn_

EpñkenHman12RkumEdlkMBugParkic©enAextþbnÞaymanC½y nig)at;dMbg.EpñkmantYnaTI
e)aHpøaksBaØasMKal;kEnøgeRKaHfñak;edaysarmInEdlmanenAtamPUmisßan rWshKmn_ nigeFVIkare)aHsMGatmIn
nigRKab;minTan;pÒHtUctac.kÜgry³eBl6ExedImqÜaM2000EpÜkenH)an h‘mB½T§kEnøgeRKaHfÜak;
ù ù u
nigdak;pøaksBaØa)anRbEvg 78627m ehIy)ane)assMGatépÞdI[man suvtßPaBCUnRbCaCn)an
i
149390m2.enAkñgrgVg;dIe)assMGatenH rkeXIj nigkMeTcecal RKab;mInRbqaMgrfeRkaH 2RKab;
ú
RKab;minTan;pÞH189RKab;bMEnkelahFatu159978GMEbg eTotpg.
ú

CMBUk 4 nKrUbnIykmµenAkm<úCa
nKrUbnIykmµenARbeTskm<CaKWCadMenIrkarerobcMEdndI karGPivDÆTIRkug nigextþnana
ú
BiesserobcMbøg;sMrab;eRbIR)as;dIFøI[)ansmRsbeTAtamPaBrIkcMerInénesdækic©Cati.karmin
Gnuvtþc,ab;sþBIkarsagsg; CYsCulEdleRKagTuk RtUv)anpakBin½y.bnÞab;mkeK)anerobcM
I
lixitbTdæansMrab;bMerIkargarsMng;nana.mnÞIrsurieyadI nigPUmisaRsþ)aneFVIkarBinitücuHbBa¢rI RKb;RKg
eRbIR)as;dIFøI nigerobcMbNþajvas;Evg[)anRtwmRtUv.edIm,I[mandMenIrkarl¥ Epñk nKrUbnIykmµ
caM)ac;RtUvmankic©shkarl¥bEnßmeTotCamYyRksYgnana edIm,IFanadl;kar GPivDÆRbeTsCati.
emeronTI 1 lkçxNÐRbvtþisaRsþénGPivDÆn_TIRkug
RbeTsmYyEdlmanRbvtþsaRsþrIkcMerIn)anRtUvvaytMéledayvtþmanTItaMg PUmiRsuk
i
plitkmµeTAtameTBüekaslürbs;RbCaCn.karrIkcMerInTIRkug CaktþakMnt;énsñaéd nigkMrit
écñRbDitrbs;RbCaCnkñgkarbegátlMenAzaneRcInEbby:agenAelITwkdIxøn.karGPivDÆminesµKña énkMlaMgplitkmµ
ú I Ü I
qøúHbBa©aMgBITMrg;esdækic© nigskmµPaBrs;enAtamtMbn;nImYy² dUcCavDÆnPaB énviTüasaRsþ bec©keTs
)anCHT§Bldl;bMlas;bþrÚ énsmasPaBviC¢aCIv³ nigTItaMglMenA RbCaCnxus²Kña.
i
ÉksarTI 1 ³ RbCaCnénTIRkugsMxan;enAkm<Caú
extþ-Rkug 1962 1966 1974¼5 1987 1998
RkugPñMeBj 393995 550000 1/2eTA2lan 584000 999804
RkugRBHsIhnu 7095 14000 40eTA60000 16000 151990
)at;dMbg 38780 42500 60eTA100000 45000 139964
kMBg;cam 28532 30500 50eTA60000 33000 45354
eBaF×sat; 12115 16000 50eTA60000 16000 57523
kMBg;qñaMg 13001 14000 50eTA60000 15000 41703

kMBt 12700 14000 50eTA60000 15000 33126
RkecH 12139 13000 50eTA60000 14000 79123
sVayerog 11317 12500 25eTA30000 14000 21205
esomrab 10281 11000 25eTA30000 13000 119528
kMBg;FM 9477 10500 20eTA25000 12000 66014
éRBEvg 8874 10000 20eTA25000 11000 55054
kMBg;s<W 7334 10000 20eTA25000 41478
1 RbvtþinKrUbnIykmµenAkm<úCa
1>1 nKrUbnIykmµmunsm½yGaNaniKm)araMg
kñgRbeTsdMeNaHRbCaCnsMxan;²manenAtMbn;kMBg;EptamdgTenø rWpøvTwkEdlGaceFVI
ú Ú
navacrN_)an.pøvTwkTaMgenaHCaKmnaKmn+Tak;TgBIkMBg;EpmYyeTAkMBg;EpmYyrhUtdl;raCFanI
Ú
CaTUeTARbCaCnEdlrs;enAtamkMBg;EpnImYy² manRtwmrab;ryb:unenaH.TItaMgkMBg;EpenHehIy
EdlCaTIsñak;karrbs;ecAhVayRsuk ehIymanCnCati cin kUnecAcin cam-l-Edlrs;enATIenaH
CaGñkkþab;BaNiC¢kmµpþac;mux.kMBg;EpnImYy² h‘mB½T§edayPUmi vtû RBHBuT§sasna nigvalERs
u
rbs;RbCaCnExµr.ÉnaybnÞab;BIvalERs manéRBre)aHRKbdNþb;Cag80°.
1>2 nKrUbnIykmµBIsm½yGaNaniKm)araMgdl;qñaM1969
RbeTskm<Cakm<CaFøak;eRkamGaNaBüa)al)araMgenAqñaM1863 EdlTIRkugTaMgLayQan
ú ú
cUlkñgskraCTMenIb.lkçNelceFøaénTsvtSdMbUgeRkaysm½yGaNaniKm)araMgKWkarsþar snþsuxneya)ay
ú i
nigkMEnlMGvis½yrdæ)al CaBiessEpñkBn§dar.cugstvtSTI19karrIkcMerIn EpñkKmnaKmn_ BaNiCkmµ nigrdæ)al
¢
)anpþl;mUldæankñúgkarGPivDÆesdækic© CaBiessKWkar
GPivDÆPaBskmµPaBnKrUbnIykmµ.karRbmUlBn§darenAqñaM1892sßteRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;)araMgEdlmanersId
i u
g; 10nak;CaGñkRKb;RKgrdæ)alextþ ehIymanersIudg;kMBUlmñak;eTotRtYtBIelI
¬ersIdg;s‘uEBry½r¦sÓitenATIRkugPÜeM Bj.cenøaHenAqÜaM1900-1930eK)aneFVIkMEnnksag
u
pøÚvfñl;)ancMgay9000K>m.KMeragnKrUbnIykmµd¾sMxan;bMputsMrab;TIRkugPñMeBj RtUv)ansMerc eLIgenAqñaM1908
edayEckCatMbn;dac;edayELk²BIKñasMrab;CnCati)araMg cin nigExµr.
cab;BIeBlenaHmkTIRkugPñeM BjrIkcMerIny:agqab;rh½sRsbeTAnwgkMenInesdækic©.eRkayqñaM 1920
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eFVI[dIFøab;manCICati manKMrbedayrukçCati ERbk¶ayeTACadIKµanCICatiQaneTArkehasßankmµ.
eRkABIenHmanbMerIbMras;dIBMusmRsbepSg eTot dUcCa bMerIbMras;dI]sSahkmµCaedim.
25>etIbMerIbMras;FnFandIrUbPaBNaxøHEdleFVI[manplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶rdl;dI?
cM>bMerIbMras;dIdUcrUbPaBxageRkameFVI[manplb:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶rdl;dI dUcCakarkab;bMp¶aj éRBeQIhYsehtu
eFVI[diKµanKMrb TRnÞanéRBykdIdaMdMna ¬dMNaMéRBdut¦ kareFV]sSahkmµBMu smRsb ¬Ékvb,kmµ¦
M I
kare)aHecalsRmam nigkaksMnl;epSg²RKb;TIkEnøg nigkarCIkTRnÞan Er:BMusmRsbenAéb:lin>>>.
26>etInwgmanGVIekIteLIg RbsinbRmIbRmas;minGnuvtþtamKeRmag b¤ EpnkarRtwmRtUv?
cM>RbsinebIbeRmIbRmas;dIminGnuvtþtamKeRmag b¤EpnkarRtwmRtUveFV[dI)at;bg;sarFatuciBa©wm sMNwk
I
kMN)ayeRkom kgVk;dIedaysardIsMbUrCatiGMbil dIRKbdNþb;edayTwksm¥úy nigsarFatuKmIhYskMrit.
I
27>etIvdþsarFatuKImIenAkñúgsßanRbB½n§FmµCatimanlkçNHdUcemþc?
cM>vdþsarFatuKImIkñgsßanRbB½n§FmµCatiKW sarFatuciBa©wmsMxan;² eFVclnaBIdIeTAsarBagÁkaymanCIvit
ú I
ehIyRtLb;mkdIvijenAeBl sarBagÁkayTaMgenaH Buk puyrlYy.
28>dUcemþcEdlehAfa sarFatuciB©wam ?
cM>sarFatuciB©wamKWCasarFatuEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;karrs;enAlUtlas;nigbnþBUCEdlrYmman ma:RkUFatu
nigmIRkUFatu.
29>dUcemþcEdlehAfa m:aRkUFatu nig mIRkUFatu ?
cM>m:aRkUFatuCasarFatuciB©wamxniC EdlsarBagÁkaymanCIvitRtUvkarbrimaNeRcIn sMrab;RTRTg; karlUlas;dUcCa
kabUn GIuRdUesn GuksIuEsn pUsVr½ s<an;F½r bU:tasüÚm nigkal;süÚm.ÉmIRkUFatu EdlCasarFatuciBa©wmxniCEdr
EdlsarBagÁkaymanCIvitRtUvkar kñúgbrimaNtictYcsMrab;karRT RTg;karlUtlas;dUcCaEdksgásI Tg;Edg kør
m:g;kaENs mUlibEdnCaedIm.
:

30>dI)at;bg;sarFatuciBa©wmedaysarktþaGVIxøH?
cM>dI)at;bg;sarFatuciBa©wmedaysarktþadUcxageRkam³
 karkab;bMpøajéRBeQIEdlCaKMrbkarBardI.
 Gnuvtþn_cMkaréRBdut.
 haldIecaledayKµandaMdMNaM.
 Gnuvtþn_dMnaMdEdl²elIdIEtmYy.
 Gnuvtþn_RbB½n§ksikmµBuMsmRsb¬Ékvb,kmµ¦.
31>dUcemþcEdlehAfasMnwk?
cM>sMnwkKWkareRcaHykdInigsarFatuciB©awmedayTwkb¤xül;.
32>sMnwkekIteLIgenAeBlNa?manlkçN³dUcemþc?
cM>sMnwkekItmaneLIgenAeBlmanePøogFøak;eCaKCaM rWmanxül;e)akbk;xøaMgeFVI[dIgaynwghUr
tamTwkrWrsat;tamxül; bk;eTAkan;TIq¶ay eFV[dI)at;bg;CICati edaykarhUrcak;sarFatuciBa©wm eTAcak;bgÁr
I
b¤RbmUlpþúMenATIkEnøgepSgeTot.
33>dMkMnfµ)ayeRkommanlkçN³dUcemþc?
cM>dIkMnfµ)ayeRkommanBN’Rkhm b¤elOgehIymansmasFatuEdk b¤GaluymIjÐm Edlmin
:
gayhUreRcaHdUcsarFatuxnicdéTeToteLIy.dIfµ)ayeRkomGackat;CadM)ansMrab;eRbIR)as;kñg
ú
sMNg;eRkayeBlhaléf¶vaeGays¶t.eKeRbIvakñúgkMng; .
Ü
34>etIskmµPaBGVIxøHEdlnaMeGaykgVk;dI?
cM>skmµPaBEdlnaM[kgVk;dIbNþalmkBI³
 TwkeRsacRsBEdlmanCatiGMbilepSg²rlayeTAkñgenaH ú
 bMerIbMras;CIKImI¬GaceFVIeGaykgVk;dIenAkEnøg nig bgáeGaymankarbMBuldIenAkñgkEnøgepSg²¦.
ú
 TwklUsMGuyecjBIeragcRk b¤kaksMNl;epSg² EdledaysarFatuKImI k¾naM[mankgVk;dI.
 karecalsMramenAkEnøgecalsMramTIdéT k¾bgá[mankgVk;Edr.
35>ehtuGVI)anCaeKRtUvrkSadI?

cM>)anCaeKRtUvEfrkSadI BIeRBaHvamansmßPaBeRbiR)as;epSg² dUcCa disRmab;daMdMNaMepSg² daMedImeQI
karGPivDÆn_TRI kug nigTIRbCMuCnnana.
36>etImanviFIGVIxøH edIm,Ikat;bnßyplb:HBal;eTAelIdI?
cM>edIm,Ikat;bnßyplb:HBal;eTAelIdI RtUvGnuvtþdUcxageRkam³
 Gnuvtþbnøas;dMNaM
 Gnuvtþksirukçkmµ
 GnuvtþcMkarl,ak; nigdmNaMtamCMral
 eRbIR)as;dIFmµCati nigKImI[)ansmRsbelIpldMNaM
 lubbM)at;ecalcMkaréRBdut.
37>Er:CaGVI? PaKeRcInsßitenAÉNa ?
cM>Er:CasarFatu KImIFmµCatiman enAkñgdI b¤ kñugsila EdlGaceGayeKeFVIGaCIvkmµ)an .
u
38>ehtuGVI)anCaeKfaEr:CaFnFanFmµCatiminekIteLIgvij ?
cM>Er:CaFnFanFmµCatimin ekIteLIgvIj eRBaHFnFanTaMgenaHmanbrimaN kMNt; ehIyekItyWt²bMput
I
eRbIeBlrab;lan qñaM.
39>BMnUkEr:ekIteLIgtammeFüa)ayGVIxøH?
cM>BMnUkEr:ekIteLIgtammeFüa)ayepSg²³
 ekItBIkarcuHRtCak;énma:k;ma:
 sMNl;énstVrukçCatiEdlkb;kñgdIrab;lanqñaM
ú
 ekIteLIgBITwkekþA b¤]sµn)anrMlaysilam:ak;m:atamsµameRbHénsilaehIyhUrnaMTaMgEr:mkCa mYypg.
½
 clnaTwkeRkamdIk¾begát)anCakarRbmUlpþúMénEr:Edr.
I
 TwkelIépÞdIk¾GacRbmUlEr:)anEdr.
 Er:xøHeTotdUcCaGMbilEr: mñagsilaEdlkb;kñgdIekIteLIgenAeBlmanbMErbMrYlépÞdInigrMhYtTwk
ú
smuRTeRkamkMeTckMnCaeRcInRsTab;.
40>BMnUkEr:manenAkEnøgNaxøH?

cM>BMnUkEr:manenABaseBjBiPBelak.
41>etIGVICaEr:srIragÁ?
cM>Er:srIragÁCaEr:ekIteLIgBIlMnaMénvtßmanCIvtdUcCa kabUn FüÚgfµ eRbgkat nig]sµ½nFmµCati.
ú i
42>etIGVICaEr:GsrIragÁ?
cM>Er:GsrIragÁ CaEr:ekIteLIgBIFmµCatiminEmnekIteLIgBIlMnaMvtßmanCIvt.Er:TaMgenaHman Edk mas R)ak; sMn
ú i
GaluymIjÚ:m>>>.
43>etIEr:GsrIragÁPaKeRcInekIteLIgBIGVI?
cM>Er:GsrIragÁPaKeRcInekIteLIgBIma:k;ma:.
44>tamkarRsavRCavenAkñúgqñaM 1962 eKEckEr:enAkm<úCaCabu:nµanmNÐlFM²?
mNÐlTaMgenaHmankMNb;Er:GVIxøH?
cM> tamkarRsavRCavenAkñgqñaM 1962 eKEckEr:enAkm<CaCa 5 mNÐlFM².mNÐlEr:TaMgenaH
ú ú
mankMNb;dUcxageRkam³
 mNÐlEr:éb:lin mankMnb;t,ÚgTTwmnigkeNþog.
 mNÐlbrEkv¬rtnKIrI¦mankMnb;t,Úgnigmas.
 mNÐlkMBg;FM manEr:Edk¬enAPñEM dk¦ mas ¬kb;kñúgdIl,ab;¦ sMN)a:haMg¬enACMvijPñamInigPñMelOg¦.
 mNÐlkMBtnig)at;dMbgmanfµkMe)arnigpUsVat.
 mNÐleBaF×sat;manfµEkv¬Pñtasay¦sMrab;rcnavtßsil,³nana.
M ú
45>etIEr:]sSahkmµnigsMng;RbePTNaxøHEdleKCIkykmkeRbIR)as;kñúg sMng;GaKar
pøÚvfñl;? manenAkEnøgNaxøH?
cM>Er:]sSahkmµnigsMNg;mYycMnYnRtÚv)anCIkykeTAeRbIR)as;kgsMNg;GaKarpøÚvfñl;mandUcCa³
ñú
)asal;¬kMBg;camsñl ¦RkanIt¬kMBg;qñaMg)asit¦ fµkMe)ar¬esrIesaP½NÐ )at;dMbg kMBt¦rIyUlIt
Ü
¬kUnPñmYycMnYnEk,r PñeM Bj¦ kVat¬taEkvEkb¦ ma:b¬sÞgERtg¦.
M w
46>eKTajykEr:tamviFINaxøH?
cM>eKTajykEr:tamviFIbUmyk rW CIkyk.

47> karCIkykEr:manbu:nµanRbePT? cUrerobrab;.
cM>karCIkykEr:man 4 RbePT³
 karCIkykedaycMh -karcUlykedaypÞal;
 karCIkykEr:epþk -karCIkykEr:bBaÄr
48>kareFVIGaCIvkmµEr:naMeGayb:HBal;dl;brisßannigsgÁmdUcemþcxøH?
cM>kareFVIGaCIvkmµEr: naMeGayb:HBal;dl;brisßan nigsgÁmdUcCa³
 xUcxatdI bMBulTwk bMBulxül; sMnrwg FatuviTüúskmµ eRKaHfñak;eBlCIk rMxanedaysUrs½BÞ
eRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaB suvtßPaBkargar karehorkMBb;eRbg>>>>>>.
i
49>Er:EdlTajyk)anBIkñúgdImk etIGaceRbIR)as;)anPøam²eT?ehtuGVI?
cM>Er:EdlTaj)anBIkñúgdImkminGaceRbIR)as;)anPøam²eTKWRtUveFVIRbtikmµEr:enaHsineTIbGaceRbI R)as;)an
CarUbFatuedImsMrab;sMPar eRbIR)as;epSg²)an.
50>etIdMnak;kalénkareFVIGaCIvkmµEr:manGVIxøH?
cM>dMNak;kalénkareFVGaCIvkmµEr:man³
I
 karCIkykEr:mankarrukrk nigTajyk.
 RbRBwtþkmµEr:man dMnwkCBa¢ÚneTA bnSúTnigkarplit.
§
 bMerIbMras;man dMnwkCBa¢ÚneTAeGayGñkeRbIR)as; nig karbeB©ajecal .
51>T§iBlkareFVIGaCIkmµEr:elIbrisßanmanGVIxøH?
cM>TIBlkareFIVGaCIvkmµEr:eTAelIbrisßanman³
§
 kare)aHbg;ecal -karRsutdI -karbMBul -sUrs½BÞ
 famBl -plb:HBal;elICIv³cMruH.
52>kareFVIGaCIvkmµEr: )aneFVIeGaybH:Bal;dl;CIv³cMruHya:gdUcemþc?
cM>kareFVIGaCIvkmµ)aneFVI[b:HBal;dl;CIvcMruHedayva)aneFVI[manbMErbMrYllkçN³rUbrbs;RsTab; elIdI
nigxül;edaykarCIkykEr: nigGacb:HBal;dl;brisßan RBmTaMgeFVIeGayb:HBal;elICIv³
cMruHedaypÞal;nigedayRbeyalEfmeTotpg.

53>cUrerobrab;BIplb:HBal;elICIv³cMruHedaypÞal; rWedayRbeyal
bNþalmkBIkareFVIGaCIvkmµEr:.
cM>plb:HBal;elICIv³cMruHedaypÞal; rWedayRbeyal bNþalmkBIkareFVIGaCIvkmµEr:KWkarvinas
)at;bg;stVnigrukçCatiEdlbNþalmkBIkarCIkykEr: karb:HBal;dIBul rW TwkBulBIkñgGNþgEr:.
ú Ú
plb:HBal;edayRbeyalKWbMErbMrYlvdþGaharnana niglMnwgsßanRbB½n§eday bMlas;bþrÚ brimaN b¤
KuNPaBTwkkñgdI rW elIdI.
ú
54>etImanmeFüa)ayGVIxøHedIm,IGPirkSFnFanEr:?
cM>manmeFüa)ayeyIgRtUvGPirkSFnFanEr: KWrkFnFandéTeTotmkCMnYsnigkMEnécñCafµI.
µ
-kat;bnßykareRbIR)as;.
55>ehtuGVI)anCaeyIgcaM)ac;GPirkSFnFanEr:?
cM>)anCaeyIgRtUvGPirkSFnFanEr:mkBIEr:ekIteLIgywt²bMput
edayeRbIeBlrab;lanqñaMedIm,IbegáItBMnUkEr:enAkñúgsMbkEpndI.
56>kareRbIFnFandéTeTotmkCMnYsnigeFVIkMEnécñEr:CafµIpþl;plRbeyaCn_GVI
xøHdl;brisßan?
cM>karrkFnFandETeTotmkCMnYs nigeFVIkMEnEcñEr:Cafµpþl;plRbeyaCn_eRcIndl;brisßan dUcCa³
I
-karBnüaeBlénkarpÁt;pÁg;Er:tamkarbnßybrisßanrUbFatuEdlRtUvTajyk
 TamTarfamBlticCagkarTajykEr:BIkñgdIú
 mankarbMBultic nigeFVI[xUcxatditic
 bnßyéføcak;sMNl;ecalnigBnüaGayukEnøgTukdak;sMNl; tamryHkarkat;bnßymaDsMNrwg
 kat;bnßypl;b:HBal;brisßanénkarTayyk nigkarRbRBwtþkmµEr:.
i
57>etIRbePTNaxøH EdleKcat;TukCaFnFanTwk?
cM>TwkEdlcat;TukCaFnFanTwk KwTwkRKb;RbePTTaMGs;enAelIEpndI rYmmanTwksmuRT Tenø sÞg TwkelIépÞdI
w
cMhayTwkkñgbriyakas EpnTwkkk RsTab;RBil.l.
w ú
58>etITwkCaFnFanekIteLIgvij b¤minekIteLIgvij?

cM>TwkCaFnFanekiteLIgvij EdlmanclnaCaRbcaMkñgTwk.
ú
59>etITwkekIteLIgedaysarGVI?
cM>TwkekIteLIgedaysarTwkelIépÞdI¬Tenø bwg eRCaHGUr>>>>¦ nigTwksmuRT)anhYteLIgelI
I
cUlkñgbriyakasbegát)anCakMNkGakas ehIykMNkGakas)anFøak;mkelIEpndI¬TRmg;Ca ePøog
ú ; I
ePøoglayRBil RBil.l.¦ TwkmYyEpñkeTot)anhUr rYcsþkelIépÞdI ehIymYyEpñkeTot hUrRCabcUlkñúgdI.
ú
enAeBlTTYlkMedARBHGaTitü TwkTaMgenaHhYteLigeTAelI begáIt)anCakMNkGakasvij.dMeNIrEbbenHehAfa
vdþTwk.
60>etIm:UelKulTwkpSMeLIgBIGatUmGVIxøH?
cM>mUe: lKulTwkpSMeLIgBIGatUmGIRu dUEsnBIr nigGuksIEu snmYy¬H2O).
61>etITwkCavtßúmanbnÞúkGKÁisnI rWeT?
cM>TwkCavtßmanbnÞúkGKÁsnI.
ú i
62>TwkP¢ab;CamYyvtßúdéTeTot)anEdr rWeT?
cM>TwkP¢ab;CamYyvtßdéTeTot)an luHRtaEtvtßeú naHmanbnÞúkGKÁsnIEdr
ú i
ehIyvaminGacP¢ab;CamYyvtßNaEdlKµanbnÞkGKÁsnI)neLIy.
ú ú i
63>TwkCasarFaturMlayEdr rWeT? ehIyvaGacrMlaysarFatunana)anEdr rWeT?
cM>TwkCasarFaturMlay¬vtßCaeRcInGacrMlaykñúgTwkeRcInCagvtßúravdéTeTot¦
ú
ehIyvaGacrMlaysarFatunana)anedaysarFatuTaMgenaHmanbnÞkGKÁsnIdUcCa GMbilCaedIm.
ú i
b:uEnþvaminGacrMlaysarFatunanaEdlKµanbnÞkGKÁsnIeT.
ú i
63>ehtuGVI)anCaeKcat;TukfaTwkCaniytkrénsItuNðPaB?
cM>)anCaeKcat;Tukfa TwkCaniytkrénsItuNðPaB eRBaHTwkmancMnuHkMedAx<s;GacRsUbyk
rwbeBa©jbrimaNkMedAeRcIn.eKGaceRbIR)as;TkCaniytkrsItuNðPaBenAkñgmasIunrfynþ.
w ú
64>TwkrIkmaDenAeBlNa?ehtuGVI)anCaTWkkkGENþtelIépÞTwk?
cM>TWkrIkmaDenAeBlkk.eBlTwkmanPaBrUbravTwkmandg;sIuetesµInwg1 ehIyenAeBlkk
TwkERbRbÜldg;sIuettUcCag1.ehtudUecñHehIyeTIbTwkvaGENþtelITk.
w

65>enAkñúgcMenamRbPBTwkTaMgGs;Edl)anmkBITwkePøogePøoglayRBil
nigTwkkksMlIFøak;elIépÞdIrYcsþúkenAelImanb:unµanPaKry? RCabcUlkñúgdI
b:unµanPaKry?TwkhYteLIgeTAelInigRtUvrukçCatiRsUbykcMnYnb:unµanPaKry?
cM>TwkEdlsþúkenAelIenAdI mancMnYn 1¼3 RCabcUlkñúgdIman 1¼3 ehIyTwkhYteLIgelI nigRtUvrukçCatiRsUbyk
1¼3 Edr.
66>dUcemþcEdlehAfa TwkelIépÞdI? TwkelIépÞdImanGVIxøH?
cM>TwkelIepÞdIKWCakMnkGakasEdlFøak;mkBIelIépÞdIkñgTRmg;CaePøog ePoglayRBil RBIl b¤TwkkksMlI
ú
ehIyminRCabcUlkñúgbriyakasvijtamry³rMhYtb¤bMPaycMhayTwk.TwkelI épÞdIman Twk Tenø sÞg bwg RsH
w
RtBaMg eRCaHRClgdgGUr nigGagTwknana.
67>TenøFM²mYycMnYnenAelIBiPBelakmaneQµaHGVIxøH? sßitenAkñúgTVIbNaxøH?
cM>TenøFM²mYycMnYnenAelIBiPBelakmaneQµaHTenømIsIusIuBI xULÚr:adU mIsuvI
sßitkñúgTVIbGaemricxageCIg TenøGama:sUn sßáitkñúgGaemricxagt,Úg
nigTenøemKgÁsßitkñúgGasIu.
68>tMbn;pÞúkTwk eK[eQµaHmanGVI?
GagrgTwkePøógTenøemKgÁkm<úCaRKbdNþb;elIépÞdiIb:unñanKILÚEm:tkaer?
Cab;cmNat;fñak;b:unµanelIb:unµanelIBiPBelak?
cM> tMbn;pÞkTwk eK[eQñaHGagrgTwkePøóg. GagrgTwkePøógTenøemKgÁkm<Ca RKbdNþb;elIépÞdI RbmaN 86°
ú ú
RtUvCa 1551690/1 Kmkaer. Cab;cMNat;fñak;elx 12enAelIBiPBelak.
69>dUcemþcEdlehAfa TwkkñúgdI?
cM>TwkkñgdI CaTIEdlRCabcUleTAkñgdItamryHRbeLaH b¤RbehagdI¬sñameRbH¦ nigcenøaHRbehagsilakñgdI
ú ú ú
rYcsþkTukkñgRbehag nigsñameRbHenAeRkamépÞdIehAfa TwkkñgdI.
ú ú ú
70>TwkenAkñúgdIsþúkTukkñúgRsTab;silaehAfaGVI?
cM>TwkenAkñúgdIsþkTukkñgRsTab;silaehAfa degðmTwk.
ú ú I

71>degðImTwkkñúgdImansmasFatupSMGVIxøH EdlnaM[TwkpþúMkña)an?
cM>degÐmTwkkñgdImansmasFatupSMCasilasxSac;
I ú
nigRKYsedaymanlMhxül;eTotpgEdlkñgenaHTwkGagpþúMKña)an.
ú
72>degÐImTwkmanb:unµanRbePT? KWGVIxøH?
cM>degÐmTwkmanBIrRbePT KWdegÐmTwkcMh nigdegÐmTwkbiT.
I I I
73>TwkkñúgdIeKcat;TukCaFnFanTwkekIteLIgvijb¤eT? cUrBnül;.
cM>eKcat;TukTwkkñgdIPaKeRcInCaFnFanminekIteLIgvijeTCaBiessdegÐmTwkbiTkalNaeK
ú I
eRbIR)as;TkenaHhYskMriténkarkekItrbs;va. degÐmTwkbiTekIteLIgvij edaydMeNIrRbRBwtþi
w I
FmµCatirbs;yWtNas; eRBaHRtUvx½NÐedayRsTab;silaminRCabTwk.
kalNaeKbUmykTwkBIkñúgdegðmTwkeRcInCagTinñplnirnþPaB GtibrmanenaH naM;[épÞdIxagelI
I
degðmTwkGacRsutcuHeTotpg.
I
74>kµúgmNÐlTwk 70° etImanTwkéRbb:unµanPaKry? Twksabmanb:unµanPakry?
cM>kñúgmNÐlTwk 70° manTwkéRbPaKry 97° ehIyTwksabman 3°.
75>Twksab3° etIvaCaTwkkkenAb:UlTaMgBIr nigCaTwkkb;kñúgdI
eRCAeBkEdlminGacTajykmkeRbIR)as;)an manb:unñanPaKry?
cM>Twksab3° vaCaTwkkkenAb:UlTaMgBIr nigCadIkb;kñgdIeRCA eBlEdlminGacTajykmk
ú
eRbIR)as;manRbEhl2/397° ÉTwksabEdlGaceRbI)anman0/003°.
76>etITwksabEdleRbIR)as;kñúgBiPBelakRKb;RKan;Edr rWeT?
cM>TwksabEdleRbIR)as;kñúgBiPBelakmancMnYntickþk¾brimaNenAeRcInNas;sMrab;mnusSmñak;²
I
bBðaasMxan;edlecaTenaH KWr)ayTwkenAelIBiPBelakBMuesµKña BItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYy
I
eFVI[RbCaCnxøHrgeRKaHedayTwkCMnn;.
77>TwksabTaMgenaH eKeRbIR)as;sMrab;eFVIxøH?
cM>TwksabTaMgenaH eKeRbIR)as;kñgeKhdæanksikmµ]sSahkmµTMnajykfamBlKmnaKmn_ nigsMrab;eTscrN_.
ú

78>kareFVIksikmµkñúgRbeTskm<úCa BwgEp¥keTAelIkarpÁt;pÁg;TwktamEbbRbB½n§FarasaRsþ
RKb;RKan; b¤eT?
cM>kareFVIksikmµkñgRbeTskm<Ca
u u
BwgEp¥keTAelIkarpÁt;pÁg;TwkeRcIntamEbbFmµCatirIÉtamEbbRbB½n§FarasaRsþminRKb;RKan; .
79>etIeragcRk]sSahkmµRtUvkarFnFanTwkEdlb¤eT?
etIeragcRk]sSahkmµeRbIR)as;TwksMrab;eFVIGVIxøH?
cM>eragcRk]sSahkmµRtUvkarFnFanTwk eRBaHTwkCarUbFatuedImsMrab;lagsMGat nigeFVIeGayma:sIunRtCak; rW
sMrab;beB¢ajsMnl;ecal.l.
80>dUcemþcEdlehAfa famBlvarIGKÁisnI?
cM>famBlvarIGKÁsni CafamBledl)anmkBIbMElgfamBlTwkhUr b¤Føak;edaycrnûTkenaH [bgVltYb‘n
i w i É
ehIyTUbgVlCnitaGKÁisnIbnþeTot.
i
81>TwksmuRTeCarb¤naceKGacTajykeRbIR)as;sRmab;plitGKÁisnI)an Edrb¤eT?
cM>TwkeCar b¤Twknac kWCaPaBxsusKñaénnIv:smuRT ehIyeKGacTajykmkeRbIR)as;eTVCafamBlGKiÁnI)an
U I
eKehAfa famBl TwkeCar nignac.
82>etIeragcRkfamBlvarIGKÁisnI
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeyIgGacksag)anenAkEnøgNaxøH?
cM>enARbeTskm<úCamanTItaMCaeRcInsßtenAkñgKeRmagsagsg;varIGKÁsnIdUcCa enAsMbUr¬extþRkecH¦
i ú i
enAexan¬extþ sÞgERtg¦ eRkABIenHmanTItaMgCaeRcIneTot dUcCaTMnb;varIGKÁisnIenAERBketñat¬extþ kNþal¦
w
TMnb;varIGKÁsnIKirIrmü>>>.l. TMnb;varIGKÁsnIKirIrmükMBugEtcab;epþmdMeNIrkarCapøvkarehIy.
i i I Ú
83>etIFnFanTwkpþl;sar³RbeyaCn_sRmab;KmnaKmn_Edrb¤eT?
cM>FnFanTwkpþl;sar³RbeyaCn_sMrab;KmnaKmn_y:agxøaMg
eRBaHnavatUcFMmYycMnYnGaceFVIcracrN_enAtamTenø sÞg bwg nigERBknana.
w
enARbeTskm<CamanTenøemKgÁd¾FM EdlP¢ab;TMnak;TMngCamYybwkTenøsab nigRBmTaMgP¢ab;CamYysmURT
ú
eFVI[navasmuRTFunFMGacecjcUl)an.

84>etIFnFanTwkbMerI[eTscrN_Edrb¤eT?
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCatMbn;NaxøHEdlbMerIsRmab;eTscrN_?
cM>FnFanTwkbMerI[eTscrN_Edr eRBaHtMbn;Edlmanbwg TwkFøaksuT§EtmaneTsPaBRtkal
GmeTAedayrukçCati GakasFatul¥
GacTak;TajePJóveTscrN_eTAsMraklMEhkayenATIenaH)an.enAkm<CatMbn;mYycMnYnCarmnIydæaneTscrN_
ú
dUcCabwgykúelam¬rtn³KirI¦TwkFøak;b’RU sa¬mNÊlKirI¦ TwkQU¬kMBt¦ KirIrmü¬kMBg;s<W¦>>>.
85>etITwksabsMrab;eRbIR)as;enAelIBiPBelakmancMnYnb:unµan?
cM>TwksabsMrab;eRbIR)as;enAelIBiPBelakmancMnYnticNas; 0/003°énTwkTUTaMgBiPBelak.
86>Twksabd¾tictYcenHrgkarbMBulEdrb¤eT?
cM>cMeBaHkareRbIR)as;Twksabd¾tctYcenH BMmanbBaÐaecaT eT ebIeRbIR)as;eTAtamnirnþrPaB Gtibrmarbs;va
i u
EtebIeRbIR)as;elIsBIenH nwgTTYlkarbMBul.
87>ebITwksabTTYlkarbMBulbNþalmkBIGVI? etIRbPBTwkGVIxøHTTYlkarbMBul?
cM>sBVéf¶Tksabd¾tictYcenH kMBugTTYlrgkarbMBulBIsMNl;epSg² EdlecjBIskmµPaBmnusS
w
dUcCasMNl;eragcRk]sSahkmµ sMNl;KImI TwksMGuy sMNl;ksikmµ¬b:Utas pUsVat
nIRtat¦kMNl,ab;sMnl;eRbg elah³F¶n; sarFatuKImIsMeyaKsarFatuvTüuskmµ.l.
i
eRkaymksarFatubMBulTaMgenaH)anRbmUlpþMcUlkñúgTenø sÞg bwg b¤TwkkñgdI.
ú w ú
88>etIRbPBénkarbMBulTwkEckecjCab:unµanRbePT? GVIxøH? cUrBnül;?
cM>RbPBénkarbMBulTwkEckecjCaBIrRbePT KWRbPBcMnuc nigRbPBray)a:y.
 RbPBcMnuc CasMNl;ecjBIRbPBcMnuc RbmUlpþMEú tmYyc,as;las; dUcCabMBugEpSgeragcRk
kEnøgbgðrÚ sMNl;ravcUleTAkñgTenø sÞg.l.
ú w
 RbPBray):ay CasMnl;EdlecjBIcMnucRbmUlpþúMeRcInkEnøgdUcCasMNl;pøÚvfñl; sMnl;tamlMenAdæan
lMhUrksikmµ b¤GaCIvkmµEr:sMnl;TIRkug kMeTckMTIBIkardæansMnl;CaedIm.
89>enARbeTskm<úCa karbMBulTwkPaKeRcInecjBIRbPBNamYy?cUrBnül;?

cM>enARbeTskm<úCa karbMBulTwkPaKeRcInecjBIRbPBray):ay
BIeRBaHkarRKb;RKgsMNl;ravenAraCFanIPMñeBj nigenATIrYmextþdéTeTotmanPaBTn;exSy.
PaKeRcInwklUsMGuy nigTwkePøógRtUv)aneKbgðrÚ ecjtamRbLaycMhrrYccUleTAkñgRsH ú
b¤bwgsßitenAEk,rlMenAdÐanRbCaCndUcCaTIRkúg PñeM Bj nigextþ)at;dMbg eKeRbIRbB½n§bgðrÚ rYmKñarvagTwklUsMGuy
nigTwkePøóg eBalKWTaMgTwkePøóg nigTwklUsMGuy eKbgðrÚ ecjBIlMenAdæannanarbs;RbCaCn
EdlmansMnl;ravecjBIbgÁn; sMnl;pÞH)ayCaedIm. lUrbgðrÚ enaHmin)anhUrcUleTAkñgRbB½n§sMGateT
ú
KW)anbgðrÚ cUleTAkñgRbB½n§pøÚvTwk b¤RbPBTwknana.
ú
cMeBaHkarbMBulBIRbPBcMnuc RbeTskm<úCak¾manbBaðaEdr
dUcCaenATIRkugPñeM BjmaneragcRk sib,kmµCaeRcIn)anenACab;nwgmat;TenøemKgÁ.
rIÉrgÁsal pÞHTwk ePaCnIydæan nigsNæaKar EdltaMgtam
RcaMgTenø)anrYmcMEnkkñgkareFVI[xUcKuNPaBTwkEdr.
ú
90>etIsarFatubmBulbgáreRKaHfñak;Edr b¤eT?
cM>sarFatubMBulTwk eFV[maneRKaHfñak;bMputdl;GkeRbIR)as;Tk nigeRKaHfñak;dl;sarBagÁkay
I ñ w
nana Edlrs;enAkñgTwkpgEdr.
ú
91>etIkarbMBulTwkekIteLIgedaysarGVI?
cM>karbMBulTwkekIteLIgedaysarFatBulnanahUrcUleTAkñgTwkeFVI[xUcKuNPaB.
ú
92>etIRbPBésarFatubMBulTwkmanGVIxøH?
cM>RbPBénsarFatubMBulTwk manmIRkubbgáreraK GgÁFatusrIragÁ GgÁFatuGsrIragÁ
nigsMnl;vTüúskmµ.
i
93>etImIRkubbgáreraKCaGVI? ekIteLIgBIGVI?
cM>mIRkubbgáreraKCasarBagÁkaybgár[manCMgw dUcCa)ak;etrICaedIm.PaBxVk; b¤karbMBul
TwkekIteLIgenAeBlEdllUrTwksMGuymin)aneFVIRbRBwtþkmµrYcbgðrÚ cUlkñúgTwk.
i
94>etIGgÁFatusrIragÁCaGVI? ekItmkBIeBlNa?

cM>GgÁFatusrIragÁCasMNl;Edl)anbMEbkFatuCIv³rbs;stV nigrukçCati RBmTaMglamkstVpg.
eRkABIenH manGgÁFatupSMBIkabUn GIuRdUEsn GuksIEu sn GasUt s<an;Fr.l. PaKeRcInénGgÁFatu
TaMgenHecjBIRbPBray)a:y manfñaMkMcat;stVl¥tcéRg CIKImI )aøsÞic eRbgsaMg eRbgrMGl
i i
ehIynigrUbFatudéTeTotEdlekIteLIgBIpUsIln§n³dUcCaeRbgkat.
u
95>etIGgÁFatuGsrIragÁCaGVI? manRbPBmkBINa?
cM>GgÁFatuGsrIragÁ manGasIut GMbil elah³ elah³F¶n;¬sMn)art
kat;mJm¦CasarFatuKmIEdlmanCatiBuleTAelIPav³manCIvt ehIyecjmkBIeragcRk
Ú I i
]sSahkmµ nigmanenAtamlMenAdæanpgEdr.sarFatuenHecjmkBIRbPBcMnuc
nigRbPBray)a:y.
96>sMnl;viTüúskmµCaGVI?
cM>sMnl;viTúùskmµ KWecjBIeragcRkGKÀsnI nigsMnl;famBlnuyekøEG‘.
i
97>etIbMBulTwkmanT§iBleTAelIGVIxøH?
cM>karbMBulTwkmanT§BleTAelITwksab nigmanT§BleTAelITwkéRb.
i
98>etIskmµPaBGVIxøHEdlmanT§iBlelIkarbMBulTwksab?
cM>CaTUeTAT§BlkarbMBulTwkekIteLIgedaypÞal; nigedayRbeyalEdlbNþalmkBI
i
skmµPaBmnusS dUcCa skmµPaBéneracRk]sSahkmµksikmµ kardwkCBaÚn karbeBa©jEpSgBulsMnl rav
rwg sMnlviTüuskmµ TwksMGuy fñaMsMlab;stVl¥t.l.
ú i
99>Twkmins¥atEdlmanBBYksarBagÁkaybgáreraK)anbgárCMgWGVIxøHdl;
RbCaCn?
cM> Twkmins¥atEdlmanBBYksarBagÁkaybgáreraK)anbgárCMgWdl;
RbCaCndUcCa³ CMgWRKuneBaHevon GasnñeraK raKmYl rlakeBaHevon CMgWeføm CMgWRtakUmCaedIm.
I
100>enAkm<úCamankarbMBulTwksabEdrrWeT?cUrBnül;.

cM>enAkm<CamankarbMBulTwksabehIykarbMBulekItmaneRcInNas;
ú
eFVI[RbCaCneRbIR)as;Tkmins¥at¬TwkmansarFatuBul¦ehIyeFVI[RbCaCnekItCMgWepSg
w
²CaBiessRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAtamCnbT.bBaðaenHedaysarRbB½n§pÁtpÁg;TwksabenAkm<Ca
; ú
BMumanbrisßanRtwmRtUvl¥.
101>etIRbPBsMxan;²énkarbMBulTwkeRkamdI manGVIxøH?
cM>RbPBsMxan;énkarbMBulTwkeRkamdIman³
 RCabBIlUTksMGuyeRkamdI nigbMBulbgðrÚ eRbg rW ]sµneRkamdI.
w ½
 RCabBIGagsûbeRbgsaMg ma:sU‘t
ù
 RCabBIkEnøgcak;kaksMnl;BulnigsMnlepSg²
 RCabBIGagTTYlTwklUsMGuytampÞH.
 RCabecjBIsMNlstV.
 RCabecjBIkarehorkMBb;eRbg.
 RCabecjBICIKImInigfµaMsMlab;stVl¥t.
i
102>eRkABIT§iBlénkarbMBuleTAelITwksab etImanT§iBlénkarbMBuleTA
elITwkéRbEdrrWeT?TTYlkarbMBuledaysarGVI?
cM> eRkABIT§BlénkarbMBuleTAelITwksab manT§iBlénkarbMBuleTA
i
elITkéRbeTot.karbMBulsmuRT KW)anmkedaysaréfÞTVbpþl;[cMnYn80°mann½yfasarFatu
w I
enH)anhUrnaMCatiBuleTAkan;mhasmuRT.eRkABIenHkarbMBulsmuRTekIteLIg edaypÞal;enAkñgú
smuRTEtmþg dUcCakarcak;ecalsMnl;ravnigsMramecjBInava karehorkMBb;eRbg rbs;nava>>>>.
103>etImankare)aHecalsMramdUcCafg;)øasÞic RkdasnigvtßúepSg²eTAkñúg
smuRTEdr rWeT? etIsMramTaMgenaHmanT§iBldl;karbMBul TwkEdrrWeT?
cM> etImankare)aHecalsMramdUcCafg;)øasÞc Rkdasnigvtßeú pSg²eTAkñgsmuRT.sMramTaMgenaH
i ú
manTiBldl;karbMBulTwksmuRT CaBIew ss)øasÞcCavtßFatuBulmingaypuyeLIy.kalNa
§ i ú

eyIge)aH ecalfg;)øasÞiceRcIneTAkñgsmuRTvabgáCatiBuldl;sarBagÁkaykñgsmuRTdUcCa³stV
ú ú
GeNþIk smuRT)ansIfg;)øasÞicføaEdlvasµanfaCaExJrsmuRT ehIyvagab;edaysarfb;degðIm rW
u
sÞHRbB½nrMlayGahar.
104>edIm,IRKb;RKgnigEfrkSaKuNPaBTwk etIeyIgRtUvEsVgyl;BIGVI?
cM> edIm,IRKb;RKgnigEfrkSaKuNPaBTwk eyIgRtUvEsVgyl;BIsarFatubMBulnanaEdlhUrcUl
eTAkñgTwkelIdI nigTwkkñgdIdUcCaeyIgRtUvRtYtBinitümIRkubbgßreraK RtYtBinitüEfrkSbrimaNGuk
ú ú
sIEu sn enAkñúgTwk kMeTckMTdInigsMNl;ravepSg²EdlhUrcUleTAkñgTwk.dUcenHkarRKb;RKnigEf
I ú
rkSaTwkKWCameFüa)ayEtmYyKt; EdlGacFanaTaM;gbrimaNnigKuNPaBTwksMrab;eRbIR)as;.
105>etIskmµPaBRKb;RKgTwkmanGVIxøH?
cM>skmµPaBRKb;RKgTwk nigkMEnlMGrmankareFVIvinieyaKelIGNþgRbB½n§eRsamRsB RblayTwk
Ú
TMnb;Twk eragcRkRbRBwtþikmµ sMGatTwks¥at kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµsMGatsMnl;rac karRKb;RKg tMrUv
i
karTwknigkarelIkTwkcitþmnusSeGayecHCYyEfrkSabrisßanTwknig ecHeRbIR)as;snSMsMécTwk.
106>etIkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwkenAkm<úCadUcemþcxøH?
cM>enARbeTskm<úCakarRKb;RKgFnFanTwkCatYnaTIrbs;RksYgbI
CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvKWRksYg]sShkmµEr: nigfamBl RksYgksikmµrukçaRbmaj;nigensaT
RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT.cMEnkRksygbrisßanCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvkñgkarEfrkSaTwk.
ú
107>cUrerobrab;BItYnaTIénkarRKb;RKgTwkrbs;RksYg ]sShkmµ
RksYgksimµ nigRksYg GPivDÆn_CnbT.
cM> BItYnaTIénkarRKb;RKgTwkrbs;RksYg ]sShkmµRksYgksimµ nigRksYg GPivDÆn_CnbTman
-RksYg]sShkmµmantYnaTIpÁt;pÁg;TwkenAtMb;TIRkugnigTIRbCMuCnFM²tamextþ.
 RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT TTYlxusRtUvrYmkñgkarGPivDÆn_nigRKb;RKgRbB½n§pÁtpÁg;TwktamCnbT.
ú ;
 RksYgksikmµCaGñkCMrujkareRbIR)as;TkelIépÞdInigTwkkñgdIsMrab;eRsacRsBdMNaM.
w ú
108>cUrerobrab;BIdMNak;kalénkareFVIRbRBwtþikmµTwks¥atmun nigykmkeRbIR)as;.

cM>dMNakkalénkareFIVRbRBwtþkmµTwks¥atmun nigykmkeRbIR)as CaCMhandMbUgKW
i
RtUveRcaHykGgÁFaturwgFM² ecjedayeRbIGagtMrgmanRKab;xSac;FM² rYcsþkTukedIm,IeGay
u
rgkkr rYceRcaHedayeRbItMrgxSac;m:t;CaelIkTI2 nigTajykkMnkecjedayeRbIsac;CUr
rYcbg;kør.
109>edIm,IsnSMsMécTwksMrab;eRsacRsBnigkMu[b:HBal;dl;KuNPaBdMNaMRBmTaMgrk
SaGnam½yeKRtUveFVIdUcemþc?
cM>edIm,IsnSMsMécTwksMrab;eRsacRsB nigkMu[b:HBal;dl;KuNPaBdMNaMRBmTaMgrkSaGnam½y
eKRtUveFVIRbRBwtþkmµsMGatsMnl;ravCamunsin munnwgbgðrÚ TwkeTAeRbIR)as;sMrab;eRsacRsBdUcCa
i
enAkm<úCa maneragcRkRbRBwtþkmµsMnl;rab¬TwklUsMGuy¦mYykEnøg)ansagsg;enA sMerag
i
extþ)at;dMbgedIm,IEklMGlkçNsuxPaB
½
nigGnam½ykñgkarkat;bnßykarbMBulTwksÞgsEgánigpþl;TksMrab;eRsacRsBenArdUvR)aMg.
ú w w
110>etIdMeNIrRbRBwtþikmµsMnl;rav ¬TwklUsMGuy¦manlkçNdUcemþc?
cM>dMeNIrRbRBwtþkmµsMnl;rav ¬TwklUsMGuy¦dMnak;kaldMbUgKWCadMeNIrkaremkanicdleRbItMrg
i
edIm,IeRcaHkMeTcnanadUcCa EmkeQI dMRu kYs>>.bnÞab;mkeKTukTwk[kkrvilvl;Føak;cHukñgGagrg
ú
TI1.RbRBwtþkmµdMNak;kalTI2 KWCadMNak;kalCIvsaRsþEdleRbIR)as;)ak;etrimanxül; sMrab;
i
TajykecjnUvsMnl;srIragÁEdlRtUvkarGuksIEu sn bnÞab;mkbgðrÚ TwkcUleTAkñgGagrg
ú
TI2EdlenATIenaHkkrvilvl;nigmIRkUsarBagÁkayPaKeRcInrgFøak;cuHeTACaPk;. dUcenHRbRBwtiþ
kmµdMNak;kaldMbUgnigelIkTI2KWCaesrIéndMNak;karrUbsaRsþnigKImIsaRsþsMrab;bBa©úHbrima
sarFatuBul.munnwgbgðrÚ TwkecjBIeragcRkRbRBwtþikmµTklUsMGuyeKeFVIkarsMlab;emeraKedIm,IbM
w
)at;)ak;etrIcMlgCMgWnigvIrusmYycMnYnedayeRbIkør ehIyTwkenaHRtUv)aneKbgðÚreTAkñgTenø bwg
ú
sÞgb¤smuRT.
w
111>etITivaTwksabBiPBelakR)arB§eFVIenAéf¶Na?ExNa?edIm,IGVI?

cM>TivaTwksabBiPBelakR)arB§enAéf¶T22 Exming edIm,IeRkInrMlwkdl;RbCaCnTaMgGs;eGay
I
CYyEfrkSaTwksMrab;eRbIR)as;nigkat;bnßyCatiBuledIm,IsuxPaBGnamyrbs;RbCaCn.
Y
enARbeTskm<Cak¾)anrYmcMEnkR)arB§TvaTws¥atenH Caerogral;qñaMEdr edayRksYgFnFanTwknig
ú i
]tþniymCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv.
u
112>FnFanfamBlekIteLIgvijnigminekIteLigvijmanGVIxøH?
cM>FnFanfamBlekIteLIgvijman famBlRBHGaTitü Twk xül; kMedAdI>>>>.FnFanfamBlmin
ekIteLIgvijmanpUsIulnÞn³ dUcCaeRbgkat ]sµ½nFmµCatinigFüÜgfµ.
113>famBlCaGVI?
cM>famBlKWCasmtßPaBEdl[vtßTaMgGs;dMenIrkarrWeFVIclna./
ú
114>famBlGKÁIsnIdwkCBa¢Úntamry³ExSePøIg.
115>famBleRbIR)as;kñúgBiPBelakPaKeRcIn)anmkBINa?
cM>famBleRbIR)as;kgBiPBelakPaKeRcIn)anmkBI FüÚgfµ eRbg ]sµnFmµCati.
ñú ½
116>pUsIulnÞn³CaGVI?
cM>pUsInÞn³KWCaFnFanFmµCatiekIteLIgBIsMnl;rukçCatinigstVkb;kñúgsMbkEpndIrab; lanqñaM
u
knøgmkehIydUcCaeRbgkat FüÚgfµ>>>>>>.
117>pUsIulnÞn³sMxan;²man eRbgkat FüÚgfµ nig ]sµ½nFmµCati.
118>pUsIulnÞn³eRbIsMrab;eFVIGVIxøH?
cM> pUsIulnÞn³CafamBlsMxan;eRbIsMrab;CIvPaBrs;enARbcaMéf¶¬cMnIGahar¦]sSahkmµ KmnaKmn_.
119>FüÚgfµmanbu:nµanRbePT?GVIxøH?
cUrbgðajBIdMnak;kalénkarkekItrbs;va?
cM>FúÐgfµman4RbePT KWFúÐgfµtYb FúÐgfµ lIjIt FúÐgfµb‘TUm nigFúÐgfµGg;RtasIut.
É
 FúÐgtYb CasarFatuTn;ekIteLIgBIkarBukpuyÙnrukØCatisrÙsmanBN’etñatRkemA.

 FúÐglIjIt ekIteLigBIsMBaFÙnkMeTckMnEdlcak;bgÀrBIelIFúÐgtYb.lIjItmanBN’etÜatTn;
nigvayPaBeQIgayeqH.
 FúÐgb‘ÉTUmekIteLIgeRkamsMBaFnigkMedAya:gxøaMgeTAelIFúÐglIjIt Edlkb;eRCAeTAkÜgEpndI
ù
manBN’etÜatRkem:AxøaMg ehIysMbUrCageKkÜgRbePTFúÐgfµ Etvagay)ak;Ebk.
ù
 FúÐgGg;RtasIt ekItBIsMBaF nigkMedAecHEtekIneLIgCalMdab;eTAelIFúÐgb‘ÉTUm ehIyvak¾køayeTA Gg;RtasIt
u u
b¤FúÐgfµrwg. Gg;RtasIutmanBN’exµArwg ehIyRsYy cMehH
Gg;RtasIutbeBa¨jGNûatePøgBN’exov eqHs¥at manryHeBlEvg Gg;RtasIutpÒkkabUn 90°.
I ù
120>etIFüÚgfµRbePTmYyNAsMbUrCageK?
cM>FúÐgfµRbePTb‘ÉTYm maneRcInCag kÜgcMenamFúÐgfµTaMgbYnRbePT.
ù
121>cUrBN’naBIkMNkMenIteRbg nig]sµ½nFmµCati etIvaekItmkBINa?
cM>kMnkMenIteRbg nig]sµ½nFmµCatimanlkçN³dUcFüÚgfµKWekItmkBIkMeTckMTsarBagÁkay
I
manCIvtrab;lanqñaMmkehIy KrpþúKñaenAkñgkMeTckMNEdlmansMBaF nigkMhab;sItuNðPaBx<s;
i M ú
ehIy)anbMElg[eTACasmasFatuEdlmansmasFatuEdlmanfamBlxøag KWeRbg nig M
]sµnFmµCati. eRbg nig]sµnFmµCatiCaGIRu dUkabYd¾sMxan;Edl)anrkeXIjenAtamrn§ nigsñam
½ ½
eRbHénRsTab;sila.GIRu dYkabYrav nig]sµnRsalGacTIkEnøgBIsilakMeTckMNenAtamsñameRbH
½
nigrn§énRsTab;silaEq¥tTwk vakan;EtekIteLIgenAeRkamRsTab;fµPaCn_ fµERk nigkMeTckMNmin
RCabTwkdéTeTot CaBiessenAtamkEnøgEdlmanBMuenIgpñt; nigbMNak;Rsut.]sµ½nFmµCati
RsalCageRbg dUcenHvasßtenABIelIeRbg.
i
122>etI]sµ½nFmµCatiRbePTNamaneRcInCageK?
cM>]sµ½nFmµCatiEdlmaneRcInCageK KWRbePT emtan¬CH4¦.
123>etIcMehHpUsIun§n³)anpþl;KuNvibtþidUcemþcxøH?
cM>cMehHpUsIuln§n_)anbeBa©jsarFatuBulCaeRcIneTAkñgGakasdUcCa EpSgEdl mansarFatu
ú
KImIdUcCakabUnDIGuksIt nigs<an;Fr )anPayeTAkñgGakasnaM[mankgVk;
u ú

nigGakaFatuERbRbYl. sarFatubMBulGakasPaKeRcIndUcCa s<an;FrGuksIut GasUtGuksIt u
Gam:jak; nig]sµ½nkabUnic
U
rYmpSMCamYy]sµ½n)anmkBIcMehHpUsIln§n³pSMCamYycMhayTwkbegát)anCaGasIutexSay eBl
u I
vaFøak;mkelIdIehAfaePøógGasIut² GaceFVI[xUcGaKarFM² bMpøajCIvtstV rukçCatielIEpndI nig
i
eFVI[xUcsuxPaBrbs;mnusSpgEdr.
124>etIkarTajyk nigbMerIbMras;pUsIuln§n³naM[xUcxatdl;brisßan
nigsgÁmGVIxøH?
cM>karTajyk nigbMerIbMras;pUsIuln§n³naM[xUcxatdl;brisßan nigsgÁmdUcCa³
 plvi)akénkarCIkykFüÚgfµ karCIkykEr:Füúg vaekþAehIykxVk;.
GNþgEr:eRkamdIrgkar)ak;Rsut GKÁP½y nigCakEnøgRbmUlpþú]sµ½nBul¬kabUnmUNUGasIt
Ú I M : u
kabUnDIGuksIt emtanGIuRdUEsns‘ulpYr¦. CYnkalk¾naM[mankarbMBulTwkedaysarxniCEdl
u
rlaykñúgTwk nigs<an;FrEdl)anhUr ecjBIGNþgEr: nigBIKMnrEr:FüÚgfµcUleTAkñgTwk.
Ú ú
 cMehHFüÚgfµ)anbeBa©jCativiTüúskmµ nigelah³BulehIyenAeBlFüÚgfµeqHFatuTaMgGs; min)at;bg;eTANaeT
vakayecjCa]sµ½nRbmUlpþúCaepHGENþteLIgelI nigCaGacm_EdkFøak; cuHeRkam.
M
 cMehHeRbgplitsñÚk¬EpSglayG½BÞ¦ Edlpþl;eRKaHfñak;y:agxøaMgdl;suxPaBmnusS. É]sµn ½
FmµCati plit]sµ½nkabUnic EtBak;kNþalb:eu NÑaHebIeRbobeFoCamUycMehHFüÜgfµ.
125>sµÚk KWCaGVI?
cM>sµÚk KWCaG½BÞkImIEdlekIteLIgedayBnøWRBHGaTitüCamYyEpSgrfynþ. sµÚkEtgekIteLIg
CaBiessenAtamtMbn;EdlmanBnøWéf¶CaRbcaM nigmanyanynþeRcIn.
126>n§n³sMeyaKCaGVI?
cM>n§n³sMeyakKwCameFüa)ayepSg²eTot edIm,Iplitb¤TajykpUsIuln§n³mkeRbIR)as;.
127>etIn§n³sMeyaKpþl;nUvKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþiGVIxøH?

cM>n§n³sMeyaKpþl;nUvKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþdUcCa ³
i
÷KuNsm,tþi
 bMElgFüÚgfµCa]sµnehAfa]sµ½nkmµFüÚgfµEdlbec©kviTüaenH)anGPivDÆn_taMgBIqñaM1909. cMehH]sµnFüÚgfµ
½ ½
s¥atCagcMehHFüÚgfµ.
 eKTajykeRbgBIC½rxSac;.
÷KuNvibtþi
 tMbn;sMbUrFüÚgfµminmanTwkRKb;RKan;sMrab;plit
 bnSl;TknUvsilay:ageRcIn
u
 tMrUvkarTwksMrab;Twkplit¬TwkeRcIn¦
 kardwkCBa¢nbegát[manFUlIeRcIn.
Ú I
edaysarmanbBaðaeRcIn eTIbn§n³sMeyaKminGackøayCaRbePTfamBlcMbgenAéf¶GnaKt.
128>eKGacTajykeRbgBIC½rxSac; edayeRbIviFINa?
cM> eRbgGacTajykBIC½rxSac; edaysarkMedA b¤edaysarkarbBa©ÚlcMhayedIm,IBRgaveRbg.
129>famBlnuyekøEG‘r CaGVI?
cM>famBlnuyekøEG‘r CafamBlEdl)anBIkarbMEbk nigkarrMlayGatUm
130>lMnaMEdlsñÚlGatUmbMEbkecjCaEpñk²ehAfaGIV?
cM>lMnaMEdlsÜlGatUmbMEbkecjCaEpÜk²ehAfa karbMEbknuyekøEG‘r.
Ð
131>etImanGVIekIteLIgenAeBlmankarpÞúkbMEbkfamBlnuyekEG‘ør?
cM>eracRkGKÀsnITaMgGs;suT§EtbegÔtsMnl;kMedA b:Eu nûeracRkGKÀsnIfamBlnuyekøEG‘r
i I i
begátkMedAeRcInCageK nigbnSl;TuknUvsMnl;vTüúskmµ.
I i
132>ehtuGIV)anCasMnl;eragcRkGKÁisnInuyekøEG‘recaTCabBaðadl;brisßan?
cM>eragcRkGKÀsnInuyekøEG‘rbegÔtkMedAeRcIn ehIyCYnkal)ansayPaycUlkÜùgbwg Tenø
i I
b¤mhasmuRTeFVI[)at;lMnwgénCIvitkñgTwk. sMnl;viTüúskmµ)anbeBa©jcMhayviTúüskmµ
ú
EdlGacbMpøajekasikarUbFatuesenTic nigbNþal[CIvtTaMgGs;søab;)at;bg;)an. mkdl;
i

sBVÙf¶enH GÜkviTúasaRsûenAEtminTan;rkeXIjviFIKrTuksMnl;nuyekøEG‘r[mansuvtÓPaB i
enAeLIy. sMnl;mYycMnYn)andak;eTAkñúgFugbiTCit ehIycak;ecaleTAkñúgsmuRT. bBaðamUy
eTot KWeRKaHfñak;elIma:sIunRbtikmµ. ma:sIunRbtikmµRtUvmanRbB½n§karBarsuvtßPaBm:t;ct;
i
edIm,IkarBar vaBIkarPayecjcMhayviTüúskmµ RbsinebIman]b,tþei htuekIteLIg.
133>famBlnuyekøEG‘manKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþiGIVxøH?
cM> ÷KuNsm,tþ³i
famBlnuyekøEG‘ pûl;famBlmYyy:agx<s;KWFatuGuyr:ajÚm235 mYyRkamGacpþl;
famBl)any:ageRcIn esµnwgFüÚgfµ ¾.ma:sIunRbtikmµEdlerobcMy:agRtwmRtUv GacdMeNIr
I
kar)anrab;qñaM edaymin)ac;eRbIn§n³eLIy.famBlnuyekøEG‘minplit]sµn dUcCa
½
kabUnDIGuksIt EdlCaRbeyaCn_mYyya:gRbesIrebIeRbobeFobnwgpUsuIln§n³ ehIyfamBl
u
nuyekøEG‘GacCMnYsfamBlpUsIln§n³)an.
u
÷KuNvibtI³þ
eracRkfamBlGKÀsnInuyekøEG‘ begÔtsMnl;kMedAya:geRcIn CYnkalkMedAsayPay
i I
eTAkÜgbwg Tenø mhasmuRT eFV[)at;bg;CvitenAkÜgTwk. karpÒùHbMEbkfamBlnuyekøEG‘
ù I I ù
)anbgár[maneRKaHfñak;BIsMNl;viTüúskmµ.eragcRkGKÀsnInuyekøEG‘suT§EtmankEnøg Tukdak;
i
sMnl;CabeNûaHGasnÜ. fanBlnuyekøEG’mantÙmøx<s;Nas; eragcRkGKÀisnI manTMhMFM
nigsúuµKsµaj CamYynwgRbB½n§suvtßPaBya:g l¥tl¥n;Edlman témøya:géføkñgkarsagsg;.
Y i i ú
bBaðamYyeTot KWeRKaHfñak;elIm:asIunRbtikmµ.m:asIunRtUvmanRbB½n§karBarsuvtßPaBm:t;ct;edIm,I
i
karBarkarPayecjcMhayviTüúskmµ RbsinebIman]b,tIeþ htuekIteLIg.
RbCaCnCaeRcInRBYy)armÖxøacERkgRbB½n§karBarenH Føak;cuHRKb;eBl.
134>etIpÞúHbMEbk nigkarrlaynuyekøEGxusKñadUcemþc?
cM>karpÒùHbMEbk nigrlaynuyekøEG‘manxusKñadUcteTA ³
 karpÒHbMEbknuyekøEG‘ KWPakl¥ttUc²ÙnsÜlGatUmbMEbkCaEpÜk² ehIybeBa¨jbrimaN famBlya:gxøaMgkøa.
ù i Ð

 karrlaynuyekøEG‘ KWsÜUlGatUmrYmpSMKÜa b¤rlaycUlKÜabegÔt)anCasÜÐlGatUmF¶n;mYy
I
edayPayecjfamBlya:gxøaMgkøa.
135>FnFanfamBlekIteLIgvijmanGVIxøH?
cM>FnFanfamBlekIteLIgvijmanfamBlRBHGaTitü famBlxül; famBlTwk
famBlkMedAdInigCIvma:s.
135>etIRBHGaTitüpþl;sar³sMxan;GVIxøHdl;CIvitelIEpndI?
cM>>RBHGaTitüpþl;kMedA begát[maneBlyb; nigeBl éf¶ famBleRbIR)as;edayminbgár[man
I
kgVk;dl;brisßan.
-pþl;famBlkMedAsMrab;dMenIrrsµsMeyaKrbs;rukçCatiébtg.
I
-RbPBfamBlfµI RbesIrbMputsMrab;kargarRbtibtþiepSg².
135>eKGacTajfamBlGKÁIsnImkeRbIR)as;tamviFINaxøH?
cM> eKGacTajfamBlGKÁsnImkeRbIR)as;tamviFI 3 ya:gKW karpþl;kMedAtamEbbGskmµ
I
RbB½n§pþl;kMedARBHGaTitütamEbbskmµnigfµBilRBHGaTitü.
136>eKGacTajykfamBlRBHGaTitütamEbbGskmµedayviFINaxøH?
cM>eKGacTajykfamBlRBHGaTitütamEbbGskmµeday pÞal;edaymincaM)ac;eRbI]bkrN_
TajrWbk;eLIgdUcCa karhalsMelokbMBak;RtIsac; eRkamBnøWéf¶ebIkbg¥cpÞHeGayBnøWéf¶caMgcUl
Ü
edIm,IkMedAnigbMPøkñgpÞH.
Wú
137>kULicT½rRBHGaTitüCaGVI?
cM>kULicT½rRBHGaTitüedaybMElg[eTACakMedA.
138>erobrab;BImeFüa)ayeRbIR)as;xül; edIm,IplitfamBl.
cM>xül;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaRbPBfamBlCaeRcInstvtSmkehIy.
 kMlaMgxül;GacrujRcannavaeGayrsat;tambeNþaymhasmuRT)an.
 xül;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;Cama:sIunkinRKab;FBaØCati nigma:sIunbUmTwk.

 xúl;GaceRbIR)as; edIm,IfamBlGKÀsnI edayeRbItYb‘nP¢ab;eTAnwgCnitaGKÀisnI.
i É
139>etIfamBlxül;pþl;KuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtiþGVIxøH?
cM> ÷ KuNsm,tþi
 pþl;famBlEdlmankMritefak.
 minplit]sµ½nkabUnic nigsMnl;Bul
 minbgár[mankarbMBulbrisßan.
÷ KuNvibtiþ
 manEttMbn;tictYcb:ueNÑaH Edlmanxül;bk;xøaMg nigmanesßrPaBRKb;RKan; edImI,eFV[Cnita dMenIrkar)an
I
 mankarrMxanedaysMelg ¬Epø kgðarB¤xøaMg¦
 semøgEpøkgÐarrbs;Cnita k¾Gacbgár[mankarrMxandl;RbB½n§KmnaKmn_eRbIrlkFatuGakas tUc²eTotpg,.
140>BN’naBImeFüa)ayeRbIR)as;TwkedIm,IplitfamBl.
cM>bc©úb,nñfamBlGKÁsnIBiPBelakmYycMnYn 1¼2 )anmkBIkMlaMgTwkFøak;.
 eKGacsagTMnb;varIGKÁsnIedImI,TajykfamBlBITwkFøak;.
 eKGacTejykfamBlGKisnIBIkMritcenøaHCMenar niglMnacsmuRT.
Á
 bMlas;bþÚrsItuNðPaBTwksmuRTEpñkelI nigeRkamk¾GacTajfamBl)anEdr.
141>enAkm<úCa eKGacsg;TMnb;varIGKÁisnIenAtMbn;NaxøH?
cM>enAkm<Ca eKGacsg;TMnb;varIGKÁsnICaeRcInkEnøgdUcCa³
ú i
 enAsMbUr¬extþRkecH¦sßtkñgKeRmag
i ú
 enAexan¬extþsÞwgERtg¦sßtkñúgKMerag
i
 enAERBketñat¬extþkNþal¦TTYlrgkarxUcxatsm½ysRgÁam
 enAKirIrmü¬extþkMBg;s<¦kMBugEtdMeNIrkar
W
 enamNÐlKirI
142>TMnb;varIGKÁisnI pþl;KuNsm,tiþ nigKuNvibtþiGIVxøH?

cM> ÷ KuNsm,tiþ
 pþl;famBlEdlmantMélefak
 CYykat;bnßykareRbIR)as;pUsIuln§n³dUcCaFüÚgfµ eRbgkat
 minbgár[manKMnrGakas b¤sMNl;Bul
 GagTwkEdlsßitenAelITMnb; )anpþl;TIsRmabkMsanþ nigTwkeRbIR)as;.
÷ KuNvibtþi
 karksagTMnb;varIGKÁisnImantémøx<s;
 rMxandl;sßanRbB½n§rbs;Tenø b¤sÞgw
 GagenAeRkayTMnb; )anbnøceTAelIsßanRbB½n§dIEdlmanRsab;
i
 TMnb;)anraMgsÞHdl;lMhUrkMeTcdI bgár[manKMnrl,ab;eRcInenAEpñkxagelITMnb; ÉEpñkeRkay
xSt;dIl,ab;naM[diexSaHCIvCati
 EpñkeRkamtMbn;xSt;TkeRbIR)as;enArdUvR)aMg
w
-)at;bg;dIERscmáar EdlenACMvijEpñkelITnb;.
u M
143>GVIeTACafamBlkMedAdI?
cM>famBlkMedAdICafamBlEdl)anmkBIkMedAkñgEpndI.
ú
144>eKGacTajykfamBlkMedAdI)anmkBIviFINa?
cM>eKGacTajykfamBlkMedAdItamviFIxageRkam³
 cMhayTwkekþAEdlPayecjBIdItamryHTwkekþApusBIdI
 eKGacTajykfamBlkMedAdItamviFIsilas¶t nigekþA
Ü
 eKGacTajykfamBlkMedAdItamtamryHkarxYgGNþg b¤reNþAeTAkñúgCMerAdI.
Ú
145>eKGacTajykfamBlkMedAdI)anenAtamkEnøgNaxøH?
cM> eKGacTajykfamBlkMedAdI)an anAtamRTnugsmuRT RBMEdnpøak nigPñMePøgCatMbn;Edl
I
man lMhUrkMedAx<s;.enAtMbn;EdlmanskmµPaBPñMePøg b¤kEnøgBukpuyviTüúskmµ kMedAsilaenA
I
épÞEpndI.

147>dUcemþcEdlehAfa CIvma:s ?etIeKGacTajykGVI)anBICIvma:s? tamviFIGVIxøH?
cM> CIvma:s CarUbFatusrIragÁmanenAkñgplitplrbs;FmµCatidUcCastV nigrukçCati.
ú
eKGacTajykfamBl)anBICIvma:s tamviFIdUcxageRkam ³
÷ CIvma:sn§n³
 eRbIGusdutsMrab;kMedA nigcMGin
 sMnl;lamkstVs¶Ütykmkdut
 sMnl;kat;GMeBARtUv)aneKdut edImI,plitGKÁsnIenAhaév:
i
 Gal;kulcMraj;ecjBICIvma:s ³ eGtaNul CaGal;kulBIRKab;FBaØCati nigemtaNulcMraj;ecj
BIeQI
÷CIv]sµ½n ³
-]sµ½nemtan )anBIkarrlYyrUbFatusrIragÁ¬lamkstV nigbgÁn;tamRKYsar¦
 karplitemtanBIPk;TksMGuy énkareFVIRbRBwtþkmµdMNak;kalTIBIr
w i
 fg;rMlayRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;plit]sµnemtansMrab;cMGinGahar.
½
148>etICIvm:aspþl;KuNsm,tþinigKuNvibtþiGVIxøH?
cM>KuNsm,tþ³i
 pþl;famBl
 vtßFatuedImgayRsYlrk
ú
KuNvibtþi
 plitkabUnDIGuksIutnigbeBa©jEpSgeTAkñgGakas
ú
 eragcRkGKÁsnIedIm,IpÁt;pÁg;eQI[)anRKb;RKan;.
I
149>enARbeTskm<úCaeyIgGacTajfamBlBICIvma:s)anEdrrWeT? tamviFINa?
cM>enARbeTskm<úCaeyIgGacTajfamBlBICIvma:s)an tamviFIdUcxageRkam³

 eRbIR)as;eQIsMrab;dutrMlayGahar
 eRbIR)as;eramstVedIm,Idut.
 eRbIR)as;kakGMeBAsMrab;dut
 eRbIR)as;Cv]sµ½néntMbn;xVHGusdut¬é®BEvg¦.
I
150>briyakasCaGIV?
cM>briyakas CaRsTab;]sµnB½T§CMuvijEpndI manTICar)aMgkarBarEpndI .
½
151>etIbeiyakaspþl;sarHsMxan;GVIxøHdl;CIvitenAelIEpndI ?
cM>briyakasCYyRTRTg;CIvitenAelIEpndIedaypþl; co2sMrab;rukçCati nig 02 sMrab;degðIm.
-briyakas)ankarBarEpndIBIeRKaHfñak;énlMhxageRkAedayRsUbykkaMrsµeI RKaHfñak;
nigkarBarPavrs;[ecosputBIT§Bl kaMrsµTaMgenaH.
i I
152>erobrab;BIsarFatubMBulGakassMxan;²
nigRbPBénkarkekItrbs;vamandUcxageRkam³
 kabUnm:NUGksIut (co2) ekItBIEpSgma:sIunyanynþeragcRk]sSahkmµEpSg)arI.
U u
 GasUtGuksIt¬No2) ekItBIcMhHpusIunÞnHEdlPayecjBIcMehHFüÚgfµ nig]sSahkmµeRbIR)as;cMhayTwk.
u
 s<an;F½rDIGuksIut ekItBIcMehHpUsIulnÞnHEdlPayecjBIcMehHFüÚgfµnigeRbgkatEdlmans<an;F½r.
 PaBl¥tmanFUlI epHsMn ERmgePøgekItBIma:sIunyanynþEdlsMng; nigksikmµ.
i I
 sñkpUKUKImICaGBÞ½BN_s ekItmanenAeBlFatuGakasekþAmanBnøéf¶nig s¶b;xül;.
ú W
 sMnekItEpSm:asIyanynþ EdleRbIeRbgsaMgmanFatusMn .
u
 GIRu dUkabUn ekItBIcMehHnÞnHnigFaturlaydUcCafñaMBN_nigPav .
 RbPBBIFmµCatidUcCaPÜeM PøgRbepH GasItG½B¨GIRu dUEsn s‘ulPIt nig]sµ½nBulepSg²eTot>.
I u
 karBukpuyrlYyÙnrukØCati CaRbPBRbtikmµsarFatus‘ulkÜgGakas.
ù
 ePøgeqHéRBbgáreGaymanBBkEpSgggwtRKbdNþb;TVb.
I I
 BüúHenAtMbn;s¶ÜthYtEhgbegát)anCaBBkFUlIrab;mWnekad dwknaM cUleTAkñgGakas.
I u ú

 RbPBBIskmµPaBmnusS tMbn;]sSahkmµ eragcRk famBlGKÁsnI yanynþRKb;RbePT
I
)anbeBa©jFUlInigsarFatu KImIBuly:ageRcIneTAkñúgGakas. karP¢rÜ ras;dI KMeragsagsg; nig GaCIvkmµEr:
bNþal[manFUlIcUleTAkñgGakasEdr.
ú
153> sarFatubMBulbzmekItmkBINa?
cM>sarFatubMBulbzmCasarFatubMBulEdlmanedaypÞal;eTAkñúgGakas edaysarskmµPaB mnusS rW eday
FmµCati dUcCas<an;F½rDIGuksIt.
u
154>sarFatubMBulbnÞab;ekItBINa?
cM>sarFatubnÞab;ekItenAeBlEdlsarFatubMBulbzmdéTeTot rW bH: nwgsarFatuEdlekIteLIg edayFmµCati
dUcCa cMhayTwk nigkarRbRBwtþeLIgénRbtikmµKImI.
154>BN’naBIdMenIrbRB¨assItuNðPaB. etIvamanT§iBlelIkarbMBul GakasdUcemþc?
cM> dMenIrbRB©asénsItuNðPaBekIteLIgenAeBlEdlmanRsTab;ekþAenAkñgkMBs;NamYyBIépÞdI.
ú
enAeBlxül;eFVIclnaBIépÞEpndIeTAelICYbnwgxül;ekþAénRsTab;GaMgEvsüúg vaBuMGaceLIgeTAelI eTot)aneLIy
ehIyenAvilvl;eRkamRsTab;GaMgEvsüúg. dMenIrbRB©as;énsItNðPaBeRcInekItman enAeBlyb;KWeBlEdldI nig
u
RsTab;xül;enAEk,rdIcuH RtCak;qab;CagRsTab;xül;xagelI.
dMenIrbRBa©asénsItuNðPaBenH)an)at;eTAvijenAeBlRBH GaTitükMedAenAeBlRBwk.
-xül;ekþAeFVIclnaeLIgelI kat;RsTab;xül;RtCak;edaynaMykEpSgBIeragcRk nigsarFatu bMBulepSg²eTot
eTAkñgRsTab;elIénbriyakas.xül;kxVk;enHGaceLIgeTAelIkMBs;Cag 15K>m BIépÞdI.
ú
bu:EnþCajwkjab;dMenIrbRBa©asénsItuNðPaB)anmkraraMgdMenIrenHeFV[mankar bMBulGakas.
I
dMenIrbRBa©asénsItuNðPaBbnþrhUtTal;EtmanePøog b¤ xül;mkbMEbkRsTab; GaMgEvsüúg¬RsTab;ekþA¦
enAeBlxül;s¶b;eTIbsarFatubMBulGENþteLIgelI.
155>BN’naBItMeNIrbeBa¨jsItuNðPaB.etIvamanT§iBlelIkarbMBul Gakas
dUcemþcxøH?
cM> BN’naBItMeNIrbeBa¨jsItuNÛPaB ekIteLIgenAeBlEdlmanRsTab;xúl;ekûA enAkÜgkMBs;ù
NamYyBIépÞdI.CaTUeTAxül;ekþAeFVIclnaeLIgelIkat;RsTab;xül;RtCak; edaynaMykEpSgeragcRk nig sarFatu
bMBul epSg²eTotkñúgbriyakasRsTab;elI. buE: nþCa jwkjab;dMeNIrbRB©aasénsItuNðPaB)an
mkraraMgdMeNIrenH. enAeBlxül;eFVIdMeNIrBIépÞdIeTA elICYbnwgxül;ekþARsTab;GaMgEvsüúg

vaminGacGENþteLIgelIeTot)aneLIy ehIyenA vilvl; eRkamGaMgEvsüúg. dMeNIrrbRB©aasénsItuNðPaB bnþ
rhUtTal;EtmanePøog rW xül;mkbMEbk RsTab;GaMgEvsüúg¬RsTab;ekþA¦.
156>enAeBls¶b;eTIbsarFatubMBulGakasb:HBal;GVIxøHdl;suxPaBmnusS?
cM>karbMBulGakasGacb:HBal;dl;suxPaBmnusS ya:gF¶n;F¶rCaBIesskumar nigmnusScas;
gayrgT§BlBIkarbMBulGakasCageK sYt rlakTgsYt hWt mharIk CMgWxYrk,al nig pøvdegðIm>>>.
i Ü
157>etIkMenItkarbMBulGakasenAkm<úCabNþalmkBIGVIxøH?
cM>kMenItkarbMBulGakasenAkm<CabNþalmkBI³
ú
 kMenIncracrnig clnayanynþenAtampøÜv
 kareRbIR)as;rfynþnigeTacRkyanynþcas;² BMmankarEfTaMl¥
u
 eRbIR)as;nÞn³ eRbgsaMgmanCatisMneRcIn
 eRbIR)as;eRKOgcRkhYsvis½ykñúg]sSahkmµ
 kMenItkareRbIR)as;famBl KµanbMEngEcktMbn; ]sSahkmµc,as;las; nigKµanc,ab;brisßanRKb; RKan;.
158>etImanmeFüa)ayGVIxøHedIm,Ikat;bnßykarbMBulGakas?
cM>edIm,Ikat;bnßykarbMBulGakaseyIgRtUv ³
 eRbIR)as;eRbgsaMgEdlKµanCatisMnnigCatis<an;F½rtic.
 bnßycMnYnyanynþÉkCnenAtampøvGPivDÆn_RbB½nÐdwkCBa¢ÚnsaFarNEdlmanRbsiT§PaB elIkTwkcitþ
Ü §
RbCaCn[eRbIR)as;eTacRkyanynþ rW eFVIdMeNIredayefµrI eCIg.
 lMenAdæan salaeron ePaCnIydæan kEnøgelgkMsanþ minRtUvenACab;pøÚv Edlmancracrmmajwk.
 daMedImeQItampøÚv Edlmancracrmmajwk eRBaHvaGacRsUbyk FUlI kabUnmUNUGuksIut nig kat;bnßy
sUrs½BÞ.
 TukpøÚvenAkNþalRkugsMrab;GñkefµrI eCIgnigkg;.
 tMbn;]sSahkmµRtUvenA[q¶ayBIRkugrWenAeRkamxül;ebIsinCaGac.
 sagsg;pøvFM² CamYynwgGaKarTab²eRBaHpøvtUc² EdlmanGaKarx<s;²enAsgxag
Ú Ú
GacmankarRbmUlpþúMsarFatubMBulkñgkMritx<s;.
ú

 eFVVEI pnkarerobcMRkugedayykcitþTkdak;dl;RbCaCnbzm.
u
 sg;tMrgEpSgerag cRkedayeRbIbec©kviTüasmRsb¬dUcCa]bkrN_sMGat¦edIm,ITajyk
GasUtGuksIt nig s<an;F½rGuksIt.
u u
 eRbI]bkrN_katalIkmµedIm,ICYydl;karRtUtBInitü beBa©jsMnl; ]sµnkabUnGuksIt nig GIuRdUkabY.
½ u
 Gnuvtþn_karykBn§elIkarbeBa©j kabUnDIGuksIt nig s<an;F½rDIGuksIt.
u u
159>etIsarFatubMBulGakasEdleFVI[mankarbMBulGakasbegáIt[
man)atuPUtGVI xøH?
cM>sarFatubMBulGakasEdleFVIKWPñak;gareFIV[mankarbMBulGakasEdlbegátman)tuPUt3ya:g
I
dUcCa karhinehacRsTab;GUsUn kMNkGakasGasIut nigbMErbYlGakasFatu.
160>etIskmµPaBGVIxøHrbs;mnusSEdlbegáIt[mankarbMBulGakas?
cM>karbMBulGakasecjmkBIskmµPaBmnusStamryHcMehHpUsIuln§n³dUcCa
FüÚgfµ eRbgkat ]sµnFmµCati nigmankarbMBulecjBIskmµPaBFmµCatitamryHePøgeqHéRB
½ I
bnÞHPñeM Pøg nigkarbMEbksarFatusrIragÁnana.
ú I
161>dUcemþcEdlehAfakMnkGakasGasIut?
cM>kMnkGakasGasIut KWCabrimaNTwksrubEdlCaplitplénkMnejIsFøak;BIbriyakasmkdI
kñgPaBrUbrwg rWrav¬ePøogRBil ePøóglayRBilTwkkk-l-¦ EdlmankMrit pH ¬kMritGasIt¦
ú u
tUcCag 5/6 enA kñgplitplTwkenaH.kMNkGakasGasIutbNþalmkBIkarrlayén sarFatu
ú
bMBulbriyakasmYycMnYndUcCa s<an;FrGuksIt¬so2¦ nigGasUtGuksIt¬NO) CaedIm.
u u
162>dUcemþcEdlehAfaePøógGasIut?
cM>ePøógGasIt KWCaePøógEdlman pH tUcCag 5/6 bNaþlmkBIkarrlaymYycMnYnenAkñg
u ú
cMhayTwk nigkñgxül;dUcCa SO NO CaedIm.
ú 2

163>etIsarFatuGVIxøH EdlbegàIt[mankMnkGasIutsu‘lpYric?

cM>kMnkGakasGasIuts‘lpYric ekIteLIgedaysarFatubMBulecjBIFúÐgfµ ]sµ½nnigeRbgEdl
u
mansarFatus<an;Fr.enAs<an;FreFVIRbtikmµCamYyGuksIEu snnigcMhayTwkkñúgbriyakasvabegát
I
)anCakMnkGakass‘ulpYric EdlmansmIkarRbtikmµdUcxageRkam ³
SO2 + 1/2O2 + HO2 → H2SO2
164>etIsarFatuGVIxøHEdlbegIát[mankMnkGakasGasIutnIRTic?
cM>kMnkGakasGasIutnIRTic ekIteLIgedaysarFatuubMBulBIEpSgeracRk]sSahkmµ cMehH
pUsIlnßn³EdlmansarFatuGasUt. GasUtk¾eFVI[mankMnkGasIutEdrenAeBl N nig O eFVI
u 2

RbtikmµcUlKñabegát)anCaGasUtGuksIt¬NO¦ ¬kñgkMritsItuNðPaBx<s;¦.bnÞab;mkvaGENþt
I u ú
eLIgeTAelIeFVIRbtikmµCamYyGuksIuEsnbnþeTot begát)anCaGasUtDIGuksIut¬NO ¦ rYmeFVI
I 2

RbtikmµCamYysMeNImTwkkñgbriyakas begáIt)anCakMNkGakasGasItnIRTic. xageRkamenH
ú u
CasmIkartagRbtikmµ ³ 2NO + 3/2 O2 – H2O → 2HN3

165>etItMbn;BMusUvmanEpSgBulb¤KµanEpSgBulGacTTYlrgGasIut)an EdrrWeT?
tamryHGVI?
cM>tMbn;EdlBMusUvmanEpSgb¤KµanEpSgBulGacTTYlrgePøógGasIt)antamryHcrnþ xül;bk;
u
bBaðaenHedaysarm:asxül; Gacbk;naMkMnkGakasGasItecjeTAq¶ayBItMbn;énRbPBbeBa©j
u
]sµnBul)anrab;Ban;KILÚEm:t.
½
166>kMnkGakasGasIuit rWePøógGasIutmanTÐiBlelIbrisßaneTAdUcemþcxøH?
cM>kMnkGakasGasIut b¤ePøógGasItmanT§BleTAelIéRBeQI brisßanGaKar b¤sMNg;
u i
epSg².l. kMnkGakasGasIt b¤ePøógGasItmanT§BleTAelIPav³rs; ehIyk¾GacbMpøaj
u u i
sßanRbB½n§TaMmUlenAtMbn;NamYy)anEdrenAeBlTTYlrgkMnkGakasGasIt b¤ePøógGasIut
u
enaHtamryH¬ePøóg ePøógRBil RBil b¤TwkkksMlIEdlmanCatiGasIut¦.
 ePøÝgGasIuteFVI[søwkeQIexøaceralkøayeTACaBN’elÌgehIygab;. ebIvaekIttMbn;
NamYy vaeFVI[éRBeQI nigCIvtdéTeTotEdlrs;enAkñúgéRBenaHvinashinehacTaMgGs; ehIy
i

vak¾bMpøajPav³rs;enAkñg sßanRbB½n§déTeTotdUcCabwg sÞwg TenøCaedIm.
ú
 ePøógGasIut)anrMedaHGaluymIjÚ:mBIkñúgdI eFVI[sarFatuepSg²eTotfycuHdUcCa ma:ejsüÚm
nigkal;süÚmCaedIm. GalumIj:ÚmGaccUleTAkñgbwg sÞwg Tenø KrRbmUlpþúkñúgRskIRtI
ú M
EdleFVI[raMgsÞHdl;dMnkdegðmRtI GaceFV[vagab;edayfb;degðIm.sarFatu GaluymIj:m
I I Ú
GaccUleTAkñúgxøÜnmnusStamryHTwkpwkpgEdr.ePøógGasItFøak;cuHmkGaceRcaHyk kal;süÚm
u
ecjBIdIeFV[dIbat;brimaN Ca sRmab;rukçCatiRsUbyk ehIystVxügtUc² EdlsIru ukçCati eTA xVHCati Ca
I
.stVxügTaMgenaHCaRbPB Ca sMrab;stVcab ehIystVcabk¾xVHCati Ca bNþal
[Bgrbs;vamansMbkxusBIRbRktI.
 ePøógGasIuteFVIRbtikmµsMPar³sMng;dUcCa ebtug fµkMe)ar nigfµEkv¬m:ab¦edIm.
rUbFatuTaMgGs;enHmanEr:kal;süÚmkabUNat¬CaCO ¦ EdleFVIRbtikmµCamYyePøógGasIt.
3 u
CalT§plGaKar nigsMng;epSg²EdlmanrUbFatuTaMgenHRtUvTTYlkMNt;bnÞab;mkRtUv)ak;EbkxUc xat
RbsinebIKµanviFankarTb;sáat;eTenaH.
CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O + CO2↑
167>eyagtamesckþIRbkasrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatidak;kMritsMueGaykat;
bnßykarbeBa©jecalnUvsarFatus<an;F½rDIGuksIutRtwm 30°kñúg
ry³eBl10qñaMmanb:unµanRbeTscUlrYmcuHhtßelxaenAqñaM1985?enAqñaM1988-1989?
cM>eyagtamesckþIRbkasrbs;GgákarshRbCaCati dak;kMritsM[RbeTsTaMgLayeFIVkarkat;
u
bnßy karbeBa©jnUvs<an;F½r Rtwm 30°kñúgry³eBl10qñaM manRbeTscUlrYmcuHhtßelxacMnYn
18RbeTs.mkdl;qñaM1988mancMnYn27RbeTs )ancuHhtßelxaelIBiFIkarrbs;GgÁkar
shRbCaCatienATIRkugsUhV‘Éya: EdltMrUv[kat;bnÓbeBa¨jnUvsarFatu NO eBlenaHmanRbeTs
mhaGMNacmYycMnYnmkcuHhtßelxadUcCashrdæGaemric )anRBmcuHhtßlaxaenAqñaM1989.
168>bNþaRbeTsshKmn_GWur:ub)anrYmKñadak;bTbBa¢a[kat;bnßy
sarFatu SO BIbu:nµanPaKryeTA bu:nµanPaKrynigqñaMNadl;qñaMNa?
2

cM>bNþaRbeTsshKmn_GWur:b)anrYmKñadak;bTbBa¢a[kat;bnßysarFatu SO BI 30° RtwmqñaM
u 2

1994 ehIyQandl; 80° eTotRtwmqñaM 1996.

169>ebIbwgTTYlrgePøogGasIut eKGcEkERbbwenaHedayviFINa?
cM>TwkbwgTTYlrgePøogGasIt eKGcEkERbbwenaHedayviFIedayerayemSAkMe)areTAkñúgTwkenaH .
u
emSAkMe)armanCati PH Ca)asEdlGacraraMgPHCaGasItrbs;Twk.
u
170>etImanmeFüa)ayy:agNa edIm,Ikat;bnßykMnkGakasGasIut?
cM>edIm,Ikat;bnßykMnkGakasGasIutbNþaRbeTsTaMgGs; RtUvcUlrYmGnuvtþ[xagEt)annUvcMnuc
dUcxageRkam³
 eRbIR)as;eRbgsaMgKµanCatisMn.
 eRbIR)as;pliteRbgma:s‘Ut eRbgkatEdlmanCatis<an;F½r Tab
 sg;bMBg;EpSgeragcRkedayeRbIbec©kviTüasmRsb¬]bkrN_sMGat¦edIm,ITajykPaKl¥it
NO nig SO 2

 eRbIR)as;]bkrN_bMEbøgkatalIkmµedIm,ICYydl;karRtYtBinitübeBa©j]sµ½nkabUnmUNUGksIut
u
¬CO¦nigGIRu dUkabY¬HC¦.
 tMbn;]sSahkmµ nigkEnøgcak;sMNl;RtUvsißtenAq¶ayBITIRkug.
170>etIGUsUnCaGVI?
cM>GUsUnCa]bkrN_BN’ manm:eU lKulpSMBIGatUmGuksIEu snbI manrUbKImI O .
3

171>etImNÐlbriyakasman]sµ½nGUsUneRcInCageK?
cM>]sµ½nGUsUnmaneRcInCageKenAkñgmNÐlGakass¶b;.
ú
172>GUsUnCa]sµ½nBulEdrrWeT? GUsUnekItmkBINa?
cM>GUsUnCa]sµ½nBulxøaMgmanskmµPaBKImIx<s;.enAkñgbriyakasEpndIGUsUnekIteLIgBIkarrYm
ú
pSMcUlKÜaGatUmGuksIEu snCanwgm:eU lKulGuksIuEsneRkamGMeBIkaMrsµsVayG‘lRtarbs;RBHGaTit
I u
173>eKeRbIGUsUnsRmab;eFVIGVI?
cM>eKeRbIGUsUnsRmab;bnSúT§Tk rMgab;m;IRkubenAkÜùgxúl; nigeFVI[cMnIGaharmanBN’s.
w

173>etIRsTab;GUsUnmannaTIdUcemþckñúgbriyakas?
cM>GUsUnCaRsTab;mYy mannaTIsMxan;Nas;kÜgkarraraMgkaMrsµsVayG‘lRtaBIRBHGaTitú
ù I u
CaBiessRsTab;GUsUnenAkñgmNÐlGakass¶b;.GUsUncat;TukCaExlkarBarCivtenAelI
ú i
EpndiI nigrgkarxUcxatya:gF¶n;F¶redaykarbMpøajBIkaMrsµsVayG‘lRtamkelIPav³ manCIvitenAelIepndITaMgmUl.
I u
174>kaMrsµIsVayG‘ulRtarbs;RBHGaTitücaMgmkelIPBEpndIetIRtUv EbgEck eTANaxøH?
cM>kaMrsµIsVayG’lRtacaMgmkelIEpndI 100° RtUvRsTab;GUsUnykGs;20°
u
)acsacnigRtUvCH Rtlb;edayBBkBIépÞdIGakasGs;25° CHRtlb;BIépÞdIeLIgeTAelI5°
nigRtUvEpndIRsUbykGs;50°.
175>etIsarFatuKImIeQµaHkørYPøúyrYkabUnmansmasFatuKImIpSMBIFatuGVIxøH?
cM>sarFatuKImIeQµaHkørYPøúyr:YkabUn¬CFCs¦CaFatuRslaykørnigPøúyGrelIemtan rWeGtan
Ca]sç½nnicminBulniggayBRgay.
176>kørYPøúykabUn¬CFCs¦sMrab;eFVIGVI?
cM>kørYPøykabUn¬CFCs¦sRtUveRbIR)as;ya:gTUlMTUlay anAkñgRbeTslUtlas; EdleFVIem
ú ú
RtCak;enAkÜgm:asIunRtCak; nigTUTkkk kÜùg]sSahkmµevcx¨b;kÜùgkMb:ugfÜaMBN’)aj;bMBg;
ù w
)aj;bM)at;kønGaRkk;énxøÜnmnusS bMBg;)aj;sMlab;stVl¥tcéRg.l.
i i
177>eRkaybMerIbMras;kørY:PøúyGr:YkabUn)ansayPayeTAsßitTINa?
cM>Gs;ryHeBl10qñaM eTA20qñaM eRkayBIlT§plénbMerIbMras;kørYPúøyGrYkabUnrYcmksarFatu
enH)ansayPayBIépÞdIeLIgeUTAelI cUlkñgbriyakasmNÐlGakass¶b;.
ú
178>enAkñúmNÐlGakasrcl;kørYPøúyGrYkabUnmanRbtikmµKImIEdrrWeT?
cM>enAkñgmNÐlGakasrcl;kørYPøyGrYkabUnmanlkçN³efr manlMnwgtamsarFatuKmIrbs;va
ú ú I
edayKµanRbtikmµKImIepSgeToteLIy.
179>kørYPøúyGrYkabUn manRbtikmµCamYyGUsUny:agdUcemþc?
cM>kørYPøyGrYkabUn manRbtikmµCamYyGUsUnenAkñgmNÐlGakass¶b;tamryH ³
ú ú

 kaMrsµsVayG‘lRtarbs;RBHGaTitúy:agxøaMg bgá[ CFCs bMEbkxønedaybeBa©jGatUm Cl .
I u Ü
 GatUm Cl )aneFVIRbtikmµCamYy O rYcbegátm:UelKul O nigm:UelKul ClO .
3 I 2

 eRkaym:UelKulm:UNUGuksIt¬ClO¦eFVIRbtikmµKImICamYym:eU lKul O déTeTot
u 3

rYcbegáIt)anCaBIrm:eU lKulGuksIEu sn nigGatUmkør.
 bnÞab;mkeTotGatUm Cl )aneFVIRbtikmµCamYy O .ebItamkarRsavRCav)an[dwgfa CFCs
3

pÞúkGatUm Cl BI 1-4ehIyeKGaceFVkar)a:n;sµanfa Cl mYyGatUmGacbMpøajm:UelKul rhUtdl;100000
I
xageRkamenHCasmIkarRbtikmµ ³
ClO + O3 → ClO + O2
ClO + O3 → Cl + 2O2
180>etImansarFatuKImIGVIxøHeTot eFVIRbtikmµCamYyGUsUn?
cM>eRkABI CFCs KWenAmansarFatuKImI NO rYmcMEnkkñgkarbMpøajRsTab; O3 enAkñúgmNÐl Gakass¶b;.NO
ú
PaycUlkñgbriyakastamryHpUsIln§n³ rYcvaeFVIRbtikmµCamYy O3 begáIt
ú u
)anCa NO2 & O2 ( smIkartagRbtikmµ ³ NO + O3 → NO2 + O2 )b:unEnþT§Blén NO eTAelI O3
BMusUvxøaMgkøadUc CFCs eTAedaym:eU lKul O3 )anEtmYyb:ueNÑaH.
181>sarFatuKImIGVIxøHCaGñkbMpøajRsTab;GUsUn?cUrsresrrUbmnþén FatuKImI enaH?
cM>sarFatuKImIkørYPøyGrYkabUn nigGasUtm:NUGuksIt CaGñkbMpøajRTab;GUsUn.manrUbmnþ CFC .
:ú U u s

sarFatuKImIGasUtGuksuItEdlmanrUbmnþ NO.
182>karfycuHén O kñúgmNÐlGakass¶b;énbriyakasEpndI eK[eQñaHfadUcemþc?
3

cM>karfycuHén O kñgmNÐlGakass¶b;énbriyakasEpndI eK[eQñaHfa RbehagGUsUn.
3 ú
183>etIsBVéf¶RsTab;GUsUnmanbBaaðdUcemþc?
cM>sBVéf¶RsTab;GUsUn O kan;EtesþIgeTA² cab;BI 52° nig90° enAb:Ulxagt,Úg ehIyb:lxageCIg
3 U
enAtMbn;GakTick¾kMBugmanbBaðadUcCatMbn;Gg;takTicEdr.
184>enAeBlRsTab;GUsUnRbehag b¤FøúHFøayetimanbMErbMrYlGVIxøHdl;CIvitelIEpndI?
cM>enAeBlRsTab;GUsUnRbehag b¤FøúHFøay mankarKMramkMEhgy:agxøaMgdl;CIvtnanaenAelIEpndIdUcCa ³
i

 rukçCati nigdMNaMGarharepSg² RtUvRCuHbNþal[fycuHénkareFVIsMeyaK nigRsUbykTwk.
CarYmkarhinehacRsTab;GUsUnGacbnßyplitplksikmµsMxan;²e®cInmuxEdlCaGaharsMxan;
rbs;mcäaCatinana
 bMpøajmIRkUrukçCati¬rukçCatibøg;tug¦EdlCaGaharsMxan;rbs;mcäCatinana
 RbCaCnBiPBelak GacnwgrgeRKaHfñak;edaysarCMgWmharIkEs,k nigCMgWEPñk
 GaceFV[ERbRbYl b¤bMpøajEsnbnþBUC CaTUeTA]sµ½n O kan;EtfycuHenaH kMenInkaMrsµIsVay
I 3

G‘lRtacaMgmkelIÙpÒEpndIkan;EtxøaMg eBalKWeFV[mankMenInsItuNÛPaBEpndIkan;EtxøaMg nigkan;Etx<s;
u I
eFVI[CivitmnusSstV nigrukçCatiQaneTArkkarvinassabsUnü.
185>enAqñaM 1987 manKMeeagmkBIRbeTsmYycMnYn)anCYbCMuKñaenATIRkug
m:ugerGal;énRbeTskaNada edImI,GVIxøH?
cM> enAqñaM 1987 manKMeragmkBIRbeTsmYycMnYn)anCYbCMKñaenATIRkug m:gerGal;énRbeTs
u u
kaNadaedIm,IcuHhtßelxaelIBiFIkarm:ugerGal; EdlCakic©RBmeRBog kµúgkarkat;bnßykarplitsaeFatu
kørYPøyGrYkabUncMnUn 50° RtwmqñaM1998.
ú
186>enAqañM1992 mansnñisiT§mYysþIBIbBaðasarFatuKImIkørYPøúyGrYkabUn
R)arB§eFVIeLIgenAÉNa? TTYl)anEpøpáaGVIxøH?
cM>enAqañM1992 mansnñisiT§mYysþBIbBaðasarFatuKImIkørYPøyGrYkabUn R)arB§eFVeI LIgenATIRkug kUeb:nhak
I ú
RbeTsdaNama:kEdlmanRbeTsmYycMnYn93)anyl;RBm nigQaneTAdl;kic©RBm eRBogdUcteTA ³
 RkumRbeTs]sSahkmµ)anyl;RBmlubbM)at;kørYPøyGrYkabUnTaMgRsugRtwmqñaM1995. b;:Enþ
ú
shrdæGaemric)ansnüadak;bMram[RtwmqñaM2000 edIm,IbBa©b;karplitnUvsarFatu
TaMgGs;Edlbgár[manbBaðadl;ExlGUsUn.
 RkumRbeTs]sSahkmµ k¾)anyl;RBmbegátmUlniFimYyedIm,ICYybNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ
I
[bþÚrnigdak;CMnYskar eRbIR)as;kørYPøyGrYkabUnenH
ú
 sarFatudéTeTotEdlbMpøajExlGUsUn k¾mandak:kñúgbMraménsnñisIT§enHEdr.
187>etIGacman]sµ½nO eTAbMeBjnigCYsCulkEnøgRbehagFøay)anEdrrWeT
3

cM>]sµ½nGUsUnGaceTACYsCulRbehag O FøúHFøay)anluHRtaEtkñgbriyakasEpndIrbs;eyIg
3 ú
BMumansarFatuKImIBulepSg².
188>eyIgmanviFankarGVIxøH edIm,Ikat;bnßybrimaNsarFatuKImIEdlPay
cUleTAkñúgbriyakas?
cM>GVEI dleyIgGaceFV)an edIm.Ikat;bnßybrimaNKImIBulEdlcUleTAkñgbriyakasenaHKW ³
I ú
-kat;bnßybrimaNkørYPøyGrYkabUn EdlPaycUleTAkúgbriyakas
ú ñ
 EfTaMm:asIunRtCak;enAkñgeKhdæan b¤m:asInRtCak;rbs;rfynþ
ú u
nigTUTwkkk[)anl¥nigmankarCYsCuledIm,Ik[mankarFøHFøay
Mu ú
 enAeBlEdlm:asIunRtCak; nigTUTkkkcas;b¤xUceKRtUvykeTAe)aHecalkEnøgEdl mansuvtßPaBbMput
w i
edIm,ITb;sáat;Cati CFCs EdlenAesssl;Peyecj.sMbkkMb:ug)aj;fÜaMBN’
b¤kMb:g)aj;fñaMkMcat;stVl¥itcéRgeKRtUvykeTAkb;kñúgdI.
u
 cUlrYmkat;bnßybMerIbMras;RbePTfamBln§n³NaEdlmanCatiGasUtkñgkMritx<s;.
ú
189>GVIeTACaplpÞHkBa©k;?
cM>plpÞHkBa©k;begátkMedAsItuNðPaBxül; enAkñglMdab;biTCiTedaykBa©k;b¤)aøsÞic
I ú
føaEdlGac[kaMrsµRI BHGaTitüqøgkat;cUleTA)anEtminGacecjvij)an.
190>etIplpÞHkBa©k;ekIteLIgedaysarGVI?
cM>plpÒHkBa¨k;ekIteLIgedaysarkarbMElgkaMrsµIsVayG‘lRta CakaMrsµRI khmGaMgR)a EdlkaM
u
rsµRI khmGaMR)aPaKeRcInPayecjBIEpndI minGacqøgkat;briyakasvijeT vaRtUvRsUbedaycMhayTwknig CO
2

nig]sµ½nepSg²eTot EdlsßtkñúgbriyakaseRkam ehIy begáIt)anCakMedARKbdNþb;CMvijEpndI
i u
lMnaMEbbenHehAfa plpÞHkBa©k;.
191>ebIKµanplpÞHkBa©k; etIEpndITTYlkMedAdUcemþc?
cM>]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;TaMgenH RsUbykkaMrsµIRkhmGaMgR)amYyPaKEdlPayecjBIdI ehIybeBa©j
kMedACaehtueFVI[mNÐlGakasrcl;eLIgkMedA.

vtþmanFmµCatiénkMhab;]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;kñgmNÐl;Gakasrcl; CYyrkSa[manlMnwg
ú
sItuNðPaBmFüménépÞEpndIenARtwm 16 GgSaes.RbkarenHmansarsMxan;Nas;kñgkarFana
ú
l½kçxNÐGakasFatuEdlGacRTRTg;CvitenAelIEpndIkñúgsPaBdUcsBVéf¶.
I
ebIKµanplpÞHkBa©k;eT EpndITTYlrgPaBRtCak;.
192>cUrR)ab;eQñaH nigrUbmnþén]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;sMxan;²rbs:EpndI?
cM>eQµaHnigrUbmnþén]sµnpÞHkBa©k;sMxan;²rbs;EpndIman ³
½
 kabUnDIGuksIt¬CO ¦
u 2 -emtan¬CH ¦ 2

 GasUtGuksIt¬NO¦
u -kørYPøyGrYkabUn¬CFCs¦
ú
193>enAkñúgmNÐlGakasrcl; etI]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;mYyNamancMnYneRcIn
ehIysMxan;CageK?
cM> enAkñúgmNÐlGakasrcl;]sµnpÞHkBa©k;mYyNamancMnYneRcIn ehIysMxan;CageK KWkabUnDIGuksIut ¬ CO ¦.
½ 2

194>etIkabUnDIGuksIut CO nigemtan CH ekIteLIgtamviFINa?
2 4

cM>CO RbmaN75° ekItBIkarbeBa©jecaledayskmµPaBmnusS dUcCakareRbIR)as;eRbg FüÚgfµ ]sµn FmµCati
2 ½
nigeQIEdlpþl;famBlcaM)ac;sRmab;dMeNIrkaryanynþ karcMGinGahar nigeracRk. CO ekItBIrpUsIulBIrEbbKW
2

cMehHsBV nigcMehHminsBV b¤GacehAfacMehHkñg m:asIun. xageRkamenHCasmIkartagRbtikmµ ³
ú
n§n³pUsIl
u + O2 → kMedA – H O + CO
2 2

CO + HO → CO2 + H
CH4 Ca]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;sMxan;TIBIr ehIyecjBIrskmµPaBmnusS dUcCakarciBa©wkstV karCIk ykn§n³pUsIl
u
kareFVIRsUvkñgERsEdlmanTwkCaRbcaMkEnøgcak;sMnl; sMnl;TwksMGuy.l.
ú
195>cUrerobrab;BIlMnaMeFVI[mankMenInpÞHkBa©k;?
cM>enAeBlkMhat]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;enAmNÐlGakasrcl;kan;EtekIneLIg kaMrsµIRkhmGaMgR)aEdl
PayecjBIEpndIRtlb;CalMhvijkan;EtticCagmun.)atuPUtenHeFVI[mankMenInsItuNðPaB enA
mNÐlGakasrcl; CaehtunaM[ sItuNðPaBépÞdIkan;EtekIneLIgEdr. lMnaMEbbenHehAfa kMenInplpÞHkBa©k;.
196>etI)atuPUtkMenInpÞHkBa©k;kan;EtekIneLIgedaysarGVI?

cM>)atuPUtkMenInplpÞHkBa©k;kan;EtekIneLIg²edaysar karekIneLIgén]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; enAkñúgmNÐlGakasrcl;
CaBiessKWekIneLIgén CO & CH .
2 4

197>kMenInplpÞHkBa©k;)anpþl;plvi)akGVIxøHdl;brisßannigsgÁm?
cM> kMenInplpÞHkBa©k;)anpþl;plvi)akdl;brisßannigsgÁmdUcxageRkam ³
 kMenInnIv:TwksmuRT
U
 karrlayTwkkkenAtMbn;b:lTaMgBIr nigTwkkktamtMbn;PñxøaMgeFVI[kMenIt
U M
nIv:TwksmuRT.EdleFVI[ekaHnigPUmiPaKTab²mYycMnYnRbQmmuxnwgkarlic)at;eTAvij
U
KwRtUvRKbdNþb;edayTwksmuRT
 kMenInkMedAEpndIbgár[manbMErbMrYlcrnþenAkñgTWkmhasmuRT nigekItman)atuPUt EGlDINU.
ú
 plb:HBal;elIrbbFatuGakas
 eFVI[GakasFatuERbRbYl
 eFVI[rdUvmineTogTat;
 kMenInkMedA¬rdUvekþAkan;EtEvg ÉrdUvRtCak;fycuH¦
 tMbn;mYycMnYnmanePøógFøak;xøaMg rhUteTACaTwkCMnn; ÉtMbn;mYyeTotmanePøógFøak;tictYc
b¤KµanePøógFøak;rhUtkøayCatMbn;raMgs¶t.
Ü
• T§BlelIksikmµ
i
 kMenInsItuNðPaB nigbMErbMrYlrbbTwkePøóg GacnwgeFVI[plitkmµRsUvfycuH
 tMrUvkarTwksRmab;eRsacRsBhYskMritpÁt;pÁg;¬tMbn;raMgs¶t¦
Y
 kMenInsItuNðPaBEdlkat;bnßyeBlevlasRmab;dMNaMTuM
 kMenInePøógFøak;EdlnaM[mansMnwk nigcMeraHdIeFVI[)at;bg;dImanCICatisMrab;plitkmµRsUv
• T§BlelIsuxPaBmnusS nigsgÁm
i
 kMenInPaBtwgEtgGarmµN_edaysarkMedA
 kMenInCMgWRbdab;degðmnigCMgWqøgtamxül;.
I
 bNþaCMgW tMbn;RtUeB®C dUcCa RKuncaj; RKunQam

 plb:HBal;edaysarbMEr:bMrYlGakasFatu GacnwgeFVI[ kMritPaBRkIRknigeRKaH
TurPikSelIBiPBelakkan;EtF¶n;F¶rEfmeTot.RbCaCnRkIRk nig TTYlrgeRKaHF¶n;CageK.
198>etIeyIgmanmeFüa)ayGVIxøH EdlGacCYybnßyel,OnénkMenInkMedAelI BiPBelak?
cM>meFüa)ayEdlGacCYybnßyel,ÓnénkMenInkMedAelIEpndIeyIgRtUv ³
 karBaréRBeQIEdlmanRsab;enAelIEpndI nigdaMedImeQIbEnßm[)aneRcIn
eRBaHéRBeQIGacTajykkabUnDIGuksIt BIbriyakas
u
 bnßykareRbIR)as;pUsIuln§n³ edayeRbIR)as;famBlepSgeTotEdlminbgáeRKaHfñak;dl; brisßan
 ykBn§x<s;BIeragcRk]sSahkmµNaEdlbeBa©jkaksMnl;BuleRcIneTAkñgbriyakas
ú
 Tb;sáat;GRtaekIneLIgén]sµnpÞHkBa©k;
½
 CiHrfynþÉkCnrYmKña b¤bnßykare®bIR)as;yanynþ mkCiHkg;vj i
 edImeQI100lanedIm GacTajykkabUnRbEhl18lanetan kñgTMrg;CakabUnDIGuksItkñúg briyakas
ú u
 eRbIR)as;famBlRBHGaTitü Twk xül; edIm,Ikat;bnßykareRbIR)as;pUsIuln§n³.
199>dUcemþcEdlehAfasMnl;?
cM>sMnl;mann½yfa CasarFatuTaMgLayNasßtenAkñgPaBrUbrwg rav ]sµnEdlmantMélteTA eTot
i ú ½
sMrab;GñkeRbIR)as;ehIyRtUveKbeBa©jecaleTAkñúgbrisßan.
200>dUcemþcEdlehAfasMNl;rwg?
cM>sMnl;rwgCasarFatuTaMgLayNasßtkñgPaBrwg.
i ú
201>etIsMnl;rwgmanRbPBmkBINalxøH?
cM>sMNl;rwgmanRbPBmkBITisRKb;TisTI dUcCalMenAdæan TIpSarlk;dUr mNÐlpÁt;pÁg;es,óg sNæaKar
ePaCnIydæan eragcRk mnÞrI eBTü nigTIkEnøgepSgeTot>>>.
202>etIsMnl;GVIxøHEdlcat;TukCaRbePTénsMNl;rwg?
cM>sMnl;Edlcat;TukCasMNl;rwgman taMgBIRkdas fg;)aøs;sÞc sMnl;Gahar kMeTckMeTI kMnat;sMBt; bEnøEpøeQI
i
sMbkkMb:g sMbkEkvC½r bMBg;bit sMNl;ecjBImnÞrI eBTü>>>.
u
203>eKEbgEcksMnl;rwgCab:unµanRbePT? GVIxøH? cUrerobrab;?

cM>eKEcksMnl;rwgCaBIrRbePTKWsMNl;BMsUvmaneRKaHfñak; nigsMNl;rwgRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;.
u
 sMnl;rwgBMusUvmaneRKaHfñak; CasMnl;EdlGacbMEbkFatuCIv³)an¬kMeTckMTIesµA kMeTckMTrI ukCati¦
çV
nigsMnl;EdlGacykeTAEkécñeLIgvij)an¬RkdaskMb:gGaluymIj:Úm>>>¦.
u
 sMnl;rwgRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; CasMnl;EdleBareBjeTAedayCatiBul
ehIysMNl;TaMgenaHminGacbMEbkFatuCIv³)aneTnigBMuGacEkécñeLIgvij)an. sMnl;RbePTenH
mankarKMramkMEhgdl;suxPaBmnusS nigbrisßanPøam² b¤rMelagry³eBlyUr.
204>sMnl;RbkbedayeRKaHfñak;manlkçN³sMKal;dUcemþcxøH?
cM> sMnl;RbkbedayeRKaHfñak;manlkçN³sMKal;
KWGacqabeqH¬sMnl;]sSahkmµKImI¦GackUtsI¬sMnl;GasIuténGaKuy¦GacpÞHb¤manRbtikmµ
u ú
xøaMg¬sMNl;pUsVat¦GaccMlgeMeraK¬sMnl;mnÞrI eBTü¦>>>.l.edaysarT§iBl TaMgenHeKEck
sMNl;RbkbedayeRKaHfñak; CasMnl;bgáeraK sMnl;Bul sMnl;vTüúskmµ nigsMnl;]sSahkmµ.
i
205>sMnl;BMusUvmaneRKaHfñak nigsMnl;RbkbedayeRKaHfñak;ecjBI RbPBNaxøH?
cUrerobrab;.
cM> • sMnl;BMsUvmaneRKaHfñak;manRbPBmkBI ³ lMenAdæan TIpSarlk;dUr sNæaKar ePaCnIydæan haglk;TMnij
u
RKwHsßanBaNiC¢kmµ sYnsaFarN³ Gñklk;dUrtamfñl; mNÐleTscrN_
nigkEnøgepSg²eTot.RbsinebImankarRKb;RKgRtwmRtUv sMnl;RbePTenH BMumaneRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rdl;mnusS stV
nigrukçCatieT.
 sMnl;rwgRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;manRbPBmkBI ³ ]sSahkmµdUcCa eragcRkeFVIGaKuy eragcRks½gásI
eragcRkplitfñaMsMlab;stVl¥t mnÞrI eBTü
i
nigkEnøgstþXat.sMNl;RbePTenHecaTCabBaðaKYr[RBYy)armÖ ehIyTamTar[manviFankar
BiesskñgkarTukdak;[)anRtwmRtUv. sMnl;TaMgenHrYmman sWru aMgcak;fñaM sMbkdbfñaM dbfñaMsMlab;stVl¥t
ú u i
GaKuycas;².l. cMeBaHsMnl;vTüúskmµKµaneTenAkm<Ca
i ú
edayRbeTsenHBMmaneragcRkeRbIfamBlbrimaNU.b:uEnþenAqñaM1998 manRBwtþkarrMeCIbrMCYl
u i
TUTaMgRkugRBHsIhnu )anbgákákgVl;dl;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenaHKWkarcak;sMnl;Rbkbeday
I
eRKaHfñak;RbmaNCag3000etanEdlmanlaysarFatu)art. enHCaRBwtþkarN_RbvtþsaRsþ
i i
nigCaelIkdMbUgbg¥s; énkarnaMcUlkaksMNl;eRKaHfñak;mkcak;kgTwkdIkm<úCaEdlBMuFøab;man knøgmk.
ñú

206>sMnl;rwgmanT§iBlelIsuxPaB nigbrisßantamry³GVI?
cM>sMnl;rWgmanT§BleTAelIsuxPaBsaFarN³ nigbrisßan RbsinebIeK sþúkRbmUl nige)aHbg;
w i
ecalminRtwmRtUv.plb:HBal;xøaMgCageKKWkarbMBulTwk dI xül; nigkarcMlgCMgWratt,atepSg²
dl;mnusS.T§Blrbs;sMNl;rwgenH KW)anbeBa©jnUvsarFatubMBulRCabcUleTAkñgTwk eFV[kgVk;Tk
i ú I w
nigRCabcUleTAkñgdI eFVI[)at;bg;KuNPaBdI nigkgVk;TwkeRkamdI.kare)aHecalsMnl;Kaµ nsNþab;Fñab;
ú
bgá[mankgVk;kns¥yGaRkk; ehIy b:HBal;suxPaB mnusS stV rukçCati.bBaðaKYr[RBYy)armÖ
øi ú
KWRbeTskm<CaeyIgnaMcUlnUv rbs;rbr eRbIR)as;BMusUvman KUNPaBdUcCaexaGavCCuH ma:ejTUrTsSn_CCuH
ú
fg;)øas;sÞicl.l. EdlRtUvrkTIkEnøgsMrab;Tukdak;RbePTsMNl;enH[)anRtwmRtUvnaeBlGnaKt.
207>etIeKeRbIbec©keTsGVIxøH edIm,IRKb;RKgsMnl;rwg?
cM>eKeRbIbec©keTs 4ya:gedIm,IRKb;RKgsMNl;rwgKW kMEnécñsMnl;CafµI kMb:usskmµ kardutsMnl;
u
nigkarrkTIkEnøgTukdak;sMnl;[)aneRcIn.
208>kMEnécñCafµIpþl;plRbeyaCn_GVIxøH?
cM>kMEnécñCafµpþl;plRbeyaCn_ ya:geRcIndUcCa ³
I
 kat;nßyplb:HBal;brisßan edaymankarfycuHénbrimaNsMnl;
 kat;bnßyéføe)aHecalsMnl;edaysarR)ak;cMnUlEdlGac)anBIrUbFatuEkécñCafµI nigpliplrbs;va
 BnüaeBlGayuénTIkEnøgcak;sMnl; nigelIkkMBs;karRKb;RKgkEnøgcak;sMnl;
 EfrkSaFnFanFmµCati nigsnSMsMécfamBlkñgkarplitvtßeú RbI)as;
ú
 begátskmµPaBesdækic© nigkargarfµ²
I I
 kat;bnßykarnaMcUlTMnij nigrUbFatuCaedIm
209>cUrerobrab;BIviFIeFVIkMb:uskmµ?
cM>kMb:sfµI CaviFImYyTak;TgnwgkarEjksMNl;GsrIragÁecjBIsMnl;srIragÁ bnÞab;mkTuk[
u
sMnl;srIragÁTaMgenaHbMEbkFatu. dUcenHkMb:sskmµKkarbMEbk FatuCIv³énsMnl;srIragÁnana dUcCasMnl;pÞH)ay
u W
sMnl;ksikmµ eRkamkarRtYtBinitünigedaymanxül; edIm,IbMElg[eTACa
kMb:s.kMb:sskmµRbRBwtþeTAenAsItuNðPaB 45 CehIykñúgry³eBl 2eTA 3s)þah_ b¤ry³
u u 0

eBlrab;Ex.kareFVkMb:sskmµ Gackat;bnßysMnl;)aneRcIn ehIyGacbegIátkargarfµIEfmeTot.
I u

210>etIkarRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgenAkm<úCaGnuvtþtamviFINaxøH?
cM>karRKb;RKgrwgsMnl;rwgenAkm<úCa GnuvtþtamviFIbIya:g KWkarRbmUl nikardwkCBa¢Ún karcak;ecalsMram
nigkMb:usskmµ.
211>etIkarRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgenAkm<úCa GnuvtþRtwmRtUvtambec©keTseT? eRBaHGVI?
cM>bec©keTsnImYy

enAkm<úCaBMuTan;GnuvtþRtwmRtUvtambec©keTseT.eRBaHmanktþaCaeRcIn EdlbNþal[manPaBTn;exSay
kñgkarRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgenAkm<Ca dUcCaxVHxatfvikarsMPar³ meFüa)aydwkCBa¢n karRbmUl nigsþksMnl;.c,ab;
ú ú Ú ú
nigkarGnuvtþc,ab;enATn;exSay nigKµanEpn
karRKb;RKgTUeTA.dMenIrkardwkCBa¢n nigRbmUlsMnl; manPaBsµúKsµaj
Ú
ehIyesvakmµenHyWtyavRBmTaMgminGacTayTukCamun)an.
212>bec©keTsénkarRKb;RKgsMnl;enAkm<úCamanlkçN³dUcemþc?
cM> bec©keTsénkarRKb;RKgsMnl;enAkm<CamanlkçN³dUcxageRkam ³
ú
 bec©keTsTI1 énkarRKb;RKgsMnl;enAkm<Ca ú
KWkarRbmUlnigdwkCBa¢ÚnedayeRbIkMlaMgBlkmµmnusSekIbsMramdak;kñgrfynþdwkCBa¢Ún.kar
ú
e)aHsMrammancMnYneRcIn nigxVHsNþab;Fñab; KYbpSMnwgkarRbmUlBM)ansBVRKb; nigkarehorkMBb;
u
sMramFøak;BIelIrfynþtampøÚvTIRkug nigPaBRbmUlmineTogTat; kñgkarRbmUl)an bNþal[
ú
mansMnl;sl;tampøÚv sMnl;ray):ayelIépÞfñl;eBldwkCBa¢ÚnsMnl;Føak;cUllUTwkCaedIm.
 bec©keTsTI2 énkarRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgenAkm<úCa CakEnøgcak;sMNl;enAsÞwgmanC½y RkugPñMeBj
EdlkEnøgenaHBMmankarRtYtBinitüBIGñkbrisßan ehIyRtUvcat;fñak;fa CakEnøgcak; sMnl;KµanGnam½y
u
EdlnaM[maneRKaHfñak;dl;brisßan nigb:HBal;dl;suxPaBGñkrs;enACMviju
 kMb:sskmµCabec©keTsTI3 énkarRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgenAkm<Ca
u ú
bec©keTsenHBMTan;manRTg;RTayFMenAeLIyeT KWmanEtbnþicbnþÜcenAtamRKYsarEtb:nenaH
u u
edayyksøkrukçCatirlYy RbCaCn)ankayykeTAeFVICIsMrab;kardaMduH.sBVéf¶enHeK)anerobcM
w

EpnkarGPivDÆn_eragcRk eFVCIkMb:smYyenAkEnøgcak;sMramsÞgmanC½yedayeRCiserIssMnl;
I u w
srIragÁmkeRbIkar.
213>kEnøgcak;sMnl;enAkm<úCapþl;pleRKaHfñak;dl;brisßan nigmnusSdUcemþcxøH?
cM>kEnøgcak;sMnl;enAkm<úCa pþl;pleRKaHfñak;dl;brisßan nigmnusSdUcCa ³
 Twkelcecj nigTwkePøógEdlrgkarbMBuledaysarFatuKmI BM)anRbmUl ehIyhUrcUleTAkñg RbB½n§TwkkñgdI
I u ú ú
nigTwkelIépÞdI
 ksikrdaMdMnaMenAkEnøgcak;sMram EdlmandIrgkarbMBuledaysarFatuKImIBIkEnøgcak;sMram
 ePøgeqHkEnøgcak;sMrammanRbcaM ehIybeBa©j]sµ½nkabUnic nig]sµ½nepSg²eToteTAkñúg briyakas
I
 kumaredIrkaysMramrkrbs;eGtcay )anTTYlkarKMramkMEhgbBaðabrisßan
bNþalmkBIkarRKb;RKgkEnøgcak;sMrammin)anl¥.
214>etIeyIgmanviFankarGVIxøHedIm,Ikat;bnßysMnl;rwg?
cM>xageRkamenH CaviFankarkat;bnßysMnl;rwg ³
 skmµPaBrbs;buKlámñak;² k¾GacCYyCaviPaKTankñúgkarkat;bnßybrimaNsMnl;rwg
 RsþeI mpÞHRKb;rUbeBleTApSarTijTMnijepSg²KWRtUvykrbs;sMrab;dak;TMnijBIpÞHCaeRsc dUcCakRnÞkCaedIm
edayeCosvagbgÁab[Gñklk;evcx©b;b¤dak;TMnijkñúgfg;)aøsÞic
 bnßybrimaNsMnl;rwgenAeKhdæan tamry³kareRbIR)as;plitplEdlbnßysMnl;
 sMnl;lMenAdæanPaKeRcInGacEkécñCafµ)anI
 kareRbIR)as;eLIgvijkñgeKaledAepSg² BIeKaledAedImGackat;bnßykarbeBa©jecalsMnl; TaMgRsug
ú
 kareFVICIkMb:sskmµBIsMnl;srIragÁdUcCa sMnl;bEnøEpøeQI sMbkdUg sMbkBgman;CaedIm
u
Gackat;bnßysMnl;rwgsrIragÁEdlRtUvcak;ecal
 kMeu )aH b¤dutsMnl;rwgtampøÚvEk,rpÞH
 TuksMnl;rwgenAcMnucRbmUlpþkñúgry³eBlxømunkarRbmUl kareFVEI bbenHGac[sMramenAkñg
úM I ú
KMnrminsßtenAray)a:ycUleTAkñgpøv ebITuksMramenAKMnryUrGacTak;TajstVkNþúr nigstVcéRg déTeTot.
i ú Ú
215>edIm,IeCosvagplb:HBal;suxPaBsaFarN³ nigbrisßan
etIRtUvRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgdUcemþc?

cM>edImI,eCosvagplb:HBal;suxPaB nigbrisßanRtUvRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgedaymankarerobcM Epnkar
nigGnuvtþEpnkarnanasMedArkSaKuNPaBbrisßanBIkarbMBuledaysMnl;rwg.karerobcM eKalneya)ay
kartak;Etgsþg;dabrisßan karerobcMviFanc,ab;Bak;B½n§ nwgkarsegáttamdanBIKuNPaBxül; Twk
dI.eRkABIenHTTYlkarpþl;eyabl;BI]sSahkr GñkeFVIEpnkar GñkGPivDÆ nigsaFarN³Cn>>>.l.
EdlCaCMnYydl;karRKb;RKgsMnl; dl; rdæaPi)al.karRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgCabBaðaFMeFg
EdlrdæaPi)alRbeTsnImYy²RtUvEtRbQmmux edaHRsay.
216>brisßanCaGVI?
cM>brisßanCaGVEI dlenACMvijxøÜneyIgrYmTaMgPav³manCIvit nigPav³tCIvit.
u
217>brisßanEckecjCab:unµanEpñksMxan;²? GVIxøH?
cM>brisßanEckecjCa 2EpñksMxan;² KWbrisÓanFmµCati nigbrisÓansgÀmvb,Fm’.
217>etIbBaðabrisßansMxan;²manGVIxøH
cM>bBaðabrisßansMxan;²man ³
 kMenInRbCaCn -karbMBulGakas
 karTukdak;sMnl;rwg -kar)at;bg;sßanRbB½n§
 karbMBulTwk -karbMBuledayTUrs½BÞ
 nKrerabnIykmµ>>>>.
218>etIPaBkkkujénRbCaCnenAtamtMbn;xøH²énEpndIGacmanplb:HBal;
dl;brisßanEdrrWeT? eRBaHGVVI?
cM>PaBkkkujénRbCaCnenAtamtMbn;xøH²énEpndIGacmanplb:HBal; dl;brisßan eRBaHmnusS
TaMgenaHecHEtekIteLIgeFVI[tMrUvkarkan;EteRcInehIyPaBG‘UGr sMelgGWgkg ÙnbNûùMmnusS
KYbpSMnwgkarrIkcMerInénbec©kviTüamnusS)aneRbIR)as;eRKÓgynþRKb;RbePT Edlbgá[mankarbMBulGakas
ehIyrbs;rbrsl;ElgeRbIR)as; begáItCasMnl;rwgRKb;RbePT
EdlCabBaðaecaTmYykñúgkarrkTIkEnøgsMrab;Tukdak;.eBlmnusSekIteLIgenaHtMrUvkar sagsg;
nigksikmµ¬Gahar¦kan;Etx<s;va)aneFVI[)at;bg;éRBeQIstVéRBnaM[)at;bg;sßanRbB½n§
edaysarnKrerabnIykmµ.eBlenaHkarbMBulTwk nigkarbMBuledaysUrs½BÞekIteLIgBIRsTab;

mnusSTaMgenaHpgEdr.
219>bBaðabrisßanenAkm<úCamanGVIxøH?
cM>bBaðabrisßanenAkm<úCaman ³
 kar)at;bg;éRBeQI -kMnl,ab;m:t;
 sMnWkdI -minkb;kñgdI
ú
 ktþafñaMsMlab;stVl¥tcéRg
i
220>cUrBN’naBIbBaðabrisßanenAkm<úCa .
cM> • kar)at;éRBeQIenAkm<CaCabBaðad¾FMmYyenAkm<úCa.
ú
mUlehtuénkar)at;bg;éRBeQIenAkm<Ca KWtMrUvkarkñgRsukkMenIntMrUvkarGnþrCati vatdIsMrab;eFVIksikmµ
ú ú
karGnuvtþn_ksikmµBencr¬cMkaréRBdut¦bBaðasRgÁam
nigclnaRbCaCnkñgRTg;RTayFM.kgVHneya)ayéRBeQIc,as;las;
ú
nigkarebþC¶acitþrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkic©karBarRKb;RKgFnFanéRBeQI nigkarRtYtBinitüktþaKMram
kMEhgéRBeQIenAcugs>v1990knøgmk.
 sMnwkdIbNþalmkBIkarkab;bMpøajéRBeQIya:gxøaMgkøa naM[)at;bg;KMrbkarBardI pþl;
»kasd¾smRsbcMeBaHxül;bk;eRBaHva)anbk;bMebIugkMeTckMTIdIeTAkan;kEnøgepSg².ePøógFøak;
xøaMgeBlenaHk¾manTwkCMnn;niglMhUrPk; nigkMeTckMTIdIpgEdr.
 kMnl,ab;m:t; karcak;bgÁrl,ab;m:t;enAtamsÞwgTenø kMenItl,ab;m:t;enAtambwgFM² CaBiessbwgTenøsab
naM[TwkeLIgekþAEdlCamUlehtuénkMenInGRtagab;rbs;RtI.kMnl,ab;m:t;
enHmkBIkarbMpøajéRBeQIenAtamPaKxagelIGagrgTwkePøógénbwgTenøsab nigCMvijbwg u
RBmTaMgGaCIvkmµEr:t,ÚgenAPaKxaglicextþ)at;dMbg.
 ktþafñaMsMlab;stVl¥tcéRg ³ kMenItkareRbIR)as;CKImI nigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥tedayminerIsmux
i I i
bNþal[maneRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaB nigbrisßan eRBaHfaksikrPakeRcIneRbIR)as;fñaMBulTaMgenH
edaymindwgBIPaBBulrbs;va.
 mInkb;kñgdI ³ enAkm<CadIksikmµRbEhl40° manRKab;mInedaykñúgmYyéf¶man mnusSRbmaN10nak;
ú ú
RtUvsøab; nigrgrbYsedaysarRKab;mIn.

 karRbIR)as;yanynþ nigeTacRkyanynþcas;² nigskmµPaBmnusSmkBIkare)aHecal
sMnl;RKb;RbePTBMu)anRtwmRtUv CaBiesskarecalkaksMnl;cUleTAkñúgbwgdUcCafg;)aøsÞic
nigsMbkkMb:gCaedIm.
u
221>eKbegáItc,ab;brisßanenAkm<úCaedIm,IGVI?
cM>eKbegáItc,ab;brisßanenAkm<CaedIm,IGPivDÆRbeTsRbkbedaynirnþrPaB eKRtUvKitKUBIbBaða
ú V
brisßanenAkñgkarFVeI sckþsMercnana nigtYnaTIsaFarN³Cnkñgkic©karBarbrisßan.
ú I ú
222>etIRBHraCRkwtüsþIBIkarbegáIttMbn;karBarFmµCati RtUv)anLayRBHhsþ
elxaedayRBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþmsIhnu cuHéf¶Na ExNa qñaM
Na?ehIyRBHraCRkwtübgðajBIGVI? eyagtamRBHraCRkwtüenHkm<úCamantMbn;
karBarFmµCatib:unµankEnøg? srubmanépÞdIb:unñanhictaRtUvCab:unµanPaKryénépÞRbeTs?
cM> RBHraCRkwtüsþBIkarbegáIttMbn;karBarFmµCati RtUv)anLayRBHhsþ elxaedayRBHkruNa
I
RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþmsIhnu cuHéf¶TI01 Exvicäikar qñaM1993. RBHraCRkwtüenHbgðajya:g
c,as;BIRBHraChb¤TyykcitþTukdak;rbs;RBHkruNacMeBaHkic©karBarbrisßanrbs;RbeTsCati eyIg
½
ehIyCakarelIkTwkcitþya:gBiessdl;RksYgbrisßankñgkarbMeBjParkic©rbs;xøn.
ú Y
eyagtamRBHraCRkwtüenHkm<CamantMbn;FmµCaticMnYn23kEnøgmanépÞsrubTMhM 3273200 hictaRtUvCa18°
ú
énépÞRbeTs.
223>c,ab;sþIBIkic©karBarbrisßan nigkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCatiRtUv)an sPaCatiGnum½t
kalBIéf¶Na ExNa qñaMNa?c,ab;enHrYmmanb:unµanCMBUk?
cM> c,ab;sþIBIkic©karBarbrisßan nigkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCatiRtUv)an sPaCatiGnum½tenA éf¶TI24 ExFñÚ qñaM1996
c,ab;enHman 11CMBUk.
224>GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIvis½ybrisßan mancMnYnb:unµan? GVIxøH?
cM>GnusBaØaGnþrCatisIþBIvis½ybrisßan man5 KW ³
 GnusBaØasþBIdIesImGnþrCati
I
 GnusBaØasþBICIv³cMruH
I

 GnusBaØasþBIkarERbRbYlGakasFatu
I
 GnusBaØasþBIkarbMBulsmuRT
I
 GnusBaØasþBIc,ab;smuRTrbs;shRbCaCati
I
225>etIkarerobcMEpnkarbrisßanCatielIkTImYyedayRksYgbrisßan)anepþateTAelIbBaðaRb
FanbTCaGaTiPaBcMnYnb:unµan? rYmmanGVIxøH?
cM>karerobcMEpnkarbrisßanCatielIkTImYyedayRksYgbrisßan)anepþateTAelIbBaðaRbFanbTCaGaTiPaBcMnYn
6CaGaTirYmmYyman ³
 eKalneya)ayéRBeQI
 vis½yClpl nigksikmµenAkñgtMbn;valTMnablicTwkénbwgTenøsab
ú
 karRKb;RKgClplsmuRT
 CIv³cMruH nigtMbn;karBarFmµCati
 karGPivDÆn_vs½yfamBl nigbrisßan
i
 kar®Kb;RKgsMnl;TRI kug.
226>etIGnuRkwtüelxb:unµansþIBIkarerobcM nigRbRBwtþieTArbs;RksYgbrisßan?
RtUv)anGnuvtþedaysßab½nNa? kalBIéf¶Na ExNa qñaMNa?manb:unµan CMBUk nig
maRta?
cM>GnuRkwtüelx 57 GnRbbk sþIBIkarerobcM nigRbRBwtþeTArbs;RksYgbrisßanRtUv)anGnuvtþedayKN³rdæmRnþI
kalBIéf¶TI25 ExkBaØa qñaM1997 man 9CMBUk nig 20maRta.
227>GanuRkwtüelxb:unµansþIBIkarRtYtBInitükarbMBulTwk?RtUv)anGnum½tedaysßab½nNa
kalBIéf¶Na ExNa qñaMNa? maneKaledAdUcemþc?manvisalPaBdUcemþc?
cM>GnuRkwtüelx27 GnRkbk sþIBIkarRtYtBinitükarbMBulTwk RtUv)anraCrdæaPi)alGnum½tkal BIéf¶TI 6Ex
emsaqñaM1998.GnuRkwtüenHmaneKaledARtYtBinitükarbMBulTwk edIm,ITb;sáat;
nigkat;bnßykarbMBulTwkenAtamtMbn;saFarN³sMedAFana)ankarkarBarsuxPaBmnusS

nigkarGPivDÆCIv³cMruH.GnuRkwtüenHmanvisalPaBGnuvtþcMeBaHral;RbPBbMBul
nigral;skmµPaBTaMgLayEdlbgá[mankarbMBulTwkenAtamtMbn;TwksaFarN³.
228>GnuRkwtüelxb:unµansþIBIkarRKb;RKgsMnl;rwg? RtUv)anGnum½tedaysßab½nNa?
kalBIéf¶Na ExNa qñaMNa? maneKaledAdUcemþc? manvisalPaBdUcemþc?
cM>GnuRkwtüelx 36 GnRkbk sþIBIkarRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgRtUv)anraCrdæaPi)alGnum½tkalBIéf¶ TI27 Exemsa
qñaM1999.GnuRkwtüenHmaneKaledARKb;RKgsMNl;rwgRbkbedaylkçN³ bec©keTssmRsb
RbkbedaysuvtßPaBsMedAFana)annUvkarkarBarsuxPaBsaFarN³ KuNPaBbrisßan nigkarGPirkScMruH.
i
GnuRkwtüenHmanvisalPaBGnuvtþcMeBaHral;skmµPaB e)aHecalTukdak; sþk RbmUl dwkCBa©Ún Ekécñ
ú
nigkarbeBa©jecalsMram nigsMnl;RbkbedayeRKaHfñak;.
229>tMbn;karBarFmµCatienAkm<úCamanb:unµankEnøg? enAkEnøgNaxøH?
cM>tMbn;karBarFmµCatienAkm<Caman 23kEnøgdUcteTA ³
ú
 tMbn;]TüanCati
1-x<g;rabKirIrmü¬kMBg;s<W¦ 5-PñbUkeKa¬kMBt¦
M
2-Ekb¬RkugEkb¦ 6-ram¬RkugRBHsIhnu¦
3-buTmsaKr¬ekaHkug¦ 7-PñKUEln¬esomrab¦
M
4-vir³C½y¬rtnKirI¦
 EdnCMrkstVéRB
1-Pñ»ral;¬kMBg;qñaMg¦
M 6-BamRksal¬eBaF×sat;¦
2-PñsMkuk¬eBaF×sat;¦
M 7-rnamdUnesm¬)at;dMbg¦
3-KUelnRBhµeTB¬RBHvihar¦ 8-bwgEBr¬kMBg;FM¦
4-LMpat;¬rtnKirI¦
ú 9-PñMRBic¬mNÐlKirI¦
5-PñNamelov¬mNÐlKirI¦
M 10-sñl¬RkecH¦
Ü
 tMbn;karBareTsPaB

1-GgÁr¬esomrab
2-bnÞayqµar¬bnÞaymanC½y¦ 3-RBHvihar¬RBHvihar¦
 tMbn;eRbIR)as;eRcInya:g
1-dgEB¬ekaHkug¦
2-sMLÚt¬)at;dMbg¦ 3-Tenøsab.
230>etIviTüasaRsþEckecjb:unµanRbePT? GVIxøH?
cM>viTüasaRsþEckecjCa 2RbePTKW viTüasaRsþyuT§saRsþ nigviTüasaRsþGnuvtþ.
231>brisßanviTüacat;cUleTAkñúgviTüasaRsþRbePTNa?
cM>brisßanviTüacat;cUleTAkñgviTüasaRsþGnuvtþEdlTTYl)anviPaKTanCaeRcInBIviTüasaRsþ suT§saF.
ú
231>mUldæanRKiHénbrisßanviTüaKWVGIV?
cM>mUldæanRKiHénbrisßanviTüa KW eGkULuÚsIu.
232>eGkULÚsIuCaGVI?
cM>eGLÚsIu CaviTüasaRsþEdlsikSaBITMnak;TMngrvagPav³rs;¬mnusS stV rukçCati¦ CamUynwgmCÄdæanCMvij.
u
233>brisßanviTüasaRsþmaneKalbMNgdUcemþcsMrab;GnaKt?
cM>brisßanviTüasaRsþmaneKalbMngsMxan; sMrab;eFVI[GnaKtRbkbedaynirnþPaB.
234>sMrab;GnaKtRkbedayniirnþPaB etIRtUveFVIdUcemþc?
cM>sMrab;GnaKtRkbedayniri nþPaBsMerc)aneCaKC½yTamTar[manskmµPaBcUlrYmtaMgBIbuKÁl
mñak;² RkumRKYsar shKmn_ rhUtdl;mnusSrYbrYmTaMgGs;Edlrs;enAelIEpndITaMgmUlcUlrYm
edaHRsaybBaða brisßanTaMgGs;Kña.
234>enAqñaM1992GgÁRbCMukMBUlsþIBIbrisßan)anerobcMenATIRkugeQñaHGVI?
RbeTsGVI? manryHeBlb:unµanéf¶?mankarcUlrYmBItMnagRbeTscMnYnb:unµan?
cM>enAqñaM1992 GgÁRbCMukMBUlsþBIbrisßan)anerobcMenATIRkug rIedy:saenr:U kñgRbeTs eRbsIul.
I U ú
kic©RbCMukMBUlenHmanry³eBl 12éf¶ edaymankarcUlrYmBImRnþIraCrdæaPi)altMnagRbeTscMnYn

118 .
235>etIkic©RbCMukMBUlsþIBIbrisßanerobcMeLIgedIm,IGVI?
cM>kic©RbCMkMBUlsþIBIbrisßanerobcMeLIgedIm,IrYmKñaedaHRsayral;bBaða edIm,IbeBa©ós
u
eRKaHfñak;dl;sßanRbB½n§sMrab;eBlGnaKt.
236> etIkic©RbCMukMBUlenaHTTYl)anlT§plviC¢man nigGviC¢mandUcemþc?
cM> • lT§plviC¢manBIkic©RbCMkMBUlenAqñaM 1992 )anRBmeRBogmin)ancuHhtßelxaBIsMnak;
u
bNþaRbeTsGPivDÄn_ CYydl;RbeTskMBugGPivDÄn_ [eTACaRbeTs]sSahkmµedayKµan
eFVI[xUcxatdl;brisßan.
 lT§plGviC¢man eRkayBImankic©RBmeRBogenATIRkug rIyUdWsaenrU mkmanRbeTs
:
mhaGMnacesdækic©xøH)ancuHhtßelxarYcehIy b:uEnþBM)anGnuvtþtamkarsnüarbs;xønkñgkar
u Ü ú
kat;bnßykarbMpøajbrisßaneT RBmTaMgmin)anpþl;FnFanRKb;RKandl;bNþaRbeTs
kMBugGPivDÆn_edIm,IkarBarbrisßanpgEdr.lT§plGviCmanenaHk¾bNþalmkBIkarExVgKMnitKña
¢
rvagbNþaRbeTsGñkman nigGñkRk.
237>mUlehtuGVI EdlnaM[manvivaTrvagbNþaRbeTsRkIRk nigRbeTsGñkman?
cM>mUlehtuEdlnaM[manvivaTrvagbNþaRbeTsRkIRk nigRbeTsGñkmanbNþalmkBItMrUvkar
RcasKña. bNþaRbeTsGñkmansM[bNþaRbeTsRkIRkTb;GRtad¾rh½sénkMenInRbCaCn
u
nigcat;vFankaredIm,IkarBarFnFanFmµCati.bNaþRbeTsRkIRk)ansgát;F¶n;F¶rfa kgVl; cMbgrbs;eK
i
KWkarciBa©wmRbCaCn nigkarrs;ranmanCIvitCaRbCaCatimYy.BYkeK)an niyayfa
eKk¾RtUvkarkarBarFnFanrbs;eKEdr Etmin)aneCaKC½y 100°eT.
müa:geTotbNþaRbeTsRkIRkk¾)anlatRtdag[eXIjBIkareRbIR)as; FnFanFmµCatihYsehtu
enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsGñkmanEdlCamUlehtucMbgénbBaðabrisßanEdr.
238>GgÁkarshRbCaCati)ankMnt;ykéf¶TI b:unµan
ExNaR)arB§miTiÞjkmµviFIbrisßanshRbCaCati?
cM> GgÁkarshRbCaCati)ankMnt;ykéf¶TI 05 Ex mifuna Caéf¶R)arB§miTIjkmµviFIbrisßan shRbCaCati¬UNFP¦ .
Þ

239>etImanrebobvIr³GVIxøH enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogCaGnþrCatisþIBIbrisßanenA TIRkug
vIy:UdWsaenr:U? kic©eRBogenaH)aneFVIkarsMercdUcemþc?
cM>enAkñgkic©RBmeRBogCaGnþrCatisþIBIbrisßanenATIRkug vIy:saenr:U manvIr³dUcteTA KWrebobvIr³sMrab; s>vTI 21
ú U
sn§isBaØaEpndIeLIgkMedAesckþEI føgkarN_sþIBIeKalkarN_éRBeQI
nigmanrebobvIr³énkic©RBmeRBogepSg²eTot.kic©RBmeRBogenaH)aneFVIsMerc
[RbeTsTaMgGs;cUlrYmcuHhtßelxa nigRbtibtþtamkic©RBmeRBogenaH.
i
240>PUmiPaK|sankm<úCaeRcInRKbdNþb;eTAeday dI)asal;.
241>viFIdaMdHuedaypøas;bþÚrmuxdMnaMenAelIdIEtmYy nigmincaM)ac;TukdI[enA
TMenrehAfabnøas;dMnaM.
242>]bkrN_EbøgfamBlRBHGaTitü[eTACafamBlGKÁisnIedaypÞalehA fa
fµBilRBHGaTitü rWpUtUvu:ltaGiuc.
243>RbeTseyIgmanTb;varIGKÁIsnI2kEnøg.etITMnb;varIGKÁIsnIenaHmanenA TIINaxøH?
nigmanGanuPaBbu:nµan?
cM> RbeTseyIgmanTb;varIGKÁsnI2kEnøgKW³
I
 mYyenAGUrCMu ¬rtn³KIrI¦manGanuPaB 1MW
 mYyeTotenAKIrIrmü ¬kMBg;s<¦ manGanuPaB 0MW
W
244>edIm,IrkSaFnFan FmµCatieyIg)anKg;vgS etIrdæaPi)al
RtUvmanviFankarGnuvtþdUcemþcxøH?
cM>edIm,IrkSaFnFan FmµCatieyIg)anKg;vgSrdæaPi)al RtUvmanviFankarGnuvtþRtUv³
 begátc,ab;rkSakarBarFnFanFmµCati[)anRKb;RKan; RBmTaMgGnuvtþc,ab;TaMgenaH[)anRbkb
I
edayRbsiTi§PaB.
 Gb;rMRbCaCneyIg[sl;c,as;GMBI GtßRbeyaCn_ [ecHRslaj; nigecHCYyrkSakarBarsm,tþFmµCati.
i
 eRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCati edaysnSMsMéc RBmTaMg mankarbNþHdaMeLIgvijpg BiesséRBeQI.
ú

245>cUrreobrab;KuNsm,tiþnigKuNvibtþirbs;CIsrIragÁ nigCIGsrIragÁ .
etICINamYyRbesIrCag?eRBaHGVI?
cM> • CIsrIragÁ ³ sarFatuFmµCati
KuNsm,tþi ³ -begánsmtßPaBRsUbTwkBIdI
I
-T§BlelIsarBagÁkay.
i
KuNvibtþi ³ -pþl;sarCaticiBaw©myWt² eFV[rukçCatiduHyWt
I
 CIGsrIragÁ ³ sarFatuKImI
KuNsm,tþi ³ -pþl;sarCatiPøam²d;l;rukçCati
 rukçCatilUtlas;rh½sTan;citþ
KuNvibtþi ³ -sarCatixøHRsUbminTan;Gs;enAsl;
 sarCatiKImIxøH rukçCatiminRtUvkar naM[enAsl;EdleFVI[dIrwgxøaMg
CIsrIragÁRbesIrCag eRBaHdIFUrEdlGacrkSaKuNPaBdI)anl¥.
CIGsrIragÁeFVI[dIrwgkþaMgEdlnaM[xUcKuNPaBdI.
246>sarFatuBulEdlekItmanpÞal;kñúgsmuRTmYycMnYnRbmaN 30°.
247>Er:eRbgkat nig]sµ½nFmµCatimanRbPBkMenItmkBI sMnl;stVsmuRTl¥it²
247>Pñak;garbMpøajRsTab;GUsUnd¾skmµKW Cl.
248>sMnl;rwgRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;CageKKW sMnl;BImnÞIreBTü.
249>m:UelKulGUsUnpSMeLIgedaym:UelKul GuksIuEsncMnYnbI.
250>smasFatusrIragÁeRcInEbbEdlpSMeLIgeday GIuRdUEsn nigkabUnehAfaGIuRdUkabY.
251>bMEngEcksMramsMrab;ykeTAeFVICakMEnécñCafµI pþl;GtßRbeyaCn_
2ya:gKWbegáItkargarfµI² nigkat;bnßysMnl;rwg.
252>cUrGFib,ay Bnül;smIkartagRbtikmµxageRkam ³
CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O + CO2↑

cM>smIkarenHtag[GMeBIbMpøajBIsMnak;kMnkGasIts‘lpYriceTAelIGaKarnigsMng;epSg²Edl
u u
eRbIsMrab;sMng;dUcCakMe)arnigfµm:abCaedIm.sMng;TaMgenaHnwg)ak;xUcxatebIKµanviFankarTb; sáat;eT.
253>RbPBkgVk;TwksMxan;CageK KWsMnl;eragcRkFM.
254>cUrniyayGMBIbMerIbMras;TwksMrab;eTscrN_enAkm<úCa.
cM>bMerIbMras;TwksMrab;eTscrN_enARbeTskm<CaGacTak;TajePJóveTscrN_RKb;v½ydUcCa³ -bwgnana ³
ú
bwgTenøsab bwgykSelam -kEnøgTwkFøak; ³ TwkQU
TwkeRCaH>>>>. –eqñrsmuRT ³ eqñrRkugRBHsIhnu
eqñrenARkugEkb>>>>.
255>elah³mYysßtkñúgRkumelah³F¶n; KW kat;mJÚ:m.
i
256>dMNaMcMruHmaneRcInCan;enAelIdIEtmYy nigKµankarrMxanrvagKñaehAfa Gg;RtasIut.
257>rUbFatuedImEdlykmkeRbIR)as;sMrab;plitGKÀsnI tamviFIrlaynuyekøEG‘r KWGIRu dUEsn
i
258>bMElgfamBlemkanic énTwkFøak;[eTACafamBlGKÁsnIehAfa varIGKÁsnI.
i
259>ehtuGVI)anCaeKfaPBEpndI CaPBTwk?
cM>)anCaeKfaPBEpndICaPBTwkeRBaH 70°énépÞdICamNÐlTwk.
260>ehtuGVI)anCafa TwkCaFNFanekIteLIgvij?
cM>)anCafaTwkCaFnFanekIteLIgvijeRBaH vabMeBjeLIgvijedayvdþTwk.
261>enAkñúgbwgrak;²eBlRtUvkMedAéf¶xøaMgeKeXIjRtIBul.etI)atuPUtenH bNþalmkBIGVI?
cUrBnül;?
cM> enAbwgrak;²enAeBlRtUvkMedAéf¶xøaMgeKeXIjRtIBulBIeRBaHTwkRtUvkMedAéf¶xøaMg)at;bg;brimaN GuksIuEsn
naM[RtIBul.edaysarbrimaNGuksIEu snrlaykñgTwkminRKb;RKan;sMrab;CIvtkñgTwk
ú i ú

262>GVIxøHEdlCaFnFanfamBl rIgs¶Üt nigminecHrIgs¶Üt?
etIFnFanTaMgBIrenHpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_ nigKuNvibtþidUcKñaEdrrWeT? cUrBnül;?
cM> • FnFanfamBlrIgs¶Üt manFüÚgfµ eRbgkat nig]sµ½nFmµCati.
 FnFamfamBlminecHrIgs¶t manTwk xül; RBHGaTitü famBlkMedA CIvma:s.
Ü i
bMerIbMras;FnFanfamBlTaMgBIrRkumenH pþl;³ -GtßRbeyaCn_ ³ CYydl;karGPivDÆn_sgÁm
nigesdækic©BPBelak. -KuNvibtþi ³ begát]sµ½nBulenAkñúgbriyakas eFVV[xUcbriyakas
i I I
b:HBal;dl;CivitstV nigrukçCati naM[b:HBal;dl;brisßanBiPBelak¬ePøógGasIt kMenInkMedAelIBIPBelak>>>¦.
u
 RkumTI1 CafamBls¥atminbeBa©jsarFatueTAkñgbriyakasmanplb:HBal;tictYcdl;
ú
sßanRbB½n§éntMbn;Tnaj>>>.
M
263>-sarFatubMBulGakascMbg KW sµÚkpUtUKImI. -
Pñak;garbMpøajGUsUnrbs;EpndIEdlskmµCageK KW kør:YPøÚyGr:YkabUn. - karsÞak;yk
nigrkSakMedA [enAEk,répÞEpndI ehAfa plpÞHkBa©k; . -rebc man 2RbePT -
RbB½n§dMnaMcMruHEdlmaneRcInCan; ¬edImeQIculøRBwkS
nigdMnaMepSg²eTot¦KµankarRbECgKñakñúg kEnøgmYyehAfa ksirukçkmµ. -
GgÁFatumanRbeyaCn_EdlmankñúgdIb¤elIsMbkdIehAfaFnFanEr:
 edIm,IbMeBjsarFatuciBa©wm[dI ksikrRtUvbEnßm CI [dI. -TenøemKgÁRbEvg 4200
K>m.hUrkat;km<úCaRbEvg 500 K>m. – pUsIuln§n³ravehAfaeRbg
263>briyakasEpndICaGVI? mantYnaTIdUcemþcxøH? cUrBnül;?
cM>briyakasEpndI KWCaRsTab;]sµnEdlsßtenACMuvijEpndI.mannaTIdUcteTA³
½ i
 Car)aMgkarBarEpndIedayRsUbykkaMrsµIRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; karBarPav³[eCosputBIT§Bl
ÙnkaMrsµsVayG‘lRta.
I u
 RTRTg;CIvitelIEpndI edaypþl;]sµnkabUnicsMrab; rukçCati nigGuksIEu sn sMrab;dkdegðm.
½ I
 rkSasarFatuBulEdlmnusS)anbeBa©jecalbgáeRKaHfñak;dl;CvitelIEpndI.
I

264>-dMenIr)at;bg;dIRsTab;elIEdlCaRsTab;manCIvCatiCageKedaysarxül;bk;
b¤TwkhUreRcaHehAfa sMnwk.
 RbsinebIeKCIkGNþÚgcMkEnøgTwkbiT enaHTwkGacpusecjx<s; eKehAGNþÚgenHfa
GNþÚg Twkpus.
 FnFanTwkCa FnFanekIteLIgvij EdlmanclnaCaRbcaMenAkñúgvdþTwk.
 bMerIbMras;famBlRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;xøaMgCageKeBlvaelcFøayKW
famBlRBHGaTitü.
 RbPBfamBlEdlGacCYspUsIuln§n³)anKWfamBlxül; famBlkMedA
famBlRBHGaTitü nigCIv³ma:s.
 G‘uyra:j:ÚmmYypþl;famBlesµInwgFüÚgfµcMnYn 3/5 etan -
sarFatubMBulEdlmanedaypÞal;eTAGakasedayskmµrbs;mnusS
b¤edayFmµCatiehAfa sarFatubMBulbzm.
265>etIeKbegáIttMbn;karBarFmµCatiedIm,IGVI?
cM>eKbegáIttMbn;karBarFmµCati edImI,GPirkS nigkareRbIR)as;CIv³saRsþcMruH.karkarBar FnFan
FmµCatirYmmanstVéRB [)anKg;vgS.
266>etIFnFandI)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;eFVIGVIxøH?
cM>FnFandIRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab; ³
 sMng;epSg²dUcCa³ TIRkug PUmikr TIRbCMuCn RbB½n§KmnaKmn_ eragcRk]sSahkmµ
eragcRksib,kmµepSg²>>>.
 ksikmµ ³ kardaMduHepSg²dUcCadMnaMes,óg dMnaM]sSahkmµ karciBa©wmstV nigdIsMrab;éRBeQI.
267>kar)at;bg;éRBeQICaktþaEdlnaM[mankMenInkabUnDIGuksIutkñg sMnlviTüúskmµ.
ú
268>brisßanBiPBelak KW 05 mifuna .
269>kar)at;bg;éRBeQICaktþaEdlnaM[mankMenIn kabUnDIGuk.

270>kMENécñ CafµI RbRBwtþkmµsMnl;[eTACafamBl.
271> kMbu:skmµ RbRBwtþkmµsMnl;srIragÁ[eTACaCI.
272>dMnutsMnl; RbRBwtþkmµsMnl; edIm,Ibnßy maDnigTMgn; .
273>GgÁFatuCaFnFanekIteLIgvijKå dI.
274> etIrebcrUbnigrebcKImI manlkçN³dUcemþc?
rebcman 2RbePTKWrebcrUb nigrebcKImI ³
-rebcrUb CaT§BlénclnaTwk sItuNðPaB xül; kMedA nigktþaCIv³eTAelIsilaem kñgdMenIrbgák-rlay.
i ú
-rebcKImI CaT§BlxniCenAkñgsilaEdlmanRbtþikmµCamYynwgktþaepSg²dUcCaktþaTwk GuksIutkmµ kabUnkmµ
i ú
GasIts‘ulpYric nigktûaGasIutrukØCati
u
275> t,ÚgTTwmnigt,ÚgkeNþógCaEr: manenAmanenAmNÐléb:lin.
276>kVatmanenA taEkvnigEkb.
277>fµma:bmanenA sÞwgERtg.
278>fµkMe)ar nig pUsVat manenAkUnPñmYycMnYn.
M
279>PñtasaysßtenA kMBg;cam sñÜl.
M i
280>rIy:UlItmanenA kUnPñMmYycMnYn Ek,rPñMeBj.
281>TwksabenAelIépÞdICalT§plkMnkGakas.
282>TwkCaFnFanekIteLIgvij.
283>TenøsßitenATVIbGasIu.
284>TenøxULÚra:dUsßitenATVibGaemricxageCIg
285> famBlekIteLIgvij man famBlxül; .
286> karbMEbkGatUmedIm,IbeBa©jfamBlKW³ bnÞúHbMEbknuyekøEG‘r.
287> GIuRdUkabYrplit sñÚkpUtUKImI.
288> cMehHpUsIlnÞnnigkarbMpøaj éRBeQInaM[man kMenInplpÞHkBa©k;.
289> kør:UPøúyGr:UkabUnCaGñkbMpøaj GUsUn.

290> shKmn_³ RkummnusSEdlmanplRbeyaCn_rYmKña.
291> rdæRbhar³ karvayykGMnac rW bu:nb:gykGMnacedaykMlaMg.
292> cMnakRsuk³ clnacakecj rbs;RbCaCn eq<aHeTAtMbn;;epSg²eTot
rWRbeTsepSgeTot.
293> cMnUlRsuk³ clnaRbCaCnEdlcUlmktaMgTIlMenAkñúgtMbn;mYy
rWkñúgRbeTsmYy.
294> TurPikS ³ PaBGt;Xøan.
295> vismPaB³ PaBminesµIKµa.
296> snÞsSn_GPivDÆ³kMriténkar rIkcMerIn.
297> )øasµdüÚm ³ eQµaHemeraK RKúncaj;.
298> kaLÚrI³ xñatmYyénfamBl¬sMKal;kMritfamBlcMNIGahar¦.
299> GTiPaB³ PaBedImdMbUg.
300> Gkçrkmµ ³ skmµPaB rWGMeBIEdleFVI[mnusSecHGkSr.
301> sm,TaxagGMnan³ karEdlGan)anRtwmRtUvl¥.
302> esvasgÁm³ skmµPaBbMeBjtMrUvkarsMrab;sgÁm¬mnÞIreBTüsalaeron pøÚvfñl;¦
303> esvamUldæan ³ skmµPaBbMeBjtMrUvkarkñúgmUldæan ¬Twk ePøIg Gnam½y
bgÁn;eRbIR)as;¦.
304> CIvma:s³ CaRbB½n§eGkULÚsIuNamYy
305> varIvb,kmµ ³ karciBa©wmRtI nig daMrukçCati xøHkúñgTwksab.
306> RsUvR)aMg ³ CaRsUvdaMduHcenøaHExvicäikarnig ]sPa.
307> RsUvvsSa ³RsUvdaMduHenArdUvvsSa ¬]sPa - vicäika¦.
308> esdækic©TIpSar ³
RbB½n§skmµPaBplitnigEckcayEdlra:b;rgedayshRKasehIy
mankarRbkYtRbECgKña.

309> vinieyaKTunbreTs³ karbNþak;TunrksIuBIxageRkA.
310> vis½yKµanTrg;c,as;las;³ vis½yEdlKµanGñkTTYlxusRtUv.
311> smahrNkmµ³ karrYmbBa©ÚlKña.
312> kMENTMrg;rdæ)al ³ karerobcMrdæ)aleLIgvij[)anRbesIrCagmun.
313> GaCJab½NÑ ³ b½NÑRbKl;siTi§.
314> smaCikPaB ³ PaBCasmaCikeBjelj.
315> TIsñak;kareTscrN_³ kEnøgEdleTscrN_eFVITMnak;TMng .
316> mKÁúeTsk¾eTscr³ GñknaMpøÚveTscr.
317> ]TüanCati³ tMbn;EfrkSaedayrdæmin[eFVIGaCIvkmµéRBeQI nigRbmaj;.
318> yuT§P½NÐ ³ sMParsMrab;eFVIswksRgÁam.
319> minRbqaMgmnusS ³minEdlGaceFVI[mnusSBikarnigrhUtdl;)at;bg;CIvit.
320> Ktiyutþ³ dMenIrRtwmRtUvBitR)akd.
321> nKerabnIykmµ ³ karerobcMTIRkúg.
322> ehdæarcnasm<½n§³ bNþajKmnaKmn_mnÞIreBTü salaeron>>>.
323> skþanuPaB ³ GnuPaBd¾xøaMg.
324> vinieyaKTun ³kardak;TunrksuI.
325> Tinñpl ³ plEdlTTYl)ankñúgmYyhicta.
326> ekSRtbrisßan ³ TICMuvijtMbn;ERscMkar.
327> ÉkCnnIykmµ³ karEdleFVI[eTACaÉkCn.
328> mUlFnniym³ RbB½n§esdækic©EdlBwgEp¥kelIkmµsiTi§ÉkCn.
329> shB½n§niym³ RbB½n§neya)ayEdlRbmUlpþúM shKmn_
kñúgrdæmYyEdlkarBarsV½y PaB.
330> navacrN_Ek,reqñrsmuRT³ navacrN_CMnYjBIkMBg;EpmYy eTAkMBg;EpmYyeTot
elIrycMgayxøI kñúglMhsmuRT.

331> ExSRkvat; RBHGaTitü
CatMbn;EdlsMbUrkMedARBHGaTitüCagtMbn;déTeTotkñúgRbeTs.
RbeTskm<úCa
 TItaMg ³ TVbGasIGeKñy_
I u
 épÞdI ³ 181035 K>mkaer
 RbCaCn ³11437656nak; kñg 1198.
ú
 GRtakMenIn 2/49° ¬kñg1qñaM¦
ú
 rdæFanI ³PñeM Bj
 Pasa ³Exµr
 rUbiyb½NÑ ³erol
RBMRbTl;
 xageCIg ³ éf nig Lav -xagt,Úg³ evotNam >QUgsmuRTéf
 xaglic³ éf> QUgsmuRTéf -xagekItevotNam
shrdæGaemrik
 TItaMg ³ TVbGaemricxageCIg
I
 épÞdI³ 9363123 Kmkaer
 RbCaCn ³ 269>4lannak; kñúg 1996
 GRtakMenIn ³ 0/98° ¬kñg1qñaM¦
ú
 rdæFanI ³ v:asIjetan
u
 Pasa ³Gg;eKøs
 rUbiyb½NÑ³ duløar shrdæGaemrik
RBMRbTl;
 xageCIg ³ RbeTkaNada -xagt,Úg ³RbeTsmicsiuckU
u

 xagekIt ³ mhasmuRTGtøg;tic -xaglicmhasmuRT)a:sIPic
u
RbeTsCbu:n
 TItaMg ³TVIb GasIbUBa’
u
 épÞdI ³ 377 829 Kmkaer
 RbCaCn ³ 126lannak; kñg 2000
ú
 GRtakMenIn ³ 0/18° ¬kñg1qñaM¦
ú
 rdæFanI ³tUküÚ
 Pasa ³ Cb:n u
 rUbiyb½NÑ ³ eyn
RBMRbTl; ³
 xageCIg ³smuRT GUxut s_ -xagt,Úg ³ smuRT cin
 xaglic³ smuRT Cbun : -xagekIt ³mhasmuRT)a:sIPic
u
333>TMrg;RbCaraRsþenAkm<úCarYmmanGVIxøH? etITMrg;enHERbRbYleTAtamGVI?
kñúgkMLúgqñaMNa EdlTMrg;RbCaraRsþ enAkm<úCamankarERbRbYlxøaMgCageK?eRBaHGVI?
cM> TMrg;RbCaraRsþenAkm<CarYmmandg;suIetRbCaCn TMrg;tamePT nigGayu RbCaCn skmµnig
ú
RkumTn;exSay.
 TMrg;enHERbRbYleTAtamsm½ykalnImYy².
 kñgkMLgqñaM 1975-1979 TMrg;RbCaraRsþenAkm<úCamankarERbRbYlxøaMgCageK. eRBaH
ú ú
kMLgqñaMenHsßtenAkñgninñakarénrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_ ExµrRkhm RbCaCnrab;lannak;
ú i ú
)anRtUvsøab;eRkamkarkab;sMlab; karbg¥t;Gahar nigCm¶dgáat;epSg².
W
334>sNæandIenARbeTskm<úCaeKEckCabu:nµantMbn;?etItMbn;NaxøHEdl
manmnusSrs;enAeRcInCageK?ticCageK?eRBaHGVI?
c>sNæandIenARbeTskm<úCaeKEckCa 4tMbn;FM²KW ³

tMbn;valrab tMbn;Tenøsab tMbn;eqñrsmuRT tMbn;PñM nig x<g;rab.
tMbn;Edl manmnusSrs;enAeRcInCageKKW tMbn;varab Tenøsab nigeqñrsmuRT eRBaH³
 manTItaMgl¥RbesIr cMeBaHdMnuHRbCaCn
 sMbUrpøÚvTwk RtI pøvKmnaKmn_
Ú
 sMbUrN_ dImanCICati
tMbn;Edl manmnusSrs;enAticCageKKW tMbn; x<g;rab nig PñM eRBaH
- manTItaMgBMul¥RbesIr cMeBaHdMnuHRbCaCn
- Kµanehdæarcnasm<n§RÁ Kb;RKan;
½
- CatMbn;Gsnþsux nig Cm¶Wqøg ¬RKúncaj;¦
i
335>GKÁsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;CnePosxøÜnenAkm<úCa sresr
kat;edayGkSrGVI? ehIymatuPUmivivtþn_ énCnePosxøÜnenHeFVIeLIgenA
eBlNa?erobcMeLIgedayGñkNa?edIm,IGVI?
cM>GKÁsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;CnePosxøÜnenAkm<Ca sresr kat;edayGkSr UNHCR.
ú
÷matuPUminivtþn_enHeFVeI LIgenAeBlEdlmankic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaBnaTIRkúg)a:rIs ¬ 23 tula 1991 ¦.
÷erobcMeLIgedayGKÁsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;CnePosxøn. Ü
÷edIm,Ipþl;lT§PaBdl;karvilRtlb;mkvijedaysµR½ KcitþénCnePosxøn BICMurMRu Kb;RKgeday
Ü
GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEdl)ansMEdgqnÞ³rbs;xønkñgbMNgvil Rtlb;cUlkñgmatuRbeTsvij.
Ü ú ú
336>etIGVIxøHCaRbPBbMlas;TIlMenAsMxan;enAkm<úCa? etIsRgÁamenAkm<úCa
naMmknUvplvi)akya:gNaxøHcMeBaHRbCaCn?
c>RbPBbMlas;TIlMenAsMxan;enAkm<CaKW³
ú
 sRgÁam - eRKaHTurPikS -cMnakRsuk – cMnUlRsuk -GaBah_BiBah_ -karpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgeFIVkar –
eronsURt -vibtþineya)aykñúgRbeTs
÷plvi)aknigsRgÁam
 bgávinaskmµdl;RbCaCn

 eFVI[ehdæarcnasm<n§Gn;fy
½
 eFVI[vis½yesdækicð©Føak;cuH
 bnSl;TkRKab;mInrayeBjdI
u
 bnSl;TknUvRsþIemma:y CnBikarnigekµgkMRBa.
u
337>ehtuGVI)anCabc©úb,nñenHRbeTskm<úCaCaRbeTsmYyEdlmancMnYn
RsþIemma:yeRcIn ehIyGRtarYmcMEnkk¾fycuHcMeBaHRkumGayuBI7 qñaMeTA29qñaM?
cM>RsIþemma:yfycuHeRcIneRBaH
 sRgÁamkñgRsukGUsbnøay
ú
 karsøab;bnSl;BIrbbExµrRkhm ¬burssøab;eRcIn¦
 vinaskmµedaysarRKab;mInEdlbnSl;TukkñgsRgÁam
ú
 karkab;éRB k-5
÷GRtarYmcMENkfgycHycMeBaHRkumGayu7qñaMeTA29 qñaMeRBaHRkumGayuenHsßitkñgv½y sikSa
ú
BIessKWlT§PaBcUleron nigTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalekIneLIg.
338>cUrGFib,ayBIcMnYnRbCaCnnigdg;suIetEdlmanenAtamtMbn; nImYy²
kñúgRbeTskm<úCa. kñúgcMeNamtMbn;TaMgenaHetIdg;sIuetERbRbYl xøaMgCageKenATINa?
c>÷tMbn;valrab ³¬PñeM Bj>kNþal/kMBg;cam/éRBEvg/sVayerog nig taEkv ¦ RbCaCnman cMnYn
5898305nak;=5157°dg;sIuetmancMnYn 235nak;kñg1Kmkaer. ú
÷tMbn;Tenøsab³ ¬kMBg;FM/esomrab/)at;dMbg/eBaFIsat;/kMBg;qñaMg/bnÞaymanC½ynig éb:lin¦
RbCaCnmancMnYn 3505448nak; =30/65°dg;suIetman 52nak;kg1Kmkaer. ñú
÷tMbn;eqñrsmuRT¬RkugRBHsIhnu/RkugEkb/kMBtnigekaHkug¦ RbCaCnmancMnYn 844/861nak;=7/39°
dg;sIuetman 49nak;kg1Kmkaer.
ñú
÷tMbn;x<g;rabnigPñM ¬kMBg;s<W/sÞgERtg/rtnKIrI/mNÐlKIrI/RkecHnigRBHvihar¦ RbCaCncMnYn 1189042nak;
w
= 10/39°dg;sIuetman 17nak;kg1Kmkaer.ñú

÷dg;sIuetERbRbYlxøaMgCageKKWenAPñeM Bj 3448nak;kñg1Kmkaer.nigextþmNÐlKIrI 2nak;-10nak;
ú
kñg1Kmkaer.
ú
339>vtþmankgT½BevotNam elITwkdIkm<úCacab;epþImenAqñaMNa?
dkecjBIkm<úCaenAqñaMNa? eBldkeTAmanbBaðecaTeLIgEdrrWeT? cUrbBa¢ak;.
cM>vtþmankgT½BevotNamelITkdIkm<Cacab;epþImenAqñaM 1979dl; qñaM 1989.
w ú
dkecjeTAvijenAqñaM1989.eBldkmanbBaðaxøHekIteLIg dUcCamankarrIkduHdalénkar
RbyuT§rvagkgT½Brd×aPi)alnigT½Bts‘.
U
340>dUcemþcEdlehAfaRbCaCnskmµ? etIRbCaCnskmµkñúgEpñkTI1 /TI2nigTI3
ènesdækic¨nImYy²manbu:nµanPaKry? tamry³ Tnñ½yBt’man xagelI
etIRbeTskm<úCaCaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ rWGPivDÆn_?
¬sßiti sgÁmkic© enAkm<úCa vis½yksikmµ ³78/2° vis½y]sSahkmµ 4/7°
esvakmµ 17/1°.
cM>÷tamsßitisgÁmkic©enAkm<CaqñaM1996 visüyksikmµpþl;kargar)an 78/2° vis½y]sSahkmµ 4/7°
ú
esvakmµ 17/1° .
k-RbCaCnskmµ³ CaRbCaCnEdlRbLUkkñgplitkmµsgÁmdUcCa ksikr kmµkr BaNiC¢kr FnaKarik
ú
mRnþrI aCkar .l. rIÉRBHsgÇcas;Cra sisS>>>minEmnCaRbCanskmµeT.
x-PaKryénRbCaCnskmµkg³ ñú
 EpñkTI 1 78/2° ¬ksikmµ¦
 EpñkTI2 4/7° ¬]sShkmµ¦
 EpñkTI3 17/1° ¬esvakmµ¦
K-Bnül; ³RbeTsGPivDÆn_kalNaEpñkTI2nigTI3x<s;.
RbeTskm<CamanEpñkTI1 x<s; EpñkTI2nigTI3Tab dUcenHCaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. edIm,I[
ú
RbeTskm<CakøayCaRbeTsGPivDÆn_eKRtUvBRgIkEpñkTI2 ¬]sShkmµ¦nigEpñkTI3.
ú

enAeBl]sSahkmµrIkcMerIn]sShkmµRsUbykkMlaMgBlkmµBIksikmµ PaKryksikmµcuH
ehIyPaKry]sSahkmµekIneLIg.CamYyKñaenHynþkmµksikmµcUleTACMnYsksikmµRbéBNI
341> tamÉksarrbs;GgÁkarGPivDÆn_RbCaCnénGgÁkarshRbCaCati qñaM 1997
kumarkm<úCaeRcInbMerIkñúgkargar ¬29/3° enA Cn bT
11/3°enATIRkug¦nwgeFVICaRsIþeBsüa GnItiCn¬35°¦ etIGñkyl;dUcemþc
cMeBaHbBaðaxagelIenH?
cM> tamÉksarrbs;GgÁkarGPivDÆn_RbCaCnénGgÁkarshRbCaCati qñaM 1997kumarkm<úCa
eRcInbMerIkñgkargar ¬29/3° enA Cn bT 11/3°enATIRkug¦nwgeFVICaRsIeþ Bsüa GnItCn¬35°¦
ú i
enaH´yl;fa³
 kumarCaTMBaMgsñgb¤sSI
 kumarCakMlaMgRbeTsCatienAGnaKt
 kumareFVICaRsþeI BsüaxUcsuxPaB min)aneronsURt.
 GnaKtCamþayminl¥
 rdæaPi)alRtU)annwgkMBugmanviFankarN_Tb;sáat;[xagEt)aneRBaHRbqaMgnwsiT§kumar.
i
342>eKniyayfacab;BIqñaM 1991mk TIRkugenAkm<úCaCYbRbTHbnÞúHxag
pøÚvePT?cUrBnül;? etIrdæaPi)almanviFankarya:gNaEdrcMeBaHbBaðaenH?
cM>TIRkugenAkm<CaCYbRbTHbnÞHxag pøvePTeRBaH³
ú ú Ú
 bBaðaCIvPaBxVHxat
 karePøtePønénBBYkyuvv½y
I I
 karsabeRBaHnUvvb,Fm’minl¥BIxageRkARbeTs
 karsu‘R¿ KlMxilxUc BIBBYkCbmYykûab;tUc
>>viFankarrdæaPi)al
 edaHRsayCIvPaBRbCaCn[rs;enAsmrmü
 bNûHbNûalviC¢aCIvnigsIlFm’ l¥dl;BBYkyuvv½y
ù

 Tb;sÔat;[)annUvkarnaMcUlvb,Fm’minl¥mkkÜgRbeTs
ù
 salaRkugnigRksYgmansmtßkic©manviFankartwgrwgcMeBaHGñkRbRBwtþ bTelµIsnana.
343>ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTskm<úCaekItmanCm¶WRKuncaj;? etICMgWenHeRcInekIt
manenAtMbn;NaxøH? vaGacqøgmkmnusS)antamryGVI? cUrrab;eQµaH
extþEdlmanRbCaCnsøab;eRcInCageK edaysarCMgWRKuncaj;enH.
cM>RbeTskm<úCa ekItmanCMgWRKuncaj;)anedaysarmantMbn;x<g;rabkigPñMEdlsMbUreTAedayéRB
eQIx<s;²sþkEdlCatMbn;énCMgWRKuncaj;.
ú
÷Cm¶eW nHeRcInekItmanenAtMbn;sanénextþrtnKIrI/tMbn;GeKñy_énextþRkecH/tMbn;tamRBMRbTl;
ÙnextûRBHviharnigextû]tûmanC½yRBMRbTl;extû)at;dMbgeBaFisat;tbn;cMkarekAsU‘nig RkugÙb:lin.
M
÷Cm¶eW nHGacqøgmkmnusS)antamrymUsEdkeKalEdlBaMnaMnUvemerK)øasµadüÚmbBa©ÚleTA kñgQammnusS.
ú
÷extþEdlmanRbCaCnsøab;eRcInedayCMGWEKuncaj;KW)at;dMbg esomrab eBaFisat; kMBg;FM RkecH kMBg;cam nig
éb:lin.
÷viFankaredIm,ITb;sáat;cMeBaHcMgWenHKW³
 Gb;rMRbCaCnBIviFIkarBar
 begátkMrityl;dwgBICMgWenHdl;RbCaCn
I
 EckcaymugRClk;fñaM dl;RbCaCntamextþ EdlmanGRtaCMgWRKuncaj; kMritmFümnigx<s;.
 elbfñaMkarBarCMgWRKuncaj; ³ KInIn kørr:KIn>>>
U
 kMcat;sMbukmUsEdkeKal.
344>etIRbCaCnecHGkSrkMritx<s;manenATIRbCMuCnrWCnbT?mancMnYnbu:nµan
nak;?bu:nµanPaKry? PaKeRcInCabursrWRsþI?
cM>RbCaCnecHGkSrkMritx<s;eRcInmanenATIRbCMuCnmanRbmaN 1131104nak;=75° PaKeRcInCaburs.
345>vismPaBénkarcUleronmanTMnak;TMngeTAtamePTEdrrWeT? edIm,IelIk
kMBs;karGb;rM[)anl¥etIeKRtUveFVIGVIxøH?

cM>vismPaBénkarcUleronmanTMnak;TMngeTAtamePTEdreRBaHcab;BIsalamFümsikSa bzm PUmi
eTAcMnYnsisSRbusmaneRcInCagsisSRsI.
÷edIm,IelIkkMBs;karGb;rM[)anl¥ eKRtUvpSarP¢ab;rvasalaeroneTAnwg shKmn_. eRBaH
kumarenACnbTmYycMnYnBMumanlT§PaBTTYlkarsikSaeRcIndUckumarenATIRkugeLIyeRBaH
kumarenACnbTmYycMnYn FM)ane)aHbg;karsikSaecal.
346>enAkm<úCaetIextþNaxøHEdlmanmNÐlsuxPaBticCageK?
extþEdlP¢ab;bNþajTwks¥ateRbIR)as;ticCageKnigeRcInCaCeK?
cM> enAkm<úCaextþEdlmanmNÐlsuxPaBticCageKKW rtnKIrI/mNÐlKIrI /eBaFisat;/RkecH/
kMBt/RkugEkb/RkugRBHsIhnu/nigRkugéb:lin.
÷extþEdltP¢ab;bNþajTks¥ateRbR)as;tcCageKKW³esomrab éRBEvg/kMBg;FM/ bnÞaymanC½y/kMBg;qñaMg
i
nigkNþal/
÷extþRkugEdl)antP¢ab;bNþajTwks¥ateRbIR)as;eRcInCageKKW ³ kMBt kMBg;cam kMBgs<W )at;dMbg sÞwgERtg
eBaFisat; ekaHkug RkecH sVayerog taEkv nigRkugRBHsIhnu .
347>sBVéf¶CMgWeGds_kMBugratt,atya:gxøaMgenAkm<úCa.
k-etICMgWenHqøgtamryGVI?
x-etIeKRtUvTb;sáat;CMgWenHedayviFINa:
cM>k-CMgWeGds_qøgtamry³
 karcak;bBa©ÚlQam ¬QampÞúkemeraKeGds_
 karvHkat;nig m¢lcak;kxVk;
ú
 karb:HBal;dMe)AedayQammanpÞúkemeraKeGds_
 cMlgtamkarrYmePTBIsMnak; édKUpÞkemeraKeGds_
ú
 cMlgBImþayeTAkUntamkarbMe)AedaHmþayEdlpÞúkemeraK
x-viFIkarBarTb;sáat;CMgWeGds_
 kMeu RbImlcak;rYmKña
¢ú
 kMbBa©ÚlQamedaymin)anBinitüCamun
u

 kMru YmePTCamYyGñkrksIpøvePTedaymin)aneRbIeRsamGnam½y
uÚ
 bursnig RsþRI tUvesµaHsµR½ K mYynigmYy.
348>tamr)aykarN_viTüasßanCatisßitiqñaM 1998
bgðajfaCneBjv½ykñúgextþmNÐlKIrImanGRtaGkçrPaBTab KWBI 16/3°eTA 26/4°
ÉCneBjv½yenAPñMeBjmanGRtaGkçrPaBx<s;rhUt dl82/1°.
1-cUrbBa¢ak;GMBImUlehtuEdlnaM[manvismPaBénGkçrPaBrvagextþ – Rkug
TaMgBIrenH.
2-etIGnkçrPaBpþl;plvi)aky:agNaxøHdl;sgÁmesdækic©km<úCa?
cM> 1-CneBjv½ykñgextþmNÐlKIrImanGRtaGkçrPaBTabeRBaHCneBjv½ysBVéf¶KWCamnusS
ú
EdlekItqñaM1980 eLIgextþmNÐlKIrICaextþTTYlrgnUvsRgÁamGs;CaeRcInqñaMeFV[ salaeronRtUvbiTTVar.
I
 CaextþBMsUvmankarlUtlas;Epñkesdækic©
u
 RbCaCnpaKeRcInCaCnCatimanCIvPaBRkIRk BMsUv ykcitþTkdak; eTAelIkareronsURtrbs;
u u
kUneRBaHBYkeKrs;enAtamrebobéRBPñ.
M
 BMusUvmanRKUnigsalaeron
 salaeronenAq¶ayBIpÞH xVHmeFüa)ayeTAkan;sala.
÷CneBjv½yenAPñMeBjmanGRtaGkçrPaBx<s;eRBaH³
 kñgeBlsRgÁam 1970-1975 BMu)anbiTTVardUcenAextþmNÐlKIrIeT.
ú
 PÜeM BjCaraCFanICamCÆmNÊlesd×kic¨neya)aysgÀmnigvb,Fm’.
 RbCaCnPaKeRcInmanCIvaPaBFUrFarbgÁrÜ ykcitþTukdak;elIkareronsURtrbs;kUn.
 PñeM BjsMbUrsalaeron TaMgsalardænigÉkCn gayRsþTukdak;elIkareronsURtrbs;kUn.
 PñeM BjsMbUrsalaeron TaMgsalardænigÉkCn gayRsYldl;kareronsURt.
2-plvi)akénGkçrPaBcMeBaHsgÁm nigesdækic© GnkçrPaB eFVI[sgÁménesdækic©ecjminputBI
PaBGn;fyeLIyeRBaH³ GnkçrPaB-sgÁmCYbkarlM)ak-xVHFnFanmnusS – xVHGñkbec©keTs-
xVHkMlaMgplitkmµ nigesvakmµ- esdækic©Gn;fy.

349>karGb;rMmanRbsiT§PaBRtUvpSarP¢ab;rvagsalaeronnigshKmn_ .
1-etIkarGb;rMenAkm<úCaeyIgbc©úb,nñRbQmmuxnigbBaðasMxan;²GVIxçH?
2-etIshKmn_GacCYyGPivDÆn_vis½yGb;rM)anya:gdUcemþcxøH?
cM>1- karGb;rMenAkm<CaeyIgbc©úb,nñRbQmmuxnigbBaðasMxan;²dUcCa>³
ú
 vismPaBcMeBaHGkçrPaB
 vismPaBcMeBaHkarcUleron
 bBaðasisSe)aHbg;karsikSa
 bBaðasisSRtYtfñak;
 bBaðaxVHxatfñak;eronmanminRKb;kMrit
 bBaðasalaeronq¶ay
2-shKmn_GacCYyGPivDÆn_vs½yGb;rM)andUcCa³
i
 CYysagsg;GKarsikSatu >TU
 CYybMpus[matabitasisSGaNaBüa)alnaMkUncUleron[RKb;²Kµa
 CYyEfrkSabrisßansalaeron
 CYyelIkTwkcitþRKUedaypþl;TIsñak;enA
-]btßmdl;RKUsµ½RKcitþ eTAbeRgonenAtMbn;dac;Rsyal.
150>bc©úb,nñkm<úCaeKsegáteXIjfaGRtae)aHbg;karsikSarbs;sisSenA
mFümsikSamankMritx<s; BiessenACnbT.
cUrbBa¢ak;BImUlehtuénGRtae)aHbg;karsikSad¾x<s;enH.
cM> mUlehtuénGRtae)aHbg;karsikSad¾x<s;enH³
]-CIvPaBRKYsarRkIRk minGacbnþrkarsikSaeTAmuxeTot)an
 cUleFVIkar rW RbkbkargarepSg²eTotedIm,I]btßmCIvPaBRKYsar.
 salaeronenAq¶ayBIpÞH xVHmeFüa)ayeTA mk
 xVHeKaledAkñgkarsikSanigBI)ak rkkargareFVIeRkay bBa©bkarsikSa.
ú ;

 esBeRKOgRsvwg eRKOgejon edirecalkarsikSa
351>etIGñkTIRkugnigGñkCnbT eRbIR)as; RbPBTwk RbPBbMPøW nigRbePT
nÞn³sMrab;cMGinGaharGVIEdleRcInCageKkñúgqñaM 1998?
cM>÷GñkTIRkug ³-RbPBTwk³ TwkbNþaj ¬25°¦
 RbPBbMPøW ³GKÁsnI
I ¬49/2°¦
 RbePT nÞn³ Gus ¬64/9°¦
÷GñkCnbT ³-RbPBTwk ³ GNþg ¬43/4°¦
Ú
 RbPBbMPøW ³ eRbgkat ¬86/1°¦
 RbePT nÞn³ Gus ¬94/3°¦
352>vis½yNaxøHEdleKcat;TukCacegáaménesdækic©Cati? cUrerobrab;BI vis½ynImYy².
kñúgcMenamenaHetIvis½yNamYyEdlCamuxRBYjesdækic© TI1 TI2 nit TI3?
c>cegáaménesdækic©Catiman 5vis½yKW³
 CamuxRBYjesdækic©TI1
 CaGaharsMxan;nigcaM)ac;sMrab;RbCaCn
 CamuxrbrsMxan;cMeBaHksikr 1-vis½yksikmµ
 CaplitplnaMecjeTAeRkARbeTs

 CamuxRBYjesdækic©TI2bnÞab;BIksikmµ
 pþl;rUbFatuedImcM)ac;sMrab;eragcRk]sShkmµ
 pþl;nUvkargarnigcMenHdwgEp¥kbec©keTsdl;RbCaCn
 pþl;plitplnaMecjeTAeRkARbeTs

 CamuxRBYjesdækic©TIpSaTI3bnÞab;BI]sSahkmµ
 CaRbePT]sShkmµKµanEpSg 3-vis½yeTscrN_
 CaRbPBcMnUlfvikarCatid¾sMxan;

 CamuxRBYjesdækic©TI4bnÞab;BIeTscrN_
 pþl;nUvesvadwkCBa¢ÚnTaMgkñgnigeRkARbeTs
ú 4-vis½yKmnaKmn_
 pþl;nUvkarTMnak;TMngCatinigGnþrCatiBiessEpñkeTscrN_.
 CamuxRBYjesdækic©TI5
 pþl;nUvkarnaMecjnaMcUl plitplepSg² 5-vis½yBaNiC¢kmµ
 pþl;nUvTMnak;TngEpñkBaNiC¢kmµTaMgkñgnigeRkARbeTs.
M ú
kñgenaHvis½yksikmµCamuxRBYjesdækic© TI1 ]sSahkmµTI2nig eTscrN_TI3.
ú
353>ehtuGIV)anCaeKcat;Tukkm<úCaCaRbeTsksikmµ?cUrBnül;.
kñúgenaHetIplitplksikmµrYmmanGVIxøH? bu:nµanPaKry?
etIextþNaxøHEdlsßitkñúgtMbn;dMnMRsUvsMxan;²?
dMNaMbnÞab;bnSMRbmUlpþMúenAextþNa?eRBaHGVI?
cM>km<CaCaRbeTsksikmµeRBaH ³
ú
 RbCaCnkm<úCa 80°eTA 85°Caksikr
 ksikmµpþl;nUv 50°énplitplCatisrub
 ksikmµpþl;nUvGaharsMxan;nigcaM)ac; sMrab;ciBa©wmCIvitRbCaCn
 ksikmµGacpþl;nUvlMnaMecjeTAeRkA RbeTsedIm,IbþÚrykplitplepSg².
÷plitplksikmµrYmman³

 dMnaMRtUv nigdMnaMrYmpSM 63°
 karciBa©wmstV 24°
 karensaT 10°
 éRBeQI 3°
÷extþEdlsßtkñúgtMbn;dMNaMRsUvsMxan;²KW³
i
)at;dMbg/eBaFisat;/kMBg;s<W/kMBg;qñaMg/taEkv/kNþal/éRBvg/sVayerog/kMBg;cam/kMBg;FM/
esomrab/nigbnÞaymanC½y.
÷dMnaMbnÞab;bnSMRbmUlpþMtamTenøemKgÁ Tenøsab/ Tenø)asak;/ nigextþkMBt /eRBaH tMbn;TaMgenHsMbUrdICICati
ú
nigsMbYrRbPBTwk.
354>b:Ul]sSahkmµsßitenAkñúgextþRkugNa?enAkñúgbU:l]sShkmµ enaHmanGVIxøH?
cM>b:Ul]sSahkmµsßtextþkNþal nigRkugPñMeBj. enAkñgbU:l]sSahkmµ enaHmanEkv s½gásI suraKar
i ú
ekAsU‘rkg; cMNIGahar stV Rsaebor kûarbnÒH ma:sIunkinRsUv ePsC¢³ nig shRKas kat;edr sMelokbMBak;.
355>cUrerobrab;BIdaMnaMRsUvenAkm<úCa?
cM>RsUvCadMNaMsMxan;CageKbMputenAkm<úCa eyIgdMNaMenH daMduH elIépÞdIRbmaN 90° énépÞdI daMduHsrub
kñgqñaM 1999-2000.épÞdIdaMRsUv2157592 hicta EtépÞdIRbmUlplman 2079442hicta
ú
TinñplmFüm 1/94etan kñgmYyhicta. RbB½n§plitkmµRsUvman lkçN xusEbøkKña eTAtamTItaMg PUmisaRsþ
ú
rbbTwk rdUvdaMduH nig kMritRtYtBInitüepSg².
eKEckRbB½n§plitkmµRsUvCa 3 Epñk ³
 RsUvvsSa³daMeLIgcab;BIEx ]sPa – tula. épÞdIsMrab;RsUvvsSaman 1915592 h>t nigTinñplmFüm
1/81etan kñúg1 h>t ¬1999-2000¦ TMhMdIERbRbYleTAtamdg;sIuetRbCaCn
extþEdlpþl;RsUveRcInCageKKW )at;dMbg eBaFisat; kMBg;qañg taEkv esomrab kMBg;FM éRBEvg nig
M
sVayerog.
 RsUvR)aMg³daMeLIgcab;BIExvicäka-mifuna . KeeRcIneFVIenAtMbn;Ek,rmat;Tenør sÞåg ERBk
i
edayviFIsÞgnig)acTåkbBa©ÚlenArdUvTåkRsk . épÞdIERsR)aMman242>000h/t . ÉTinÞplmFümKW
Ú
3/04etan¼h.t .

RsUvR)aMg TTYl)anTinÞplx<s;CagrdUvvsSa EtTamTarkaEfTaMCaRbcaM .
extþEdleFVIRsUvCaRbcaMman³taEkv éRBEvg nigkNþal .
 RsUveLIgTåk³ daMenArdUvTåkeLIg
EdlPakeRcInenAtamtMbn;CMuvijbågTenøsabnigkMhUgnanatambeNþaytenøemKgÁ
épÞdIRsUveLIgTåkmanRbEhl6° énépÞdIERssrub . RsUveLIgTåkGacFn;nigTåkBI 2m eTA 5m .
RsUveLIgTåkCaRbePTEsUvFn; EdldaMduHryHeBl 6Ex eTIbRbmUlpl)an .
extþEdldaMRsUveLIgTåk)anmankMBg;cam kMBg;qañg kMBg;FM taEkv éRBEvg nigsVayerog .
ä M
356³ dUcemþcEdlehAfaksi>]sSahkmµ? cUlrk]TahrN¾eGay)anbYn
kñúgcMenamenaHcUl bkRsaynUvksi>]sSahkmµNamYyeGay)anc,as;las; .
cM³ ksi]sSahkmµCaRbePTksiplTMgT,ayNaEdlbMerIeGayeragcRk]sSahkmµ .
]>-ekAs‘U eragcRkplitekAs‘Ukg;T,an-mUtU
 kb,as eragcRkplitRkNat;mugPYy
 RkecA eragcRkplit)avRkecA
 fñaMCk; eragcRkplit)arI
+ekAs‘UCadMNaM]sSahkmµsMxan;CageKenAkm<Ca³
ù
 dMNaMenHmanRbPBenARbeTseRbsIul
 naMcUlmkenAkm<CaedayRkumh‘unÈkCn)araMg
ú
 naMcUmkenAqañM1920
 daMelIdIRkhmkñúgextþkMBg;camRkecH rtnKirInigRkugsIhnu
munqaÜ1970ÙpÒdIcMkaekAs‘U 6/7000h/t
M
 eGayplC½rekAs‘U52/000etan ¼qaÜM
 dMNaMe nHpûl;rUbFatuedIsMrab;]sShkmµ ekAs‘kÜgRsuknaMecjnigpûl;kargareFIVdl;RbCaCn .
Uù
357³ehtuGVI)anCaéRBeQIenAkm<CaTTYlkar)at;bg;? etIkar)at;bg;éRBeQInaMmknUvplvi)akGVxøH ?
ú I
cM³ éRBeQITTYlkar)at;bg;edaysar³

 kMenInRbCaCn ¬dIksikmµ lMenAsaßn¦
 ePøgeqHéRB
I
 kareFVIGaCIvkmµkñgRTg;RTayEbbGanaFIbetyü.
ú
÷pl;vi)akénkar)at;bg;éRBeQI
 ekItmanTåkCMnn;
 eRKaHraMgs¶t Ü
dIkþaMgrIg KaµnCICatI
 sItuNðPaBeT,Igx<s;
358³ etIksikmµRbeTseyIgmanlkçNHEbbNa ? cUlBnül; etIb¥nmanKMnit
Ú
edIb,IeHayksikmµRbeTseyIgrIkcMerIn)an ?
cM ³ ksikmµRbeTseyIgmanlkçNHCaksikmµyfapl. eRBaH ³
 ksikmµnAeRbIR)as;]bkrN¾buraN¬ngÁl;/rnas;¦
 enAeRbIkMlaMstVBahnH ¬eKa/ RkbI¦
 BMuTan;manRbB½n§FarasaRsþRKb;RKan;
 xVHxatkñúgkarpþl;dIKImIfñaMstVl¥t
i
 xVHbec©keTsdaMduHnigkarEfTaMRtåmRtUv
 TTYl)anTinñplTab CaksikmµGn;fy
edIm,IERbkøayrGayksikmµ RbeTseyIgrIkcMerInRtUv³
eRbIR)as;]bkrN¾TMenIbCaCMnYy¬ma:sIunP©Üras;/ RcUtRsUv ¦
u
 begátRbB½n§FarasaRsþRKb;RKan;
I
 pþl;KImIfñaMstVl¥t nigkarEfTaMditdl;
i
 pþl;bTBiesaFn¾Epñkbec©keTsksikmµdl;ksikr
 pþl;nUvTinñpl;x<s; CagksikmµTeM nIb.
359³ munsRgÁamkm<CaCaRbeTsmYysMbUrRtI? bc©úb,enHbrimaNRtImankarfycuHCaxøaMgmUlehtuGVI?
ú

etIraCrdæaPi)almanviFankarEbbNaxøH edIm,IEfrkSakarBarbrimaNRtIeGayenAKg;vgS)an?
etIkarciBa©åmRtIbEnßmcaM )ac;EdrrWeT?
cM³ kalmunsRgÁamRbeTskm<CasMbUrRtINas;eRBaH ³
ú
 sMbUréRBlicTåk¬CMrkRtI¦
 GakasFatuk¾GnueRKaH
 rbbTåkeT,IgnigTåkRskmankareTogTat;
 bt;elµsensaTk¾tictYc
I
bc©úb,nñenHbrimaNRtImankarfycuHxøaMgmUlrhtu ³
karkab;bMpøajéRBlicTåk¬CMrkRtIBg¦
÷ktþamnusS ³ -bTelµsensaTekItmankan;EteRcIn
I
 kMenInRbCaCnekIneT,Ig
÷ktþaFmµCati ³-dIduHRtg;TMnabctumux
-)atbågTenøsabkan;Etrak;edaysarl,ab;énTenøemKgÁcak;bMeBjerogral;qañ.
M
÷viFankarrbs;rdæaPi)alcMeBaHtMhyRtI ³
 sþarnigbUmPk;bågTenøsab
 TMlaydIduHRtg;ctumux¬eCosvagkarkab;bMpøaj¦
 EfrkSanigkarBaréRBlicTåk
 manviFankartågruågcMeBaHCnRbRBåtþbTelµsensaT
I
 ciBa©åmRtIbEnßm
÷karciBa©åmRtIenAkm<Camansar³sMxan;Nas;eRBaH ³
ú
 sMrYldl;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn
 CYybn§ÚrbnßyenAkarcab;RtIhYsRbmaN
 plitplensaTsl;GacnaMecjeTAbreTs.

360>cUrniyayBITMnak;TMngrvagkardMduHGaCIvkmµé®BeQInigensaT>.
cM>÷kardaMduHéRBeQInigensaTCaePaKRTBüsMxan;sMrab;RbCaCnkm<CaehIyksikr)anBRgIk
ú
RbB½n§plitkmµEdlCaFatuKnøwTaMgbIenH. enAeBlEdlksikrrMBwgelIdIdaMduHedIm,IeFVplitkmµ
I
¬dMnaMnigkarciBa©wmstV¦kMérEdl)anmkBIGaCIvkmµéRBeQInwgensaT k¾CacMEnkmYysMxan;
énRbB½n§ksikmµmYyEdr.
kñgqñaM1970 skmµPaBGPivDÆn_hak;bIdUcCamanlMnwgbuE: nþCamYynwgkMenInRbCaCnEdlekIt
ú
tQb;QrnigkMEnERb esdækic©eq<aHeTArkesdækic©TIpSar.
GtiplénRbB½n§ksikmµnaM[mankMenInbMerIbMras;fµaMsMlab;stVl¥t nigCIKImI b:uEnþfµaMsMlab;
i
stVl¥tnigCIKImITaMgenaH hUrcUlpþúMKñaenATenø nigbwg EdlGacbMpøajnUvmcäCati)an.
i
361>ehtuGVI)anCashRKasrdæmYycMnYnkøayCakmµsiT§iÉkCn? etIkardak;
vinieyaKTunbreTsenAkm<úCapþl;nUvplRbeyaCn_GVIxøH dl;km<úCa?
cM>÷shRKasrdæmycMnYnkøayCakmµsiT§ÉkCneRBaH³raCrdæaPi)alkm<CasMercGnuvtþ
Y i ú
esdækic©TIpSardUcenHshRKasmYycMnYnRtUv)anEkTMrg;.
÷kardak;vinieyaKTunbreTsenAkm<Capþl;plRbeyaCn_eRcIn eRBaH ³
ú
 CYy[RbCaCnmankargareFVI
 rkSanUvtMélBlkmµefakcMeBaHBlkrkm<úCa
 rdæaPi)almankarKaMRTnwgKitKUcMeBaHGñkvinieyaK¬karBarkmµsiT§iÉkCn¦
 RbeTseyIgTTYl)an MFN and GSP
362>etIGñkNaCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvxagkargarRtYtBinitübrisßan?eKmanKMnit
dUcemþcxøHedIm,IedaHRsayEklMGrral;)atuPaBepSg²EdlekItmaneTAéf¶ GnaKt?
cM>÷GñkTTYlxusRtUvxagkargarRtYtBinitübrisßanKW mRnþCMnajxagRksYgbrisßan]sSahkmµ.
I
eKmanKMnitedIm,IedaHRsay nwgEklMGrcMeBaHbrisßandUcCa³
 ENnaMeragcRknwgsib,kmµ EdlmankarbgðrÚ kaksMnl;ravkxVk;[tMelIgRbB½n§sMGatrWsMlab;
emeraKecjmunnwgbgðrÚ cUleTAkñgTenørWbwg.
ú

 ENnaMeragcRknigsib,kmµEdlmankarbeBa©jkønminl¥[manviFankarEklMGreLIgvijedIm,I
i
kM[bH:Bal;suxPaBRbCaCnenACMvij.
u u
363>enARbeTskm<úCapøÚvfñl;EckCabu:nµanRbePT? cUrerobrab;kñúgcMenampÚøUv
KmnaKmn_TaMgenaHetIpøÚvCatiNaxøHEdl³
1-cMgayxøICageKnigEvgCageK?
2-maneKaledAecjBITIRkugPñMeBj?
3-mancracrN_mmajwkCageKcMeBaHskmµPaBesdækic©?
cM>÷enARbeTskm<úCapøvfñl;EckCa 4 EpñkKW ³
Ú
 pøÚvCati ³ CapøvEdleFVInigEfrkSaedayfvikarCati
Ú
 enAextþ ³CapøvEdlecjBIraCFanIeq<aHeTAkan;extþnana CapøvEdlEfrkSa edayfvikarextþ
Ú Ú
CapøvEdlecjBITRI bCMuCnmYyeq<aHeTAkan;TIRbCuMCnmYyeTot.
Ú
 pøÚvlM ³ CapøvtUc²KµanRkalfµEdleKeXIjmanenAtMbn;CnbT. pøvenHksagedayrdæGMnacmUl
Ú Ú
dæanshkarCamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnigRbCaCnkñgtMbn;.
ú
 pøÚvrukç)al³CapøÚvEdleFVInigEfrkSaeday RksYgrukçRbmaj;
sMrab;dwknaMplitpléRBwQIsMrYltMEhTaMéRBeQInigeFVIcracrN_Fmµta.
1>pøÚvCatiEdlmanRbEvgxøCageK 6Ga ¬44Km¦ nig EvgCageKKW pøvCatielx5¬408Km¦
I Ú
2>pøvCatiEdlmaneKaledAecjBIPñeM BjKW 1/2/3/4/5/6 A
Ú
 elx1 ³ BIPMñeBjeTA RBMRbTl;evotNam ¬k¥msMn 167Km¦
 elx2³ BIPMñeBjeTA RBMRbTl;evotNam ¬PñMDin 137 Km¦
 elx3³ BIPñeM BjeTA RkugRBHsIhnu ¬260 Km¦
 elx4³ BIPñeM BjeTA RkugRBHsIhnu¬ 226Km¦
 elx5³ BIPñeM BjeTA GUreRCA ¬éf¦ ¬408Km¦
 elx6 Ga³ BIPMñeBjeTA fñl;Ekg ¬44Km¦
3>pøvCatiEdlmancracrN_mmajwkCageKcMeBaHskmµPaBesdækic© KWpøÚvelx 1/4/nig5/.
Ú

 elx1³ cracrN_TMnijBIRbeTsevotNam mkRbeTskm<Ca CaRbePTeRKOg]bePaK – briePaK
ú
rWsMPar³epSg².
 elx4³ cracrN_TnijF¶n;² nig eRKOg]bePaK briePaKBIRbeTséf tamry³navaEdlcUlct enAkMBg;Ep
M
RkugRBHsIhnu tamry³ kugtWN½rmkPñeM Bj.
 elx5³cracrN_TMnij BIRbeTséf TaMgeRKOg]bePaKbriePaKCaeRcIn.
364>pøÚvEdkenAkm<úCabc©b,nñmanbu:nµanExS?ExSnImYymanTisedABINaeTANa?
RbEvgbu:nµan?kat;extþNaxøH?RbsinrdæaPi)aleyIgmanKMeragsagsg;pøÚvEdkbEnßmetIKYrs
agsag;enAkEnøgNaxøH?eRBaHGVI?etIsMng;pøÚEdknaMmknUvKuNsm,tþinigKuNvibtþidUcemþcxøH?
cUrBnül;?
cM>pøvEdkenAkm<úCaman2ExSKW³
Ú
 ExSrTI1 ³ maneKaledAecjBIPñeM BjeTAGUreRCARbEvg385Km qøgkat;extþkNþal kMBg;qñaMg eBaF×sat;
nig)at;dMbg
 ExSrTI2maneKaledAecjBIPñeM Bj eTARkugRBHsIhnuRbEvg 266Km qøgkat;extþkNaþl kMBg;s<W.
÷RbsinrdæaPi)aleyIgmanKMeragsagsg;pøÚvEdkbEnßmenaHKwCasMng;pøvEdkEdltP¢ab;BI)agkk mkPñeM Bj
Ú
nigP¢áb;eTAhUCImij.eRBaH ³
 gayRsYlTMnak;TngCamYybNþaRbeTsCitxag
M
 begátehdæarcnasMB½n§fµIkñúgRbeTs
I
 sMrYldl;EpñkeTscrN_ nigesvakmµenAkm<Ca.ú
÷sMng;pøvEdkenaHnaMmknUv ³
Ú
=KuNsm,tIþ ³
 gayRsYldl;kareFVIdMeNiIrbs;RbCaCn
 gayRsYldl;karTMnak;TMngEpñkeTscrN_ nigBaNiC¢kmµ
 rdæaPi)al)ankMéreRcInBIsMng;pøvEdkenaH
Ú
 RbCaCnPaKeRcInmankargarmankargareFVInigGacrkR)ak;kMér)an

=KuNvibtþI ³
 b:HBal;dl;brisßanFmµCati nigbrisaßnsgÁm
 EkERbnUvehdæarcnasm<nextþ Rkug
½
365>eRkayqñaM1993mketIRbeTskm<úCaeyIgmankMEnTMrg;elIEpñkGVIxøH?
etIRbeTsNaxøHEdlCaédKUBaNiC¢kmµrbs;RbeTskm<úCaeyIg?
cM>eRkayqñaM1993mketIRbeTskm<CaeyIgmankMEnTMrg;elIEpñkrdæ)al kgT½B nKr)al nigesdækic©.
ú
÷RbeTsEdlCaédKUBaNiC¢kmµrbs;RbeTskm<CaKwcin éf )araMg Gg;eKøs hUrLg; Eblsiiuc sVúIs GURsþalI
ú
daNWm:ak n½rEvs nigshrdæGaemric.
366>dUcemþcEdlehAfaTMnijesdækic©?etIkarnaMcUlTMnijBIbreTspþl;nUv GtßRbeyaCn_
nigGtßeTasdUcemþcxøH?
cM>TMnijesdækic©KWCamuxsMPar³rWesvaNaEdlbMeBjtamtMrUvkarmnusS.TMnijTaMgenHmanes,ógGahar
eTacRkyanynþnigsMPar³eRbIR)as; nigTMnij mYycMnYneTotCaesvadUcCakarGb;rM suxaPi)alpøvfñl;CaedIm.
Ú
÷GtßRbeyaCn_énTMnijnaMcUlBIbreTs
 GacbMeBjtMrUvkarxVHxatkñgbMerIbMras;CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶
ú
 GacEkécñrWeRbIR)as;edIm,IQaneTArkkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©.
÷GtßeTasénTMnijnaMcUlBIbreTs ³
 TMnijxøHxUcKuNPaBeRKOgRsvwgeRKOgejon.
 TMnijxøHmanenAkñgRsukeFVI[RbCaCnKµankargareFVI.
ú
367>tamsßitiBaNiC¢kmµqñaM1999bBa¢ak;faCBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµkm<úCaman»nPaB
CaxøaMg.etIeKRtUveFVIdUcemþcedIm,Ikat;bnßy»nPaBCBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµnigCMruj
lMnaMecj[)aneRcIn?
cM> tamsßtiBaNiC¢kmµqñaM1999bBa¢ak;faCBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµkm<Caman»nPaB CaxøaMgeRBaHRbeTs
i ú
eyIgmanlMnaMcUleRcInCaglMnaMecj.

edImI,kat;bnßyCBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµnigCMrujlMnaMecj[)aneRcIneyIgRtUv ³
 BRgwgnigBRgIkplitkmµkñúgRsuk ksikmµ nig]sSahkmµ
 ecHsnSMsMécral;plitplEdlplit)an
 kat;bnßylMnaMcUlsMPar³RbNit²nigeRKOg]bePaK briePaKNaEdlmincaM)ac;.
368>dUemþcEdlehAfa]sSahkmµKµanEpSg?etIRbePT]sSahkmµenHedAeTA elIvis½yGVI?
cUrerobrab;BIvin½yenaHRBmTaMg]TahrN_bBa©ak;pg.
cM>]sSahkmµKµanEpSg ³CaRbePT]sSahkmµTaMgLayNaEdlGacrkR)ak;cMnUledaymin)ac; beB©ajnUvfamBl
b¤eRbgn§n³eLIy.
÷RbePT]sSahkmµenH sgát;F¶n;eTavis½yeTscrN_EdlCamuxRBYjénesdækic©TI3enAkm<Ca bnÞab;BI]sSahkmµ.
ú
]TahrN_³ -eTscrN_FmµCati³éRBPñM TeNø bwgbYr smuRT ekaH >>>.l.
 eTscrN_vb,Fm’ nigRbvtûsaRsû ³vaMg sarmnÒr R)asaTGgÀrvtû vtûPMÜ CaedIm.
i I
369>cMeBaHvis½yeTscrN_ehtuGVIrdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvBRgIkKmnaKmn_?
ehIyKmnaKmn_RbePTNaEdlRtUvBRgIkmuneK?
 cM> cMeBaHvis½yeTscrN_rdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvBRgIkKmnaKmn_Camunsin mUlehtu ³ -
sMrYldl;kareFVcracrN_sBVEbbya:gBiessKWdMenIreTscrN_énePJóvCati nigGnþrCati. -
I
Tak;TajePJóveTscrN_kñúgRsuk nigeRkARsuk -FananUvsuvtßPaB nigsnþisuxdl;GñkdMenIr -
i
pøÚvKmnaKmn_s¥at naMmknUvcitþbrisuT§ nigGarmµN_RCHføacMeBaHGñkeTscrN_ nigGñkdMenIr. -
pþl;nUvPaBmenarmüTaMgcitþTaMgkaycMeBaHGñkeTscrN_
÷KmnaKmn_EdlRtUvBRgIkmuneKKW ³KmnaKmn_RbePTpøÚveKak.
370>enARbeTskm<úCaCa]TüanCatisMxan;²manbu:nµankEnøg? cUrerobrab; cUrrab;eQµaH
extþEdlmanrmüNIydæanxageRkamenH³
 R)asaTsMbUrèRBKuh_ /R)asaT PñMda/TwkeRCaHep¢ak l,ak;Twkkacaj TwkFøak;bU‘Rsa
eRCaHPñMeBüCnil/ eRCaHPñMKUEln.
cM>]TüanCati sMxan;² enAkm<Caman7kEnøg KW³
ú
-]TüanCatiRBHkusm³ ¬KIrIrmü¦ ³ extþkMBg;s<W

-]TüanCati RBHvirC½y ¬TwkFøak;¦ rtnKIrI
-]TüanCatiPñMKUeln ¬TwkFøak;¦ esomrab
-]TüanCati RBHbTumsaKr ³ ekaHkug
-]TüanCatiRBHsIhnuraC ¬ram¦ RkugRBHsIhnu
-]TüanCatiRBHmunIvgS ³bUkeKa
-]TüanCatiEkb ¬TwkFøak;¦ kMBt
-÷extþEdlmanrmüNIdæan enHKW ³
 R)asaTsMbUréRBKuh_ ¬kMBg;FM¦
 R)asaTPñMda ¬taEkv¦
 TwkeRCaHep¢ak ¬taEkv¦
 l,ak;Twkkacaj ¬rtnKIrI¦
 TwkFøak;bUR‘ sa ¬mNÊlKIrI¦
 TwkeRCaHeBCünil ¬RkugRBHsIhnu¦
 PñKUEln
M ¬esomrab¦
371>enAkm<úCacab;BIqñaM1999mk eKsegáteXIjmankMenIneTscrN_
GnþrCatiCabnþbnÞab;. cUrbBa¢ak;BImUlehtu énkMenIneTscrN_ enH?
cUrrab;eQµaH tMbn;TwkFøak;enAkm<úCa [ )anR)aMkEnøgedaybBa¢ak;TItaMgpg.
cM >÷mUlehtuénkMenIneTscrN_km<Ca³
ú
 km<CaCaRbeTssnþiPaBnig suvtßPaBsgÁm
ú i
 sMbUrrmünIydæaneTscrN_Ebøk² énFmµCatinigRbvitþsaRsþ
i
 rdæaPi)alebIkcMhreCIgemXfµ.¬ehaHehIrRtg;mktMbn; eTscrN_¦.
I
 TMnak;TMngnig pSBVpSayEpñkeTscrN_kñgBIPBelak ¬BIessR)asaTGgÁrvtþ¦ edIm,ITak;Taj ePJóv eTscrN_
ú
.
 GPivDÆn_ehdæarcna sm<n§ eTscrN_ ya:gRbNit manzan CaGnþrCati.
½

÷eQµaHtMbn;TwkFøak;enAkm<Ca³
ú
 TwkFøak;KIrIrmü ¬kMBgs<W¦
 TwkFøak;kacaj ¬esomrab¦
 TwkFøak;bUR‘ sa ¬mNÊlKIrI¦
 TwkFøak; k,alqay ¬ RkugRBHsIhnu¦
372>karhUrcUlén eTscrN_ breTsnaM[CIvPaBRbCaCn kñúgtMbn; ya:gNaEdr?
eRBaHGVI?cUrbgðajBItYnaTI vis½y eTscrN_cMeBaH esdækic©Cati.
cM> karhUrcUlén eTscrN_ breTsnaM[³
 CIvPaBRbCaCn rIkcMerInnigFUrFarmYykMrit
 RbCaCnPaKeRcInmankargareFVInigecHPasabreTs
 BYkeKGacrkR)ak;kMér)anBIkarlk;vtßGnusSvrIy_ pÞHsMnak; sNæaKar ePaCnIdæan yanCMniH
ú
nigvtßeú RbIR)as;epSg²eTot.
÷tYnaTI vis½y eTscrN_cMeBaH esdækic©Cati vis½yeTscN_ GacrkR)ak;cMNUlCYyesdækic© Catitamry³
 rmnIydæan eTscN_ FmµCatinigR)asaTbUraN
 mNÐlkMsanþnana
 sNæaKar pÞHsMNak; ePaCnIydæan
ebIKitBIcMNUledaypÞal;nigedayRbeyal vis½y eTscN_ )ancUlrYmcMENk kñúgesdækic©Cati 5/5°
énplitplCatisrub enAkñgqñaM 1995 vis½y eTscN_ RtUv)anCab;cMNat;fñak;elx 2 xagRbPBrUbiyb½NÑ
ú
bnÞab;BIéRBeQI.
373>etIkMenIn eTscN_ enAkm<úCaGapþl;kargayRsYlnigkar lM)ak
ya:gNaxøHcMeBaHRbeTs km<úCa?
cM>kMenIn eTscN_ enAkm<úCapþl;nUv³
÷kargayRsYl³
 pþl;[RbCaCnmankargareFVI

 CIvPaBRbCaCnFUrFareRcInCagmun
 pþl;nUvkarpSBVpSaycMenHdwgEpñk PasabreTsdl;kUnExµr
 pSBVpSaynUvGriyFm’vb,Fm’ ExµrmYycMnYndl; CnbreTs
 GacRbmUlfvikar)aneRcIncUldl;rdækñgkarksagRbeTsCati
ú
÷karlM)ak³
 b:HBal; nigxUcesaP½NPaBrmüNIydæan eTscN_
 xUcsNþab;Fñab;nigreboberobry TIsaFarN
 BMunaMykmknUvbTelµs nana ¬fñaMejon>>>>¦
I
 begát[manRsIeþ Bsücarnig CMgW eGds_
I
374>etIb¥ÚnGaceFVIdMenIrBIPñMeBjeTAesomrab nigBIPñMeBjeTA RkugRBHsIhnu
rYmTaMgRbeTsCitxag )antamkMnat; pøÚvNaxøH?
cM>BIPñMeBj eTAesomrab tamkMnat;pøvCatielx³
Ú
 pøÚvCatielx 6 Ga-6
 pøÚvCatielx 5-6
÷BIPñeM BjeTARkugRBHsIhnu tamkMnat; pøvCatielx³
Ú
 pøÚvCatielx 3nig 4
÷evotNam ³pøÚvCatielx 1/2/7 nig elx 15
÷éf ³pøvCatielx 5nig 6
Ú
÷Lav ³pøvCatielx 13
Ú
375>bc©úb,nñenHetIvis½yNaxøH EdlmantUnaTI sMxan;CageKkñúgmuxRBYj esdækic© Cati?
eRBaHGVI?
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ú
eTscrN_ ¬3¦.

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- CaplitplnaMecjsMxan;TI1enAkm<Ca ú
-CamuxRBYjesdækic©TI2
÷ TI¬2¦eRBaH -pþl;nUvplitplsMercsMrab;tMrUvkareRbIR)as;TUeTA
-pþl;nUvplitplnaMecjTI2bnÞab;BIRsUv
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÷ TI¬3¦ eRBaH -CaRbePT]sSahkmµKaµ nEpSg
-CaRbPBcMnUlfvikarCati

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I
cM>karRbmUlnigeRbIR)as;GusnigRbPBfamBlCIvma:s ÉeTot pþl;plvi)ak 2 ya:geTAelI brisßan ³
k-hinehac³ -kab;bMpøajedayKµanc,ab;GnuBaØat
 stVéRBEdlrs;enAkñgéRBRtUvvinasnig)at;bg;
ú
 karkab;eQIedIm,Isg;lMenA sßannigedIm,IduteRbIR)as;
x-kar)at;bg;éRBeQI³
-)at;bg;FnFanFmµCati nigsMrs;éRBPñM
-)at;bg;brisßanFmµCati bgá[manbBaðaepSg²
-)at;bg;nigvinasGs;stVéRBEdlCaTunénFnFanFmµCatimYyEdr.
377>cUrGFib,ayRtYs²GMBIbBaðasMxan;EdlecaTeLIgcMeBaHdMnaMRsUv enAkm<úCa? etibBaða
cMbgEdlRtUvedaHRsaymuneKKWGVI?
cM>bBaða EdlecaTeLIgsMxan;cMeBaHdMnaMRsUvenAkm<úCaKW³
k-bBaðadI³ CaTUeTAdIenAkm<CaminsUvl¥ ¬dIdæ¦ elIkElgdIl,ab; exµaA dIsm,úretñatnigdIRkhm.
ú
x-bBaðameFüa)ay³ ksikreyIgenAeRbI]bkrN_ bUraN ¬ngál rnas;¦ nigkMlaMgGUsTaj stV Bahn³ ¬eKa /
½
RkbI>>>>¦.

K bBðaastVcéRg³ RsUveyIgmanCm¶W ticeT EdlbNþal BIFmµCati dUcCaRka EtmansRtUvCaeRcIn dUcCa ³ cab
kNþrú kþam stVl¥ti
X-bBaðaTwk³ RsUveyIgmanTwkeRcInedaysarrbbePøóg. kUnrdUvR)aMgEtgEt yayIral;qñaMeBl RsUvkMBuglUtlas;
.edayELkTwkCMnn;k¾)anbMpøajdMnaMRsUveyIgminticEdr.
g-bBaðaTinñpl³ Tab eRBaHCadMnaMÉkvb,kmµnigmanlkçN Cayfapl.
÷bBaðacMbgEdlRtUvedaHRsaymuneKKWTwk eRBaHebIKµanTwkeTRsUvk¾BuMGMenaypll¥Edr.
378> karvinieyaKTunbreTselIEpñk]sSahkmµnig BaNiC¢kmµenAkm<úCa
bBa¢ak;[eyIgeXIjBIkarGPivDÆn_GVIxøH? karvinieyaK TunEbbenHcab;epþIm
BIqñaMNa?RbmUlpþMúenATINa?
cM>karvinieyaKTunbreTselIEpñk]sSahkmµnigBaNiC¢kmµenAkm<CabBa¢ak;[eyIgeXIjBIkar
ú
GPivDÆn_énesdækic©CatinigkarGPivDÆénesdækic©Cati nigkarbegánkargar. karvinieyaKenHcab; epþImenAGLúgqñaM
I
1990PaKeRcInRbmUlpþMúenATIRkugPñMeBj rW TItaMgEdlenAEk,rRkugPñeM Bj.
379>edIm,I[vis½ysi,kmµnig]sSahkmµenAkm<úCarIkcMerIn etib¥ÚnmanKnigEbbNa?
cUrBnül;.
cM> edIm,I[vis½ysi,kmµnig]sSahkmµenAkm<CarIkcMerIneyIgRtUv³
ú
 elIkkMBs;KuNPaBplitpl ]sSahkmµ nigsib,kmµkgRsuk
ñú
-[tMélxçs;elIplitplkñgRsuk ú
 manviFankarTb;sáat;[)anl¥nUvkarhUrcUlplitplBIbreTs.
 bMBak;bec©kviTüa énplitpl]sSahkmµnigsib,kmµ
 RbNaMRbECgnUvral;plitplkµgRsukCamYybNþaRbeTsCitxag.
ñú
 bMerIral;esckþRI tUvkarkñgRsuknigeRkARsuk.
ú
380>enAkm<úCaépÞdImYyPaKFMRKbdNþb;eTAedaycMkarmIn.
k-dUcemþcEdlehAfamIn? eKeRbIvaedIm,IGVI? cUrrab;tMbn;mInRbqaMgmnusS sMxan;²/.

x-CnRbePTNaEdlCaGñkTTYlrgeRKaHedaysarmIn eRcInCaeK? eRBaHGVI?
etIGñkNaxøHCaGñkrMedaHmInecjenAkm<úCa?edIm,IGVI?
K-cUrrab;pøaksBaØaEdleKsMKal;faCatMbn;eRKaHfñak;edaysarmIn?
cM>k-mInKWCaeRKOgpÞúHEdleKdak;elIdIrWkñgdI ehIGacpÞúH )anenAeBlNaEdleKb:Hva.
ú
÷eKeRbIvaedIm,IkarBarsRtUvedaymeFüa)ayepSg²
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nig)at;dMbg/.
x-GñkEdlrgeRKaHedaysarmIneRcInCageKKW ³ CnsIvil eRBaHCnTaMgenaHmantMrUvkarxøaMg xagEpñkesdækic©
u
dUcCasg;lMenAdæandIeFVIksikmµ TwksMrab;eRbIR)as;>>>.
÷GñkrMedaHmInenAkm<Ca KW GgÁkar shRbtibtþkarEdndItamRBMEdnrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati
ú i
(UNBRO¦nigmCÆmNÐlskmµPaBkMcat;mInenAkm<Ca ¬ CMAC¦ ú
edIm,IykdICUnRbCaCnsg;lMenAdæannigeFVIksikmµ.
K>-pøaksBaØasMKal;tMbnmInman3EbbKW³
 k,alexµac /eQIExVg/ nigKYcesµA.
381>etImInRbqaMgmnusS)anbgá[manplvi)akdUcemþcxøHcMeBaHsgÁm nigesdækic©km<úCa?
÷kñúgkarrMedaHmInecjenAkm<úCaetIeKeRbImeFüa)ayGVIxøH?
÷etIskmµPaBkMcat;mInenAkm,úCa ¬CMAC¦ )ankarCYy]btßmÖKaMRT BIRbeTsNaxøH?
cM>mInRbqaMgmnusSbgá[manplvi)akya:gxøaMgdl;esdækic©ng sgÁmdUcCa³
i
 épÞdImYyPaKFMmingGaceRbI)aneRBaHCacMkarmIn
 mIn)ansMlab;mnusSnigbMpøaj kMlaMgBlkmµ
 mIn)anbnSl;TuknUvCnBikar RsþeI mma:y nigkUnkMRBa d¾eRcIn
 mIn)anbMpøajCIvtstVnig rukçCati ¬min)aneFVI[)at;bg;tMbn;eTscrN_¦ ÷kñúgkarrMedaHmInecjenAkm<úCa
i
GgÁkar ¬CMAC¦ eRbImeFüa)ay BIr ya:gKW³

 eRKOgcRk³ EdlnaMykmkBIRbeTsGalWm:g; kMBugeFVIkare)assMGat enARsukbvil extþ )at;dMbg.
ø
 EqÔ hitkøn ³ cMnYn 12k,alEdlykmkBIRbeTss‘yEGtEdlbc¨b,nÜkMBughVwkhVWnpg nigRbtibtûikar
i u
elIcMkarmInpg.
÷skmµPaBkMcat;mInenAkm<Ca ¬CMAC¦ Casßb½npøvkarEdlTTYlbnÞkkaredaHmInenAkm<Ca .
ú Ú ú
cMEnkhirBaØvtßnigbec©keTs GgÁkarenHRtUv)anCMnYy BirdæP)alkm<Ca CaGgÁkarGPivDÆnrbs;
ú i ú
GgÁkarshRbCaCati. shrdæGaemric raCaNacRkrYm )araMg Cb:un hULg; daNWma:k GURTIs kaNada GURsþalI
s‘yEGt n½rEvs nigesLg;f;µi )anpûl;CMnYy[raCrd×Pi)alkm<CakÜgkaredaH mInenH.
u Ô ù ù
382> GgÁkar NPA mann½ydUcemþc? cUrGFib,ay.kñúgqñaM1999 - 2000GgÁkar
NPA )anCYydl;RbCaCnkm<úCaeRkamrUbPaBGVIxøH?

cM>÷ GgÁkar NPA CaGgÀkarCMnYymnusSFm’rbs;RbCaCn n½rEvs Edl)aneRCiserIstMbn; eRCIserIstMbn;Exµr-
éfedIm,IGPivDÆeLIgvij edayshkarCamYymCÄmNÐlskµPaBkMcat;mIn km<Ca ú
kñgeKalbMnge)assMGatRKab;mInCamunedIm,Ibegßtehdæarcnasm<nPUmi.
ú M I ½
÷kñgqñaM1999-2000 GgÁkar NPA )anerobcMbegátPUmifµIcMnYn11 edaysaglMenAdæancMnYn
ú I
2500RKYsarkúñgXMGUrbICan; RsukGUreRCAextþbnÞaymanC½yEdlRtUvkardIcMnYn9000hicta
u
edIm,IerobcMpÞHsMEbgpøÚvfñl; RsHTwkGNþÚg mNÐlsuxPaB salaeronnigdIkargarsMrab;ksikmµ.
383>RbeTskm<úCaFøak;eRkamnwmGaNaniKmniym)araMgenAqñaMNa?lkçN³
elceFøaéns>vdMbUgeRkaysm½yGNaniKmmanGVIxøH?
cM>RbeTskm<úCaFøak;eRkamnwmGaNaniKmniym)araMgenAqñaM 1863. lkçN³
elceFøaéns>vdMbUgeRkaysm½yGNaniKmmankarsþarsnþisux neya)ay kMEnTMrg; vis½yrdæ)al Bn§dar.
384>etIKeM ragnKerabnIykmµenATIRkugPñeM BjsMerceLIgenAqñaMNa? EckCatMbn;dUcemþc?
cM>KMeragmKerabnIukmµenATIRkugPñeM BjsMerceLIg enAqñaM1980. EckCatMbn;dac;edayELk²BI
KñasMrab;CnCati)araMg/cin nigExµr /
385>etIRbeTskm<úCaTTYlplvi)akGVIxøHkñúgkMlugqñaM 1969 dl; 1991?
cM>kñgkMlugqñaM 1969 dl; 1991 RbeTskm<Ca mansRgÁamkñgRsuknigkarQøanBanBI BYkbreTs.
ú ú ú

386>ehtuGVI)anCaRksYgerobcMEdndInKerabnIykmµnigsMNg;shkarCa
mYyGaCJaFrRkugnigkmµviFIGPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati (UNDP¦ erobcMTI
taMgfµIenAeRkARkug. etIeK)anBiPakSaKñaGMBIbBaðGVIxøH?
cM>RksYgerobcMEdndInKerabnIykmµnigsMNgshkarCa mYyGaCJaFrRkugnig kmµviFI GPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati
(UNDP¦ erobcMTI taMgfµenAeRkARkug edIm,I eFVkarepÞrsMng; Gana Fibetyü ecjBIraCFanIPñeBj.
I I M
÷BYkeK)ancUlrYmCamYyGaCJaFrCati BIbBaðaTMnas;RBMEdnnwgcuHsikSaRsavRCav tambeNþay
RBMEdnedIm,IerobcMÉksarsMrab;RbCuMBiPakSakñgkargarRBMsImanwgkare)aHbegÁalRBMEdnrdæ.
ú
387>nKerabnIykmµsMrab;GnaKtenARbeTskm<úCakñúgkargarsMng;RtUv
)anGnuvtþEbbNa?
cM>eTAéf¶GnaKtnKerabnIykmµenARbeTskm<úCakñúkargarsMng;RtUv)anBRgwgehIypakBin½y
cMeBaHsMNg;Edlsagsg; rWCYsCulKµanc,ab; rW xus bøg;.
388>raCFanIPñMeBjmanRbCaraRsþsrubcMnYnbu:nµan?cMnYnRsIbu:nµannig bursbu:nµan
RBmTaMgdg;sIuet. cUrbBa¢ak;BITItaMgraCFanIPñMeBjnig eQµaH
x½NÐEdlmanenAraCFanIPñMeBj.
cM>raCFanIPMñeBjmanRbCaraRsþsrubcMnYn 998804nak; qñaM 1998 kñgenaH Rsþman 517893nak; Ébursman
ú I
481911nak;. edayELkdg;sIuet RbCaCnkñgTIRkuman 3448kñg1Kmkaer KWx<s;CagbNþaextþ RkugTaMgGs;.
ú ú
raCFanIPñeM BjmanTItaMgsßtenAeRtIyxaglicRtg;TMnabTenøctumux EdlCaTIRbsBV énTenøemgÁ
i
¬emKgÁelI/eRkam sab; nig)asak;¦ . raCFanIPMñeBjsßitenAvalTMnabéndIsNþ Tenø emKgÁ
EdlmandIduHerogral;qñaMekItBIkarcak;bMeBjedayExS TwkhUrnaMdIl,ab;mkcak;bgÁr.
rraCFanIPñeM BjsßtkñúgrykMBs;CamFüm 10m ebIeFobeTAnwgnIvUTwksmuRT ehIymankUGredayen
i :
PUmisaRsþenAelIExS beNaþyRtg;cMNucTI 104¿ 51 énry³beNþay
xagekItnigExSRsbRtg;cMnucTIcMnucTI11¿33 énry³TTwgxageCIg.
raCFanIPñeM Bjmanx½NÐcMnYn 7 KW x½NÐdUneBj/ x½NÐ7mkra /x½NÐcMkarmn/x½NÐTYleKak / x½NÐmanC½y /x½NÐdegáa
nig x½NÐb¤sSIEkv.

389>bBaðarbkRkugEtgekItmanCanic© cMeBaHraCFanIPñMeBj.etIrdæaPi)al
)anTb;sáat;nigedaH Rsayya:gNa BIbBaða TaMgenH?
cM>cMeBaHbBaðarbkRkugEdlekItmanenAraCFanIPñeM BjsBV éf¶enH RtUv)anrdæaPi)alkMBugTb;sáat;
nigedaHRsayCUnshKmn_ RkIRk kñúgRkugeday³
 EckdICUnRbCaCnKµanlMenAsßanEdlbc©úb,nñkMBugrs;enAtMbn;GnaFibetü.
 pþl;dIsMrab;sg;lMenAsßan enATYlrkakuH PUmiTTuy sgáat; éRBs x½NÐdegáa cMnYn429RKYsar. eday
I
KitKUreTAelI rcnasm<n§pgEdr.
½
 cMeBaHRbCaCnRkug Edlrs;enAtMbn;shKmn_ RkIRk KµanlMenA dæan BitR)akd pþl;lT§PaB edaysµ½RKcitþ
[eTArs;enAelIdIGPivDÆn_fµ.I
390> etIesdækic©tamextþmYyPaKFMenARbeTskm<úCamanlkçN³dUcemþc?
plEdlTTYl)anBIEpñkksikmµmankMritx<s;rWTab? tMrUvkarbMeBjbEnßmmanGVIxøH?
enATINa?
cM>tamextþmYyPaKFMenARbeTskm<CamanlkçN³Ca esdækic©ciBa©wmeBaH. plTTYl)anBIEpñkksikmµmankMritTab
ú
. tMrUvkarbMeBjbEnßm mankarCYjdUrbnþicbnþÜcenAtam TIpSar nwg RbkbGaCIvkmµepSg²eTot
EdlGaceFV)an.TaMgenHeRcInsßtenAtambeNþaypøÚvg fñl;sMxan;².
I i
391>dUcemþcEdlehAfaextþrwgmaM?extþexSay? extþdac;Rsyal?extþRkug
EdlpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgkMBg;Ep b¤esdækic©RBMEdn?
cM>÷extþrwgmaM ³ CaextþEdlmanesdækic©rIkcMerIn nigRbCaCneRcIn.kñúgextþkMBg;cam ¬1608914nak;¦
extþkNaþl¬1075125nak;¦nigextþ)at;dMbg¬793129nak;¦.
÷extþexSay ³ CaextþEdlmanRbCaCntic nigskmµPaBBaNiC¢kmµ ]sSahkmµenATn;exSay dUcCaextþéRBEvg
ikMBg;qñaMg taEkv kMBg;FM nigkMBt.
÷extþdac;Rsyal ³ CaRbePTextþEdlmanskmµPaBesdækic©exSay ehIysßtenAtMbn;dac; Rsyal
i
qa¶yBIpøvBaNiC¢kmµ nigehdæarcnasMB½n§TeM nIb.extþenHeRcInsßtenAPaKxageCIg
Ú i
nigxagekIténRbeTsdUcCaextþRBHvihar RkecH sÞwgERtg rtnKirI nigmNÐlKirI.

÷extþRkugEdlpSarP©ab;eTAnwgvis½yeTscrN_ ³ CaextþRbmUlpþMnUvGñkeTscrN_Cati
ú
nigGnþrCatiEdlGacnaMmknUvkargarCUndl;RbCaBlrdæ nigR)ak;cMnUly:ageRcInsMrab;sþar nig
GPivDÆn_esdækic©.kñgenaHmanextþesomrab kNþal RkugRBHsIhnu nigRkugPñeM Bj.
ú
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I
eRBaHCaRcksMrab;lMnaMecj niglMnaMcUlrbs;RbeTskm<Ca.dUcCakMBg;EpRkugRBH sIhnu
ú
CAkMBg;EpsmuRTFMmYyEdlebIk[eRbIR)as;taMgBIqñaM1960mkemøH.
kMBg;EpRkugPñMeBjCakMBgEpfµ nigsMxan;CageKkñgcMenamkMBg;EptamdgTenøemKgÁ
ú
nigRbB½n§Tenøsab.vaCakMBg;EpTenøpg nigsmuRTpg.enAmankMBg;EpkMBg;cam esomrab kMBg;qñaMg
RkecH>>>>.l.
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TMngBaNiC¢kmµRsbc,ab; b¤minRsbc,ab;Canic©CamYybNþaRbeTsEdlenAtamRBMEdnCaehtu
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Ú
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392>kgVk;xül;nigkgVk;edaysMelgekItmaneLIgbNþalmkBIGVI?
cM>kgVk;xül;ekIteLIgbNþalmkBIEpSg EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgma:sIunePøg yanynþnananigFUlI
I
edaysarpøÐvKµanRkalekAsU‘ . mú:ageTotbNûalmkBIsMramtamcieBa¨ImfÜl; ]sµnmanCatiBul
½
ecjBI]sShkmµnigsib,kmµnana.
 kgVk;edaysMelgekIteLIgbNþalmkBI ma:sIunePøgnwgyanynþRKb;RbePT.
I
393>karbgðÚrkaksMnl;rav RbRBwtþeTAtamry³GVIxøH?
cUrR)ab;BIbBaðamYycMnYnEdlTak;TgeTAnwgRbB½n§lUbgÐÚrTws¥úy nwgTwkePøóg?
etIGñkNaCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvelIbMerIbMras;nigtMEhTaMRbB½n§lUTwks¥úy ?
cM>÷enATIRkugPñMeBjkarbgðrÚ kaksMnl;ravRbRBwtþeTAtamry³ bNþajlUTks¥úynwg lUbgðrÚ Twk
w
ePøogcak;cUleTAkñúgGasþúb EdlCabwg . bnÞab;mkeKbUmTwks¥úyTaMgenaHcUleTAkñgTenønig bwgnana.
ú
÷bBaðarTak;TgeTAnwgRbB½n§lUbgðÚrTwks¥úynwgTwkePøógKW³
 bNþajlUCeRcIneRbIkarElgekIt edaysarBuMmankarEfTaM.

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u M
 kMhUcbNþajlUbegáItTwkCMnn;nUvrdUvePøog
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w ú
RksYgsaFarNkarnigdwkCBa¢ÚnnigsalaRkugPñeM Bj.
394>karcak;kaksMnl;ecal enATIcMhrbNþal[maneRKaHfñak;EdrrWeT?
cUrBnül;?
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 karraldalénCMgW nigsarFatuBulepSg²
 TIkEnøgcak;sMramCakEnøgEdlGñkTurKtcUleTAerIsrbs;rbrepSg²
nigstVRsukcUleTArkcMnIGaharEdlGaccMlgemeraKnigsarFatuKmIBul
I
eTAmnusStamry³ExScgVak;cMnIGaha.
395>karRbmUl nigTukdak;sMramenATIRkugPñMeBj
etIsalaRkugmaneKalneya)ayEbbNa?
cM>karRbmUl nigTukdak;sMramenATIRkugPñeM Bj salaRkugmaneKalneya)ayKW ³
Rkumh‘unÈkCnFMmYyeQµaHsInRTIehAkat; PIPsIu mansiT§pûac;mux kñgkarRbmUlsMram sMrab;ry³ eBl50 qñaM .
u I ú
396>shrdæ G/r sßitenAkñúgTVIbNa?manépÞdIbu:nµan Kmkaer? manrdæcMnYnbu:nµan
rdæNaEdlFMCageKnig bBa©ÚleRkayeK?qñaMNa? rab;eQµaHrdæTaMg13 Edl
)anTTYlÉkraCmuneK?
cM> shrdæGaemricsßtkñgTVbGaemric PaKxageCIg.manépÞdI 9363123 Kmkaer. manrdæTaMgGs;cMnYn 50rdæ
i ú I
>.rdæGaLasáa rdæhaév:Ca rdæFMCageK nigbBa©ÚleRkayeK kñgqñaM 1959.
ú
÷rdæTaMg13Edl )anTTYlÉkraCümuneKKW ³
- rdævasiujetan 1889
- rdæmugtaNa 1889
:
- rdæGIudahYr 1890

- rdæ rIyUmIg 1890
- rd×GU‘tas 1890
- rdæenva:da 1964
- rdæ GarIsUNa 1912
- rdæmicsic fµI 1912
u u
- rdæGaLasáa 1959
- rdæhaév: 1959
- rdækalIprnI 1850
- rdæGUerkug 1859
- rdæxULrÚ :adU 1876 .
397>etIGriyFm’Ep¥keTAelIRKwHGVIxøH?etIrdæshB½n§eFVI GnþraKmn_eTA elIbBaðGVIxøH?
cM>RKHwÙnGriyFm’Gaemricman ³ smPaB nig esrIPaBbuKÀl.
rdæshB½n§eFVGnþraKmn_eTAelIvs½ydMnwkCBa¢nfamBl kic©karBarbrisßan pþl;CMnYydl; vis½y ksikmµ
I i Ú
pþl;hirBaØvtßúdl;karRsvRCav karBarCati kMlaMgkgT½Bnig KaMRTshRKas ÉkCn.
rdæmanTYnaTIsMxan;kÜgvis½ysgÀm nwgGb;rM ehIyk¾FanayutûFm‘rbs;rd×pgEdr .
ù i
398>rdænImYy²rbs;shrdæGaemrikmanGMnacGVIxøHRKb;RKg? RbFanaFibtI
manGaNtþibu:nµanqñaM?ehIyGac QreQaµH)anbu:nµandg?
cM>÷rdærdænImYy²rbs;shrdæGaemrikmanGMnacTaMgGs; 4 KW ³
 GMnacnItibBaØti³
 GMnacnItiRbtibtþi
 GMnactulakar
 nigGMnacsarBt’man¬ CaGMnacsMxan;nigCaGMnac esrIPaBBitR)akd¦.
÷RbFanaFibtmanGaNtiþ 4qñaMkñgmYyGaNtþi ehIyGacQreQµaH)anBIr dg.
ú
399>shrdæGaemrikCaRbeTsmUlFnd¾xøaMgmYy. cUrerobrab;BIesdækic© shrdæGaemrik.

cM>shrdæGaemrikCaRbeTsmUlFnd¾xøaMgmYy.esrIPaBCaeKalkarN_mYy Edl
bgálkçNl¥cMeBaHkmµsiT§ÉkCnEdlGaceFV[mnusSmñak;Taj Epøpáa BIkargarrbs;eK.
I
esdækic© shrdæGaemrikKWCakarRbkYtRbECgKñarvag shRKasÉkCn kñúgkarEsVg
rkkMérpÞal;xn.RbB½n§esdækic©enHEp¥kelIc,ab;énTIpSareBalKWkar BRgIkTIpSartMrUv
øÜ
[manKMnigécñRbDitnigeFVI[cMenjelIplitPaBedIm,Iyk QñHelIKURbECg. shRKasFM²
bgÛajBIcritlkØNÙnRbB½n§esd×kic¨shrd×Gaemrik eTaHbICaRkumhuntUc²mansmtÓPaBbegÔIt
‘
rebobfµ²kûIk¾RkumhunTaMgenaHeKcminputBIkarelbRt)ak;rbs;Rkumhu‘nshRKasFM²EdlmanmUlFnsMebImeLIy
I ‘
.
400>shrdæGaemrikmanRBMRbTl;BIliceTAekIt BIeCIgeTAt,ÚgRbEvgb:unµan?
kñúgenaHEpñkxageCIgnigxagt,ÚgeKdaMdMnaMGVIxøH? cUrrab;eQµaHkMBg;EpsMxan;²
EdlmanenAshrdæGaemrikRBmTaMgTItaMgsMxan;²?
cM> shrdæGaemrikmanRBMRbTl;BIliceTAekItRbEvg 4500Km nigBIeCIgeTAt,ÚgRbEvg
2500Km.enARbeTsenHdIdaMdMnaMRKbdNþb; 1¼5 énEpndI.
tMbn;PaKxageCIgeKdaMesµAnigRsUvsaLI rIÉtMbn;E; b:kxagt,ÚgeKdaMkb,as; RsUv nigRkUc edayELkekaHhaév:
sMbUrmñas; cMEnkkalIprnIsMbUrdMnaMTBaMg)AyCUr.
M
401>pøÚvEdkenAshrdæGaemrik)at;bg;sarsMxan;esdækic©edaysarGVI?
cM>edaysarpøvfñl;manskmµPaBxøaMgCageK.KWFanadwkCBaÚnGñkdMenIrsMrab;cm¶ayxøI nigmFüm)anmYyPaKFM.
Ú ¢
dMnwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtamrfynþFM²pþl;kargar2dgeRcInCagpøÚvEdk.lT§plTaMgenHBwgEp¥kelIcMnt
yanynþenAelIbNþajpøÚvfñl;mYyya:gjwkBiessenAxagekIt.
402>mUlehtuGVI)anCadMnuHRbCaCnminesµIKñashrdæGaemrik?etIRbCaCneRcInCageKkñúgrdæ
NaxøH?ehIyrdæNaxøHmanRbCaCnrs;enAtic?
cM>dMnuHRbCaCnenAshrdæGaemrikminesµKñaedaysarPaBGnueRKaH
I
nigminGnueRKaHénmCÄdæanFmµCatiRBmTaMgcMnUlRsukénCatisasn_déT.
÷RbCaCneRcInrs;enARbmUlpÞúKñatamtMbn;eqñrnigtMbn;bwgFM²ehIyk¾CakEnøgRbmUlpþúMRkugFM²EdleKehAfa
M
emkab:UlIs.

 rdæEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enAeRcInCageKKWrdæticsas;¬17lannak;¦rdæpørIt ¬13lannak;¦
nigrdækalIprnIeRcInCaeKenAshrdæGaemrik¬30lannak;¦.
cMEnktMbn;|sanmankgVHxatxagcMnUlRsukCaehtueFV[tMbn;enHmanRbCaCnrs;enAtictYcdUc CardæGIulINy
I
rdviskunsiun rdæGiunDIya:Na rdæGUéhy:U edæmIsIeu Kn>>>.
403>dUcemþcEdlehAfatMbn;ExSrRkva:t;RBHGaTitü?etItMbn;enHmanTItaMg sßitenAÉNa?
ehtuGVI)anCaRbCaCnmYycMnYnenAshrdæGaemrikcUlcitþ
cl½teTArs;tMbn;enH?ehIyPaKeRcInCaGñkNa?
cM>÷tMbn;ExSrRkva:t;RBHGaTitüCatMbn;mYyEdlsMbUrkMedARBHGaTitüCagtMbn;déT
nigmanGakasFatuGnueRKaHkñgmuxrbrksikmµ.
ú
÷tMbn;enHmanTItaMglatsn§wgBIPaKxaglicmkPaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTs.RbCaCnmYycMnYncUlcitþ
eTArs;enAtMbn;enaHeRBaH ³
 CatMbn;ksikmµd¾FMmYy
 CatMbn;sMbUrkMedA nigePøóg
 CatMbn;dImanCIvCatiGnueRKaHdl;kardaMduHdMnaMepSg²
 CatMbn;EdlmankarrIkcMerInesÞrI RKb;vis½yBiessvis½yksikmµ nig]sSahkmµ
÷GñkEdleTArs;enAtMbn;ExSrRkva:t;RBHGaTitüKWGñkbec©keTs nignivtþCn.
404>CnCatiedIm énshrdæGaemrikKWBYkNa? s>vTIb:unµan? CIvPaBrbs;
BYkeKmanlkçN³dUcemþc? cMNUlRsukénshrdæGaemrikmkBITVIbNaxøH?
cUrGFib,ayRtYs²BIRbeTscMNUlRsuk nigcMnYnRbCaCn.
cM> ÷CNCatiedIménshrdæGaemrikKWBYkEs,kRkhm EdlcUltaMgTIlMenAdMbUgeKelITwk dIenH
mancMnYntictYcnaedImstvtSTI17. bc©úb,nñCnCatiEs,kRkhmmancMnYn2lannak;.
÷CIvPaBrbs;BYkEs,kRkhmmankarlM)akxøaMgedaysarBYkeKrs;TaMgRtdr edaysarCMnYyBI shB½n§
b¤BIkarlk;vtÓsib,kmµ[GÜkeTscrN_ ehIyGÜkxøHeTotrs;edaysarBn§EdlRkumh‘n eFVIGaCIvkmµEr:
ù u
enatMbn;enaHbg;[.

÷RbeTsEdlCacMnUlRsukenAshrdæGaemrikmanCag55lannak; PaKeRcInmkBITVIbGWr:b TVbGaRBic
u I
TVbGasIu nigGaemricLaTIn.
I
÷RbCaCnshrdæGaemrik 85°CaGñktMnBUCBIGñkcMnUlRsukmkBITVbGWr:b.RbeTsenH CaGñk TTYl
I u
CnGWr:bEdlTurKtGt;Xøan nigRtUveKbeNþjecjedayeFVITukçbukemñjxagneya)ay man dUcCaBYkeGOLg;
u
GeKøs eGkUs GaLWm:g; ság;DINav>>>.¬1850-1914¦
 qñaM1865manBYkGaRBic 4/5lannak;.sBVéf¶BYkenHman 30lannak;esµInwg 12°énRbCaCn
srub.BYkenHeRcIneFVICakmµkr enAtamcMkarFM² nigkmµnþsalenAtMbn;xagt,Úg.
 qñaM1960 GñkcMnUlRsukPaKeRcInmkBITIVbGasIu nigGaemricLaTIn.sBVenHCnCati Gasuman 8lannak;
I
enAshrdæGaemrik kñgenaHman1/6lannak; CaCnCaticin 1/4lannak;CaCnCati PIlIBIn
ú
850000nak;CaCnCatiCb:n 800000nak;CaCnCatikUer: nigCag900000nak;mkBI
u
]bTVbNÐÚcin.eRkABIenHCnCatieGs,ajmaneRcInCageK¬23lannak;¼1994¦.
I
405>etIenAshrdæGaemrikGRtaCatiRbmaNTabcab;BIqñaMNa? mUlehtuGVI?
cM>enAshrdæGaemrikGRtaCatiRbmaNTabcab;BIqñaM1992 .
mUlehtu ³ -kMenInkargarnarI
 kMenInPaBxVHkargareFVI
 viFIBnüakMeNIt
406>cUrerobrab;eQµaHrdæEdlcMnUlRsukénCnCatiGasIu GaRBic nigeGs,aj
cUleTArs;enA.
cM> rdæEdlcMnUlRsukénTVbGasIu GaRBic nigeGs,aj cUleTArs;enAKW ³
I
 CnCatiGasIu ³ rs;enArdæva:sIunetan jUy:k kalIprnI ticsas GIulINy r:utGayLin nighaév:
 CnCatiGaRBic ³ eRcInrs;enArdælVsüan kar:linxageCIg kar:Ulinxagt,Úg dkCI GaLa)a:m;:a mIsIusIuBI kalIprnI
I U
GIlINy jmIsIuEkn eBnsIlvanI nigevosInIj:a
u u
 CnCatieGs,aj ³ eRcInenArdæticsas micsicfµI xULÚr:adU GarIsUNa nigkalIprnI.
u u
407>enAshrdæGaemricetIEr:GVIxøHEdlCab;cMnat;elIiBiPBelak? etIGNþÚg
eRbgkatsMxan;²rbs;shrdæGaemricsßitenAkEnøgNaxøH?

cM> ÷Er:EdlCab;cMnat;fñak;elIBIPBelakenAshrdæGaemricKWEr:Tg;Edg sMn R)ak; nigEdk.
÷GNþgEr:eRbgkatsMxan;²rbs;shrdæGaemricsßtenAtameqñrénsmuRTmicsic kalIprnI nigGaLasáa.
Ú i u u
408>]sSahkmµenAshrdæGaemricmanlkçNdUcemþc? etIshrdæGaemric
eRbIyuT§saRsþdUcemþcxøH edIm,IRbQmmuxnigvib,tþi ]sSahkmµ?
cM>]sSahkmµenAshrdæGaemricmanlkçNTMenIbkmµEdlGacpþl;pleRcInCageKkñgBIPBelak.
ú
÷ edIm,IRbQmmuxnigvib,tþ]sSahkmµshrdæGaemriceRbIyuT§saRsþdUcteTA³
i
 epÞrskmµPaB]sSahkmµmYycMENkeTAkñgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ eRBaHenATIenaH tMélBlkmµTab.
ú
 bMlas;TIrbs;]sSahkmµmYycMnYnFM kñúgTwkdIshrdæGaemric eq<aHeTArdæPaKxagt,Úg.
 kat;bnßyR)ak;]btßmÖnigkarbBa©Úlbec©keTsviTüaCan;x<s;eTAkñúgplitkmµ.
 karbNþHbNþalBlkr RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB.
ú i

409>dUcemþc EdlehAfa]sSahkmµbBaØa? ]sSahkmµRbéBNI?
[]TahrN_]sSahkmµenAshrdæGaemric.
cM>]sSahkmµbBaØaCaRbePT]sSahkmµeRbIedaybBaØaedayEp¥kelIkarRsav RCav xøaMgelIRkum htßBlkr
manCMnaj x<s;nigbnSaMeTAelIbMlas;bþÚrénbec©kviTüaeCOnelOn.
÷]sSahkmµbBaØaman³
-]sSahkmµ kmµKImI
-]sSahkmµsMPar³GKÁsnInigeGLicRtUnic.
I
-]sSahkmµplitynþehaHnigyanGavkas.
÷]sSahkmµRbéBNI³ CaRbePT]sSahkmµEdlmantaMgBIyUrmkehIy ehIyRtUveRbIR)as;kñgRsukCaRbcaM.
ú
]sSahkmµRbéBnIman³
-]sSahkmµEdkEfb
-]sSahkmµrfynþ
-]sSahkmµEs,keCIg
-]sSahkmµvayNP½NÐ

410>cUrniyayBIcMnucxøaMgnigcMnucexSayénksikmµ shrdæGaemrik.
cM>ksikmµenAshrdæGaemrik mancMnucxøaMgnigcMnucexSaydUcteTA³
÷cMnucxøaMg ³
 bMeribMras;ynþkmµeCOnelOn
 bMerIbMras;CI nig fñaMstVl¥it
 kar)acTwkbBa©Úl
 karpþl;bec©keTsTMenIb²dl;ksikr
 karpSBVpSay)anqab;rh½stambNþajTMenIb GMBIrbkKMehIjekSRtsaRsþnana.
÷cMnucexSay ³
 TIpSar ³manTIpSarelakxagt,Úg nigpSarGWr:b.pSarTaMgenHCaGñkTijplitplksikmµshrdæGaemric
u
.RbsinebIkarsMTijfycuH sþúkFmµCatiekInenaH tMélFBaØCaticuH .
u
411>enAshrdæGaemric)anrkeXIjCMgWeGds_. etICMgWenHqøgtamryHGIVxøH?
etIÉkeTsxagRsavRCavBICMgWeGds_enH)anTTYllT§plGIVxøH?
cM>kñgqñaM1981 enAshrdæGaemrik)aneXIjCMgWeGds_CaCMgWbgárnUvmhnþrayeFIV[xUcRbB½n§saMnigemeraKrbs;
ú u
ragkay.
eGds_qøgtamryHkarrYmePTb¤tamXamehIyenAshrdæGaemrikCMgWenHPaKeRcIn)anekItenAelIbursrYmePTdUcKña
nigGñkeRbIfñaMejoncak;tamsés edaymankarraldalxøaMgCageKeTotpgebIeRbobeFobeTAnigRbeTsdéT.
mkdl;qñaM1992 RbCaCn shrdæGaemrikCag 150000nak; )an søab;edayCMgå eGds_ehIygñkEdlpÞk ú
emeraKeGds_ mancMnYnBI 300000nak;eTA Cag mYylannak;.
÷GñkÉkeTsxagRsavRCavBICMgWeGds_ BIess GñkÉkeTsxagRsavRCavviCa¢ eBTü BiPBelak )an TTYleCaKC½y
edayGaceFVvIrus HIeV nAeka nigbegátkarsakl,g edIm,IFanakic©karBar nigkarpÁt;pÁg;Qam.
I I
412>kñúgcMenampøÚvKmnaKmn_ enAshrdæGaemrik etIKmaKmn_ RbePTNa mYy
EdlmanskmµPaBmmajwkxøaMgCageK?
cM> kñgcMenampøvKmnaKmn_ enAshrdæGaemrik KmaKmn_EdlmanskmµPaBmmajwkxøaMgCageK KWpøvfñl; eRBaH³
ú Ú Ú

 FanakñgkardwkCBa¢nGñkdMenIrTaMgcMgay xønigmFüm
ú Ú I
 pþl;PaBrh½sTan;citþnigRKb;RKan;
 karbBa¢nBt’manmanPaBxøaMgkøa ehIyrh½s Tan;citû¬TUrs½B / kMBúÐT½r>>>>>¦
Ð u
413>cUrrab;eQµaHkMBg;EpenAshrdæGaemrik nig TItaMg?
cM>÷shrdæGaemrik mankMBg;EpCaeRcInEdlenAtambeNþayeqñrsmuRTnigkMBg;EpsMxan;²man³
-Eb:kxagekIttambeNþayeqñrGatøgTic mankMBg;EpjÚvy:k ¬elx1 kñgRbeTs¦ kMBg;Ep PILaEdlPI
ú
¬elx5kÜùgBiPBelak¦ nigkMBg;Epb‘lFIm½r.
 Eb:kxaglic tambeNaûy eqÜr)a:sIPic kMBg;Ep san;R)an;sIusÔÐ LÐsGg;sWELs Lùgb‘Úc nig sIufil .
u
 Eb:kGeKñy_ tameqñrénQUgmicsic mankMBg;Ep jÚGrlan ¬elx6 elIBiPBelak¦ kMBg;Ep taM)a: bUsán>>>>.
u u ú
414>cUrniyayBIdMnwkCBa¢Úntam pøÚvGakas shrdæGaemrik.
cM>dMnwkCBa¢ntam pøvGakas shrdæGaemrik mankarPivDÆn_xøaMgNas; EtRbEhl 40°én cracrN_pøvGakas
Ú Ú Ú
BIPBelak. kñgcMenamGakasyandæanFM²TaMg20 Edlcracr_dwkCBa¢nGñk dMenIrelIsBI20
ú Ú
lannak;elIBiPBelak man 15 Carbs; shrdæGaemrik .
415> tammCÆdæanFmµCati enAshrdæGaemrik manPaBxusEbøkBImCÆdæanFmµCati
enAkm<úCa dUcemþcxøH?
cM>÷PaBxusKñaénmCÆdæanFmµCati km<Canig mCÆdæanFmµCatienA shrdæGaemrik³
ú
÷mCÆdæanFmµCatikm<Ca ³
ú
 tMbn;Eb:kxagekIt Cax<g;rabxagekItnig |san Edlmanry³kMBs;minelIs 200m sMbUrFnFanEr:nig éRBeQI
 tMbn;Eb:kxaglicnigxageCIg CaCYrPñx<s; sNþkd¾Evg¬CYrPñRM kvaj ¦sMbUrFnFanEr:nig éRBeQI
M Ú
 TMnabkNþal CaTIRbsb; énpøÚvTwk ¬RbB½n§TenøemKgÁnig Tenøsab¦ CatMbn;ksikmµd¾FM enAkm<Ca .
ú
÷mCÆdæanFmµCati shrdæGaemrik ³
 tMbn;xagekIt CaCYrPñGa)a:Las¬CYrPñcas;¦sMbUrEr: mantMél éRB eQI varIGKÁIsnI.
M M
 tMbn;xaglic CaCYrPñx<s;³¬CYrPñeM kµg¦ sMbUrEr:mantMél éRBeQInigvarIGKÁsnI
M I

 TMnabkNþal CaTIRbsb; énpøÚvTwk ¬TenømIsIusIuBI¦sMbUrEr:mantMél nigCatMbn;ksikmµd¾ enA shrdæGaemrik.
416>ehtuGVI)anenAshrdæGaemrikmanCnCati Es,kexµA cUleTArs;enA?etI
BYkeK)anbgárnUvbBaðaEdrrWeT cMeBaHRbCaCnshrdæGaemrik?
cM>CnCati shrdæGaemrikEs,kexµA KWCaBBYkEdltsNþanBIGtIt TaskrGaRBicEdlbMerIkargar kñgcMkarkb,as
ú
rWGNþgEr:FM²enAPaKxag t,Úg.
Ú
eRkayBIsRgÁambMEbkrdæ BYkeK)aneFVIeTAPaKxagt,ÚgedIm,IrkkargarkñgeragcRk]sSahkmµFM²
ú
. fµI²enHBYkeK)aneFVIdMenIreTAtMbn;ExSRkvat;RBHGaTitü edIm,IEsVgrkkargareFV.BYkEs,kexµA
I
)anBüayamsMrbxøncUlkñgsgÁm shrdæGaemrik kan;EtRbesIreLIgEdlsBVéf¶enHxøHman
Ü ú
kMritCIvPaBx<s;EtenAmanBYkEs,kexµARkIRkmYycMnYnFM rs;enATIRbCMuCn.
÷BYkeK)anbgárbBaða xøHdl; shrdæGaemrikdUcCa TurPikS GMeBIhwgSa ]Rkwtükmµ eRKOgejon eBsüacarCaedIm.
417> shrdæGaemrikCaRbeTsmYyEdlmankMenInRbCaCnekInrh½sCageK
elIBIPBelak cUrbBa¢ak;.
cM> shrdæGaemrik mankMenInRbCaCnekInrh½sCageK elIBIPBelakeRBaH shrdæGaemrik maneKalkarN_
CamYyKWTTYlykGenþaRbevs BITIVbGWru :bya:gKRKwkKeRKg enAcugs>v TI 19 nigedIm s>vTI 20
u
eTaHbImankarCECkKñaBIbBaðaenHk¾edayk¾cMnUlRsukRbeTsenHenAEtbnþ.
bc©b,nñenH shrdæGaemrikenAEtCaRbeTsmYyEdlTTYlyk GenþaRbevsn_eRcInCageKenAkñúg BIPBelak.
enAedImqñaM 1990 shrdæGaemrik TTYlsMnUlRsukRsbc,ab;cMnYn 7Esnnak;kñg 1 qñaM.
ú
418>enA shrdæGaemrikmanRbB½n§pøÚvTwkd¾FMmYyeQµaHGVI? manRbEvgbu:nµanKm?
hUrkat;tMbn; NaxøH? niyayBIsar³sMxan; pøÚvTwkenaH?
cM>RbB½n§ shrd×Gaemrik KWTenø mIsIsIuBI EdlmanRbEvg 400Km ebIeKKitTaMgsÒg mIs‘UrIpgman RbEvg
u w
4800Km. TenøenHhUrkat;TMnabkNþal ehIycak;cUleTA QUg smuRT micsic. u u
÷TenøenHmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHksikmµnig dMnwkCBa¢ÚntampøvTwk.
Ú
419>enA shrdæGaemrikeKeXijmanGNþÚgGIuRdUkabYFM²2kEnøg etImanTItaMgenANaxøH?

cM>÷ enAshrdæGaemrikeKeXijmanGNþgGIRu dUkabYFM²2kEnøgEdlsßtkñgTMnabkNþalehIy
Ú i ú
EdlkMBugeFVIGaCIvkmµ.
 mYykEnøgmanTItaMgTItaMgenATVb
I
 mYykEnøgmanTItaMgTItaMgsßtenAkEnøgeqñr¬ticsas lVsüan¦
i I
420>mUlehtuGVIxøHEdleFVI[shrdæGaemrikkøayCaRbeTsmhaGMnacelI BiPBelak?
cM>÷ shrdæGaemrikkøayCaRbeTsmhaGMnacelI BiPBelakeRBaH
 RbeTsenHsMbUredayFnFanFmµCati
 CaRbeTsEdlmanexOn]sSahkmµlUtlas;xøaMg
 manvisalPaBénépÞdiFMeFg¬TMnabksikmµ¦
 RbB½n§esdækic©RKb;RKan; manRbsiT§PaB
Á
 CaRbeTsmhaGMnacxageyaFa nigkaTUt
 CaRbeTsmhaGMnacxagbNþajKmnaKmn_elIBiPBelak
 CaRbeTsEdlTTYlcMnUlRsukeRcInCageKelIBiPBelak
 CaRbeTsmhaGMnacksikmµ ]sSahkmµnigBaNiC¢pgEdr
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i
421>etIshrdæGaemrikcnaMcUlnUvplitplGVIxøHBIbreTs?
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eRcInsn§wksn§ab;eTAbreTs VshrdæGaemrikk¾RtUvnaMcUlnUvplitplCaeRcInedIm,I
bMeBjtMrUvkareRbIR)as;dUcCaeRbgkat ]sµnFmµCati Er:elah³ plitpl ksikmµ plitpl]sSahkmµ EdkEfb
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422>RbeTsCb:unsßitkñúgTVIbNa?RbeTsenHekItBIkMrgekaHcMnYnb:unµan? tMerobKñaCaragGVI?
cUrrab;eQµaHekaHsMxan;²enARbeTsCb:unRBMTaMgbBa©ak;TItaMgpg.

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i ù I u
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i
423>cUrerobrab;BIkarlM)akénmCÄdanFmµCatienARbeTsCb:un.
cM>Cb:unKWCakMrgekaHEdlmanPñRM bmaN 3¼4 énépÞRbeTsEtPñTaMgenaHminsUvx<s;b:nµaneT elIkElgEtPñMePøIg
M u
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énépÞRbeTs.TMnabTaMgenaHmanTMhMtUcceg¥ót dUcKñaTaMgGs;EdlPaKeRcInRbmUl
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û u
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424>cUrerobrab;r)ayRbCaCnenARbeTsCb:un.etItMbn;NaxøHEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enAeRcIn
kuHkr nigtictYc?eRBaHGVI?
cM> ÷RbCaCnCb:unrs;enAelIekaHd¾tUcceg¥ótEdlCaehtueFV[r)ayRbCaCnminesµKñaeT
I I
ebItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYy.enAqñaM1950 RbCaCnCb:unmanCag 85lannak; qñaM1996man 125 lannak; nigqñaM
2000manCag126lannak; dg;sIuetmFüménRbeTsenHman 334nak;¼Km2 RbCaCnmanRbmaN
80°rs;enAtamRkug kñgcMenamenaHRkugxøHmanmnusSelIsBI1lannak; ehIyPaKeRcIn
ú
suT§EtCaRkug]sSahkmµy:agsMxan;.
cab;BITIRkugtUküÚeTAPUKGUka KWCabNþMúTIRkugd¾FMTUlayCageKkñgBiPBelak.
U ú
÷tMbn;EdlmanmnusSrs;enAeRcInkuHkrCageKKw ³tambNþMú]sSahkmµEb:kxagt,ÚgKW Biesstam
eqñrsmuRT.Edlmandg;sIuetelIsBI1200nak;¼K>m2 kñgenaHTIRkugtUküÚCasñl ya:gsMxan;Edl manRbCaCn
ú Ú
rs;enAdl;eTA 30lannak;bnÞab;mkKWbNþúMTIRkugGUsaka xUeb tUküÜ NatUg:ya:EdlmanRbCaCn
U
17lannak;rs;enAeRBaHsuT§swgCatMbn;]sSahkmµ.

÷tMbn;EdlmanmnusSrs;enAtictYcKW ³tMbnlEb:kxageCIgénRbeTsEdlmandg;sIuet 64nak;¼K>m2
edaysartMbn;enHRtCak;xøaMgeBk nigRbkbrbrksikmµBMsUvGMeNaypll¥.
u
425>etIRbeTsCb:un)anerobcMneya)ayRbqaMgnwgkMenItEdrb¤eT? cUrbBa¢ak;.
cM>RbeTsCb:unmin)anerobcMneya)ayRbqaMgnwgkMenIteTeRBaHc,ab;)anGnuBaØat[man karrMlUt kUn
nigeFVI[Gar)anedayesrI.kñgenaHeK)anbegáItkarpSBVpSaykareRbIfñaMBnüakMenItnigviFITb; sáatmin[mankUn.
ú
426>dUcemþcEdlehAfa sUkU sUsa? etImuxgarén sUkU sUsa manGVIxøH?
cM> ÷sUkU sUsa KWeQµaHRkumh‘unBaNiC¢kmµedayELkenARbeTsCb:un dUcCaRkumh‘undwknaM
Fanakarra:b;rgkarTukdak; elITIpSarGnþrCati lMnaMcUlniglMnaMecj.
÷muxgarrbs;sUkUsUsa mannaTIkgkarlk; Tij dwkCBa¢Ún sþúkTuk Eckcay Fanar:ab;rg lMnaMecj
ñú
cUlEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ nigCaFanaKarik.
427>etImanGVIxøHCacMnucxøaMgénksikmµCb:un?
etIePaKplksikmµenHGacbMeBjtMrUvkarRbCaCn)anb¤eT? cUrbBa©ak;.
cM>cMnucxøaMgénksikmµCb:nKW bMerIbMras;CI nigeRKÓgynþ.eTaHbImanlkçN³EbbNak¾eday
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k¾manePaKplksikmµminGacbMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;RbCaCn)aneT . eRBaHépÞdIdaMduHmanTMhMticeBk¬TMMnab
16°PaKry énépÞRbeTs¦.
428>etIvis½yGb;rMenARbeTsCb:unmankarRKb;RKgdUcemþc?cUrerobrab;.
cM>Cb:unGPivDÆKMrURKb;RKgshRKasedayBwgEp¥kelIplitPaBénkarRsuHRsYlKña.
kñgvis½yGb;rMCatimansnÞHrikcMerInxøaMg edayyuvCN 94°)anbBa©b;mFümsikSaehIy
ú ú
37°)ancUleronenAsklviTüal½y.karcUleronenHmanzananuRkmya:gmWgma:t;bMputehIy
u
manEtGñkeronBUEk¬eqñIm¦ eTIbGaccUleronmhaviTüal½y)an.¬]> sklviTüal½ytYday enAtUküÚ
nignisSiteTIbGaccUleronenATIenaH)an tamry³karRblgRbECgy:agsVtsVajbMput eRkayBI)ancUleronehIy
i
yuvCnTaMgenaHTTYlkarbNþHbNþaleTAtamshRKaseTot¦.
ú
edaymanCenOmutmaM elItMÙlnigsBaÏab½RtenHehIyeTIbRKYsarCb:un ha‘ncMNayluy
kak;CaeRcInedIm,I[kUnrbs;xøn)ancUleron kñgRKwHsßaá nsikSal¥².
Ü ú
429>dUcemþcEdlehAfa bWNWluc? begáIteLIgenAkñúgkMLúgqñaMNa?

cM>bWNWlucekIteLIgBIbIRbeTsrYmbBa©ÚlKña KWEblsic hULg; niglucsMbYr. bWNWlucbegáteLIgbegáteLIgenAqñaM
u I I
1943-1944.
430>etItMbn;NaxøHEdlmanGP½yÉksiTi§BaNiC¢kmµCamYyRbeTsCb:un?
kñúgcMeNamtMbn;TaMgenaHetItMbn;NamYyEdlmankMritxøaMgCageK?
cM>tMbn;EdlmanGP½yÉksiT§BaNiCkmµCamYyRbeTsCb:un manGWr:bxaglic naKGasITaMgbYn
i ¢ u u
nigGaemricxageCIg.tMbn;EdlmankMritxøaMgCageKKw shrdæGaemric.
431>cUrbgðajGMBIcMnucxøaMgén]sSahkmµCb:un.etI]sSahkmµNaxøHEdl
pþl;lT§PaBeRcIn.rab;eQµaH]sSahkmµenACb:un[)anR)aM.
cM> cMnucxøaMgén]sSahkmµCb:n KwkarrIkduHdalén]sSahkmµEdlCab;cMnat;fñak;BiPBelak.
u
]sSahkmµEdlpþl;lT§PaBeRcInCageKKW]sSahkmµrfynþ¬tUy:asa¦ nig]sSahkmµsMng; GKÁsnI¬hItasI¦.
i u u
÷shRKas]sSahkmµenACb:unKw³ W - shRKas ³
tUsIu)a¬sMNg;GKÁsnI¦
i - shRKas ³ PUCItsU‘¬kMBúÐTr½ ¦
u
- shRKas ³ sUnI¬eGLicRtUnic¦
- shRKasmIts‘Ub‘ÉsIeu GLicRtUnic¬sMng;GKÀisnI¦.
432>etI]sSahkmµCb:unmanlkçN³fµIefµagEdrrWeT?cUrbBa©ak;.etIGVIxøHEdlCacMnucexSayén
]sSahkmµCb:un kñúgcenøaHqñaM 1950nig1975.
cM> ]sSahkmµCb:nminEmneTIbEtkekIteT eRBaH]sSahkmµTaMgenHekItmantaMgBiIqñaM 1868 kñgsm½y mIGIyi.
u ú uu
cMnucxøaMgén]sSahkmµCb:nkñgGMLúgqñaM1950nig1973KWkarbBa©ÚllkçN³ TMenIbkmµénbec©kviTüafµ²
u ú I
nigplitkmµya:geRcIn.
433>esdækic©Cb:unCYbRbTHnwgvibtþieRbgkatkñúgGMLúgqñaMNa? etIRbeTsenH
erobcMyuT§saRsþdUcemþcxøHedIm,I[esdækic©rIkcMrIn.
cM>Cb:unCYbRbTHnwgvibtþei RbgkatkñgkMLgqñaM1973b¤1979. eK)anerobcMyuT§saRsþdUcteTA ³
ú ú
 ykcitþTkdak;fµI eTAelIshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm
u
 eFVIGnþrCatikmµ ebIkTUlayesdækic©tamry³kMenInénvinieyaKTunenAbreTs.

434>enACb:un]sSahkmµrfynþrIkcMerInEdrb¤eT? etIRbeTsNaxøHEdlCaéd
KUBaNiC¢kmµsMxan;CamYyRbeTsCb:un? cUrerobrab;nUvRbePTplitplEdl
RbeTsenHRtUvnaMcUl nignaMecj.
cM>÷]sSahkmµenA Cb:ncab;rIkcMerIntaMgBIqñaM1950emøH.bBaðasMxan;KWeFVkarnaMecjrfynþ[
u I
)aneRcIneTAbreTs.
÷RbeTsEdlCaédKUBaNiC¢sMxan;CamYyRbeTs Cb:un KWshrdæGaemric shKmn_GWr:b u
nigbNþaRbeTsenATVbGasI¬RbeTs]sSahkmµfµ¦
I u I
÷RbePTplitplEdlRbeTsenHRtUvnaMcULman plitplGahar plitplfamBl rUbFatuedIm
nigbrikçaeRbIR)as;
÷ÉplitplnaMecjmanrfynþ m:asIunftcMlgeRKÓgeGLicRtUnic plitplmnusSynþ nigsMPar³CaeRcIneTot.
435>cUrniyayBIesdækic©RbmUlpþMúenARbeTsCb:un .
cM>enARbeTsCb:unrdæaPi)alCb:unEtgEtykcitþTukdak;nigrYmcMEnkya:gskmµ kñgkarCYytMrgTis énRbB½nesdækic©
ú
.rdæeFIkargarenHtamrysareBin§eRBaHkarcMnayeTAelI sgÁmnigeyaFak¾mantictYcEdr.
V
b:uEnþlkçNHBiessrbs;RbeTsCb:unKWsßitenARtg;RbmUlpþMúCaRbcaMEdlRbRBwtþeLIgrvagshRKasFM²EdleKniym
ehAfa ¬skidaNin b¤TImI¦RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ]sSahkmµ.
436>pøÚvKmnaKmn_enARbeTsCb:unmanGIVxøH?cUrerobrab;RtYs².
kñúgenaHKmnaKmn_RbePTNaEdlmancracrN_mmajwkkñúgRbeTsCageK ?
cM>pøvKmnaKmn_enARbeTsCb:unman32RbePT³
Ú
÷pøveKak -pøÚvynþbf
Ú
 pøÚvEdk
÷pøvsmuRT
Ú
÷pøvGakas
Ú
÷pøveKak³ pøvEdlTTYlTunvInieyaKeRcInCageKEdlmanen,OnyaLgenOn 270K>m¼ ema:g
Ú Ú
tP¢ab;BITIRkugtUtüÚeTAGUska
EdlmancMgay500K>m.edayELkpøvynþbfmankarlM)ak;xøH²kñúgkareFIVcracrN_.
Ú

÷pøvsmuRT³ Biess smuRTkñg CamYnigkMBgEprGnþrCati nigkMBgEptUc²TaMgbUnRtUvP¢ab;rvagKña
Ú ú Y
edaysÓanIy_pøveRkamrUgsmuRT EdlP¢ab;BIeKaHhugsúÐ‘ túÐsúÐR‘ bEvg3>7K>m
Ð
 dMnwknaMpøÚvGakas ³mantYnaTIsMxan;Nas; kñúgdwknaMGñkdMeNIrkñúgRbeTs .
÷pøvKmnaKmn_EdlmancracrN_mmajwkCageKKWpøvEdk .
Ú Ú
437>enARbeTsCb:unmanGakasyandæanb:unñan?eQaµHGIVxøH?
cM>man4kEnøg³ KW
 cMntGakasyandæan ³NavIta
 cMntGakasyandæan ³GUsaka
 cMntGakasyandæan ³PUtUGUka
 cMntGakasyandæan ³ma:eNda ¬Ek,rtUkSÚ¦
438>enARbeTsCb:unmanpøÚvrUgeRkamdImYyEvgCageK?eQµaHGIV? RbEvgb:unñan?CMerAb:unñan
nigPa¢b;BINaeTANa ?
cM>pøvrUgeRkamdIenARbeTsCb:un EdlEvgCageKeQaµHsIkan; RbEvg 53>9>K>m CMerA³ 250m edlkñgenaH
Ú ú
23K>m sßitenAeRkamsmuRT .
pøÐvenHPab;BIekaHhugsúÐ‘eTAekaHhugékdU.
439>cUlkMNt;n½yénPaBcMnas;rbs;RbCaCn.
etIPaBcMnas;énRbCaCnCb:unsakn,gedaHRsayedayviFINaxøH?
cM>PaBcMnas;rbs;RbCaCnCb:unKWCaTMrg;RbCaCnEdlkñúgenaHRkUgmnusScas;¬60qñaMeLIg¦
mancMnYneRcInCagmnusSEdlmancMnYnticCag20 qñaM.
÷PaBcMnas;énRbCaCnCb:nbnÞkd¾F¶n;F¶rrbs;raCrdæaPi)alCb:nEdlRtUvciB¢awmmnusScas;dl;eRcInnignaM[
u ú u
mantMhycuHRbCaCnskmµ.
Cb:unCaRbeTsmhaGMnacesdækic©elx2 kñgBiPBelakenHCasñaédRkbeday
ú
eTBüekaslürbs;RbCaCnEdlmanRbéBNI ]sSahn_Büayam nigmanKMnitécñRbDitx<s;.

440>Cb:unsMbUrePaKRTBüFmµCatirWeT? etIePaKRTBüFmµCatiGVIxøHEdlRbeTs
enHRtUvnaMcUlBIbreTs?
cM>Cb:unminsUvsMbUrePaKRTBüFmµCatieT.eRBaHsNæandIRbeTsenHGesßrPaB eTIbBMusUvmankMn keNItEr:
dUcenHedIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkar xag]sSahkmµ Cb:nRtUvnaMcUlnUvFnFanEr:BIbreTsdUccCa Er: AL ,Fe: 92% , Mn: 93%
u V
nigGIRu dUkabYr EdlmancMnYneRcInsn§ksn§ab;KWCag 250lan nak;kñgmYyqñaM².
w ú
441>etIBakü ]sSahkmµfµI eRbIsMrab;sMKal;RbeTsEbbNa?
enATVIbGasIumanRbeTsNaxøH?
cM>RbeTs ]sSahkmµfµI eRbIsMedAeTAelIRbeTsrIkcMerInfµEI dl)ansMerceCaKC½y kñúugkarCMruj
Epñk]sSahkmµeq<aHeTArklMnaMecj plitpleTArkbreTs.
÷enATVbGasIumanRbeTs ³ sigðburI étva:n; hugkug nigkUer:xagt,Úg¬naKbYnRbcaMtbn;GasI)a:sIuPic¦.
I M u
442>RbeTsCb:unmanreboberobcMesdækic©mYyd¾cMElk nigRbkbeday RbsiT§PaBpg.
cM>RbeTserobcMesdækic©tamEbbmUlFnniymedayRbkan;ykKMrUmYy EbøkBIeKdUcCa ³
 Cb:un)anBRgIk nigkarBarTIpSarkñúgRsuk
 Cb:un)anGnuvtþesdækic© ¬TVbniym¦eBalKWshRKasFM²manlT§PaBRKb;RKan;elbshRKas
I
mFüm nigtUcb:uEnþCb:nEbrCaEfrkSarshRKastUc nigmFüm[edIrTnÞwmKña
u
edIm,IRbkYtRbECgkñúgn½yrIkcMerInesdækic©.
 begátshRKasBhuesva sUkU sUsa EdlCaKnøwHénGanuPaBCb:un
I
 rebobRKb;RKgBwgEp¥kelIplitPaB nigkarRsuHRsYl¬bNþhbNþalFnFanmnusSxusBIeK¦.
ú
443>cUrBinitüTinñ½yxageRkamrYceFVIkarbkRsay ³
RbCaCn GRtaGkçrPaB
-burs¬KitBIGayu7qñaMeLIg¦ 71>00°
-RsþI ¬ KitBIGayu7qñaMeLIg¦ 55>90°
-RbCaCnCnbT¬eBjv½y¦ 64>90°

-RbCaCnTIRkug¬eBkv½y¦ 79>10°
cM> BinitüTinñ½yxagelIenH eyIgsegáteXIjfaGRtaGkçrPaBrvagburs nigRsIþ rvagCneBjv½y
enATIRkugmindUcKñaeTeRBaH ³
GRtaGkçrPaBrvag -burs³GRtaGkçrPaBx<s;CagnarI 71°
burs nigRsþI -narI³GRtaGkçrPaBTabCagburs 55/4°
¬Gayu7qñaMeLIg GRtaGkçrPaBbursecHGkSreRcInCagnarI 15/60°¦
-burs³GRtaGkçrPaBTab 64/90°
CneBjv½yenA -TIRkug³GRtaGkçrPaBx<s; 79/1°
CnbTnigTIRkug GRtaGkçrPaBCneBjv½yenACnbTTabCagGRta
GkçrPaBCneBjv½yenATIRkug 9/20°
444>cMnYnkUnCamFümEdlRsþImñak;GacbegáIt)ankñgdMnak;bnþBUCehAfa GRtalT§PaBbgákMenIt
ú
lT§PaBbgákMeNIt b¤smtßPaBbgákMenIt¬KµanGRta¦ .
445>TMnajRBHGaTitübgálkçN³l¥dl;rdæticsas pørÚ It nigkalIprnI EdlbegáIt)anCatMbn; mYyehAfa
ExSRkva:t;RBHGaTitüii b¤tMbn;ekþAvg;RBHGaTitü.
446>etIKMrUesdækic©mUlFnniymEbbshrdæGaemric manlkçN³BiessdUcemþcxøH?
cM>lkçN³BiessénKMrUesdækic©EbbshrdæGaemric ³
÷RbB½n§esd×kic¨ d¾rwgmaMedIrtammaKa’mUlFnniymesrI KW ³
 shRKasesrI bNþrÚ edayesrI kmµsiT§ÉkCn
i
 RbkYtRbECgesrI vinieyaKTun TIpSaresrI ÷RbB½n§esdækic©
mUlFnniympSarPa¢b;CamYylT§Ri bCaFibetyü nigshB½n§niym.
÷shrdæGaemricRKb;RKglMhesdækic© ³ -kñgRbeTs ³ TwkdIFMeFg RbCaCncMruH sMbUrsm,tþFmµCati
ú i
KmnaKmn_¬GasI¦ u
 eRkARbeTs ³ vinieyaKTunGaemrici esvakmµ lMnaMecj lMnaMcUl¬GWr:b¦
u
• plitPaBx<s;tamry³ nvkmµ b¤begItrebobbBa©Úlfµkñgplitkmµ
á Iú

447>etIePaKRTBüeTscrN_enAkm<úCa manGVIxøH? etIvis½yeTscrN_km<úCa
pþl;sar³sMxan;esdækic©dUcemþcxøH?
cM>vis½yeTscrN_enAkm<úCa ³
k>ePaKRTBüeTsrN_enAkm<Ca ú
÷ ePaKRTBüeTsrN_FmµCatienAkm<CaKW ³ TwkFøak;>>>
ú
÷ePaKRTBúeTscrN_RbvtûsaRsû nigvb,Fm’R)asaTburaN
i
x>sar³sMxan; ³
÷rYmcMEnkedaHRsaykargarCUnRbCaCn
÷rkcMnUlCarUbiyb½NÑ ³ enAqñaM1995 vis½yeTscrN_Cab;cMnat;elx2bnÞab;BIéRBeQI.
÷sar³sMxan;esdækic©énvis½yeTscrN_ ³
• pþl;kargar nigcMenHdwgEpñkPasabreTsdl;RbCaCnBiesskumar
• pþlnUvrmnIydæanFmµCatinana[mansMrs;CafµI
• qøùHbBa¨aMgnUvvb,Fm’FmµCatikm<ùCaEdlmantCaekrûÎdMEnldl;CnbreTs nigkUnecACMnan;eRkay
• Tak;TajnUvcMNUlfvikar)aneRcIn.
448>-CMnYbéncrnþTwksmuRT LaR)ad½r nig KulRsÞIm GnueRKaHxøaMgdl;karensaT
rbs;Gaemric
-RbB½n§plitkmµ nig Eckcayra:b;rgEdlshRKasEdlmankarRbkYt RECgKñaehAfa
esdækic©TIpSar.
449>Baküfa ]sSahkmµfµI eRbIsMrab;sMKal;GVI?enAGasIumanRbeTsNaxøH?
cM> Baküfa ]sSahkmµfµI eRbIsMrab;sMKal;RbeTsrIkcMerInfµEI dl)ansMerceCaKC½ykñúgesdækic©
]sSahkmµ eq<aHeTArklMnaMecj.
enAGasIuTaMg4manRbeTs sigðburI étva:n; hugkug nigkUer:xagt,Úg.
450>etIesdækic©RbeTsCb:un sßitkñúgPaBcMnuHRbeTseRkAelIEpñkGVIxøH?
cM>esdækic©ReTsCb:un sßtkñgPaBcMnuHRbeTseRkAelIEpñk ³
i ú
• Er: nigfamBl rUbFatuedIm xSt;éRBeQI
• cMniGahar sMbUrPñM xSt;TnabksikmµRbCaCneRcIn 126lannak;.
I M

451>enAelITg;CatishrdæGaemrik eKeXIjmanpáaycMnYn 50 nigqñÚtcMnYn 13 .
cUrbkRsayBnül;.
cM>páayTaMg 50tagrdæsmaCikrbs;shrdæTaMg50 ³shrdæGaemrikCardæshBn§½EdlmanrdæTaMg
Gs;cMnYn50CasmaCik.
qñÚtTaMg 13tagrdæGaNaniKmrbs;Gg;eKøsTaMg13
enAtambeNþayeqñrGataøg;Ticedl)anbHe)alTamTarÉkraCü.
452>EdlehAfa]sSahkµµbBaØa ?
cM>k>KWCa]sSahkmµeRbIbBaØaedayEp¥kelIkarRsavRCavxøaMg
elIRkumhtßBlkrmanCMnajx<s;nigelIsnSaMeTAnigbMlasbþÚrefrcab;rh½sénbec©kviTüa eCOnelOnbMput.
x>]TahrN_ ³
÷EpÜkKImIman ³ )øasÒic ekAs‘U KImIEr: KImIsrIragÀ >>>>>>>.
÷sMng;brikØarGKÀsnI nigeGLicRtUnic ¬ma:ej TUrTsSn_ m:asIun vak;fas >>>Bt’manviTúa¦.
I u
÷smngynþehaH nigyanGvkas .
453>etIshrdæGaemrikCaRbneTsmUlFnniymd¾sMxan;mYyb¤ ?
cM>mUlFnniymKWCaZRbB½n§ esdækic©edayEp¥kelIkmµsiT§iÉkCn nigKMnitécñRbDit rbs;buKÁlmñak;²
elIkarbegáIttMltamynþkarTIpSar elIkarEsVrkkMértamkare)aHTun .
÷eKalkarN_sMxan;²ånesdækic©gaemrikman ³
• shRKasesrI esrIPABkñúgkarbegáIteragcRkj shRKas.
• RbKYtRbECgesrI eragcRk shRKas GacRbKYtRbECg)qanedayesrI elIplitkmµ nigesvakmµ .
bNþrÚ esrI eragcRk shRKas GaceFIVkarnaMecjnignaMcUl)anedayesrI eBalKWrYcBn§ edayCab;Bn§tictYc .
c,ab;TIpSar ³ KWCakarBVRgIkTIpSarTrUvkarKMnitécñRbDit nigplitPaBkargarx<s; edIm,IQñHelIKYrRbECg .
eKalkarN_TaMgenH CalT§plénkarGnuvtþrsckþRI bkasÉkraCéf¶TI4 kkáda edlmanEcgGMBIsiT§i
i
nigesrIPaBeBalKWkareKarBdac;xatCMeBaHbuKÁl CMenOrelIkargarsgÁm nigshKmn_begáIt)anCa
maKa’rs;enAEbbGaemrik .
454>shRKasnanaenAkm<úcaRtUv)anEkTMrg; ehIykøayeTACakmµsiT§iÉkCneRBaHcab;BIqñaM
1993RbeTseyIg)anGnuvtþ RbB½n§esdækic©TIpSaresrI.
455>CMgWRKuncaj;qøgtamryHmUsEdkeKalEdlxaMmnusS .

emeraKCMgWenHmaneQµaHfa )aøsñdüÚm .
Ú
456>cUrniyayBItYnaTIRsþIExµr kñúgvis½yksikmµ ?
cM>eRkABIkargarRKb;RKgpÞHsMEbg RsþIExµrEtgbMeBjTYrnaTIsMxan;kñgvis½yksikmµ kñgkardaMdMnaMRbmUlpl
ú ú
EfrTaMstVBahnH lk;plitplelITIpSar nigensaT .
457>karBIéf¶TI20dl;28Exmkra qñaM2003 enArtaCFaNIPñMeBjmanR)arB§
evTikareTscrN_Gasa‘n .
enAelIbdamYy)ansresrfaRbeTskm<úCaCaeTscrN_FmµCati nigeTscrN_vb,Fm’ .
1>etIRbeTskm<úCamanpUbRTBüeTscrN_FmµCat nigeTscrN_FmµCavb,Fm’GIVxøH?
2>edIm,IGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_etIeyIgRtUveFIVdUcemþcxøH?
cM>1>eTscrN_km<CaCaeTscrN_FmµCati nigeTscrN_vb,Fm‘ eRBaH ³
ù
÷pUkRTBüeTscrN_FmµCatiman
• TwkFøak; TwkQU ¬kMBt ¦TwkFaøk;KirIrmü TwkFaøk;KUEln>>
• bwg bwgTenøsab bwgykSelam ¬rtnHKirI ¦>>>
eqñrxSac;³ enAEkb RkugRBHsIhnigeKaHnana
-]TüanCatienAKirIrmü bwgTenøsab enAKUrEln>>>
• rmNIdæanPñKUrEln PñM)asit PñMGgÁrsS¬]dug¦Pñtaem:A
M M
÷ePaKRTBüeTscrN_man ³
• R)asaTburaN³ bnÞayRsI bnÞayqµa GgÁrFM GgÁrvtþ >>>
• sarmnÞCati bNÑal½yCati RBHbrmraCvaMg >>
I
• sib,kmµRbéBNI mantM)aj pamUg keRnÞl >>>
• eragmehaRsb³ r)aMRbéBNI exçan ]bkrN_ePøgburaN .
2>edIm,IGPivDÆvis½yeTscrN_eyIgRtUv³
i
• rkSasnþisux suvtþPaB >>>
i
• rkSaesvabMerI ¬dwkCjÜn hUbcuk sñak;enA ¦
• rkSabrisßanrmNIdæan
• pSBVpSayBt’man BaNiCkmµFmµCatikm<Ca
¢ ù

• ehArkTunvinieyaK kñgnigeRkARsuk
ú
• bNþHbNaþalRKb;x½NÐ CMnajkñgvis½yeTscrN_ ¬mKÁeú TseTscrN_¦
ú ú
458>k>cUrKMNt;n½yénBakübMlas;lMenAkñúgRsuk .
x>cUrerobrab;bMlaslMenAkñúgRsuksMxan;²enAkm<úCa BIqñaM1970 dl;1989.
cM>k> BakübMlas;lMenAkñgRsuk KWCaclnapøas;bþrÚ TIlMenArbs;RbCaCn BIkEnøgmYykñgRbeTsrbs;xøn.
ú ú Ü
x>bMlaslMenAkñgRsuksMxan;²enAkm<Ca ³
ú ú
-1970-1975³ clnabMlas;lMenABICnbTmkkan;TIRbCMCn b¤TIRkug
BItMbn;Gsnþisuxmkkan;kEnøgmansuvtþPaB eKcBIkarvayRbyutþKÑa
i
-1975-1979³ karCMlasRbCaCnedaybgç[ecjBITRI kug eTAbgábegáInplenACnbTTUrTaMgRbeTs .
M
-1979-1989 ³clanbMlaslMenATUrTaMgRbeTs eq<aHeTARsukkMenIt EdlRBatR)as;Kñakñgsm½y ú
km<CaRbCaFietyü .
ú
459>karGb;rMmanRbsiT§PaBRtUvpSarPab;rvagsalaeron nigshKmn_ .
1>etIkarGb;rMenAkm<úCaeyIgbc©úb,nñRbQmnigbBaðaGIVxøH ?
2>etIshKmn_GacCYyGPivDÆvis½yGb;rM)anya:gdUcemþc ?
3>etImUlehtucMbg;GIVxøHEdleFIV[kumarI
enAkm<úCamin)ancUleronb¤minGacsMrackarsikSadl;TIbBa©b;)an?
cM>karGb;rMmanRbsiT§PaBRtUvpSarPab;rvagsalaeron nigshKmn_.
1>karGb;rMenAkm<CaeyIgbc©úb,nñman³
ú
-vismPaBcMeBaHGkçrPaB>>>
-vismPaBcMeBaHkarcUleron>
-bBðaasisSe)aHbg;karsikSa>>>
-bBðaasisSRtYtfñak;
-bBðaasalaeronenAq¶ay manminRKb;kMritsikSa>>>>
-bBðaaxVHxatfñak;eron>>
2>shKmn_³
-CYy sagsg;GKarsiksa tu TU>>>>.
-CYybMpus[matabitaGaNaBüa)alnaMkUneTAeron[)anRKb;²Kña.

-CYyEfrkSabrisßansalaeron
-CYy elIkTwkcitþ edaypþl;TIsñak;enA ]btßmÖ dl;RKUEdlsµ½RK citþeTAbeRgontMbn;dac;Rsyal.
Y
3-mUlehtucMbg EdleFVI[kumarIkm<Camin)ancUleron rW min GacsMerckarsikSadl;TbBa©b;)anKW³
ú I
-CIvPaBxVHxat
-bnÞúkkargareRcInenApþH
-TMenomTMlab; RbéBNI
-salaeronsßtenAq¶ayBIpÞH
i
460>RbCanaFibtIshrdæGaemrik elak nicsun bgçMcitþlaElgecjBI
muxdMENgenAqñaM 1074 edaysarkarKabsgát;BIGMnacTI 4 rbs;RbeTs enH.
GMnacenaHKW GMnacsarBt’ma .
461>RbCaCnCbu:nPaKeRcinkan;sasna RBHBuT§nigsasna siuntU.
462> matuPUminivtþn_énCnePosxøÜnkm<úCa)anerobcMeLIgeday
GKÁsñgkarshRbCaCati sMrab;CnePosxøÜn. rW UNHCR.

463>ehtuGVI)anCabBaðamInenAkm<úCa bgámhnþraycMeBaH esdækic©?
cM>)anCabBaðamInenAkm<úCa bgámhnþraycMeBaH esdækic© eRBaH³
-épÞdImYyPaKFMeRbIR)as;min)an
-GaCIvkmµelIFnFanFmµCatiminGaceFI)an
V
-bMpøajCIvtstV ¬éRB¦
i
-)at;bg;tMbn;eTscrN_
-mnusSsøab;nigBIkar
-rdæRtUvcMNayfvikar
464> ehtuGVI)anCabc©úb,nñRbeTskm<úCa CaRbeTsmYymancMnYn RsþIemma:yeRcIn>?
cM>)anCabc©úb,nñRbeTskm<Ca CaRbeTsmYymancMnYn RsþeI mma:yeRcIn eRBaH³
ú
-sRgÁamkñgRsukGUsbnøay.
ú
-bnSl;BIrbbExµrRkhm ¬Rbussøab;eRcIn¦

-edaysarbBaðamIn.
-karkab;éRB k5.
465>sBVéf¶eGds_kMBugratt,atya:gxøaMgenARbeTskm<úCa .
1>etICMgWenHqøgtamry³GVIxøH?
2>etIeKRtUvTb;sáat;CMgWenHedayviFINa?
cM>sBVéf¶CWgWeGds_kMBugratt,aty:agxøaMgenARbeTskm<Ca ³
ú
k>>CMgWeGds_qøgtamry³
-karbBa©ÚlQam ¬QampÞkemeraKeGds_¦
ú
-karvHkat;nigm¢lcak;kxVk;
ú
-b:HBal;dMe)AedayQammanpÞúk emeraKeGds_
-cMlgtamkarrYmePTBIsMNak;édKU pÞúk emeraKeGds_
-cMlgBImþayeTAkUntamkarbMe)A edaHmþay EdlpÞúk emeraKeGds_
x>>viFIkarBarTb;sáat;CgWeGds_
M
-kMru YmePTCamYynarIrksIupøvePTedaymin )aneRbIeRsamGnam½y
Ú
-kMeu RbIm¢lcak;rYmKña
ú
-kMbBa©ÚlQamedaymin)anBinitüCamun
u
-bursnig RsIRþ tUvesµaHsµR½ KmYynigmYy.
466>tamr)aykarN_viTüasßanCatisßiti 1998 bgðajfaCneBjv½y kñúgextþ
mNÐlKIrImanGRtaGkçrPaBTab KWBI 16/3° eTA 26/°
ÉCneBjv½yenAPñMeBjmanGRtaGkçrPaBx<s; KWrhUtdl;82/1°.
1>cUrbBa¢ak;GMBImUlehtuEdlnaM[manvismPaBénGkçrPaBrvagextþ RkugTaMgBIenH.
2>etIGnkçrPaBpþl;plvi)akya:gNadl;sgÁmesdækic©km<úCa?
cM> tamr)aykarN_viTüasßanCatisßiti 1998 bgðajfaCneBjv½y kñgextþ mNÐlKIrImanGRtaGkçrPaBTab KWBI
ú
16/3° eTA 26/° ÉCneBjv½yenAPñMeBjmanGRtaGkçrPaBx<s; KWrhUtdl;82/1°.
1>>CneBjv½yextþmNÐlKIrImanGRtaGkçrPaBTabeRBaH ³
-CneBjv½ysBVéf¶KW CamnusSEdlekItqñaM 1980 eLIg.extþmNÐlKIrI CaextþTTYlrgsRgÁam
Gs;CaeRcInqñaMeFV[salaeron biTTVar.
I

-CaextþBusUvmankarlUtlas;Epñkesdækic©.
M
-RbCaCnPaKeRcInCaCnCatimanCIvPaBRkIRkBMusUvyk citþTukdak;eTA elIkareronsURt
rbs;kUneRBaHBYkeKrs;enAtamrebobGñkéRBPñM.
-BMusUvsMbUrsalaeronnig RKU.
-salaeron enAq¶ayBIpÞH xVHmeFüa)ayeTAkan;sala.
÷CneBjv½yenAPñMeBjmanGRtaGkçrPaBx<s;eRBaH³
-kñgeBlsRgÁam 1970-1975 BMu)anbiTTVardUcenAextþmNÐlKIrIeT
ú
-PÜeM BjCaraCFanI CamCÆmNÊl esd×kic¨neya)aysgÀmnig vb,Fm’
-RbCaCnPaKeRcInmanCIvPaBFUrFa bgÁrÜ )anykcitþTkdak;dl;kareronsURtrbs;kUn.
u
-PñeM BjsMbUrsalaeron TaMgsalardæ nigsalaÉkCn gayRsYldl;kareronsURt.
2>>plvi)akénGkçrPaBcMeBaHsgámnigesdækic©³
GnkçrPaBeFV[sgÁm nigesdækic©ecjminputBIPaBGn;fyeLIyeRBaH
I
GnkçrPaB –sgÁmCYbkarlM)ak-xVHFnFanmnusS-xVHGñkbec©keTs-xVHkMlaMgplitkmµnig esvakmµ -
esdækic©Gn;fy.
467>etIKmnaKmn_RbeTskm<úCamanbu:nµanRbePT?GVIxøH?
etIKmnaKmn_RbePTNaEdlsMxan;CageK>?eRBaHGVI?
cM>KmnaKmn_RbeTskm<Caman 3 RbePT ³
ú
-pøveKak ¬pøvfñl; pøÚvEdk¦
Ú Ú
-pøvTwk
Ú
-pøvGakas
Ú
KmnaKmn_sMxan;CageK KW pøvfñl;eRBaHmanpøvCati pøÚvextþ pøvlM pøÚvrukç)al
Ú Ú Ú
rayBaseBjépÞRbeTsehIyEdlRbCaCneFVIskmµPaBCaTUeTAGñkdMeNIrTaMgEpñkesdækic©.
468>ksikmµCbu:nCaksimµTMenIbedayEp¥kelIbMerIbMras;dI nigeRKOgynþ.
cuHehtu)anCalMnaMcUlplitplksikmµrbs;ksikmµrbs; RbeTsenHenAEtCabBaðasMxan;?
cM> ksikmµCbunCaksimµTMenIbedayEp¥kelIbMerIbMras;dI nigeRKOgynþ.
:
)anCalMnaMcUlplitplksikmµrbs;ksikmµrbs; RbeTsenHenAEtCabBaðasMxan;eRBaH³
-épÞdIksikmµtcceg¥ót¬TMnab =16°¦
U
-RbCaCnmancMnYneRcInCag 126lannak;enAqñaM 2000.

-pliplminGaceqøytbtMrUvkarRbCaCn)an.
I
469>1>ehtuGVIJ)anCakumarenACnbTdac;RsyalmanGRtae)aHbg;karsikSakµñúgcMnYnd¾eRcIne
lIslb;?
2>etIeKRtUvedaHRsaybBaðaenHedayviFINa?
cM>1mUlehtuEdlnaM[kumarenACnbTdac;RsyalmanGRtae)aHbg;karsikSakñgcMnYnd¾eRcIneRBaH³
ú
-tMbn;dac;Rsyalesdækic©BumankarlUtlas;
M
-RbCaCntMbn;enHmanCIvPaBRkIRk
-sisSmYycMnYnQb;eronedIm,ICYyeFVIkar«Bukmþay
-tMbn;enaHBMusUvsMbUrsalaeronehIysalaeronxøHBMumanRKb;kMritfñak;
-salaeronmYycMnYnenAq¶ayBIpÞH
-xVHRKUsµ½RKcitþ
2>>viFankaredaHRsay
-RtUvGPivDÆn_tMbn;CnbTdac;Rsyal[mankarrIkcMerIn
-CYyksagsalaeron[)aneRcInnigRKb;kMritfñak;
-bMpus«BukmþaysisS[naMkUneTAsala.
-CYy]btßmÖdl;sisSRkIRk ¬fvika – sMPar³ sikSa GaharUbkrN_dl;siSRkIRk¦
Y
470>bc©úb,nñkm<úCa kMenInnKerabnIykmµCabBaðacMbgmYy.
etIkMenInnKerabnIykmµenHnaM[manplb:HBal;cMeBaHbrisßanya:gNaxøH?
cM> bc©úb,nñkm<Ca kMenInnKerabnIykmµCabBaðacMbgmYy.kMenInnKerabnIykmµenHnaM[manpl
ú
b:HBal;cMeBaHbrisßandUcCa³
-kgVk;xúl; ³manFUlI nigEpSgEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgpøvKaµanRkalekAsU‘ ma:sIunePIg yanynûnana eragcRk nig ]sµ½n
Ð ø
CatiBulrbs;sMrameBlvarlYy.
-karrMxanedaysMelg edayma:sIunePIg yanynþRKb;RbePT nigeRKOg]eXasns½BÞ epSg².
ø
-kaksMnn;rav nigRbB½n§lUTwks¥y karcak;kaksMnl;ravtam bNþajlUTwks¥yBIlU naM[mankønman l¥ .
ú ú i
edayRbB½n§lUhYssm½y naM[sÞHTwkhUrBIlU layLM CamYyTwk sMrab;TTYlTan bgáeLIgnUvCm¶W raKrUs
GasnñeraK>>>>.
-)at;bg;éRBeQI )at;bg;dIksikmµ.

471>shrdæGaemrikman 50rdæ. rdæ GaLasáa nig haév: RtUv)anbBa©ÚlCardæCardæTI
49 nig 50 kñúgqñaM 1959.
472>RbeTsCbu:nCakMrgekaHsßitkñúgmhasuRT )a:sIuPic .
RbeTsenHmanPñMeRcInCageKbg¥s; nigxSt; ePaKRTBüFmµCati xSt;TMnab.
473>vis½yeTscrN_CaRbPBcMNUlfvikard¾FMmYy .
1>enAkm<úCaetImanePaKRTBüeTscrN_GVIxøH?
2>etIvis½yeTscrN_mansarRbgeyaCn_GVIxøHcMeBaHsgÁmkm<úCa?
cM> vis½yeTscrN_CaRbPBcMNUlfvikard¾FMmYy.
1>enAkm<CamanePaKRTBüeTscrN_³
ú
- ePaKRTBüeTscrN_ FmµCati
- ePaKRTBúeTscrN_³RbvtûsaRsûnigvb,Fm’
i
2>vis½yeTscrN_mansarRbeyaCn_cMeBaHsgÁmkm<Ca³
ú
-pþl;fvikarCatimYyd¾FM
-pþl;kargardl;RbCaCn
474>bNþajKmnaKmn_rIkcMerInCamUldæankñúgkarGPivDÆvis½yksikmµ ]sShkmµ
BaNiC¢kmµ eTscrN_. cUrBnül;edayelIk]TahrN_
bBa¢ak;cMeBaHvis½ynImYy²enAkm<úCa.
cM>vis½yKmnaKmn_km<Caman³ ¬pøvCati pøÚvlM rukç)al¦ pøvEdk¬2ExS =651 K>m ¦pøvTWk
ú Ú Ú Ú
¬TenøemKgÁ÷édsmuRT ¦pøvGakas ¬GakasyanGnþrCati eBaFicintug¦ PñeM Bj tamextþnana.
Ú
-KmnaKmn_rIkcMerInCYysMrYldl;kardwkCBa¢n ePJoveTscr plitpl ksikmµ nig]sShkmµ vtßFatuedImTMnij
Ú ú
naMecj naMcUl naMcUl)anqab;rh½sTan;eBlevla cMnayesah‘ytic nigRbkb edaypasukPaB
u
suvtßPaB.dUcenHvis½yTaMg4 sut§EtBwgEp¥kelIkarelI
i
kardwkCBa¢ntambNþajKmnKmn_TaMgGs;.
Ú
÷]TahrN_xagelI ³
-KmnaKmn_GPivDÆn_vis½yksikmµ
-KmnaKmn_GPivDÆn_vis½y]sSahkmµ

-KmnaKmn_GPivDÆn_vis½yBaNiC¢kmµ
i
-KmnaKmn_GPivDÆn_eTscrN_
475>shrdæGaemriknigRbeTsCbu:nRbkan;ykrbbesdækic©mUlFnniym
dUcKñaEtmUlFnnigymTaMgBIrmancritlkçN³Biessrbs;xøÜn.
cUrbgðajBIcitþlkçN³Biess²énrbbesdækic©énRbeTsnImYy².
cM> TaMgshrdæGaemriknigRbeTsCbu:nsuTE§ tRbkan;ykrbbesdækic©mUlFn niym TaMgGs;Kña eBalKW³
-kmµsiT§i ÉkCnénmeFüa)ayplitkmµ
-shRKasesrI
-RbECgesrI
-bNþrÚ esrI
EtkñgkarGnuvtþRbeTsnImYy²mancritlkçN Bieserog²xøÜnKW ³
ú
-enAshrdæGaemrik shRKasFM² bgðajBIcritlkçN³ énRbB½n§ lkçNénRbB½nesdækic©shrdæ Gaemrik
EdlelbRt)ak;shRKasFuntUcnig mGümebIeTaHbImansmtßPaBbegáItrebobfµI
k¾edayk¾eKminGaceKcputBIkarelbrbs;shRKasFM² EdlmanFnFand¾sMebIm)aneLIy.
kñgbBaðaenHrdæaPi)alminlUklan;kñúgerOgesdækic©ÉkCn eT ebImanluHRtaEtRbeTsCYbvibtþi esdækic©
ú
-enARbeTsCb:unvij shRKasFM²minelbshRKasFunmFümnig tUc eTeTaHbIeKman
smtßPaBelbRt)ak;)ank¾eday. enHbB¢ak;BIcritlkçNBiessrbs;mUlFnniymCb:un.
KUrbKYtRbECgKñaCaerogrhUtEbbenH eK[eQµaHfa esdækic©TVkniym .enARbeTsCbu:nsh
I
RKasFuntUcmFümplitTMnijbMerIshRKasFM² ehIyshRKasFM²CaGñkTij nigCaFnaKarikén
shRKasFuntUcnigmFüm.. kic©shRbtibtþi karesdækic©dl¥enHeFVI[Cb:undeNþIm)anTIpSar kñúgBIPBelak.
¾
müa:geTotrdæaPi)al ¬RksYg]sSahkmµ nigBaNiC©eRkARbeTs¦ shkarKñaya:gCitsñiT§CamYy
nigshRKasTaMgGs; rYmCamYykmµkrCbunpg kñgkarGPivDÆesdækic©.eKkMr eXIjman )atukmµ rWkUdkmµNas;
: ú
EtRbTHeXIjkmµkrCbuneFVIkarelIsem:agedayminykkMér>>>.
:
PaBxusKña
k>shrdæGaemrik
-shRKasFM²elbRt)ak;shRKastUcnigmFüm
-shRKastUc mFümkøayCakmµkrénshRKasFM²

-shRKastUc²minmanlT§PaBRbECgCamYyshRKas FM²)an
x>Cb:un
-shRKasFM²minelbRt)ak;shRKastUcnigmFüm
-shRKastUcmigmFüm FM RbNaMgRbECgKña edIm,IGPivDÆn_RbeTsCati eKeGaymaneQµaH
TVkniym.PaBRbECgCamYyshRKasFM²)an.
I

476> enARbeTsCbu:n shRKasxøaMgCageKkñúgkardwkCBa¢ÚnGñkdMenIrRbRBwtþ eTAtam
pøÚvEdk pÞúyBIenAshrdæGaemrikEdlRbRBwtþeTAtam pøÚvfñl;.
477>enAkm<úCaextþEdlmanskmµPaBdwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvGakasxøaMgCageK KW extþ
esomrab eRBaH CaextþEdlmamajwk Epñk eTscrN_.
478>etIkareRbIR)as;Gus nigRbPBfamBlCIvma:sÉeTot pþl;plvi)ak
ya:gNaxøHeTAelIbrisßan?
cM>kareRbIR)as;Gus nigRbPBfamBlCIvma:sÉeTot pþl;plvi)aksMxan;BIr ya:gKW³
-karhinehac kar)at;bg;éRBeQIEdlbNþalmkBIkarkab;eQI
-karbMBullMenAzan EdlbNþal mkBIkardut CIvma:sedIm,IcMNIGahar.
479>bc©úb,nñenAkm<úCaeKsegáteXIjGRtae)aHbg;karsikSarbs;sisSenA
mFümsikSamankMritx<s; BiessenAtamCnbT.cUrbBa¢ak;BImUlehtuén
GRtae)aHbg;karsikSd¾x<s;.
cM>mUlehtuénGRtae)aHbg;karsikSd¾x<s;enH ³
-CIvPaBRkIRk minGacbnþkarsilSaeTAmuxeTot)an
-cUleFVVkar b¤RbkbkargarepSg²eTot edIm,I]btßmÖCvPaBRKYsar
I I
-salaeronenAq¶ayBIpÞH xVHmeFüa)ayeTAmk salaeron
-xVHeKaledAkñgkarsikSa nigBi)akrkkargareFVIeRkaykBa©b;karsikSa
ú
-esBeRKOgejón eRKOgRsvwg edIrecalkarsikSa .
480>etIRbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;)anqøgputBIGnkçrPaBehIy b¤enA? eRBaHGVI?
cM>RbCaCnTaMgGs;BMuTan;qøgputBIGkçnrPaBenAeLIyeT eRBaH ³

-min)ancUlerontaMgBIbzmsikSa
-e)aHbg;ecalkarsikSa naMmknUveRKaHePøcGkSr
-min)ancUleronEpñkGnkçrkmµ
-kargarGnkçrkmµtamPUmi XMumandMeNIrkarminl¥
-CIvPaBRbCaCnCYbkarlM)ak
-salaeronsßtenAq¶ayBIpÞH nigxVHmeFüa)ayeTAmksalaeron
i
-kumarenACYykargarpÞH CaBiesskumarI
481>etIkarRbkYtRbECgsMxan; kñúgvis½y]sSahkmµrvagshrdæGaemric
nigCb:unekItmkelIplitkmµGVIxøH? ehtuGVICb:unGacdeNþImTIpSarCamYy
shrdæGaemric)an?
cM>÷karRbkYtRbEcgsMxan;²kñgvis½y]sSahkmµrvagshrdæGaemric nigCb:unekItmkeli ³
ú
-plitkmµrfynþ
-plitkmµeRKOgeGLicRtUnic ³ m:aej: TUrTsSn_ kMBüÚTr½ ma:sIuncak;fas.
u
÷)anCaCb:unGacdeNþImTIpSarCamYyshrdæGaemric)aneRBaH ³
-plitkmµCb:unmanlkçN³TMenIbkmµénbec©kviTüafµ² nigRbkbedayesaP½NPaB
I
-plitkmµ plit)aneRcIn sn§wksn§ab;
-mantMélefakCag plitkmµshrdæGaemric
-manKuNPaBl¥ nigmincaj;plitkmµshrdæGaemric
-eRbIyuTÁsaRsþbMEbk]sSahkmµeTAeRkARbeTs ³ minBi)akdwkCBa¢nplitpleTAq¶ay
Ú
eRbIvtßúFatuedImmantMélefak nigcMNayelIkMlaMgBlkmµmanR)ak;ebovtSTab.
-BlkrCb:unmansñaédRbkbedayeTBekaslü nigKMnitéqñRbDitx<s; ehIyeFVIkarl¥tl¥n;BI citþsaRsþ
i
nigcMNg;cMNUlcitþénGñkeRbIR)as;.
482>1>enAkm<úCabc©úb,nñ etIkareRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it nigCIKImIkñúgkardaMduHpþl;pll¥
nigplGaRkk;dUcemþcxøH?
2>etIeyIgGnuvtþbec©keTsEbbNa edImI,kat;bnßyplGaRkk;TaMgenH )anpg
nigGacbegáInplitpl)anpg?
cM>1> enAkm<Cabc©úb,nñ kareRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥t nigCIKImIkgkardaMduHpþl;pll¥ nigGaRkk;dUcCa ³
ú i ñú

÷pll¥ ³
-EklMGKuNPaBdI ¬)anry³eBlxø¦ I
-begánTinñpldMnaM
I
-CYykarBar nigkMcat;BYkstVlitcéRg.
i ¥
÷plGaRkk; ³
-xUcKuNPaBdI
-xUcKuNPaBTwk
-bMpøajsuxPaBmnusS stV nigrukçCati
2> eyIgGnuvtþbec©keTsdaMduHeday ³
-eRbIR)as;CIFmµCati edaypSMeFVCaCIkMb:s
I u
-eRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥t EdlpSMBIrukçCati
i
-eFVIkarqøas;dMnaM edaymindaMdMNaMdEdl² enAelIdIduHEtmYykEnøg.eFVIya:genH k¾GacbegátCIvCatirbs;dI
I
nigGacbeBa©ósnUvkarkekItstVl¥tcéRg)anEdr,.
i
483>1>kñgcMenamekaHFM²TaMgbYnrbs;Cb:un ekaHEdlmanTMhMCageKKWekaH hugsüÚ ehIyekaH
ú
EdlmansItuNðPaBRtCak;CageKKw ekaHhukékdU.
2> extþcMnYnbIenARbeTskm<CaEdlmanesdækic©rIkcMerInxøaMgkøa nigmanRbCaCneRcIn ehIycat; TukCaextþrwgmaM
ú
KWextþkNþal extþkMBg;cam nigextþ)at;dMbg.
484>eKfashrdæGaemricCaCRmukénEpndI.ehtuGVI)anCaeKfadUcenH?
cM>eKniyayfashrdæGaemricCaCRmukénEpndIeRBaH ³
-shrdæGaemric CaRbeTsmUlFnniymFMCageKelIBIPBelak
- shrdæGaemricRbCaFibetyüFMCageKelIBiPBelak
- shrdæGaemricGñkmanFMCageKelIEpndI
-tMélBlkmµx<s;CageK
-RKb;Catisasn_¬elOg-s-exµA¦manvtþmanenAshrdæGaemric.
485>ehtuGVI)anCaCnCatiGaemriccUlcitþrs;enAtMbn;ExSRkvat;RBHGaTiü?
cM>)anCaCnCatiGaemriccUlcitþrs;enAtMbn;ExSRkvat;RBHGaTiüeRBaH³
-tMbn;manesdækic©rsa;revIk
-tMbn;sMbUrkMedAgayRsYlkñgkarrs;enA
ú

- tMbn;sMbUredaydMnaMcMruHRKb;RbePT
- tMbn;rIkcMerInEpñk]sSahkmµnig esvakmµ
-tMbn;sMbUrCncMNUlRsuk BITIVbGasIunig GuIs,anic ¬micsicnigB½rTIkaMg¦
u u
-tMélBlkmµefak²
486> enAkm<úCacab;BIqñaM 1999 mk eKsegáteXIjmankMeNIneTscr
GnþrCatiCabnþbnÞab;. cUrbBa¢ak;GMBImUlehtuénkMeNIneTscrN_enH.
cM> enAkm<Cacab;BIqñaM 1999 mk eKsegáteXIjmankMeNIneTscr
ú
GnþrCatiCabnþbnÞab;.mUlehtuénkMeNIneTscrN_enHKW³
-km<CaCaRbeTssnþiPaB suvtßPaBsgÁm
ú i
-rdæaPi)alebIcMhreCIgemXfµI } ehaHehIrRtg;mktMbn;eTscrN_ }
-TMnak;TMngnigpSBVpSayEpñk vis½yeTscrN_ enAkñgBIPBelak edIm,ITak;TajePJoveTscrN_ breTs.
ú
-GPivDÆehdæarcnasm<n§eTscrN_ya:gRbNItman zan³GnþrCati.
½

487>Cbu:nCaRbeTsEdlCab;cMNat;fñak;TI2 elIBiPBelakxagEpñkplit plensaT.
cHuehtuGVI)anCaplitplensaTrbs;RbeTsenH minGac
bMeBjtMrUvkar)anRKb;RKan;sRmab;RbCaCneTAvij?
cM> Cbu:nCaRbeTsEdlCab;cMNat;fñak;TI2 elIBiPBelakxagEpñkplit plensaT.
)anCaplitplensaTrbs;RbeTsenH minGac bMeBjtMrUvkar)anRKb;RKan; sRmab;RbCaCn eRBaH³
-RbCaCnCbu:nniymbriePaKsac;RtI elx1 eRcInCageKkñgBIPBelak.
ú
-brimaNRbCaCn Cbunx<s;qñaM 2000manCag 126lannak;
:
-EdnensaTesrIecHEtrYmtUc.
488>tamsßitiBaNiC¢kmµqñaM 1999 bBa¢ak;fa CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµkm<úCaman
»kasPaBya:gxøaMg.eTIRtUveFVIemþcedIm,Ikat;bnßy»nPaBCBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ
ehIyCMrujlMnaMecj[)aneRcIn?
cM>edIm,Ikat;bnßy»nPaBCBa¢IgBaNiCkmµ ehIyCMrujlMnaMecj[)aneRcIneyIgRtUv³
¢
-RtUvBRgIknig BRgIkplitkmµkgRsuk TaMgxagksikmµ nig ]sShkmµRBmTaMgecHsnSMsMéc plit plpgEdr.
ñú
-kat;bnßylMnaMcUlnUvsMParRbNit² nigeRKOg]bePaKbriePaKEdlmigcM)ac;.

489>karxVHGahar b¤ karbriePaKminRKb;RKan;ecaTxøaMgenAkñúgbNaþRbeTs kMBugGPivDÆn_
ttiyelak.
490>edIm,IBRgwgmitþPaB EfrkSasnþiPaB nigCYyKñaGPivDÆRbeTsCati erog²gxøÜn
RbeTsTaMgLayenAGasIuGaeKñy_)anbegáIt smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_
ehAkat;faGasa‘nEdlmankm<úCacUlrYCasmaCikTI10 enAqñaM1999.
491>eKEckRbeTskm<úCaCabYntMbn; EdltMbn;nImYy²mantMbn;dg;sIuetRbCaCnxusKñaKW
tMbn;bwgTenøsab tMbn;eqñrsmuRT tMbn;valrab; tMbn;PñMnigtMbn;x<grab .
etItMbn;;NamYymandgsIuetRbCaCnx<s;CageK?ehtuGIV?
cM>tMbn;valrabmandgsIeu tRbCaCnx<s;CageKRBaH CatMbn;EdlamnsNæandIGnueRKaHya:gxøaMgcMeBaHvIs½yksikmµ
KaµanCMgWRKuncaj; gayeFIvdMeNIredaymanpøÚvKmnaKmya:gl¥RbesIrRKb;RbePT ¬pøvtwk eKak Gakas
Ú
CatMbn;EdlmanskmµPaB ]sSahkmµ BaNiC¢kmµ
nigesvakmµrevIknigCamCÇmNÊlrd×)AlkarTUtvb,Fm’EfmeTot .
492>etImInkb;kñúgdIbgárpllM)akdlsgÁmnigesdækic©CatidUcemþcxøH?
cM>1>cMeBaHsgÁm³ naM[mnusSsøab; rbUsnigBikarbnSTuknUvRsþIemma:y ekµgkMRBa EdlCabnÞúkd¾ F¶n;F¶rrbs;RbeTs
.
2>cMeBaHesdækic© ³
-bMpøajkMlaMgBlkmµ
-kat;bnßydIdaMduH dIsMNg;nigGaBIkmµepSg²>>>.
493>1>etIEpñkepSg²Enesdækic©RbeTskm<úCaeyIgmanGIVxøH?
2>etIEpñkNaxøHEdlGacTukfaCaKnøwHénesdækic©Cati?
cM>1>>>esdækic©km<Ca ³
ú
-EpñkTI 1 ³ ksikmµ
-EpñkTI2 ³ ]sSahkmµ
-EpñkTI3 ³ esvakmµ
2>>>EpñkEdlGaccat;TukfaCaKnøwHénesdækic©Cati
-ksikmµCaRKwHénesdækic©CatitaMgBIedIm erogmk EdlkÜgenaH RsUv ekAs‘U mantYnaTIsMxan;CageK.
ù

-]sSahkmµ maneragcRkkat;edrnig]sSahkmµKµanEpSg
-ebIEpñkTaMgBIrxagelI rIkcMerInenaHEpñkesvakmµk¾rIkcMerIntamenaHEdr.
494>1> cUrkMNt;n½yBakü } esvasgÁm nig esvamUldæan }.
2>>karyl;dwgBIkargarGnam½y mUldæan rbs;RbCaCneyIg enAmankMritTab
enAeLIy.etIeyIgGacedaHRsaybBaðaenH)an edayviFI Na?
cM>vismPaBcMeBaHesvamUldæan ³
1>kMnt;n½yBakü
-esvasgÁm KWCaGV² sMrab;bMerI[GPivDÆn_sgÁm mandUcCamnÞrI eBTü salaeron pøvKmnaKmn_>.
I Ú
-esvamUldæan KWCaGV² sMrab;bMerI[GPivDÆn_ shKmn_ mandUcCaTwks¥at bgÁn;Gnam½y Kilandæan
I
metyüsala>>>.
2>>>raCrdæPi)al BiessRksYgsuxaPi)al RtUvxitxMBRgwgbEnßmeTot BIkargarGb;rMGnam½y mUldæandl;RbCaCn
eyIg edaykarpSBVpSayBt’mantamviTúù nigTUrTsSn_ karEst
pÞaMgrUbPaB>>.RtUvxitxMelIkkMBs;CIvPaBRbCaCneyIgeday lubbM)at; CabeNþrI ²nUvvismPaB
cMeBaHbMerIbMras;esvasgÁm nigesva mUldæan.
-lb;bM)at;PaBRkIRk Gb;rMGnam½ymUldæan.
495>etIPUmiPaKGasIuGeKñy_sißtenARtg;NaénBiPBelak ? manépÞbu:nµan? manRbCaraRsþ
bu:nµanlannak;? manRbeTs cMnYnbu:nµan?
cM>PUmiPaKGasIGeKñy_sßitenAcenøaHRbeTscinnigNÐa kñgTVbGasIu manépÞ dIRbEhl 4/2lanKmkaer
u Y ú I
nigmanRbCaraRsþRbEhl 515lannak; ¬qñaM2000¦ nigmancMnYn10RbeTs.
496> smaKmn_RbCaCatiGasIueKñy_ehAkat;fa ³ Gas‘an ASEAN begáIteLIg enAqñaMNa?
enATIRkugNa? manbu:nµanRbeTs?
cM>smaKmn_ RbCaCnGasIGeKÜy_ Gas‘an begÔIeLIgenAÙf¶TI 08 Ex sIha qÜaM 1967 naTIRkug)agkkRbeTsÙf
u
mansmaCik5 RbeTséfLg; NÐeÚ nsuI ma:eLsuI swgðburI nig PIlIBIn.
497>etIRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCacUlrYmGgÁkarGas‘anenAèf¶ExqñaMNa? CasmaCikTIbu:nµan?
cM>RbeTskm<ùCacUlGgÀkarGas‘anenA Ùf¶TI 30 Exemsa qñaM 1999 naTIRkughaNUy RbeTsevotNam
CasmaCikTI10 ÙnGgÀkarGas‘an.
498>smaKmn_RbCaCatiGsuIGaeKñy_ Gas‘ansBVèf¶enHmansmaCik10.

k>>cUrbgðajBIsmasPaBénsmaCikcas;nigfµI RBmTaMgéf¶ExqñaMcUlCasma Cikpg.
x>>cUrBnül;BIKMlatEpñkesdækic©rvagsmaCikcas; 6 RbeTsnigfµI4RbeTs?
c>k>>smaCikCas; 6 RbeTs³
1-ÙfLg; cUlGas‘an 08-sIha-1967
2-NÐeÚ nsIu cUlGas‘an 08-sIha-1967
3-ma:eLsIu cUlGas‘an 08-sIha-1967
4-swgÛburI cUlGas‘an 08-sIha-1967
5-PIlIBIn cUlGas‘an 08-sIha-1967
6-RBuyen cUlGas‘an 08-mkra-1984
smaCikfµI 4RbeTs³
7- evotNam cUlGas‘an 28-kkáda-1995
8-Lav cUlGas‘an 24-kkáda-1997
9-mIya:n;ma:¬PUma¦ cUlGas‘an 24-kkáda-1997
10-km<Ca cUlGas‘an 30-emsa-1999
ù
x>>>>KMlatesdækic©rvagsmaCikcas; nigsmaCifµbNþal mkBI³
I
÷smaCikcas; 6RbeTs ³
-RbeTsTaMgenHmansnþPaB yUrGEgVg
i
-Gnuvtþn_esdækic©TIpSaresrI
-CaRbeTselakesrI
-CYy]btßmÖ BImhaGMnacnana dUcCa ³ shrdæGaemri Cbu:n nigFnaKar BIPBelak.
-vinieyaKTunBIshrdæGaemrik étv:an; Cbu:n hugkug kUer:xagt,Úg nigshKmn_GWur:b.
u
-naMcUlbec©keTsCan;x<s;kñgplitkmµ nigbegátkarnaMecjnUvplitplvinieyaKTuneTAeRkA RbeTsy:agxøaMkøa.
ú I
-lb;bM)at;nUvGMeBIGskmµEpñkesdækic©.
÷smaCikfµI 4 RbeTs
-GtItkalRbeTsTaMgenHFøak;cUlkñúgsRgÁam raMér nigyUrGEgVg.
u
-GtItkalGnuvtþrbbneya)aysgÁm niym
-sBVéf¶manRbeTsmIya:n;ma: evotNamnigLav
bu:EnþRbkan;ykrbbesdækic©TIpSaresrInig rbb neya)ay sgÁm nigym.

-kgVHkarTMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTsrIkcMerInCitxag kñgtMbn;.
ú
-kgVHkarTMnak;TMng nigFnaKaBiPBelak rW FnaKrGasI. u
-CaRbeTsÉketa Epñkesdækic©
snñidæan ³ smaCikcas;6 RbeTs manexOnesdækic© rIkcMerInCabgÁÜrEdleK[eQµaHfa kUnnaKkñg tMbn;man³
ú
éfLg; NÐeÚ nsIu ma:eLsuI nig PIlIBIn cMENkswgðbUrIkøayCaRbeTsnaKkñgtMbn; RbeTsfµI ¦ cMENkRbeTs 4
ú
eTotCasmaCikfµI CaRbeTs manesdækic©Gn;fy CaRbeTsRkIRk kñúg BiPBelakman³ km<Ca Lav mIya:n;ma:
ú
evotNam .
499>etIkarbegàIt Gas‘an manTisedAnigeKalkarN_ y:agdUcemþc?
cM>k-TisedAGas‘an mandUcxageRkam³
-shRbtibtþikarkñgtMbn;edayesµPaBelIvis½yesdækic©man ksikmµ ]sSahkmµ KmnaKmn_ BaNiC¢ kmµ
ú I
nigeTscrN_ .
-viTúasaRsû bec¨keTs vb,Fm’ nigkargar rd×)al snûiPaB nigsnûisux kÜúgtMbn;.
-eKarBnUvyutûFm’ eKalkarN_RbeTskÜgtMbn; nigRbkan; x¢ab;nUv FmµnuBaÏ shRbCaCati.
i ù
x>>eKalkarN_nanaÙnGas‘an mandUcCa³
-GasIGeKñy_ CatMbn;esrIpaB nigGBüaRkwtü manenAeRkamTiBlGnþraKmn_ énmhaGMnac breTs NaeLIy.
u §
-smaCikGas‘an begÔItshRbtibtûkar nigBRgwgsmKÁPaB mitPaBrvag KñanigKña.
i I þ
-bn§ÚrPaBtantwgGnþrCati
-eKarBbUrNPaBEdndIrbs;Gñkd¾éT
-edaHRsayedaysnþiviFIral;Tnas;GnþrCainanaedayQrelIPaBesµPaBKñaeRbIsiT§sVysMerc
M I i ½
-mineRCotERCképÞkgérdæNamYyeLIy
ñú Y
-eKarBKñaeTAvijeTAmkelIÉkraCü GFibetyü PaB smPaB bUrNPaBEdndI nigGtþsBaØNCati
énbNþaRbeTsTaMgGs;.
-RbqaMgcMeBaHkarKMramedayedayeRbIkMlaMgT½B
-rYmshRbtibtþkarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBrvagKña nigKña.
i
-eFVItMbn;GasIGaeKÜy_KµanGavuFnuyekøEG‘r.
; u
500>FnFanFmµCatiekIteLIgvijmansar³sMxan;b¤eT sMrab;CIvit? []TahrN_.
cM>FnFanFmµCatiekIteLIgvijmansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;CIrit.
]>> mnusSminGacrs;edayKµanTwksabsMrab;pwk nigeRbIR)as;)aneT.

501>FnFanFmµCatiminekIteLIgvijCaGVI? []TahrN_bBa¢ak;.
cM>>FnFanFmµCatiminekIteLIgvij KWCaFnFanEdlGaceRbIR)as;Gs;TaMgRsug b¤ GaceRbIR)as;
rhUtdl;kMritmYyEdleKminGacTajykmkeRbIR)as;)aneTot ehIyminGacekItCMnYsvijeday FmµCati.
]>>pUsIulnÞn dUcCa eRbg FüÚgfµ ]sµnFmµCati
½
-FnFanEr: GMbil mas R)ak; s<an; nigdI dæ>>>>.
502>tamry³énrebcenHKWmanGVIxøH ekIteLIgeTAelIsila?
cM> tamry rebc enHeFVI[sila ricril eRbHRsaM ehIy)ak;EbkCadMutUc².
503> etIrebcrUb nigrebcKImI manlkçN dUcemþc?
cM>rebcrUb CaT§BlénclkrTwk xül; sItuNðPaB kMedA ktþa CIv³ eTAelIsilaem bgák nigrlay.
i
-rebcKImI CaT§BlxniC kñgsilaEdlGanRbtikmµCamYyktþa epSg² dUcCa ³ ktþaTWk GuksIutkmµ kabUnkmµ
i ú
GasItsu‘lpYricnig ktûaGasIut ÙnrukØCati.
u
504>karvivtþn_rbs;dIeday)atuPUtFmµCati eFVI[dIxus²Kña BIkEnøg mYyeTAkEnøgmYy.
etIPaBxusKñaenHdUcemþcxøH?
cM> karvivtþn_rbs;dIeday)atuPtFmµCati eFVI[dIxus²Kña BIkEnøg mYyeTAkEnøgmYyxus²Kña eTAtam ³ RsTab;dI
U
vayPaBdI TMrg;dI sarBagÁkay kñúgdI nig pH kMritGasItrbs;dI.
u
505>k-etIktþaGVIxøHEdlbgá[manrebcrUb?Taj ]³ Cak;EsþgenAkm<úCa.
x-etIktþaGVIxøHEdlbgá[manrebcKImI? Taj ]TahrN_ Cak;EsþgenAkm<úCa.
cM>k-rebcrUb bgáeLIgeday³
-ktþasItuNðPaB
-ktþaTwk >xül; > kMedA sItuNðPaB
-ktþaCIv³ eTAelIsilaemkñgdMeNIrbgák nigrlay.
ú
]>>enARbeTskm<CamanGakasFatu ekþAehIy esImbNþal [ silagayeRbHRsaM.
ú
x-rebcKImIbgá eLIgeday³
-ktûaTwk GuksIutkmµ kabUnkmµ GasIutsulpYric
‘
-ktþaGasItrukçCati
u
]>>TwkRCabcUlkñúgsilaeFVI [silagayeRbHRsaM. silaEdlmanGatuelah³ layLMgayTTYlrgGuksItkmµ. u
enARbeTskm<Carws rukçCatiduHenAtamRkEhgCBa¢aMg R)asaT beBa¢jCatiGasItsrIragÁ eFVI[silaBukpuy.
ú u

506>sarBagÁkaykñúgdICaGVI?
cM>sarBagÁkaykñúgdIman)ak;etrI pSit dgáv stVl¥t rwsrukçCati kNþrú Bs; CaedIm. sarBagÁkay
Ú i
manCIvtTaMgenHmanGnþrkmµ enAkñgbNþajGahard¾saMjaM.
i ú u
enAeBlsarBagÁkayTaMgenaHgab; rlYy vacUlrYm cMENkenAkñg vdþsarFatuciBa©wmén sßanRbB½n§.
ú
mIRkUsarBagÁkaykñúgdI mantYnaTI bMEbksMnl;rukçCati begát)anCaemeraK ehIyCYybegárI
I
GtßPaBkñgkarRsUbykTwknigsarFatuciBa©wm.
ú
507> k-vayPaBdICaGVI?
x-kMrit pH rbs;dICaGVI?
cM> k-vayPaBdI³ CaTMhMnigsmamaRteFobéncuNÑPaKbgádI¬dIdæ l,ab;m:t; xSac; RKYs¦.
cuNÑPaBTaMgenHmanTMhMepSg²Kña ehIymansar³sMxan;Nas; eRBaHvamanT§Bl eTAelITMrg; dI vtþmansarFatu
i
ciBa©wm nig Twk kñgdI.
ú
vayPBdImansar³sMxan;Nas;enAkñgkarkMnt;PaB smRsbsMrab;bMerIbMras;NamYy.
ú
cMnaM³ vayPaBdIRbUv)anbBa¢ak;tamsmamaRt énfñak; rgVas;EvgepSg² >>xSac; eRKIm xSac;m:dæ l,ab;eRKIm dIdæ.
vayPaBdI³
-dIdæ ³ BI 0>000eTA 0/002 mm
-l,ab;m:dæ ³BI 0/002 eTA 0/020mm
-xSac;m:dæ ³BI 0/020 eTA 0/2mm
-RKYs ³BI 0/2 eTA 2mm
x-kMrit pH rbs;dICakMritGasItrbs;dI EdlmanT§BleTAelIdMNaM nigsarBagÁkayman CIvit epSg²eTot
u i
enAkñúgdI. dIPaKeRcInmankMrit pH kñúgcenøaH 4 - 8 . rukçCatimanT§iBl BIGnþrkmµrvagsarFatuciBa©wm
nanaEdlGaRs½y eTAnwg kMrit én pH.
]TahrN_
-kMrit pH TabdiCU¬kMritGasIeu RcIn ¦naM[smasFatuEdkrlay b:uEnþsmaFatu pUsV½rEdlCasaFatuciBa©wm
d¾sMxan;rbs;dMnaMminsUvrlay .dUcenHrukçCatiminsUvlUtlas;edaydIxVHCIvCatipUsVr½ .
-kMrit pH kñgcenøaH6>5eTA7>5 KWsmRsbdl;karlUtlas;l¥rbs;rukçCati
eRBaHenAcenaHenaHsarFatUciBa©wmcaM)ac;PaKeRcInGac[DMnaMRsUbyk)an.
cMnaM ³krNIdICUreRcIn CadIxVHCatib:tasüÚmnigpUsV½rEdlnaM[dMnaMpþl;TinplTab¬enAkm<úCa¦.
U
508>cUrerobrab;GMBIviFIEfrkSadIkMu[)at;bg;KuNPaB .

cM>edIm,IEfrkSadIkM[)at;KuNPaB eKRtUveRbIviFIdUcteTA ³
u
-bMlas;dMnaM ¬pøas;bþrÚ dMnaMelIdImYykEnøgerogral;qñaM ¦
-cMkarl,ak; nigdMnaMtamCMral
-ksirukçkmµ
-bMerIbMrasdIsmRsb nigkareRbICI ¬CIsrIragÁ nig CIGsriragÁ¦
509>eKeRbIR)as;dIsMrab;eFIVGIVxøH ?
cM>eKeRbIR)as;dIsMrab;eFIVdUcCa ³
-sagsgTIRkug PUmikr tIRbCMuCn RbB½n§KmnaKmn_ eragcRk ]sShkmµ nigsagsgsib,kmµ.
-dIsMrab;kardaMduH dMnaNEs,og nigdMnaM]sSahkmµnigdIsMrab;ciBa©wmstV
-dIsMrab;éRBeQIEdlCas<anRbB½n§FmµCati caM)ac;sMrab;eFIVrsµIsMeyaK nigCaCMrkstV.
-dITuksMrab;TajykEr:epSg².
510>cUrniyayBItulüPaBrvagdIsMrab;sagsg; nigdIsMrab;ksikmµ .
cM>bMerIbMras;dIRtUv[mantulüPaBrvagdIsMrab;sagsg; nigdIsMrab;ksikmµ .
ebIeyIgykdIsMrab;sMrab;sagsg;TIRkug PUmikrTIRbCMCn b¤ sagsg;eragcRkeRcIneBk
u
naM[dIsMrab;ksikmµmankarxVHxat .
ebIkMenInRbCaCnkan;EteRcIn tMrUvkares,ogGaharkan;EteRcIneLIgEdr.
kñgkrNIdIsMrab;ksikmµmanTMhMtUc eKRtUveRbIR)as;vaeTAtamlT§PaBdI edIm,IGPivDÆn_
ú
dMnaMf²[kan;EtRbesIr.
µI
karGPivDÆn_ksikmµ RtUvGnuvtþtamviFIdaMduH EbbRbB½n§ksikmµrYm manbMlas;dMnaMRbBlvb,kmµ nig
ksirukçkmµ.
511> etIbMerIbMras;FnFandI rUbPaBNaxøHEdleFVI[manplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶r dl;dI?
cM> bMerIbMras;FnFandI EdleFVI[manplbH:Bal;F¶n;F¶rdl;dIman³
-karkab;bMpøaj éRBeQI ³ ERbkøaydIEdlFøab;manCIrCati eTACadIxSac;CIvCati.
-sg;eragcRk ]sSahkmµ niyekøEG‘r
-karCirkEr:BMusmRsb ³eFV[dIRbhUg)at;KNPaB
I u
512>etIvdþsarFatuciBa©wmenAkñúgsßanRbB½nßFmµCatimanlkçN³dUcemþc?

cM> enAkñgsßanRbB½n§FmµCati sarFatuciBa©wmsMxan; ²eFVIclnaBIdIeTAsarBagÁkaymanCIvit
ú
ehIyRtlb;mkvijenAeBlsarBagÁkayTaMgenaHBukpuyrlYy .
513>dUcemþcEdlehAfasarFatuciBa©wm?dUcemþcEdlehAfama:RkUFatu nigmIRkUFatu?
cM>sarFatuciBa©wm ³KWCasarFatuEdlsarBagákayRtUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;karrs;enA lUtlasnigbnþBUC
EdlrYmmanma:RkFatu nigmIRkUFati .
-ma:RkUFatu sarFaciB©wmxniC EdlsarBagÁkaymanCIvtRtUvkarbrimaNeRcIn sMrab;karRTRTg;karlUtlas;dUcCa
i
³karbUn GIRu dUEsn GuksIEu sn pUsV½r s<an;F½r b:tasüÚm nigkal;süúm nigkal;süÚm .
U Ú
-mIRkUFatu ³CasarFatuciBa©wmxniC EdlsarBagÁkayRtUvmanCIvitRtUvkarkñgbrimaNtictYc
ú
sMrab;RTRTg;karlUtlas;dUcCa ³ Edk s½gásI Tg;Edk Tg;Edk kør m:g;kaENl m:lIbEDn CaedIm.
U
514>dUcemþcEdlehAfasMnwkdI ?sMnwkdIekIteLignigmanlkçN³dUcemþc ?
etIskmµPaBdUcemþcEdleFIV[dImansMnwk ? plb:HBal;edaysarsMnwk ?
cM>-sMnwkdI ³kareRcaHdInigsaFatuciBa©wmedayTwk b¤xül;
-sMnwkekIteLIgenAeBlmanePøogFaøk;eCaKCaM b¤manxül;bk;e)akxøaMgeFIV[dIgaydac;ecjBIKña nighUrtamTwk
b¤rsat;tamxül;bk;eTAkan;TIq¶ay ehIynaM[dI)at;bg;CIvCatiedayhUrnaMsarFatueTATIepSg .
-karkab;bMpøajéRBeQI karkab;vatéRbykdIdaMdMnaM nigskmµPaBepSg²eTot CamUlehtuénsMnwkdI .
-sMnwkdInaM[ekItmankMenInkMeTckMsrenAtamTenø bwg
CaehtueFIb:HBal;dl;KUNPaBTWknigsarBagÁkayrs;enAkñúgTwk .
V
515>k>dMnfñ)ayeRkommanlkçN³dUcemþc? cUrBnül; .
x>etIskmµPaBGIVxøHEdlnaM[mankgVk;dI?cUrBnül;.
cM>k> kMnfµ)ayeRkom CadMenIrdIERbkaøyeTACarwgdUcsila. dIRbePTenHmanBN’Rkhm b¤elOn
ehIymansmaFatuEdk nigGaluymIj:ÚmEdlmingayhUreRcaHdUcsarFatuxniC
déTeToteLIy.dIfµ)ayeRkomGackat;CadMu)aneRkayeBlhaléf¶va[s¶Üt eKeRbIvakñgsMng;.ú
x-kgVk;dIbNþalmkBI³
-TwkeRsacRsBmanCatiGMbilepSg² rlaykñúgenaH eBlGkasFatus¶ÜtEhgTwkhYteLIgCa
cMhayTwkbnSl;TuknUvkMhab;GMbilx<s;dUcCasUdüÚmkørY enAkñgdIRsTab;elI.
ú
-bMerIbMras;CKImI GacnaMeGaymankgVk;dIeRBaHvagayRsYlRCabcUleTAkñgTwk b¤ kñgdI b¤
I ú ú
hUrtamcrnþTwkelIépÞdIEdlbgá[mankarbMBuldIenAkñgkEnøgepSg²eTot.
ú

-TwklUsMGuyEdl ecjBIeracRk b¤ kaksMnl;epSg²EdlpÞúkedaysarFatuKImI naM[mankgVk;dI.
516>ebIkMenInRbCaCnekInkan;Etx<s; etImanT§iBlGVIxøH dl;bMerIbMras;dI?
cM> kMenInRbCaCnekInkan;Etx<s; GacmanT§Bldl; bMerIbMras;dI³
i
-tMrUvkardIsMrab;sg;lMenAdæankan;EteRcIn
-tMrUvkardIsMrab;daMdMnaM nigtMrUvkarepSg²eTot.
517>Er:CaGVI ehIyPaKeRcInsßitenAkEnøgNa?
cM> Er:CasarFatuFmµCati manenAkñgdI b¤sila.
ú
518>ehtuGVI)anCaeKcat;FnFanEr:cUlkñúgRbePTFnFanFmµCatiminekIteLIg vij?
cM> )anCaeKcat;FnFanEr:cUlkñgRbePTFnFanFmµCatiminekIteLIg vij eRBaHEr:ekIteLIgya:g yWtbMput
ú
kñgryeBlrab;lanqñaM nigmanbrimaNkMnt; BuMGacekIteLIgvij)anenAeBlEdleKeRbI R)as;vaGs;.
ú
519>dUcemþcehAfaEr:GsrIragÁ / Er:srIragÁ?
cM>>>Er:GsrIragÁ ³ CaEr:EdlekIteLIgBIFmµCati PaKeRcInekIteLIgBI m:ak;m:aminEmnekIteLIgBI lMnaMénvtßmanCIvit.
ú
Er:GsrIragÁman³ Er:mas R)ak; Edk sMN GaluymIj:Úm.
-Er:srIragÁ ³CaEr:ekIteLIgBIlMnaMénvtßmanCIvt. Er:srIragÁman kabUn FüÚgfµ eRbgkat nig ]sµ½nFmµCati.
ú i
520> etIenARbeTskm<úCamanmNÐlEr:sMxan;²bu:nµanenAqñaM 1962?
mNÐlEr:TaMgenaHmankMNb;Er:GVIxøH?
cM>tamkarRsavRCavenAqñaM 1962 eKGacEckmNÐlEr:enAkm<CaCa 5 mNÐlFM²³
ú
-mNÐléb:lin mankMNb;t,ÚgTTwm nig keNþog.
-mNÐlbrEkv ¬rtnKIrI¦ mankMNb;t,Úgnig mas
-mNÐlkMBg;FM manEr:Edk ¬enAPñEM dk¦mas ¬kb;kñgdIl,ab; ¦ nig sMN)a:haMg ¬enACMvijPñCI nigPñMelOg¬
ú M
-mNÐlkMBt nig )at;dMbgmanfµkMe)ar nig pUsVat.
-mNÐleBaFisat; manfµEkv ¬PñMtasay¦ sMrab;rcnavtßsil,nana.
ú
521>eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 etImhaGMnacNaxøH EdldwknaM BiPBelak TaMgmUl
TaMgneya)ay nig esdækic©?
cM> KWshrdæGaecriknigshPaBsUevot.
522>etIRbeTsNaxøHEdlelc eFøaCageKxag menaKmviCa¢elakesrI?
cM> KWshrdæ Gaemrik cRkPBGg;eKøs nig )araMg.

523>dUcemþcEdlehAfaEpnkarm:asal;?
cM> Epnkarma:sal; KWCaEpn karbegáItedayelak ma:sal;enAEx mifuna qñaM 1947>. elakCaGñk
bMeBjbEnßmeTAelI elakRtUma:n;enH.
tamRbeTsenAGIru ubxaglicEdlrgeRKaHedaysarsRgÁam RtUvBwgEp¥elIshrdæGaemrik
edIm,Isþaresdækic©rbs;xøneLIgvij.
Ü
523>dUcemþcEdlehAfabkSsm<½n§ GUtg; ¬OTAN¦ ? GgÁkaresGatU¬SEATO¦ ?
cM>KWCaeQµaHbkSsm<n§EpñkeyaFa begÁteLIgenAqñaM 1949 shrdæGaemricCamYybNþaRbeTs GurW ub
½ I :
BIBYkkMmuynIs rW ehAkat; fasn§isBaØaGatøg;TicxageCIg.
u
KWCaGgÁkarmYyfµeI Tot begáItedayshrdæGaemric enAqñaM 1954 sMrab;karBartMbn;GasuI GaeKñy_
BIBYkkumuynis.
M
523>etIshrdæGaecric manrbbneya)aydUcemþcxøH?
shrdæGaemricCasaFarNrdæEdlmanGMnac 3 dac;edayElkBIKña ³
-nItibBaøti ¬ sPatMnagraRsþnig RBwT§sPa¦
-nItiRbtibtþi ¬RbFanaFibtI CaRbmux¦
-tulakar ¬ tulakarkMBUl¦.
524> enAedImqñaM 1970 shrdæGaemricRbQmmux nigvibtþiGVIxøH?
cM>-bBaðaesdækic© ¬rkTIpSarlk;plitpl]sSahkmµnig sBaVvuF¦
-bBaðasgÁmenATIRkug ¬karejon karqk;bøn; Xatkmµ eBsüacar rebobrbbrs;enArbs; RbCaCntam EbbhIBI¦.
u
-bBaðarbb¬CMelaHkñgrgVg;GñkdwknaMBIbBaðaNItikmµrvagRbFanaFibetyü nigsPa¦.
ú
525> etIEpnkar ma:sal; rbs;shrdæGaemric CaKMeragkarRKb;RKg BIPBelak?
eRBaHGVI?
cM>>Epnkarma:sal; skmµPaBrbs;eyIgminsMedARbqaMg RbeTsNamYyeLIy rWk¾ RbqaMgnwg menaKmviCa¢
NamYyeLIy bu:EnþKWCakarRbqaMg nwgPaBGt;Xøan nig TirKtPaB karGs;sgÇwm nigPaBvwkvr. eKalbMngrbs;va
KWRtUvEteFVI[esdækic©BPBelakmandMenIrkar)anl¥eLIgvij nig GnuBaØat [lkçx½NÐ neya)ay nigsgÁm kic©
I
elceLIgvijkñgenaHsßab½n esrIGacdMenirkar)an.
ú
ehSm:asal; sunÞrkfaenAhav:a 5mifuna qñaM 1947.

-eyagtamGtßn½yénÉksarenH Epnkarm:asal; minEmnKMeragkarRKb;RKgBIPBelakeT
EtKWCaKMerageFVI[esdækic©EdlexÞcxÞaM edaysarsRgÁam mandMenIrkarl¥eLIgvij eCosvagkM[ PaBGt;Xøan
u
nigTirKtPaBmanteTAeTot.
-EtkarBitEpnkarm:asal; naM[mankarEbgEckTVIbGWrubCaBIr kan;Etc,as;eLIg. eRBaHcab;taMg BIqñaM 1947 mk
: w
shrdæGaemric )anbegánkarekobsgát;frbs;xøn kñgvis½yneya)ay nig esdækic© eTAelIbNþaRbeTsxaglic
I Ü ú
EdlbnþiceRkaymkrYbrYmkña)anCabøúkmYyCMvijshrdæGaemrik.
u
-shrdæGaemric)ansMerccitþ køayeTACa GavuFhtß énBIPBesrInig eFVIGnþraKmn_
enAeBlEdleKvinicäyfaCakarcaM)ac;bMput.
½
-shrdæGaemric)ancuHgtßelxa elIsn§isBaØa CabnþbnÞab; Edldak;RbeTsmYycMnYnFM eRkamkar Bar
EpñkeyaFarbs;xøn.Ü
dUcenHEpnkarm:asal; GaceFVI[ shrdæGaemric maneQµaHfaCaGñkCYysþarPaBdundab énesdækic©
rbs;RbeTsnana eRkay sRgÁampg BiesskarBarGWru :b Tl;nwgclna kMumuynIspg.
u
526>ehtuGVI)anCashrdæGaemric caj;seRgÁomenAevotNam?
cM> eRBaHman)atukmµFM² RbqaMgnwg GnþraKmn_ GaemricenAevotNameFVIeLIgenAshrdæGaemric.
elakkarT½r RbFanaFibtI Gaemric ¬1975-1979¦)an elIkTwkcitþdl;kareKarBsiT§i mnusS.
527>rkmUlehtuEdlshrdæGaemricsMercRbkan;neya)ay dwknaMmuwgma:t;
bMputRbqaMgnwgcRkPBénGMeBIGaRkk;.
cM> BIqñaM 1975 dl;1979 enAGasIu enAGaemricLaTin GaRBIc nig NÐcin mnusSRbEhl 100lannak;
Ú
)anFøak;eRkam T§BlsUevot.
i
528>cUrGMBIriyabTrbs;Gaemric kñúgbBaðasRgÁamRtCak; BIqñaM 1980-1985?
cM> qñam1980shrdæ)anBRgwgChrrbs;xøn eRkaymankarlukluy rbs;kgT½BsUevotcUl Gab;hÁanIsßan.
Ü
-qñaM 1980 shrdæ GaemriceFVIBlikarmin cUlRbkYtkILa GULaMBicenA mUsÁÚ nig bdiesF karlk;RKab;
FuBaØCati[shPaBsUevotkñgqñaM 1980enHEdr.
ú
-qñaM 1981 fVIt,itmanvibtþei sdækic©keday k¾elakrIehÁn)an esñI begán cMnayEpñkeyaFaEfm eTot
I
ehIyKaMRTclnaminEmnkMmuynIsenAGaemricLaTIn.
u
-qñaM1983 shrdæGaemriccUllukluy ekaHRKWNat enAkMrgekaHGg;TEI dlrbbRKb;RKg
enATIenaHkøayCakunuynIs.
M

-GaemricRbkasKMeragsRgÁampáay KWkareRbIR)as;páay rNbkñgGakasedIm,IbEgVr
ú
mIsIulEdlRtUveRbIfvikasn§wksn§ab; EdlshPaBsUevotminGaceFVtam shrdæGaemric)aneT.
I
srubmkmhaGMnacTaMgBIrkMBugEtRbkYtRbECgsBVavuF nigkMlaMgeyaFadak;Kañ eTAvijeTAmkEdl
u
begátPaBtantwgd¾xøaMgkøa EtBM)anpÞúHGavuFdak;Kña cMeBaHmuxeTEttamPaBRbeyal.
I u
529>etIKNbkSkargarniyménRbeTsGg;eKøs maneKaledAdUcemþcxøH
eRkayBI)anCab;eqñat enAqñaM 1945?
cM>eKaledAénKNbkSkargarniyménRbeTsGg;eKøsKW³
-sþareLIgvijnUvkarxUcxatxagmnusS sMPar nighirBaØvtßeú dayerobcMexOn]sSahkmµsMrab;naM
plitpleTAeRkARbeTs nig naMcUles,ogGahar nig vtßFatuedIm.
ú
-eqøot»kasEkTMrg;esdækic©müa:g edayRbeTsGg;eKøs manPaByWty:avCageK kñgvis½yTMenIb kmµéneRKOg
ú
masIun nig 50° énes,ogtMrUvkñgRbeTs. mkdl;qñaM 1950 kMEnTMrg; esdækic©
ú
)anpþl;lTÁpld¾l¥RbesIredaysarviFankart,itet,ot.

530>eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 etIRbeTsGg;eKøsCYbnUvcMnuc l¥GVIxøH?
cM>-fVIebImanvibtþixøH²k¾eday k¾vibtþei nHBuMmanPaBF¶n;F¶rEdr ehIyRbeTsenHGacTb;xøn)anhñg hñ.
Ü w
-cMnucl¥mYyeTot KW cRkPBGg;eKøsbn§ÚrbnßyRbeTskñgGaNaniKmrbs;xøÜn )anTTYlÉkraCü nig
ú
GFibetyüPaB EdndIrbs;eKedayBMmankarbgðrÚ QameRcIn eLIy dUcCa enARbeTsNÐa nigegsIubCaedIm,
u
531>eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 etIRbeTs)araMgmansßanPaBneya)ay
nigesdækic©dUcemþc?
cM> vis½yneya)ay ³
-bkSkMmuynIs)araMg nig BYkkmµkr )ankøayCakMlaMgneya)ay sMxan;bMput
u
rbs;RbeTsnigmanT§BlkñúgkarerobcMKNrdæmRnþeI RBaH)anTTYlsnøwkeqñatCaR)aMlansMelg.
i
-ExkBaØa qñaM1946 rdæsPa)araMg )anGnum½t rdæFmµnuBaØfµI ehIybegátsaFarNrdæTI 4 nig pþl;lT§PaB[
I
rdæaPi)aledIm,IEkTMrg;RbB½n§ esdækic© EdlexÞcxÞaM edaysarsRgÁamknøgmk.
-Ex ]sPa qñaM1947rdæaPi)al )anTTYleCaKC½ykñgkarbMEbkCnkumuynIs ecjBIrdæaPi)al ehIyTTYl
ú M
CMnYyesdækic© BIshrdæGaemrictamEpnkar m:asal; nigcUlCasmaCikénbøúk eyaFaGUtg;.
-qñaM 1954 kgT½B)araMg)anTTYl braC½y cMeBaHkarbnþeFVIsRgÁam enANÊÐcin nigGal;es‘rI.

-éf¶TI 1 mifuna qñaM 1958 rdæsPa)araMg)anpþl; GMnaceBjelj dl;]tþm esnI dWkUl.
-Extula qñaM 1958 rdæsPa )araMg)anGnum½t rdæFmµnuBaØfmYyeTot nig begát saFarNrdæ TI5 Edl
µI I
bnþneya)ay dl;sBVéf¶enH.
÷vis½yesdækic©
-plitkmµ]sSahkmµ nigksikmµfycuHeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2
-karnaMcUlmancMnYneRcInsn§wksn§ab; tMrUv[rdæaPi)alx©IR)ak;breTssEfmeTot
-enAcenøaHqñaM 1945 dl;qñaM 1947 karsþaresdækic©eLIgvijEp¥kelItUbnIykmµ
nigkarbegáInRbB½n§epSg²sMrab;snþsuxsgÁm
i
-edaysarCMnYyshrdæGaemrickñúgRkbx½NÐEpnkar ma:sal; nigshkarénGWr:b u
rdæaPi)al)aneFV[lUtlas;xagplitpl]sSahkmµcab;BIqñaM 1949.
I
533>eRkayBIqñaM 1951 dl;qñaM 1956 etIenARbeTs)araMg manRBwtþikarN_sMxan;²GVIxøH?
cM>eRkayqñaM 1951 RbeTs)araMgenAEtRbTHbBaðaFM²dUcCa ³
-bBaðaplitplksikmµelIs¬RsUvsalI RsaTMBaMg)ayCUr nigdMLÚg¦
-bBaðaxVHR)ak;dULa cab;BIGs;CMnYyma:sal; nigbBaða»nPaBfvikarCati
eRBaH)araMg)ancMnayR)ak;CaeRcInsMrab;ebskkmµxagT½BÉnaysmuRTeRkaysRgÁamelak.
534>dUcemþcEdlehAfasgÁmniymviTüasaRsþ?
cM> CasgÀmEslmanmaK’aBit naMeTAdl;karts‘UrMedaHxøn rbs;vNË³GFn.
Ñ
535>etIebskkmµénvNÑGFnRtUveFVIdUcemþcxøH?
cM> CaGñkCIkreNþA rbbmUlFn edaysMedAelIBYkGFnTaMg sMrab;ksagsgÁmmYyKµankar ekgRbv½j
nigKabsgát;.
536>etIGñkNaCaGñkdwknaMvNÑGFn?
GñkdwknaMvNÑGFnKW CnkumuynIs EdlCaGñkQanénvNÑkmµkr dwknaMvNÑGFn rMlMvÑmUlFn
M
edIm,IdeNþmykGMnacBIBYkenH ykmk[vNÑkmµkr nigerobcMksagsgÁm niym.
I
537> etIeKalkarN_CamUldæan kñúglkçnþik énlTi§m:ak;niym manGtßn½y dUcemþc?
cM> manEtkarts‘Uneya)aymYyKt;EdlFana[vNÑkmµkrGacrMedaHxøn)anBIkarCiHCan;rbs;BYk
Ü
mUlFnQaneLIgmanGnaKtrugerOg)anKW clnabdivtþn_énBYkGFn.
538>ehtudUcemþc)anCaRbCaCnrUsuIpþÜlrMlMesþcsa?

cM> dMbUgbNþalmkBIesþcsaKit KUrEtplRbeyaCn_ bkSBYk xønCamYymUlFn)araMg nig Gg;eKøs
Ü
edayCMrujRbCaCnrUsI[Føak;kñgsRgÁameday³
u ú
-yuvCn 14 lan nak; RtUvbBa¢neTAsmrPUmiTaMgbgçM
Ú
-mnusSsøab;eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI1 cMnYn 1/5lannak;nig rbYs 5lannak;.
-TurPikS nig CMgWdMkat;manRKb;TisTI.
-kgT½BrUsuITTYlbraC½yCabnþbnÞab; edayxVHes,og nigGavuF.
-ktþasMxan;eBlsßanPaBkMBugvwkvrenH esþcsa nigbkSBYkBuMrvl;eGIeBIeLIy. cMeBaHmuxsßanPaBd¾F¶n;F¶renH
RbCaCn rUsIu)aneRCIs erIsykRckmYyKWRtUvrYbrYmKñapþlrMlMesþcsa.
Ü
539>etIkarpÞúHGavuFedayÉkÉgTTYl)anC¾yCMnHrWeT?eRBaHGVI?
cM> karpÞHGavuFedayÉkÉgBMuGacTTYl)anC½yCMnHeT. Cak;EsþgkaregIbeLIgbHe)ar RbqaMgnig
ú w
esþcsarbs;RbCaCn rUsuIRKb;RsTab;dUcCaTahanbHe)ar enAtamsmrPUmi kmµkr eFVkUdkmµtam ergcRk
I
ÉksikrenAtamCnb. buE: nþ lT§plRtUv)anbRgáabya:gKYr[QWcab;. enHKWmk BIxVHkMlaMgdwknaM
EdlsMrab;CaktþakMnt;cMeBaHvNÑGFnEdlkalenaH KW bkSbulesvic.
540>ehtudUcemþc)anCarbbraCaniymEdlcak;rwsenARbeTssUsuI RtUvdYlrlMCasßaBr?
cM> manbkSdwknaMRtwmRtUv KWbkSbulesvic
-)atukmµCak,ÜnEhrbs;)atukr RKan;ECak,ÜneRbIEtbdanig Baküesøak.
-bU:lIscUlédCamYy)atukr KWenAxag)atukr BMu)anenAxageyaFarbs;esþcsa EdlmancMnYndl;eTA 60000nak;.
ktþarYmpSMénclnabdivtþTaMgenHbBa¢ak;fa kardwknaMEdlbgáb;nUvkarmineBjcitþBIrsMnak; mhaCn
nigCaBiessmanbkSdwknaMc,as;las;CaktþanaMeTArkC½yCMnH enAéf¶NamYyCadac;xat.
541> etIkarelIkTisBaküesøakrbs;elnIn ERbkøaysRgÁamcRkBtþieTACasRgÁamsuIvil
bdivtþi mann½ydUcemþc?
cM>sRgÁamcRkBtþsMedAelIsRgÁamQøanBan BRgIkTwkdI deNþmTIpSar nigRbkYtRbECgeRKOg sBVavuTr§ vag
i I
RbeTsenAGWrub CaBiess sRgÁamsuvilbdivtþi KWsRgÁamrvagKñaÉgkñgRbeTskñg
: I ú ú
eKalbMngdeNþmyksRgÁameRkA nigkñgRbeTsEdlmanknøgmk[eTACasRgÁamkñg RbeTsmYy
I ú ú
fµeI TotedIm,Ipøas;bþÚrrbbRKb;RKgEdlBYkeKcg;)an.
542>eRkaykardYlrlMénrbbesþcsa etImanrdæaPi)albu:nµan ekIteLIgGVIxøH?
cM>eRkaybdivtþEi xkumÖ³ rdæGMnacBIrRtUv)ancat;taMgeLIgenAkñgRbeTs³
ú

-TI 1 KW rdæaPi)albeNaþHGasnñ CardæGMnacrbs;vNÑ KhibtI nig m©as;dI Edlkan;kab;GgÁkarrdæ.
-TI2 KW sUevot CardæGMnacrbs;kmµkr nig ksikr ¬sUevot eb:RtURkat¦ tMnagsUevotTaMgGs; kñgRbeTsTaMgmUl
ú
CardæaPi)albRgÁb; TTYlsÁal;edayrdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñ.
543>ehtuGVIeTIbbdivtþiTTYlC½yCMnHTaMgRsug?
cM> edaysarbTbBa¢arbs;elnIn ³ GMnacTaMgRsugkñgkNþab;édsUevot .elnInTayTukfa RtUvEtqøgBIvNÑ
ú
KhibtIeTA bdivtþ sgÁmnigym eTIbGaceFV[bMngR)afñarbs;RbCaCati KW snþPaB dIFøI nignMb½g
I i u
TTYl)aneCaKC½y.buR: nþ karGnuvttambTbBa¢a rbs;elnInenH)an eFVIeLIg eRkayrdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñ
eRbIGavuF)aj;rHelIhVg)atukr EdledIredayes¶omsØat;enaHeT.
Ú
544>dMenIr C½yCMnHrbs;rbbpþac;karGFn nigrbs;rdæGMnacsUevot etIXøaenH
mann½ydUcemþc?
cM>KWBuMRtUvmanGMnacBIrdUcmuneTot eT teTARtUvmanEtmYyehIy CarbsvNÑGFn ¬ksikr nigkmµkr¦
eRkamkardwknaMrbs;bkSbulesric.
545>etIsm½yGnþrkalenAshPaBsUevotmanBIqñaMNadl;qñaMNa?
ehIyqøgkat;dUcemþcxøH?
cM>sm½yGnþrkalenAshPaBsUevotmanBIqñaM 1921 dl; 1937>.
kñúgkarqøgkat;sm½yGnþrkalKW BIsm½ymUlFnniym eTA sgÁmniym RbeTsrUsuRI tUvRbQmmux nwgbBaðaFM²
dUcCa ³
÷shPaBsUevotCaRbeTsTI1 enAeliBiPbelak EdlRbkan;rbbsgÀmnigym ehIysÓtenA kÜgkarhu‘mB½T§
i ù
TaMgxagesdækic© nig TaMgxag eyaFaBIRbeTs mUlFn.
÷enAqñaM 1920 plitplksikmµ)anFøak;cuHya:gxøaMg ebIeRbobeFob eTAbrimaNmunsRgÁam.
eragcRkGNþgEr:PaKeRcInQb;dMeNIrkar.dMnwkCBa¢ÚnTaMgLayRtUvraMgsÞH. mYyPaKFMéndIFøIRtUve)aHbg;ecal;.
Ú
÷elNIn)anbegÁItneya)ayesdækic©fµI nigkMnt;bnÞat;neya)aymYyénkarksagsgÁm niymrYmTaMg ³
-]sSahkmµsgÁmniym
-smUhkmµksikmµ
-bdivtûn_ vb,Fm’ nig menaKmn_vC¢a.
i
546>ehtuGVI)anCashPaBsUevotRtUvqøgkat;sm½yGnþrekal?
cM>)anCashPaBsUevotRtUvqøgkat;sm½yGnþrekaleRBaH³

-shPaBsUevotRtUvexÞcxÞaMedaysarsRgÁam
-xVHbTBiesaF eRBaHCaRbeTsTI 1 EdlksagsgÁmnigym
-humB½T§xagesd×kic¨ nigeyaFaBIbNûaRbeTsmUlFn.
‘
547>etIshPaBsUevotsßabnaEpnkaresdækic©dUcemþcxøHkñúgsm½ysþalIn?
cM>kñgsm½ysþalInshPaBsUevotsßabnaEpnkaresdækic©dUcCa³
ú
-lubecalmUlFnniym nigCnTaMgGs;
-rdækan;kab;esdækic© TaMgRsugCamYyEpnkarsmUhkmµksikm
-eFVI]sSahkmµsgÁmniymedaybMeBjEpnkar 5qñaM 2elIk elIk TI1 BIqñaM¬1928-1932¦ elIkTI2
BIqñaM¬1933-1937¦.
548>ehtudUcemþc)anCashPaBsUevot RtUvsßabnaEpnkar]sSahnIykmµ
nigsmUhkmµksikmµ?
cM>]sSahkmµcas;manbec©keTsGn;fy EdleFVI[ksikmµKaµ nkarrIkcMerIn. müa:gkarpþl;GtßiPaB
dl;]sSahkmµFnF¶n; CaKnøwH énkarGPivDÆn_ vis½yksikmµ nig]sSahkmµ Fn;RsaldUcCa³
]bkrN_ksikmµTMenIb² manma:sIunP¢rÜ dI e)akEbn rWma:sIun)acTwk GaceRbIR)as;yk)anplitpll¥RbesIr
nigeRcInsn§wksn§ab;.
549>etIsRgÁamelakelIkTI2 bMpøajshPaBsUevotdUcemþcxøH?
cM> -mnusSRbmaN 20lanRtUvsøab;
-PUmiCag 70000
-eragcRk 3200 RtUvexÞcxÞaM
-TIRkug 1700
-tMélxUcxatsrubeLIgdl; 2600ekadirUb.
550>eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 enH etIshPaBsUevot)ansþarsßan PaB
RbeTsdUcemþc?
cM>-eday³
-cMrujvis½yksikmµ edaybegáItEpnkar 5qñaM 1elIkeTot ¬1950-1955¦
-)anbnßykarritt,itxøHenAkñgRbeTs ¬eRkaysþalInTTYlmrN PaBkñgqñaM 1953¦
ú ú
edayBRgIkplitkmµxageRKOg]bePaKbriePaK.

-ebIkRBMEdn[BYkbc©imRbeTscUleTATsSna
-bn§ÚrbnßyEdrkñgneya)aykarbreTs.
ú
551>munnwbþÚreQµaHmk sUevot etIRbeTsenAmaneQµaHGVI?Rbkan;rbbGVI?
cM> eQµaHrUsuI Rbkan;rbbraCaniym.
552>etIbdivtþKhibtI mann½ydUcemþc?
cM> kardYlrlMénrbbesþcsa BuMEmnCaeCaKC½y )anmkBIBYkKhibtIEdleFVIclnats‘U pûlrMlMeT.
Ñ
lTÁplKW)anmkedaysarvNÑGFn manksikr nig kmµkrBIessKYbpSMnwgmanbkS
dwknaMRtwmRtUv.EtkardYlrlMrbbesþcsa CaCMhanTI1 GacepþmebIkpøÚv[vNÑKhibtInigBYk
I
GPiCncUlkan;kab;GMnac)an. GMnacmanBIrKW rdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñ CaGMnacrbs;vNÑ KhibtI nigm©as;dI nig
sUevot CaGMnacrbs;kmµkr nigksikr. enHCaCMhanTI2.
RbkarenHbdivtþminTan;ebIkpøv[vNÑkmµkrnigksikr)ancUlkan;GMnacTaMgRsugenA eLIyeT.
Ú
EtKWbdivtþKhbtIenHÉgCaTunsMrab;ebIkpøv[bdivtþExtula 1917 EdlGMnacTaMg
Ú
RsugRtUv)anmkkñgédBYkbdivtþGFndUcelakelnInehA pþac;karGFN EdlCaCMhancugeRkay.
ú
553>dUcemþcEdlehAfa rdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanit?
cM>-EdlehAfa rdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanitKW³
-CaRbeTsTaMgLayEdlenAkñúgbøúkshPaBsUevot ekItenAeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 Rbkan; lT§ma:kelnIn
i
dwknaMedayKNbkSEtmYyKW KNbkSkumuynIs.
M
554>kñúgsRgÁamelakelIkTI2 ehtuGVI)anCaRbCaCn 30lannak; cakecj
BIRbeTsmYyénTVIbGWru:b? etImanRbeTsNaxøH?
cM>mnusSCag 30lannak; cakecj BIRbeTsmYyénTVbGWrub eRkay sRgÁamelakelIkTI2³
I :
-mYycMnYnFMRtUvCab;katBVkic© ¬BYkeyaFa Biess rbs;RbeTsGaLWm:g; nigGItalI¦ ÉGñkminCab;katBVkic© eyaFa
u
¬RbCaCnGaLWm:g; nig GIutali¦ k¾P½yxøaceRBaHRbeTsrbs;xøÜn CatYÉksMxan;énsRgÁamenH
-T½BRkhmrbs;sUevot )anRsUtdMenIrvayykGWr:bEb:kxagekItTaMgmUl
u
dUcenHRbCaCnénRbeTsmYycMnYnenAGWr:bEb:kxagekItRtUvePosxønecjBIRbeTsrbs;xøÜn edIm,I
u Ü
eCosecjBImuxsRgÁamenH
555>etIkgT½BRkhmrMedaH)anRbeTsNaxøHenAGWr:ubxagekIt? eRBaHGVI?

cM>edaysarC½yCMnHrbs;sUevotelIT½BGaLWm:g; taMgBIsm½ysRgÁamelakelIkTI1kñgqñaM 1917
ú
eFVI[RbeTsmYycMnYnFM BiessenAGWrubxagekIt mankarKaMRTya:gPJak;ep¥l eRBaHkal
: I
enaHsUevotCaRbeTsGn;fyenAeLIy.kgT½BRkhm)anrMedaHRbeTsmYycMnYnenAGWr:bxagekIt u
kñgsRgÁamelakelIkTI2man ³ RbeTsb:ULÚj eqkUsøÚv:aKI GaLWm:g;xagekIt hugRKI b:lkarI r:m:anI y:UhÁsøavI
ú u U Ú
nigGal;)anI.
556>enATVIbGasIu nigGaemric etImanRbeTsNaxøHEdlRbkan;lT§isgÁmniym
dUcsUevotEdr?
cM> enATVbGasIman ³
I u
-RbeTscin KWcinem:AesgTug )anRbkassaFarNrdæRbCamanitcinenARkugeb:kaMg bnÞab;BIedjBYkcagxayecok
[ecjputBIcindIeKakenAéf¶ 01 tula qñaM 1949 ehIyPøamenaH sþalIn)anRbkasKaMRTEdr.
-RbeTskUer:RtUv)anEbgEckCaBIr eRkaysRgÁmelakelIkTI2 edaykUer:xageCIgdwknaMeday kMmuynIs Kwm
u
GIlsu‘g.
u
-clnaevotmijEdlbegIáteLIgenAqñaM 1941 mankarKaMRTya:geBjTMhwgBIBYkkMmuynIscin.
u
eRkayBIkarEbgEckRbeTsevotNamCaBIr saFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüevotNam
dwknaMedayhUCImij¬manTIRkugneya)ayenAhaNUy¦.
-RbeTstUcBIreTotenAGasIKW Lav nigkm<Ca CaRbeTsmaneQµaHRbCaFibetyüRbCamanit enA
u ú
kñgsm½ysRgÁamRtCak;Edr.
ú
enATVbGaemric ³
I
-RbeTsKuy)a CasaFarNrdæRbCamanitenAqñaM 1959.
557>ehtudUcemþc)anCamankarRbQmmuxdak;Kña rvagGWru:bxaglic nigxagekIt?
cM>)anCamankarRbQmmuxdak;Kña rvagGWrubxaglic nigxagekIteRBaH ³
:
-GWrubxaglicmanshrdæGaemricCabEg¥k ÉGWrubxagekItmanshPaBsUevot.
: :
-ktþa2ya:g EdleFVI[mhaGMNacTaMgBIrmincuHsMrugKña KWbBaðaliTi§¬mUlFnniym niglTisgÁmniym¦
§
nigrbbneya)ay¬RbCaFibetyüBhubkS nigrbbkMmuynIs EdlmanKNbkSEtmYyCaGñkdwknaM¦.
u
558>etIlT§iRTUma:n;enAéf¶ 21mifuna 1947 manGtßn½ydUcemþc ?
cM>lT§Ri TUma:n;manTisedATb;sáat;rbbkMmuynIs min[rIksayenAelIBiPBelak
u
lTie§ nHtMrUv[sahrdæGaemricBRgIkvis½yeyaFaerogral;qñaM ehIypþl;CnYydl;RbeTsmYycMnYn
M

Edldundabxagesdækic© [egIbQr)aneLIgedIm,IBRgIksmtßPaBkarBarxønTb;Tl;nwgkareRCót
Ü
cUlrbs;BYkkMumuynIs.
559>eRkayBImanlTi§RTUma:n;enHmk etIshrdæGaemricCaRbeTsdUcemþc?
cM>shrdæGaemric)anbþÚrBIPaBÉkeka ehIycab;yktYnaTICamhaGMnacEdlmanrgVg;
TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHP½BVvasnaBiPBelak.
560>etIGaemricRBYy)armÖBIkarrIksayénlT§ikMumuynIsenATINa?
cM> -enAGWrubxagekIt
:
-enA)araMg nigGItalI¬bkSkMmuynIs)araMg nigGItalIeqøótBRgIkT§Blrbs;xn¦.
u u u i øÜ
-enARbeTsRkicEdlkMBugekItsRgÁamsIuvil ¬RbeTsRkicmanRBMEdnCab;nwgRbeTs
kMmuynIsenATisxageCIg¦.
u
561>etIRbeTsNaeTotEdlRbqaMgnwglTi§kMumuynIsEdr ? ehIymanskmµPaBGVIxøH?
cM>-KWRbeTsGg;eKøs
-RbeTsGg;eKøs)anKaMRTrdæaPi)alRsbc,ab;énRbeTsRkic Tb;Tl;nwgclnakMmuynIs EtGg;eKøsxVHhirBaØvtßú
u
eTIbRbKl;tYnaTienH[eTAshrdæGaemricTTYlbnÞúkCMnYsvij.
562>etIRbeTsNaxøH EdlshrdæGaemriceFVI[rYcputBIRkjaMurbs;BYk kMumuynIs?
eRBaHGVI?
cM>edaysarCMnYyd¾manRbsiTPaBrbs;shrdæGaemricRbeTs ³
§
-)araMg
-GItalI
u RtUvrYcputBIRkjaMukMmuynIs
u
-Rkic

563>etIEpnkarma:sal;manKMeragkarCYyEtTVIbxagekItb¤GVI?
cM>Epnkarma:sal;enHmanTisedAsþaresdækic©eLigvij minfaRbeTsenATVbNaeLIy.sUm,IEt RbeTssUevot
I
nigRbeTsenAGWrubxagekItEdlGaemricRtUvRbQmmuxdak;enaH k¾GacRtUvpþl;CMnYy[Edr.
:
563>cMeBaHEpnkard¾FMTUlMTUlayrbs;elakma:sal;énshrdæGaemricenHKw
shPaBsUevotmanriyabfya:gdUcemþc?

cM>shPaBsUevotminRtwmEtBMuTTYlykCMnYyshrdæGaemriceT Et)anekobsgát; RbeTsrNb
epSg²enAGWrubxagekIt[RbEkkcMeBaHCMnYyhirBaØvtßrú bs;shrdæGaemriceTot.
:
564>cMeBaHRbeTsEdlRBmTTYlCMnYyhirBaØvtßúrbs;shrdæGaemricenHman
sßanPaBdUcemþc?
cM>RbeTsTaMgLayenAGWur:ubxaglic EdlcUlRblUkkñgsRgÁam)anTTYlplcMenjya:geRcInBI Epnkarma:sal;
ú
edIm,Isþaresdækic©rbs;xønBiessvis½y]sSahkmµ nighirBaØvtßú.
Ü
565>ehtudUcemþc)anCaRbeTsEb:kxagekIt RcanecalCMnYyshrdæGaemric?
cM>karRcanecalCMnYyrbs;shrdæGaemric edayRbeTsGWr:ubEb:kxagenH eKyl;fa ³
karpþcepþmKMnitrbs;shrdæGaemric enH KWedIm,IRtYtRtaeyaFa nigesdækic©enAGwrub
Ü I :
nigmanbMNgh‘umB½T×shPaBsUevoteTotpg.
567>etIGgÁkar kUminhVm¬COMINFORM¦CaGVI? manRbeTsNaxøHcUlrYmCasmaCik?
cM>-Cakariyal½ypSBVpSay TTYlbnÞúkeFVITMnak;TngskmµPaBrbs;rdæCamYybkSkMumuynIs kñg
M ú
BiPBelakTaMgmUl nigCaGñkfatamyuT§saRsþEdlsMercedaymUsÁÚ .
-KWkariyal½yneya)ay begáItenAExtula 1947EdlmanRbeTsCasmaCikdUcCa ³ b:LÚj yUkUsøavI r:ma:nI
U U
hugRKI GIutalI nig)araMg¬bkSkMumuynIs GItalI nigbkSkMumuynIs)araMg¦.
u
568>dUcemþcEdlehAfasRgÁamRtCak; ?
cM>enAeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 shPaBsUevot)anbegáItclnakMmuynIsesÞrI RKb;RbeTs
u
enATVbGWrub kñúgeKalbMNgykTVIbenHdak;enAeRkamT§Blrbs;xøn.edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgmhicäta
I : i Ü
enH shrdæGaemric)anGnuvtþlT§iRTUm:an; nigEpnkarma:sal; edayRbmUlykRbeTsGWr:bmYy
u
cMnYncgCasMB½n§mitþ.karRbqaMgKñarvagmhaGMnacTaMgBIr)anbegátCabøúkerogxønEdlkøayCa
I Ü
sm½ysRgÁamRtCak;.
569>etImanGVIekIteLIgmunnwgsn§isBaØaGatøg;TicxageCIgRtUv)anbegáIteLIg
enaH?
cM>-enAqñaM 1948 RbeTseqkUsøÚva:KI )ankøayCasaFarNrdæRbCaFibetyü.KWCaRbeTscug
eRkayEdlBImun)anrkSardæaPi)alminEmnkMmuynIs ehIyRtUv)ansUevotbgçeM day
u
eRbIkMlaMg)ay.

-vibtûimYyeTotenATIRkugEb‘LaMgenAExmifuna 1948.shPaBsUevot)ansMercbiTRckTIRkug
Eb‘LaMgtampøÐveKakmanpøÐvlM pøÐvrfePøg nigGKÀsnI edayykelsfaedIm,IerobcMbec©keTs.
I i
TaMgGs;enHCaRBwtþkarN_d¾tk;søútCMruj[mankarcuHhtßelxaelIsn§sBaØaExemsa 1949
i i
ehAfaGgÁkarsn§sBaØaGatøg;TicxagekIt enATIRkugva:sIunetan b¤bkSsMB½n§eyaFa ¬OTAN¦.
i
570>etImanRbeTscMnYnb:unµan? ehIyeQµaHGIVxøHEdl)ancUlrYmCasmaCik
GgÁkarsn§isBaØaGatøg;ticxagekIt?
cM>manRbeTscUlrYmCasmaCikcMnYn 13dUcCa ³ RbeTsGg;eKøs GaLWm:g;xagekIt )araMg ebeNluc daNWma:k
b:Tuykal; kaNada Rkic tYKI shrdæGaemric GIsøg; eGs,aj nigGItalI.
u u
571>etIshPaBsUevotmanRbtikmµdUcemþc eqøIytbeTAnwgkarbegáItbkS
GUtg;rbs;shrdæGaemric?
cM>-dMbUgshPaBsUevotcab;epþmbMBak;GavuFTMenIb² dl;RbeTsTaMgLayenAGWrubxagekIt
I :
EtminTan;begáItsn§isBaøaNamYyRbqaMgGUtg;eLIy.
-mkdl;qñaM 1945 GgÁkarGUtg;ebIkéd[RbeTsGaLWm:g;xaglicplitGavuFeLIgvij naM;[P¶ak; dl;RbeTsb:ULÚj
EdlFøab;TTYlrgkarQøanBanrbs;GaLWm:g;muneKenAkñgsRgÁamelak elIkTI2
ú
dUcenHRbeTsGWrubxagekIt Biessb:ULÚjRtUvbgçcitþcuHhtßelxaelIktþkasBaØa va:sUvI.
: M i
572>etIktþikasBaØava:sUvICaGVI? manRbeTsNaxøHCasmaCik?
cM>-KWCaGgÁkarkarBarEdlmansmaCikCaRbeTskMmuynIs enAGWr:bxagekItbegáteLIgenAéf¶ 14mifuna1955
u u I
sMrab;RbqaMgnwgGgÁkarGUtg; mankUnIv CaembB¢aakarRbcaMenAGWr:bxagekIt.
u
-RbeTsEdlmanCasmaCikman ³ Gal;)anI b‘ulkarI r:ma:nI hugRKI b:LÐj eqkUsøÑva:KI nigshPaBsUevot .
U U
-GgÁkarenHmanTIsñak;karenATIRkugva:sUvI énRbeTsb:ULÚj.
573>cUreRbobeFobvis½yneya)ayesdækic© nigvis½ysgÁménGgÁkarGUtg; nigva:sUvI?
cM> GgÁkarGUtg; GgÁkarva:sUvI
-xaglicGUtg; ¬OTAN¦ - xagekItva:sUvI¬VASOVIE¦
-RbCaFibetyüesrIBhubkS . - KNbkSEtmYy¬KNbkSkMmuynIs¦Bwg
u
Ep¥kelIkMlaMgkmµkr nigksikr.
-esdækic©TIpSaresrImankarRbNaMg - meFüa)ayBaNiC¢kmµRKb;RKgedayrdæ
RbECg . b¤smUhPaBmanTMrg;esdækic©Epnkar.

-esrIPaBkñgkarkan;kabsiT§man;kMrit
ú i - bgçtbgç[eFVIkaredayKµankarFanaGHGag
i M
CIvPaBx<s;. cMeBaHsnþsuxbuKÁl¬pþac;kar¦KµanlTiR§ bCa
i
FibetyüEbbelakxaglicCIvPaBTn;exSay
574>etIkarsþaresdækic©énshPaBsUevot nigRbeTsRbCaFibetyücin nigb:ULÚj
CYbnwgsßanPaBdUcKñaEdrb¤eT?
cM>÷shPaBsUevot ³
-enAqñaM 1952 RKUeqvRbkaselIkkMBs;CIvPaBRbCaCnsUevot[esµInwgsþg;da énCIvPaB
RbCaCnshrdæGaemric min[hYsqñaM 1980.
-lT§PaBEdlTTYl)anBIkarEkécñelIdIdaMeBat 60lanhictaenAkasasþg; TTYllT§plEtdMbUg
EteRkaymkTinñplFøak;cuHCalMdab;.mUlehtumkBIeRbIR)as;CminsmRsb nigfñaMsMlab; stVl¥txøaMghYsRbmaN
I i
eFVI[dI)at;bg;KuNPaBnigbgá[xUcxatbrisßanya:gF¶nF¶r.
÷RbeTscin³
-lIcavCI )anelIkTisedACMrujesdækic©RbeTscin [Tan;RbeTselakxagekItkñgry³eBlEt 2 b¤
ú
3qñaMxagmuxkñgneya)aymhaelatepøaH¬1958-1991¦.EtLsøEdktUc² enACnbT plitEdkKµanKuNPaB
ú
eFVI[karbegánbrimaNEdkEfbmin)ansMerctamTisedA.
I
-kareRbIfñaMsMlab;stVl¥t nigstVcabnaMbgáplvi)akya:gF¶n;F¶rdl;ksikmµ nigeFVI[xUcxatdl;
i
brisßanRbeTscin.
÷RbeTsb:ULÚj ³
-eragcRk]sSahkmµEdlmancMnas; 40qñaMCaeragcRkhYssm½yEdlKMramkMEhgya:gF¶n;F¶r dl;brisßan.
-ÉplitplEdlplit)ann BIeragcRkk¾manKuNPaBTabeRbIR)as;EtenAkñúgRsuk nigGgÁkar esdækic©kUemkug.
-cMEnkvis½y]sSahkmµEdlmanksikrcMnYn 30°énRbeTsminGacciBa©wmRbCaCnTUTaMg
RbeTs)aneT>.RtUvnaMcUles,ógBIeRkAEfmeTot.CarYmkarsþaresdækic©rbs;RbeTsTaMgbIenH cab;BIqñaM 1952
mkBMu)anTTYllT§pll¥dUcKña.
575>dUcemþcEdlehAfa kUemkug rW kaeGm ?
cM>KWGgÁkarCMnYyesdækic©eTAvijeTAmk begáteLIgenAqñaM 1949 sMrab;RtYtBinitüesdækic©
I
énbNþaRbeTseRkamGaNaBüa)alsUevot. plitplEdlplit)anBIeragcRk eRbIR)as;)anEt enAkñgRsuk
ú
nigenAtampSarrvagRbeTsKñaÉg minGacnaMecjeTAlk;enATIpSarRbeTsesrI)an eLIy.

karerobcMesdækic©rbs;xøÜn RtUveFVItamEpnkarkmµnigRtYtBinitüedayshPaBsUevot
tMrUvtamesckþRI tUvkarrbs;xøn.ÉkarplitKWeFVeI TAtammuxCMnajkñgKMrUplitpl]sSahkmµnig ksikmµ.
Ü ú
]³ -saFarNrdæ RbCaFibetyüGaløWm:g;pliteRKOgma:sIun
-hugRKI plitrfynþ dwkGñkdMeNIr
-rUma:nIplitplitplksikmµ-l-.
576>ehtuGVI)anCacin nigsUevotRbkYtRbECgKñakñúgkarpSBVpSaymenaKm
viC¢aenAtamRbeTsttiyelak?
cM>eRBaHcin nigsUevot cg;)anRbeTsmYycMnYnenAttiyelakeFVICarNbtamryHkarpþl;CMnYy EpñkeyaFa
nighirBaØvtßú.
577>cUrbgðajBIRBwtþikarN_sMxan;² EdlbBa¢ak;BIkareRbHqarvagcin nigsUevot?
cM>-sUevotelIkT½BcUleTAGab;kanIsÓan edIm,IKaMRTed×aPi)alkMmuynIs Rkugkab‘ul
-suevotKaMRTevotNam[elIkT½BlukluycUlRbeTskm<Ca. ú
-cin)antbtmkvijedaypûl;CMnYyeyaFa nighirBaÏvtÓdl;clnats‘U ExµrTaMg3Rkum
ù
EdlmanCMrMenAtambeNþayRBMEdnExµréf edIm,IRbqaMg nwgkgT½BevotNam.
-elIsBIenHcinmanbMngbegátbkSsMB½n§RbqaMgnwgsUevot mancin Cb:un Gaemric
I
rYcbEnßmRbeTsEdlRbkan;menaKmviC¢aelakxaglicenAGasuImYycMnYneTot.
578>ehtuGVI)anCaTMnak;TMngrvagcin nigshPaBsUevotmanPaBFUrRsal eLIgvij?
cM>-eRBaHcineTIb)anplitRKab;EbkbrmaNUCaelIkdMbUg enAqñaM 1964
-mü:agkarrt;RbNaMgeRKOgsBVavuF nigbec©heTs rvagGaemric nigsUevot )ancMnayfvikareRcIntKNna
EdlRbeTscinBMuGaccab;)an rWeFVItam)an dUcCakaMRCYcGnþrTVIb CaedIm.
-RBmCamYykardkfykgT½BsUevotecjBIGakanIsßan nigkardkk,alkaMRCYcrbs;sUevot ecj BItMbn;sIuebrI
eFVI[TMnak;TMng rvagcin nigsUevotmankarFUrRsaleLIgvij
EdlCa»kashuc[BYkeKeFVIkarcrcarbBa©b;cMelaHenAkm<Ca. ú
579>etIenAmanbBaðaGVIeTot EdleFVI[cinmankarrGak;rGYl xagBaNiC¢kmµ
CamYyRbeTselakxaglicCaBiessCamYyshrdæGaemric?
cM>-bBaðakgT½BCb:ncab;bMBak;GavuFTMenIb²¬Cb:unCasRtUvrbs;cinBImun¦.
u
-bBaðaétva:n;¬cinminlHbg;kardeNIþmykétva:n;eLIy cinTukétva:n;CaextþmYyrbs;cin¦.

-bBaðaRbeTsNÐaCamhaGMnacmFümxagbrmaNU EdlCasRtUvcas;.
-bBaðaTIeb
-bBaðabRgáab)atukrenAeTonGanemn¬rMelaPsiTimnusS¦.
§
580>etImankarpøas;bþÚrrbbneya)ayenAshPaBsUevot nigenAGWru:bxagekItdUcemþc?
cM>enAqñaM 1985sßanPaBneya)ayenAshPaBsUevot nigenAGWrubmankarpøas;bþÚrTaMgRsug dUcCa ³
:
-GgÁkarkUemkugRtUvbBa©b;enAExmifunaqñaM 1991
-ktþkasBaØava:sUvIRtUvrMsayenAéf¶ 1 kkáda 1991Edr
i
-rbbdwknaMtamrbbesdækic©TIpSaesrI )ancUlmkCMnYslT§pþac;karkMumuynIs nigrbbesdækic©
i
smUhPaBkñúgshB½n§rUsSIú nigenARbeTsGWrubxagekIt
:
-GtItshPaBsUevot RtUv)an)at;eQµaHelIqakGnþrCati.
581>etIenAmanbBaðaGVIxøHeTot bnÞab;BImankarpøas;bþÚrneya)ayenAGWr:ub
xagekIt nigshPaBsUevotmk?
cM>-shB½n§rUsSIú nigRbeTsGWrubxagekItRtUvx©ITnvinieyaKya:geRcInBIRbeTselakxaglic.
; u
-RbeTsenAsmuRT)al;Tc RbkasÉkraCüenAqñaM1991.
i
-bBaÛaCnCatiPaKtic KWkarts‘UedIm,IÈkraCrvagCnCatiEs‘b nigRkUGatEdleFVI[manPaB
tantwgenA]bTVIb)al;kg;.
582>etIbBaðaenAGaLWm:g; nigEb‘kLaMg eFVI[GaLWm:g;mansßanPaBEbbNa?
cM>-kgT½BsUevot )anrMedaHTIRkugEb‘LaMgTaMgmUlenAEx emsa nig ]sPa enAqÜaM1945BIkgT½B GaLWm:g;
b:uEnþtamsn§isBaØaRtUvEbgEckCabYntMbn;RtYtRtaedayGg;eKøs )araMg Gaemric
nigsUevot.cMeNkTwkdIGaLWm:g;TaMgmUl k¾RtUvEbgEckCabYntMbn;RtYtRtaEdr. Epñkkan;kab;nImYy²
GacTak;TgeTAvijeTAmkedayesrI.
-Exmifuna 1948BYkelakxaglic)anbRgYmtMbn;TaMgbIrbs;xøn[eTACatMbn;EtmYy
Ü
ehIyeFVI[EpñkxaglicénRbeTsGaLWm:g; manc,ab;FmµnuBaØ nigbegátnUvrUbiyvtßeú hAfa dWtm:ak
I
viFankaeenHRtUvsþalInCMTas;ya:gxøaMg. enHCasBaØanUvkarEbgEckRbeTsGaLWm:g;CaBIr.
-sûalInsMercvaytbvijenAEb‘LaMg.BYksMB½n§mitûxagliccg;beBa¨Ýsmin[sþalInvayyk
Eb‘LaMgTaMgmUl.b:Eu nûsûalIneFVIkarh‘mB½T§TIRkugEb‘LaMgcab;BIEx mifuna 1948edIm,IbgØBYk
u M

sMB½n§mitû[sMerccitsarCafµI b¤k¾e)aHbg;TRI kugEb‘LaMgecal.RcktampøveKak manpøvlM pøvrfePøg
û Ð Ð Ð I
nigGKÁsnIbiTedayykels edIm,IerobcMbec©keTs.
i
-eK)anerobcMs<anGakasmYy edIm,IbeBa©oskareRbIkMlaMgeyaFanaM[ekItsRgÁamCamYysUevot
elakRTUma:n;eRbIkMlaMgdwkCBa¢Únes,óg nigPsþParepSg²tamynþehaHCaeRcIneRKOg[cuHctenA
ú
Eb‘LaMgcMnYnry³eBl 11Ex¬mifuna1948 dl; ]sPa
1949¦sMrab;pÀt;pÀg;RbCaCnenATIRkugEb‘LaMg.KWCaskmµPaBRbfuyRbfand¾eRKaHfñak;ya:gxøaMg
eRBaHynþehaHRtUvEtehIrtampøÚvGakas EdleK)ankMnt;[ya:gCak;lak;bMputenAelItMbn;
GaLWm:g;EdlsUevotkan;kab;.b:Eu nþBYkelakxaglicmin)ansMerccitþcuHcaj;eLIy.enAcugbBa©b;
sûalInmin)aneFVIGVITaMgGs; nig)anbBaÁb;karh‘umB½T§enAEx ]sPa qÜaM 1949.
-sþalInRtUvbraC½yedaysarkarcecs rwgrUs nigedaysarGMnacxagsMPar³ nigbec©keTsrbs; BYksMB½n§mitþ./
-Ex ]sPa qñaM 1949 KWkarcab;kMenItfµIénsaFarN³rdæshB½n§GaLWm:g;
-rdæfµEI dlmanrdæFanIeQµaHfa e)an )anbBa©ÚlkñgRkumRbeTsxaglic
ú
EdlmanrbblT§Ri bCaFibetyüRbkbedayesdækic©mUlFnesrI.
-tMbn;GaLWm:g;Edlkan;kab;edaysUevotv )ankøayeTACa saFarNedæRbCaFibetyüGaLWm:g;
Edlmanrd×FanIEb‘LaMgxagekIt.Èrbbneya)ayCarbbRbCaFibetyúRbCamanit.
583>ehtudUcemþc)anCamankarts‘UrMedaHCatiecjBInwmGaNaniKmGWru:b
nigshrdæGaemric?
cM>clnats‘rU MedaHCatirbs;RbeTsenAeRkamGaNaniKm manskmµPaBtaMgBImun nigeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2
edaysarRbeTseRkamGaNaniKm)anTTYlkarCiHCan; ekobsgát;BIsMNak;RbeTsGaNaniKm.
584>eRkaysRgáamelakelIkTI2 ehtudUcemþc)anCaBYkGaNaniKmniymenOyht;
nigRbQmmuxya:gxøaMg?
cM>eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI3 BYkGaNaniKmRtUvCYbbBaðaeRcIneTotEdlRtUvedaHRsaydUcCa³
-dMbUgRtUvsþarehdæarcnasMB½n§esdækic©hirBaØvtßú EdlexÞcxÞaMedaysarsRgÁam
-Tb;Tl;nwgclnats‘rU bs;RbeTsenAeRkamGaNaniKm
-RbqaMgnwgninñakarlT§sgÁmniym EdlrIkduHdaleBjBiPBelakedaysarshPaBsUevotCa
i
GñksabeRBaHeLIg.
585>etIBYkGaNaniKmsnüadUcemþcxøH CamYybNaþaRbeTseRkam GaNaniKm?

cM>BYkGaNaniKm)ansnüafa ebICYyc,aMgQñHT½BpasIus GItalI GaLWm:g; nigeyaFaniymCb:un
u
BYkeKnwgRbKl;[mansmPaB esrIPaB nigÉkraCüm©as;kar.
586>etIBYkGaNaniKmeKarBtamBaküsnüaEdrb¤eT? eRBaHGVI?
cM>BYkeKBMu)aneKarBtamBaküsnüaeT eRBaHeKRtUv)at;bg;kitüanuPaBya:gxøaMgeday ³
-enATVVbGasIu Cb:unvaydeNþImykRbeTseRkamGaNaniKmTaMgGs;
I
-Cb:un)ancab;BYkGaNaniKm nigbrivarxøHdUceKaRkbI
587>eRkayBIvayyk)anRbeTseRkamHGaNaniKm etICb:unmanriyabfdUcemþc?
cM>Cb:un)anRBmeRBog RbKl;ÉkraCü[bNþaRbeTsenANÐcin. Ú
588>etI)araMg nigGg;eKøssMerccitþya:gNacMeBaHehtukarN_EdlekItenH?
cM>dMbUgBiPakSaKña etIKYrTuk b¤minTukRbeTseRkamGaNaniKm
-manmtixøHRbqaMg xøHKaMRT.EteTaHCaya:gNak¾rdæaPi)al )araMg nig Gg;eKøsbgçcitþ
M
lHbg;RbeTseRkamGaNaniKm EdlCaRbPBFnFan nigTIpSarsMrab;lk;plitplrbs;xønEdr. Ü
589>etIGñkNaCaGñkTamTarsiT§isV½yRKb;RKgRbeTsCati BIBYkGaNaniKm? eRBaHGVI?
cM>-karTamTarsiTi§sV½yRKb;RKg nigÉkraCü)aneFVIeLIgBIBYkGñkCatiniymenARKb;TIkEnøg. manBYkGPiCn
bBaØavnþ Edlyl;c,as;BIsiT§ei srIPaB smPaB rbs;BlrdæRKb;rUb.
-eRBaHyutûFm’ EdlBYkGaNaniKm)aneFV)anmkelIRbCaCnkÜgbNûaRbeTseRkamGaNaniKm.
i I ù
590>etIkarTamTarrbs;BYkts‘UmanGVIxøHeTot? edayrebobNa?
cM>-BYkeKTamTarpgEdrnUvkareKarB nigkarrkSatUkRbéBNI TMenomTMlab; CMenO Pasa sasna vb,Fm’
-karTamTarenHeFVeI LIgedayGhigSapg nighigSapg.CYnkalmankare)aHe)arRbqaMgnwgBYk GaNaniKm
EtRtUveKbRgáabya:gsahavéRBépS.
591>etIGñkNaCaGñkKaMRTkarTamTarCatiniym? ehIyeKKaMRTEbbNaxøH?
cM>-karTamTarCatiniym RtUv)anKaMRTedayshrdæGaemric nigshPaBsUevot.
-shPaBsUevotKaMRTdl;clnaCatiniymenATVbGasIu eday)anbBa©ÚmenaKmviCa¢ kMumuynIs
I
Edl)anCHTÞBlrbs;xøÜneTAelIbNþaRbeTsTaMgenaHpgEdr.
i
-karKaMRTrbs;shrdæGaemrickñgclnarMedaHCatiBIGaNaniKm)anBRgIkTiBlrbs;xønpgEdr
ú § Ü
eTAelIRbeTsEdlnwgTTYlÉkraCÜeBlxagmux.

592>eRkABIshPaBsUevot nigshrdæGaemricetImanGñkepSgeTotKaMRT
clnats‘UTamTarÉkraCüenHEdrrWeT? ehIymanT§iVBldUcemþc?
cM>clnats‘TamTarÈkraCúenH k¾mankarKaMRTBIsMnak;GgÀkarshRbCaCatipgEdr.ehtuenHehIyeTIbcab;BIqÜaM
U
1945mkBYk GaNaniKmmanRbtikmµ2ya:g ³
-RbKl;ÉkraCüPøam²
-BnüakarRKb;RKgrbs;xøn b¤mYyminRBm[ÉkraCürhUtdl;mankarRbyuTKña rWbgðrÚ QamKña
Ü §
eTIbQb;RBmRbKl;ÉkraCü
593>etIRbeTsNÐasßiteRkamGaNaniKmRbeTsNa?taMgBIqñaMNa?
mansßanPaBdUcemþc?
cMM>-RbeTsNÐa sßtenaeRkamGaNaniKmcRkPBGg;eKøs taMgBIqñaM 1858mkemøH.
i
- RbeTsNÐaTTYlkarCiHCan;ya:geXareXABIBYkGaNaniKmGg;eKøsEdlCMruj[RbCaCnNÐa
begátCamhaclnaCatiniymmYydwknaMedayKNbkSsmaC¬KNbkSenHekItenAqñaM 1885¦
I
Edlmanelakmhatµ³Kn§I CaGKÁmKÁeú Tsk¾.
594>mun nigeRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 clnaCatiniymenHman skmµPaBEbbNa?
cM>-munsRgÁamelakelIkTI2 clnaenHRKan;EtTamTarkMEnrTMrg;rbbRKbRKg rdæ)al
BIGaNaniKmGg;eKøsdEdl.
-eRkaysRgÀamclnaxagelIERbkøayeTACaclnaRbCaCn eFVkarts‘TamTarÈkraCúeBj lkØN³Etmûg.
I U
595>etIclnats‘UenHTTYlkarKaMRTBIGñkNaxøH?
cM>-BIRbCaCnRKb;RTab;vNÑ³ TaMgkñúgnigeRkARbeTs
-BIbNþaRbeTskñgbøúksgÁmniym BIessshPaBsUevot.
ú
596>etIGg;eKøs RBmRbKl;ÉkraCü[NÐab¤eT?bnÞab;NÐamansßanPaB
dUcemþcbnÞab;BIGaNaniKmGg;eKøscakecjeTA?
cM>-GaNaniKmGg;eKøs bgçcitþRbKl;ÉkraCüeBjeljdlRbeTsNÐakñgqñaM 1947.
M ú
EtRbeTsNÐa RtUvEbgEckCardæ2KW )a:KIsßan nigshPaBNÐa.
-GaNaniKmGg;eKøs munnwgcakecj)anbnSl;bBaðaFMmYy[NÐa nig)a:KisßanedaHRsayKW bBaðardækaesµó
EdlmanmnusS)at;bg;Cvitrab;Esnnak;edaysarEbgEckTwkdIenH.
I

597>etIReTsNÐÚensIusßitenAeRkamnwmGaNaniKmRbeTsNa? BIqñaMNa?
ehIymansßanPaBdUcemþc?
cM>-RbeTsNÐensIu sßtenAeRkamGaNaniKmniym hULg; taMgBIqñaM 1602emøH: .
i
-GaNaniKmniymghULg; CiHCan;ya:geXareXAeTAelIRbeTsNÐeÚ nsIu EdlCaTMB½rmYyexµA ggwtsMrab;RbeTs
-múa:geTotedayP¢ab;nwgneya)ayerIseGIgBN’sMbur EdlGaNaniKmhULg;)anRbkan;enaH
)aneFVI[CnCatiNÐÚensIurgTukçevTnaRklM)aketakya:kéRElg.
598>etIRbCaCnNÐÚensIu RTaMRTcMeBaHTukçevTna
begáItedayGaNaniKmniymhULg;)anEdrrWeT?
cM>edayRTaMBM)annwgGMeBIÙRBÙpSGmnusSFm’enHRbCaCnNÊeÐ nsIeu RkakeLIgts‘Uya:gkøahan
u
RbqaMgnwgGMnacRtYtRtarbs;hULg;.
599>bnÞab;BIRbCaCnNÐÚensIueRkakeLIgts‘U etImanGVIekIteLIgeTot?
cM>KNbkSneya)ayCaeRcIn)ancab;bdisn§ieLIg edIm,IdwknaMclnats‘rU bs;RbCaCnnÐeÚ nsIu dUcCa ³
-KNbkSGIsøamqñaM 1911
u
-KNbkSkMmuynIsqñaM1921
u
-KNbkSCatiniymNÐeÚ nsIu
KNbkSTaMgGs;)anrYbrYmKÜaCaFøgmYyts‘UedImI,ÉkraCü.
ù
600>CamYynwgCMnYyya:gsúþksþmÖBIshrdæGaemric nigGg;eKøs
etIhULg;Tb;Tl;nwgclnarMedaHCati rbs;RbCaCnNÐÚensIu)anrWeT
eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2?
cM> CamYynwgCMnYyya:gsúþksþmÖBIshrdæGaemric nigGg;eKøs
hULg; BMuGacTb;Tl;)aneT nwgclnarMedaHCati rbs;RbCaCnNÐÚensIu
eRkaysRgÁamelak elIkTI2.
601>etINÐÚensIu)anTTYlÉkraCürWeT?eRBaHGVI?
cM> NÐÚensI)anRbkasÉkraCüenAéf¶ 17 ExsIha qñaM 1945eRkayeBlEdlCbu:n)anTMlak;
u
GavuFkñúgqñaM 1945.buE: nþdl;qñaM1949 eTIbTTYl)anÉkraCüeBjelj. rdæaPi)alNÐÚensIu
)anRbkaspþac;cMngmitþPaBNÐÚensIBIshPaBhULg;enAEx sIha qñaM 1954.
u

602>etIRbeTsmIya:n;ma: ¬PUma¦ Føak;kñúgrbbGaNaniKmniymNa? enAqñaM
Na? manskmµPaBtsU‘rMedaHCatiEdrrWeT? ehIyxøaMgkøaenAeBlNa?
cM>-RbeTsmIya:n;ma:Føak;kñgGaNaniKmniymGg;eKøsenAqñaM 1880.
ú
-mIya:n;ma:k¾dUcCaRbeTsdéTEdlsßit eRkamGaNaviKmEdr )aneFVIkarrMedaHRbeTsCatiman
snÞúHxøaMgkøa BIesseRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2.
603>etIclnats‘UmanlkçNdUcemþcxøH?eRBaHGVI?
cM> eKsegáteXIjeRcInEtbuBVCitCaGñkdwknaMCati eRBaHRBHsgÇTaMgenaHQWcab;nwgkarFøak;
dundab Gab;GanuPaBrbs;vtþGaram.
-müa:geTotKWQWcab;nwgkarCiHCan;énGaNikCnPaKtic NÐa EdlKaMRTedayGaNikCnGg;eKøs.
604>etImanGaNaniKmNaeTot cUlmkRtYtRtamIya:n;ma:?enAqñaMNa?
ehIymanRbtikmµdUcemþc?
cM> -qñaM1942 T½BpasIsCbu:n)ancUllukluymIya:n;ma:ehIyRtYtRtaRbeTsenH.
u
-clnatsUr‘ MedaHCati dwknaMedayelakGUnU nigelakenrin )anRbQmmuxRbyuT§nwgkgT½B Cbu:nvij
‘
ya:gGg;Gackøahan.
605>etIGaNniKmniymNaEdlcUlmkRtYtRtamIya:n;ma:vij?
enAeBlNa?ehIyTTYllT§pldUcemþc?
cM>-eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2 GaNaniKmGg;eKøs)anvilmkvij bu:EnþRtUvRbQmmux nwg
clnatsU‘rbs;RbCaCnmIya:n;ma:ya:gF¶n;F¶.
-edayTb;Tl;min)an cRkPBGg;eKøsk¾bgçcitþRbKl;ÉkraCüeGayRbeTsenHvijenAqñaM 1948>
M
606>etImanRbeTsNaxøHenAtMbn;NÐÚcin Edl)aneFVIclnarMedaH Cati
Edr?etI)aneCaKC½yEdrrWeT?
cM> clnarMedaHCatirbs;RbeTsNÐcinmankm<úCa evotNam Lav
Ú
-eRkaysRgÀamelakelIkTI2 edaysarkartsU‘ rMedaHCatiya:gxøaMgkøa nigyUrGEgVgrbs;
RbCaCnTaMgbIRbeTsenH eFVI[BYkeKGacdeNþmÉkraCüesrIPaB nigGFibetyüPaB
I
mkvij.
607>etIRbeTsTaMgbITTYlÉkraCüeBjbribUrN_BIGaNaniKmniym)araMgenA

eBlNa?
cM>RbeTskm<úCaenAéf¶TI 9 vicäika qñaM 1953.
-RbeTsevotNam nig Lav enAEx kkáda qñaM 1954 tamry snñsiTRkugsWENv.
i
608>cMEnkenATVIbGaRBic clnatsU‘rMedaHCati EdlmanzamBlxøaMgkøa
manenAxagNa?RbeTsNaxøH?
cM>KWenAGaRBixageCIg EdlmanRbeTs ³
-eGsIb lIb‘É TuynIsIu Gal;es‘rI nigma:r:k.
u u
609>RbeTsTaMgenHTTYl)anÉkraCüedayrebobNa?
cM> -RbeTseGsIub ³BYkBlTahanesñhaCati)anpþlrMlMesþcpar:uk edayeFVIrdæRbhareyaFa
Ü
mYy. rbbraCaFibetyürNbcRkPBGg;eKøsRtUvbM)at;ecal ehIysaFarNrdæeGsIubRtUv)an
RbkasenAéf¶TI 18 mifuna qñaM 1953 .
-RbeTsGal;es‘rI ³ RbCaCneRkakQrepûImeFVIkartsUe‘ dayGavuFrujRcanBYkGaNaniKm
niym)araMgecjBIRbeTsrbs;xøn. ryeBltsU‘ya:gsVtsVajcMnYn7qÜaM kgT½B)araMgcMnYn
Ñ i
800000nak;sÓtenAeRkAkarRbyuT§. )araMgbgØcitûTTYlsÀal;ÈkraCúrbs;RbeTs Gal;es‘rIenAEx vicÕika
i M
1954>.
-RbeTslIb‘É ³ TTYl)anÉkraCü qñaM 1952.
-RbeTsTuyensIu nig m:ar:k ³TTYlÉkraCVüenAqñaM 1956.
u
610>RbeTsGaRBic TTYlÉkraCüenAeBlNa?
cM>RbeTskUDIv½r TTYlÉkraCü enAqñaM 1957
-RbeTsKIen TTYlÉkraCü enAqñaM 1958.
611>etIclnarMedaHCatienAqñaM 1960 )anrIkraldaldUcemþc enATVIbGaRBic?
cM>enAqñaM 1960 clnarMedaHCati)anrIkraldalya:gqab;rh½sdl;GaRBickNþal GaRBicxagekIt
nigGaRBicxagt,Ðg EdlmancMnYnTaMgGs; 17RbeTs )anTTYlÈkraCú. dUcCaRbeTsKIeN b‘sav 1974
É
mUsMb‘c 1975.
: Ú
612>enAGaRBicxagt,Úg etImanbBaðaGVIeTotKYbpSMnwgbBaðarMedaHCati?
cM> -KYbpSMnwgbBaÛarMedaHCati GaRBicxagt,ÐgenAbnûclnatsU‘RbqaMg nwg rbbRbkan;BUCsasn_
Es,ks ¬rbbGa)a:eft¦.

-bu:EnþeTaHya:gNaRbeTsenAGaRBic esÞrI EtTaMgGs; ¬Cag40RbeTs¦deNIþmyk)anÉkraCü
mkvij.
613>etIRbeTsenAGaemricLaTIn sßiteRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;GñkNa?
ehIyegIbtsU‘enAeBlNa?
cM>RbeTsenAGaemricLaTIn suTE§ tCaRbeTssßitenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;shrdæGaemric.
-eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 clnarMedaHCatienAGaemricLaTIn mansnÞúHxøaMgkøa>.
614>etImanbdivtþn_cMnYnbu:nµan? enAÉNaEdlCaKMrUCHT§iBldl;clna rM
edaHCatienAGaemricLaTIn?
cM>-enAqñaM 1959 bdivtþn_ enAnIkar:aK½r EdlmanRbCaCnKaMRTnigman bkS nigemdwknaMRtwmRtUv
)anpþlrMlMrbbpþac;karRbtikiriya rbs;sUm:sar CabrivarcRkBtþGaemric. rdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanit nIkar:aK½r
Ü i
RtUv)anbegáteLIgenAéf¶TI 20kkáda 1979.
I
-C½yCMnHÙnkartsU‘enAGaemrickNþal;enH )anebIkpøvmYyfµIeq<aHeTArkkarrMedaHRbCaCnGaemric
Ú
LaTIn BIcRkBtþiGaemricEdlRtYtRtaenATIenHCayUrNas;mkehIy.
-bc©úb,nñenHRbeTsEdlenAGaemricLaTInTaMgGs; deNþIm)anÉkraCümkvij. Etneya)aydwk
naMRbeTsmanlkçNepSg²Kña>.
615>cUreRbobeFobrvagclnatsU‘rMedaHCatienAGasIu ¬NÐÚcin¦nigenAGaRBic?
cM>÷cMnucdUcKña ³ clnarMedaHCatimansnÞúHxøaMgkøadUcKña .]³RbeTs NÐa.
-manclnataMgBIyUrGEgVg munsRgÁamelakelIkTI1emøH.EtenAeRkaysRgÁamelak
mansnÞúHkan;EtxøaMgEdldwknaMedaymhatµHKn§I elak enru eday)anTTYlÉkraCüenAqñaM 1947.
NÐcin³
Ú
-sRgÁamrMedaHCatiBI)araMg ¬30qñaM¦ rbs;RbeTsevotNammanmnusSsøab;eRcIntKNna
bnÞab;mkCamYyGaemriceTot EdldwknaMedayhUCImij.
-sRgÁamrMedaHCatiBI)araMgrbs;km<Ca )anTTYlÉkraCüenAéf¶ 9 Ex vicäika 1953>dwknaMeday
ú
RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu.
-RbeTsLavTTYlÉkraCü ¬1954¦
÷cMnucxusKÜa³clnatsU‘rMedaHCatiGaRBicekItmanbnÒab;BITVbGasIu Et)anTTYlÈkraCú
I
esÞIrEtRKb;RbeTsenAkñúgTVbGaRBiceRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI2.
I

616>GgÁkarshRbCaCatiKWCaGVI? begáIteLIgenAeBlNa? manTIsñak;karenAÉNa?
cM>-KWCaGgÁkarBIPBelakd¾kMBUlmantYnaTIEfrkSasnþiPaB snþsux nigPaBrugerogénmnusS Cati.
i
-GgÁkarenHbegáteLIgenAéf¶TI 24 Extula qñaM1945 edaymansmaCik 51RbeTsEtminTan;man
I
TIsñak;karenAeLIy.
-luHdl;éf¶ 11ExFñÚ qñaM 1945 eTIbshrdæGaemric)ane)aHeqñatCaÉkcä½nÞ sMerc[sñak;enAkñúg shrdæG aemric.
617>mUlehtuGVIeTIbmankarekItGgÁkarshRbCaCati?
cM> -PaBraldalénsRgÁamelakelIkTI2 )anCMruj[shrdæGaemric nigRbeTsGg;eKøs [cuHhtßelxa
elIsn§isBaØakarBarrYmmYyeQµaH fa GgÁkarFmµnuBaØGatøg;Tic enAéf¶TI 14sIha qñaM 1941>
-sRgÁamenHdEdlbgç[RbeTscMnYn 26eTot cuHhtßelxa enARkugva:sIunetan edIm,IeFVsRgÁam RbqaMgnwg
M I
GaLWm:g;.
-mYyqñaMeRkaymkeTot sRgÁamkan;EtqabeqHxøaMgeTot esþIrEtBaseBjBiPBelak eTIbmha GMnacTaMgbI
manshrdæGaemric Gg;eKøs nigsUevot )anCYbCMKñaenATIRkug mUsÁÚ
u
naéf¶ 30tula 1943 edIm,IerobcMKMeragbegátGgÁkarGnþrCatimYy EdlmanRbsiT§PaBedIm,I rkSasnþiPaB
I
nigsnþisuxGnþrCati.
618>etIGgÁkarenHmantMéleBjeljCapøÚvkarenAeBlNa?ehIymandMenIrdUcemþc
munnwgsMercCapøÚvkar?
cM>-kñúgryeBl2Ex ¬Ex4-5 >1945¦ enATIRkugsan;R)an;sIsáÚRbeTscMnYn 51 enAelIBIPBelakenH
u
Edlnwgcab;bdisn§ei LIgenAeBlxagmux.
-FmµnuBaØenHmantMéleBjeljCapøÚkarenAeBlEdlsmaCik GciéRnþénRkumRbwkSasnþisux
nigsmaCikd¾éTeTotcuHhtßelxaTTYlsÁal;cb;sBVRKb;enAéf¶ TI 24 tula qñaM 1945
ehIyéf¶enHCaéf¶xYbkMenIténkarbegáItGgÁkarshRbCaCati EdlRbeTssmaCIkR)arB§eFVICa erogral;qñaM.
619>etIFmµnuBaØGgÁkarshRbCaCatimanbu:nµanmaRta? maRtaEdlsMxan;Cag
eKKWmaRtaTIbu:nµan? ehIymanTisedAnigeKalkarN_ dUcemþcxøH>?
cM>FmµnuBaØGgÁkarshRbCaCatiman 11mRta .
-maRtaEdlsMxan;CageKmanBIr KW ³maRtaTI1 nig TI2 eRBaHmRtaTaMgBIrenHEcgBI TisedA nigeKalkarN_
énGgÁkarenHdUcCa³
÷maRtaTI1 EcgGMBITisedAmanbYncMnuc³

1>rkSasnþiPaBnig snþisuxBIPBelak edaycat;viFankarya:gmanRbsiT§PaB edIm,IbRgáab nig
beBa¢osral;karKMramKMEhg snþisuxRBmTaMgeFVIkarKabsgát;ral;GeM BIrMelaP rW eFVI[xUcdl; snþPaBBIPBelak.
i
2>BRgIkTMnakTMngmitþPaBrvagRbCaCatiTaMgLay edayQrelIkar eKarBsiT§ri bs;RbCaBlrdæ
nigcat;vFankarepSg²edIm,IBRgwgsnþiPaB.
i
3>eFVI[manshRbtibtûkatGnûrCatiepSg² xagEpÜkesd×kic¨ sgÀm R)aCJa nigmnusSFm’
i
edayKµankarRbkan;BUCsasn_ ePT Pasa nig sasna.
4>sßtenAkñgRkbx½NÐEdlRbCaCatinanaxitxM RbwgERbgeq<aHeTArkesckþbBa©br; YmmYy.
i ú I
÷cMnucxøHenAkñúgmaRta2 mandUcteTA³
-GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEp¥kelI smPaB nigGFibetyü PaB rvagsmaCikTaMgGs;.
-smaCikTaMgGs;RtUvEtbMeBjkatBVkic© edayeCOCak;elIFmµnuBaØénGgÁkarshRbCaCati.
-smaCikTaMgGs;RtUvedaHRsayral;CMelaHGnþrCati edaymeFCMelaHGnþrCati edaymeFa)ay snþiPaB
enAkÜùglkØx½NÊEdlmineFVI[xUcxat dl;snûPaB snûisuxnig yutûFm’.
i i
-RtUvGt;Fµt;ral;GeM BIKMramkMEhg nigkareRbIkMlaMgRbqaMgnwg RbeTsNamYyenAkñúg TMnak;TMng GnþrCatirbs;xøn.
Ü
-FmµnuBaØminGnuBaØat[GgÁkarshRbCaCati eFVIGnþraKmn_kñgkic©karépÞkñgrbs;RbeTsNamYy eLIy.
ú ú
620>etIGgÁkarshRbCaCatimansßab½nb:unµan? mantYnaTI nigkaeEbgEck dUcemþc?
cM>-GgÁkarshRbCaCAtimansßab½ncMnYn6 EdlmantYnaTIdac;edayELkBIKña
-sßab½nnImYy²EbgEckCaGgÁkartUc²CaeRcIn Edlmankariyal½yenABaseBjBiPBelak
CaBiessenAtambNþaRbeTsttiyelak nigRbeTsEdlRkIRkbMput.
621>mhasnñi)atKWCaGVI?
cM>-mhasnñi)atKWCaevTikaCYBCMRu beTsCasmaCIkedIm,IBiPakSanig Gnum½telIesckþI sMercepSg²
-GgÁshRbCaCati)anebIkmhasnñi)aterogral;qñaMenAExkBaØa nigbBa©b;eTAvij enAmunéf¶buNü
NUEGl¬kMenItRBHeys‘¦.
U
622>etIkarebIkmhasnñi)atmanTisedAdUcemþc?eRbIPasaGVIxøH?
cM>-karebIkmhasnñi)atmanTisedAedaHRsayral;bBaðaEdl)andak;cUleTAkñgrebobvar³én GgÁmhasnñi)at.
ú
-PasaeRbICapøvkarEdleKykeTA eRbIenAkñgmhasnñi)atman ³ Gg;eKøs )araMg eGs,aj Gara:b; rUsSIú nigcin>
Ú ú
623>etIRkumRbwkSasnþisuxCaGVI?

cM>KWCasßab½nmYykñúgcMenamsßab½nTaMg6énGgÁkarshRbCaCati.cab;taMgBIéf¶begáIt
GgÁkarshRbCaCatimkdl;éf¶ 1 mkra 1966 RkumRbwkSasnþisuxmansmaCikTaMgGs; 11RbeTs
EdlR)aMRbeTsCasmaCIkGciéRnþy_ nig6eTotCasmaCikFmµta.
624>ehtuGVI)anCaRkumRbwkSasnþisux begáItsmaCikEfmrhUtdl; 15RbeTs?
ehIyEbgEckdUcemþc?
cM>-sBVéf¶enHGaRs½yedaysmaCikGgÁkarshRbCaCatiecHEtekIneLIgCalMdab; ¬188RbeTsqñaM2000¦
eTIbtMrUv[RkumRbwkSasnþisux begáItsmaCikEfmeTotrhUtdl;15RbeTs.
-smaCikTaMg 15 énRkumRbwkSasnþisuxRtUvEbgEckdUcCa ³
÷RbeTsmhaGMNac 5 CasmaCikGaciéRnþy_ KWshrdæGaemric cRkPBGg;eKøs GtItshPaBsUevot
)araMg nigcin.
÷smaCikFmµtaman 1oKW Gal;es‘rI Gasg;Tn eRbsIul saFarNrd×shB½n§GaLWm:g; GItalI Cb:un en)a:l;
I u
esenkal; yUkUsøavI nigsIum)aev.
625>etIGgÁkarNaEdlmantYnaTIFMeFgkñúgkarBRgwgsnþiPaBBiPBelak?
GgÁkarenHmantYnaTIkMritNa?
cM>-KWRkumRbwkSasnþisux EdlCaGgÁkarnItiRbtibtþiEtmYyKt; EdlmantUnaTIBRgwgsnþiPaB BiPBelak.
-GgÁkarenHGacRtUvekaHRbCMuRKb;eBlevlaRbsinebImankarcaM)ac;
-cMeBaHkarGnum½tRbkarGVImYyRtUvEp¥kelIkarmUlmtiCaÉkcä½nÞrbs;mhaGMnacTaM5.maneBlxøH
mhaGMnacnImYy²GaceRbIsiT§ei vtU CMTas;min[RkumRbwkSasnþisuxGacdMenIrkareTA)an
kñgdMenaHRsayNamYyrbs;xn.
ú øÜ
626>cab;taMgBIsRgÁamelakelIkTI2mk etIGgÁkarenHbMeBjtYnaTIenA ÉNaxøH?
cM>-enAéf¶TI 28mkra 1949 RkumRbwkSasnþisux)anecjbBa¢a[RbeTshULg;bBaÄb;GnþraKmn_ eyaFaelIekaHCVa
RBmTaMgedaHElgeQøyswkNÐÚensIeu daytlkçx½NÐ.cMEnkÉNÐeÚ nsIvij RtUvbBaÄb;skmµPaBT½BéRB
I u
edaycab;begátrdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñmYyeLIg enAmunkare)aHeqñatbegáItrdæaPi)alfµ.
I I
-enAéf¶TI 3emsa 1947 RkumRbwkSasniþsux)anbBa©ÚnsMnuMlixiteTAtulakarGnþrCatiedIm,I
BicarNaerOgkþIrvagGg;eKøs nigGal;)anI GMBIkareFVI[pÞúHnavaGg;eKøs. tulakarGnþrCati)ankat;[Gal;)anIcaj;
edaytMrUv[Gal;)anI sgkarxUcxatdl;RbeTsGg;eKøs.

627>etIRkumRbwkSasnþisuxeFVIGVI ebIsinCasmaCikNaEdlTak;TgenAkñúgerOg
CMelaHminRBmGnuvtþtamesckþIsMercrbs;xøÜn?
cM>÷TI1eFVITNÐkmµedaymineRbIkMlaMgdUcCa ³
-eFVIkarBiPakSatampøvTUtú
-dak;TNÐkmµesdækic© mankarpþac;TMnak;Tngesdækic© GnþrCati biTpøvkar b¤pøÚvGakas EdlnaM[ RbeTsenaH
M Ú
manvibtþei sdækic© b¤vibtþisgÁm
÷TI2 eFVTNÐkmµedayeRbIkMlaMgdUcCa ³
I
-mankarbBa¢nT½B¬mYkexov¦ eTAh‘mB½T§ b¤k¾nava eTAkÜgEdnTwk b¤k¾ebIkkarvayRbhartampøv
Ð u ù Ð
GakasedIm,IKabsgát;[RbeTsenaHRBmbnÞn;riyabf TTYlyklkçx½NÐ Edl RkumRbwkSasnþisux
)andak;[Gnuvtþ.dUcCasRgÁamenAQUgsmuRTEBkSqñaM1991 rbs; GgÁkarshRbCaCati
edIm,IRbqaMgnwgRbeTseGora:k; EdlminRBmdkT½BecjBIRbeTskUevt.
628>etItulakarGnþrCatiCaGVI? mankarerobcMEbbdUcemþc?
cM>-Casßab½nmYyEdrkñgcMenamsßab½nTaMg6 énGgÁkarshRbCaCati.
ú
-tulakarGnþrCatimanecARkm 15nak; manGNtþ9qñaM eRCIstaMgedaymhasnñi)atcMnYn 1¼3¬5nak;¦
i
kñgry³eBl3qñaMmþg. cMeBaHkareRCIserIs eKminGaceRCIserIsykecARkmBIrnak;kñgRbeTsEtmYy)aneLIy
ú ú
ehIyCamRnûIEdlmansIlFm’l¥.
629>etItulakarGnþeCati)aneFVI[sMerceCaKC½ynUvbBaðaGVIxøH?
cM>bBaðaEdltulakarGnþrCatieFV[sMerceCaKC½yman3EpñkdUcCa ³
I
-CMelaHrvag)araMg nigGg;eKøs kñgkardeNþmekaHminKIey nigeGRkWGUs EdlGg;eKøs)an kan;kab;cab;taMgBIqñaM
ú I
1066 edayesþcGg;eKøseQµaH vIelom cMEnkPaKI)araMgGHGagfaesþc GgÁenHCaesþcsYyrbs;)araMg
eTIb)araMgRbkan;faCaekaHrbs;xøÜn.éf¶ 17 vicäika 1953 tulakarGnþrCati)ansMerc[Gg;eKøs)anQñHkþI
bnÞab;BI)anBicarNaya:gl¥itl¥n;rYcmk.
-enAqñaM 1954 RbeTséf)anelIkT½BcUlkan;kab;R)asaTRBHviharTaMgkMeral R)asaTenHCa
sñaédsil,HExµrl¥KµanBIr EdlsßitenAelIkMBUlPñRM BHvihar.éfeFVIEbbenHcat;Tukfa Cakarqk;bøn;
ykmrtkRbvtþsaRsþrbs;Exµrpg nigCakarbgçtRBMEdnfµrI vagExµr nigéfpg.RbeTskm<Ca )an
i i ú
eFVIBakúbNûgeTAtulakarGnûrCatienALaeGedIm,ICYyrkyutûFm’.Ùf¶TI 15mifuna 1962
w i
tulakarGnþrCati)anecjbBa¢a[éfdkT½B nigtMrYtecjBIR)asaTRBHviHarenHCabnÞan;.

÷CMelaHenAEdnsmuRT ³
KWCMelaHrvagGaemric nigkaNada enAQUgsmuRTEm:n tMrUv[tulakarGnþrCatisMercEbgEck TwkdIenAéf¶ 12tula
1984.
÷CMelaHBaNiC¢kmµ ³
Ùf¶TI 1mifuna 1951 rd×aPi)alGWur:g;)aneFVICAtUbnIykmµedayxusc,ab;eTAelIRkumh‘uneRbgd¾FM eQµaH
Gg;kGIru a:nIjin.Ùf¶ 5kkÔda tulakarenH)antMrUv[RbeTsGwru :g;RbKl;Rkumh‘nenH [eTACa RbeTsGg;eKøsvij.
øÐ ù u
630>etIelxaFikardæanCaGVI? TTYlbnÞúkEpñkNa?
cM>-KWCasßab½nmYyeTotkñúgcMenamsßab½nTaMg6 énGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞkEpñkrdæ)al
ú
manGKÁelxaCaRbFanEdlmanGNtþ5qñaMeRCIstaMgedaymhasnñi)at
i
-eFVIr)aykarerobrab;mhasnñi)atRbcaMqñaM GMBIbBaðaepSg²EdlRtUvelIkykmkBiPakSa.
-elxaFikardæanEckecjCakariyal½ynItibBaØtiþ kariyal½yrMlaysBVavuF kariyal½y RbwkSaPi)al
nigkariyal½yxagkic©karesdækic©.
631>etIGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati manb:unµannak;rhUtdl;sBV éf¶enH?
eQµaHGVIxøH?
cM>rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH GKÁelxaFikarénGgÁkarshRbCaCatiman7nak; ehIydUcCa ³
1>RTIvlI ¬1946-1952¦ sBa¢ti NrEvs.
2>dak;haMma:sUl ¬1953-1961¦sBa¢Ôtis‘uyEGt.
3>G‘fan; ¬1961-1966¦elakRtUvCab;GNtþTI2eTot ¬1966-1971¦
U i
4>eKok valEhm ¬1972-1981¦ CnCatiGURTIs
5>savieyeb:ldWKueGLa ¬1982-1991¦ Catieb:rU.
6>b‘URtUb‘RU tUkalI ¬1992-1997¦ sBa¢atieGsIbu
7>kUhVGaNan; ¬1997-¦sBa¢atihaÁNa.
I
632>etIRkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmCaGVIxøH?
cM>-RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmCasßab½nmYykñúgcMenamsßab½nTaMg6rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati.
-mansmaCik 54RbeTs EtgEtebIksm½yRbCMucMnYn 2elIkkñg1qñaM edIm,IBiPakSaGMBIbBaða esdækic©
ú
rvagRbeTs]sSahkmµ nigbBaðaCMnYydl;RbeTsttiyelak>
633>edIm,I[esdækic©GnþrCatirIkcMerIn etIRkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmRtUveFVIGVIxøH ?

cM>-BRgIkBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCatiedaybM)at;]bsKÁxøH dUcCaRtYtBinitüTMnij nigBn§dar
EdlEtgEteFVI[crnþBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCatirGak;rGYl.
-begátGgÁkar kat; nigbegáItGgÁkarmUlniFiGnþrCati.
I
634>etIkñúgvis½ysgÁmRkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmmanTisedAdUcemþc ehIyeFVIGVIxøH?
cM>-edayEp¥kelIesrIPaBCamUldæan tamesckþIRbkasCasklénsiT§mnusSéf¶Ti 10FñÚ 1948
i
GgÁkarsiTi§mnusSEtgEtkarBarsiT§ri bs;buKÁl
-GgÁkarshRbCaCati)anbegátGgÁkarepSg²CaeRcIn edIm,ICYyRbCaCnenAtambNþa RbeTsttiyelak dUcCa ³
I
÷]tþmsñgkar nigGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkCnePosxøn¬UNHCR¦
Ü
÷GgÁkaryUnIEsb CYykumarEpñkcMnIGahar fñaMeBTüRBmTaMg]bkrN_epSg²EdlTak;Tg
dl;karbNþHbNþalkumar.GgÁkarenHbegáItenAqñaM 1946 manTIsñak;karenAjÚy:k.
ú
÷GgÁkarGayLÚ CaGgÁkarGnþrCatixagkargarbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1919
RtUvbBa©ÚleTAkñgGgÁkarFmµnuBaØenAqñaM 1941.GgÁkarenHsMrab;CYykmµkrenAeBlNaEdlman
ú
karekobsgát;BIm©as;eragcRkdUcCakarpþl;R)ak;Ex minRKb;RKan;tamtMrUvkarCIvPaBbgçitbgçM [kmµkr eFVkarelIsBI
I
8ema:gkñmYyéf¶ nigFanadl;CIvitkmµkr enAeBlEdlmaneRKaHfñak;dl; søab;
ú
b¤BikarenAeBlBYkeKkMBugbMeBjkargar.
÷GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelakbegáItenAqñaM 1948 manTisedACYyGPivDÆvis½ysuxaPi)al
dl;RbeTsTaMgLayEdlkMBugGPivDÆ nigRbeTsEdlRkIRkbMput[kan;EtRbesIreLIg.
÷GgÀkaryUnIsÔÐ TTYlbnÒùkEpÜkGb;rMviTúasaRsû nigvb,Fm’begÔItenAqÜaM 1946manTIsÜak;
karenATIRkug)a:rIs.GgÁkarenHmanTisedAbM)at;vismPaBxagR)aCJ rvagRbeTseCOnelOn nigRkIRk
RBmTaMgkat;bnßyPaBeqatl¶g;eTotpg.bnÞúkd¾F¶n;F¶rrbs;GgÁkarenH KWbBaðakumar
mYycMnYnFMenAtamRbeTsRkIRkBMu)aneTAsikSaedaymkBIbBaðaCivPaB nigkgVHxatsalaeron.
635>etIRkumRbwkSaPi)alCaGVI?
cM>KWCasßab½nmYykñúgcMenamsßab½nTaMg6 énGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkxagEpñkrdæaPi)alelI
RbeTsTaMgLayNaEdlCaGtItGaNaniKmrbs;GIutalI GaLWm:g;
nigCb:un.bc©úb,nñRkumRbwkSaenHminsUvmantYnaTIsMxan;eTeRBaHRbeTsenaH)anÉkraCüesþrI Et TaMgGs;
elIkElgEtTIRbCMuekaHtUc²enAkñúgmhasaKr)a:sIuPic.
636>etIRkumRbwkSasnþisux CYbnwgbBaðaxøHEdrb¤eT?

cM>kardeNþIm]tþmPaBrvagmhaGMnac shrdæGaemric nigshPaBsUevot RkumRbwkSasnþiPaB
BiPBelakenAeBlxøH.
637>cUrRsg;karvivtþénGgÁkarshRbCaCati EdlCacMnucRbQmmuxrvag
mhaGMNacTaMgBIr?
cM>-sRgÁamRtCak; EdlbNþal[mhaGMNacTaMgBIrRbQmmuxdak;Kñacab;epþmdMbUgenA éf¶TI23 Exmifuna 1948
I
tamry³karh‘umB½T§TRI kugEb‘LaMgBIsMnak;shPaBsUevot dwknaMeday sûalIn
EdlnaMeTAdl;karbegátbøúkerog²xøn.
I Ü
-RbeTskUer: KWCaGtItGaNaniKmrbs;Cb:un RtUv)anmhaGMnacBIrKW sUevot nigshrdæGaemric
cUleTAkan;kab;enAqñaM 1945.
÷enAéf¶TI 25mifuna 1950kUer:xageCIg)anelIkT½BcUleTAkUer:xagt,Úg.eRkaymkRkum RbwkSasnþisux
)anekaHehARbeTsmhaGMnac edIm,Icat;viFankarBnøte; PøgsRgÁamenAkUer:
I
÷enAéf¶TI 2vicäka 1950GgÁkarshRbCaCatielIkT½BcUlRbeTskUer:.
i
÷enAéf¶TI 15tula 1950shrdæGaemric)anelIkT½BcUlRbeTskUer:
kñgnamebskkmµrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,IsnþiPaB.
ú
bBaðaenHeFV[mansRgÁamd¾sahavrvagKUbdibkç TaMgsgxagnigmankarxUcxatya:g
I
F¶n;F¶redaymanmnusSsøab; nigrbYsya:geRcInkñúgenaHcinmancMnYn 9Esnnak; nigxagGaemric
3Esnnak;.TaMgenHCabBaðaEdleRcInEtekItmaneLIgTak;TnnwgmhaGMnac EdlCacsmaCik
i
GciéRnþy_énGgÁkarshRbCaCati EdlnaM[RkumRbwkSasnþisux)at;bg;tYnaTIenAeBlxøHenaH.
b:uEnþeTaHbICaya:gNacab;BIqñaMGgÁkarshRbCaCaticab;bdisn§i rhUtmkTl;sBV GgÁkar
enHmanebskkmµsMxan;CaeRcIn EdlTTYl)aneCaKC½ymYycMnYnFM b:Eu nþk¾enAmanebskkmµTTYl
braC½yEdr.rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ GgÁkarkMBUlenH)anFanasuvtßPaByUrGEgVgmYyEdlCaTITukcitþ
i
énRbCaCnsklelak.
638>kalBIsm½yburaN etIéfCaRbeTsdUcemþc?
cM>-kalBIsm½yburaN éfCaraCaNacRkmYyEdlRKb;RKgeday BYkGPiCn rWBYkeyaFa
x<s;manlkçNes¶oms¶at;.
-RbCaCnPaKeRcInCaksikrEdlmanCIvPaB.
639>enAsm½ybc©úb,nñ etIéfCaRbeTsdUcemþc?

cM> -bc©úb,nñ rdæaPi)alcab;yk nigbegánclnaGb;rMmnusSkñgsgÁm[manRbsiT§PaB BImYyéf¶ eTAmYyéf¶.
I ú
-bBaðamYyeTotEdlrdæaPi)aléf RtUvRbQmmux nigedaHRsayCabnÞan; KWkarminRsuHRsYlKña
GMBIkareFVIma:RkUesdækic© EdlRbeTséf RtUvQaneTACaRbeTs]sSahkmµ edayEp¥kelIkMlaMg Blkmµefak
nigbec©keTsBIbreTs.
640>etI]tþmesnIqatéqQunhav:an; eFVIGVIxøHeRkay)aneLIgkan;GMnac? eRBaHGVI?
cM>kareLIgkan;GMnacrbs;]tþmesnIy_ qatéqQunhav:an; enAEx sIha 1988 KWCakarcab;
epþménneya)ayeRkARbeTsfµrI bs;éfeday³
I
÷]tþmesnIy_ manRbsasn_fa } RbeTsenANÐÚcineRkayeBlsRgÁamnwgkøayCapSarrbs;éf }
eRBaHRbeTsenANÐÚcin CaRbeTskumuynIs Edl)aneFVdMenIreTArkesdækic©TIpSaresrI nigRtUv
M I
karvinieyaKTunbreTs.
÷cMEnkenARBMEdnxaglic KWRbeTsPUma¬mIya:n;ma: ¦ Rbkan;rbbneya)aysgÁmniym
)ancab;epþImrIkcMerInesdækic© qñaM 1988 enHEdr.
681>eRkABIqatéqQunhava:n; etIenAman]tþmesnIy_NaeTot?
etICaRbeTsfñak;dwknaMEbbNa? eFVIGVIxøH?
cM> eRkABIqatéqQunhava:n; man]tþméfmñak;eToteQµaHqav:alItyugéqyut.
-éfmanGñkdwknaMecjBIRbPBBaNiCkr )anbeBa©jmhic©taedayeFVI[RbeTskñgtMbn;køayCa eRCaysuvNÑPUmi
¢ ú
EdlmanRbeTséfCamCÆmNÐl.
-]tþmesnIy_qava:lItyugéqyut )aneFVITsSnkic©enARbeTs mIy:an;m:akñgExemsa qñaM1988
ú
enAkñúgGNtþnaykrdæmRnþI eRbmedIm,IbBa©úHbBa©ÚlRbeTsmIya:n;ma:[sg;varIGKÁsnIrw YmKñamYy.
i i
-müa:geTotéf)ansMrukTijeQI nigdak;vnieyaKTunCamYymIya:n;ma:KWCYyBRgwgedæaPi)aleyaFa enH
i
ehIyeFVI[b:HBal;dl;lT§Ri bCaFibetyü.
-elak qava:lIt )aneFV[neya)ayesdækic©CamYyLav dUcKñanwgRbeTsmIya:n;ma:edaymin
I
niyayBITMnas;RBMEdnrvagéf Lav eLIy.
682>etImanfñak;dwknaMepSgNaeTotrbs;éfEdrrWeT? ehIyeFVIGVIxøH?
cM>-enAéf¶TI 24-25vicika qñaM1988elakeRbm)aneFVITsSn³kic©enARbeTsLav
ä
-Exemsa1989elak qava:lIt )andwknaMKN³RbtiPUmYyRkumEdlmanPñak;garrdæaPi)al
RKb;RKgRksYgeFVIkarTMnak;Tng CamYyRbeTsLavmþgeTot
M

-kalBIExsIha 1989 kñúgsnñisiTRkug)a:rIs edIm,IedaHRsayCMelaHenAkm<úCa elaksaevFILa
tMNagKN³RbtiPéf )anesñIr[begáItraCrdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñctuPaKImyyenAkm<úCa edIm,I bBa©b;sRgÁam
U
nigerobcMkare)aHeqñatedayesrI.
683>etIneya)aykarbreTséfCamYyRbeTsPIlIBIn Gaemric nigCb:un
manlMnaMdUcemþc?
cM>cMeBaHbBaðaenAPIlIBInRbeTséfmanTsSnkic©dUcKña nwgsigðburI edaysM[rkSavtþmankgT½B
u
GaemricenARbeTsPIlIBIn.RbeTséfeFVInwg18°éncMnYnplitplnaMecjrbs;RbeTsPIlIBIn.
-enAqñaM1985 shrdæGaemriceRKagnwgcat;viFankar karBarTMnijkñúgRsukedayeFVIkarraraMg cMeBaHTMnijexaGavéf
EdlhUrcUl shrdæGaemric.b:uEnþRbFanaFibtIrIEKneRbIc,ab; evtU edIm,I
Tb;Tl;nwgkar)at;bg;tulüPaBBaNiC¢kmµrvagéf nigGaemric.
684>etIéfmanbBaðaCamYyGñkNakñúgkarnaMGgárecj? eRBaHGVI?
cM>-karnaMecjGgáréf CakarKMramkMEhgdl;shrdæGaemric.
-eRBaHéfCaRbeTsEdlCab;cMnat;fñak;elx2 kñúgkarnaMGgárecjelIBiPBelak.
685>rvagkareFVIBaNIC¢kmµ énRbeTséf Cb:unnigGaemric etIxatb¤cMenj?
cM>-enAqñaM 1987 kareFIVBaNiC¢kmµrvagRbeTséf nigshrdæGaemric)aneFVI[BaNiC©kmµéfxat
i
-b:uEnþvaminEmnCabBaðaFMdMueT eRBaHCb:un)aneFVIvinieyaKTun 34° énvinieyaKTunbreTsTaMgGs;
kñgRbeTséf.müa:geTotéfmanTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµCamYyCb:nmanTwkR)ak; 750landULa shrdæGaemric.
ú u
686>enAcenøaHsRgÁamelakelIkTI1 nigTI2 etIesdækic©éfRbeTséf)an
GPivDÆn_dUcemþcxøH?
cM>-enAcenøaHsRgÁamelakelIkTI1 nigelIkTI2 éfCaRbeTsTn;exSayEdlmandg;sIuet RbCaCnTab
minGacbgábegánpl)anx<s;
I
-enAqñaM 1947RbCaCnéfmancMnYn 17/4lannak; ehIyqñaM 1991GRtakMenInRbCaCn)anekIn dl;
57lannak;.edayGRtakMenInRbCaCnenH eFVI[esdækic©RbeTséfmankarERbRbYl Ca jwkjab;.
687>etIR)ak;kMérRbCaCnéf mankaeERbRbYlEdrrWeT?
cM>-R)ak;kMérrbs;RbCaCnéfEdlrk)ankñgmYyqñaM 872/7dULaGaemric KWvaTabebIeRbobeFob nwgma:elsüa
ú
eKGacrk)an 1744/4dULa kñgmYyqñaM.
ú

-b:uEnþR)ak;kMérenaHnwgekInEfmeTot ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgkMenInGPivDÆn_esdækic©naeBlbc©úb,nñKW 6° enAqñaM
1987 nig 10°enAqñaM 1988.
688>ehtudUcemþc)anCaRbeTséfmanesdækic©rIkcMerInenAGasIuGaeKñy_?
cM>-KWCaRbeTsmYyEdlmanesdækic©rIkcMerInxøaMg kñgcMenamRbeTsdéTeTotenAGasIGaeKñy_
ú u
-plitpl]sSahkmµenAqñaM 1987 man 24/1°énplitplesdækic©srubrbs;Cati
eRBaHRbeTsenHcMnat;fñak;CaRbeTs]sSahkmµenATVbGasIu.
I
689>etIksikmµRbeTséf sßitkñúglMdab;Na?
cM>-Epñkksikmµ RbeTséfminRtwmEtCYypÁt;pÁg; cMnIGaharRKb;RKan;enAkñgRsukb:unenaH
ú
EfmTaMgnaMGgárecjeRkARbeTseTotpg.sBVéf¶RbeTséfkøayCaRbeTsmYyEdlnaMGgárecj
FMCageKenATVbGasIu
I
-enATsvtSqñaM 50éf)annaMGgárecjkñgmYyqñaM 1/5lanetan. luHdl;qñaM 1984 )annaMGgárecj
ú
4/5lanetan.
690>etIplitplekAs‘U nigplitplepSg²rbs;èf lUtlas;Edrb¤eT?
cM>-cMeBaHplitplekAs‘U Ùf)annaMecjenAqÜaM 1959)an 145000etan ehIyenAqÜaM 1988 )an 9lanetan.
-cMEnkplitplepSg²eTotdUcCaeBat)annaMecj 3lanetan nigeRkABIenHmanemSadMlUgeQI GMeBA-l-.
691>etIRbeTséfnaMcUlGVI? enaqñaMNa? ehIynaMecjvijenAqñaMNa?
cM>-enAqñaM 1980RbeTséf)annaMcUlfamBlGKÁsnIcMnYn 90°.
i
-b:uEnþenAqñaM1988 éf)annaMfamBlGKÁsnIeTAlk;enAeRkARbeTseTot.
i
692>etIéf)anrkeXIjfamBlGVIxøH? ehIyfamBlTaMgenaHCYyéf dUcemþcxøH?
cM>-karrkeXIjGNþg]sµ½nenAQUgsmuRTéf nigenA|sanénRbeTséf)anCYysMral RbeTsenH)an 5°
Ú
énfamBleRbIR)as;kñg]sSahkmµ
ú
-enAqñaM 1980famBlFüÚgfµ)anekInBI 1lanetaneTA 5lanetan
-enAqñaM 1987RbeTséf)anrkeXIjRbPBfamBlbMrugCaeRcIn.
693>etIUenAtMbn;NaEdlsnÞúHesdækic©rIkcMerInCageK? eRBaHGIV?
cM>-snÞúHesdækic©éfrIkcMerInxøaMgCageK KWenAtMbn;Rkug)agkk.

-RbCaCn2¼3Caksikr)_anCMBak;bMnuleKya:geRcInedaysarplitplksikmµcuHefak.
enAextþEb:k|sanmanRbCaCnrs;enAeRcIn EtBMsUvsMbUrTwkRKb;RKan;sMrab;ksikmµeT . ksikrRkIRkmYycMnYn
u
)annaMKñaePosxønmkkan;TIRkug)agkk edIm,IrksIlk;dUr b¤eFIVsMng;-l-.
Ü u
-enAtamextþPaKxagt,ÚgmanTwkCMnn;ya:gF¶n;F¶rbNaþl[liclgksikmµ
niglMenAzanCaeRcInEdlbNaþlmkBIkarkab;éRBeQIeRcInelIslb;.
694>cMeBaHbBaðaéRBeQI rtIéfmanviFankardUcemþc ?
cM>cMeBaHbBaðaéRBeQI rdæaPi)alelakqanéqQunhav:an;)anhamXat; ya:gtwgrwgkñgkarkab; éRBeQI
ú
nigmaneKalkarnaMeQIcUrBIRbeTsCitxag >.
695>etIrdæaPi)aléf)anxitxMbegáItFIVxøHeTot?
cM>-enAEb:kxageCIg |san nigxagt,Úg rdæaPi)aléfxitxMbegáIteragcRk]sSahkmµFunmFüm
EdlRsUbykhtßBlikya:geRcIn.
-enAedImExmInaqñaM 1989 esckþsMerccitþbegáItkMBg;EpTwkeRCAmYyenAsmuRTGg;dam:an;
I
edIm,IEkERbtMbn;enHeTACatMbn;]sSahkmµTI2 edIm,IebIkmuxRbeTséfeTArkesdækic©én mhasaKrNÐa
RBmTaMggayRsYlkñgkareFVITMnak;TMng CamYyTVIbGWrub edaymincaM)ac;qøgtamkMBg;EpsigðburIeLIy.
ú :
696>CamYynwgkarlUtlas;rbs;éf etICIvPaBrbs;ksikréfsßitkñúg kMritNa? eRBaHGVI?
cM>ksikréfenAEtmankMritTabdEdlebIeFobeTAnwgtMélénkarrs;enA.
eRBaHR)ak;kmµkrenATab.müa:geToteFVI[manPaBxusKñarvagGñkman nigGñkRkkan;EtxøaMg eRBaH
bNþalmkBIneya)ayesdækic©rbs;éfenATn;exSayenAeLIy.
697>cUrRsg;cMnucxøaMg nigexSayTak;TineTAnwgesdækic© sgÁm rbs;RbeTs éf?
cM>÷cMnucxøaMg ³
-éfmandwknaMecjBIRbPBBaNiC¢kr EdlmanmhicätaeFVI[RbeTskñgtMbn;køayCaeRCay suvNÑPUmi
ú
EdlmanRbeTséfCamCÄmNÐl.
-eFVIneya)aybreTsCamYyGñkCitxag xagEpñkesdækic© edayminniyayBITMnas;rvag RbeTsCitxag
-éfCaRbeTsmanesdækic©rIkcMerInxøaMg kñgcMenamRbeTsdéTeTotenAGasIuGaeKñy_
ú
-éfCaRbeTsnaMGgárecjFMCageKkñgTVbGasIu ehIyCab;cMnat;fñak;elx2kñgBIPBelak
ú I ú
xagnaMGgárecjeTAlk;eRkARbeTs.
-dMbUgéfnaMcUlfamBlGKÁsnI Et8qñaMeRkaymk éf)annaMfamBlGKÁsnIeTAlk;enA RbeTseRkAeTot
i i

-éfhamXat;ya:gtwgrwg kñgkaréRBeQIkñgRbeTs EtmaneKalkarN_naMeQIcUlBIRbeTs Citxag
ú ú
÷cMnucexSay ³
-CaRbeTsnaMRsUvelx1kñgGasIGaeKñy_ elx2kñgBiPBelak EtCIvPaBksikrenAEtmankMrit TabdEdl
ú u ú
-CIvPaBxusKñarvagGñkman nigGñkRkkan;EtxøaMg.
698>etICnCatievotNammanedImkMenItmkBINa? eRkaymkkøayCadUcemþc?
cM>CnCatievotNam manedImkMenItecjBIkulsMB½n§cMnYn 15rs;enARtg;evotNamxageCIgeQµaH
Lak;evot.RkumenHbegáIt)anraCaNacRkmYyeQµaHvan;Lag sßitenARClgTenøRkhm.
699>raCaNacRkvan;Lag køayCadUcemþcenAs>vTI2munK>s? nigCagmYy
Ban;qñaMeRkaymkeTot?
cM>-enAs>vTI2munK>s tMbn;van;LagRtUvcindeNþmyk ehIydak;cUlCa]bTVIbsMB½n§rbs;xøn.
I Ü
-CagmYyBan;qñaMeRkaymk tMbn;evotNamxageCIg nigtMbn;mYyeTotRtg;evotNamkNþal
)ankøayCaGaNaextþrbs;cin.
700>ehtuGVI)anCaCnCatievotNam RbkasCaedæÉkraCü? enAs>vNa?
cinmanRbtikmµb¤eT?
cM>-enAs>vTi10 énK>s raCvgSfag énRbaTscin)ancuHexSay CaehtunaM[CnCatievotNam
erIbMrHBIkarRtYtRtarbs;cin nigRbkasCardæÉkraCüeLIg.
-cin)ancUlc,aMgdeNþImykRbeTsevotNamCaeRcInelIk EtBMu)ansMerc
TIbMputevotNamenAEtCardæÉkraCürhUtmk.
701>etIraCvgSEdldwknaMdMbUgeKmaneQµaHGVI? )anerobcMEpñkrdæ)aldUcemþc?
cM>-raCvgSEdldwknaMdMbUgeKKW raCvgSlI¬1010-1225¦.
-raCvgSenH)anerobcMRbB½n§rdæ)almYymanlMnaMRsedogKñanwg RbB½n§rdæ)alcin.
702>etIraCvgSbnÞab;mkeQµaHGVI? ehIymanRBwtþikarN_sMxan;²GIVxøH ekIteLIg?
cM>-KWraCvgSeL enAs>vTI15 Edl)anepþImeFVIkarBRgIkGaNacRkeq<aHeTA Tisxagt,Úg.
-sRgÁamecHEtekItmanbnþbnaÞb; CamYyraCaNacRkcam,a: EdlCardæmYyTTYlT§BlBINÐa
i
-qñaM 1697¬s>vTI17¦GaNacRkenHRtUvevotNamyk)anTaMgRsug

-RBHecAGFiraCeL manEteQµaHb:unenaH ÉGMNacBitR)akdsßitenAkñúgkNþab;édRtkUlBIreTot
EdlRbECgKñaminecHcb; KWRtkUlRTij enAPaKxageCIg nigRtkUlegVón enAPaKxagt,Úg
¬manCMnYyBIBYkePosxøncin¦.
Ü
-mkTl;qñaM 1720 RtkUlegVón)anelbykGaNaextþenAtamdIsNþTenøemKgÁ)ancMnYn6extþ
EdlkalenaHCaTwkdIrbs;km<Ca¬km<CaeRkam¦ eRkaymk)araMgehAtMbn;enHfa kUsaMgsIun.
ú ú
703>etIsasnTUtKWCaGVI? BYkenHeFVIGVIxøH ehIyTTYllT§pldUcemþc?
cM>-sasnTUt KWCaGñkpSBVpSaysasnaNamYy.
-BYkenH)aneFVskmµPaBxagsasnaRKisþtaMgBIBak;kNþal s>vTI17mkemø:H.raCrdæaPi)al evotNam
I
eFVIkarRbugRby½tñCanic© cMeBaHkarhUrcUlénsasnaepSg². bBaðaenHnaM[man karRbqaMgy:agxøaMgkøa
cMeBaHkarhUrcUlénsasnakatUlikenH.
-kareFVTaruNkmµcMeBaHGñkpSaysasnaRKisþ CaelsmYynaM[)araMgeFVIGnþraKmn_cUlkñg RbeTsevotNam
I ú
famkCYykarBarCnrgeRKaHeday )anelIkT½BcUlenAqñaM 1859. luHmkdl;qñaM 1885
RbeTsevotNamTaMgmUl)anFøak;eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;)araMg.
704>etIneya)ayesdækic©rbs;BYkGaNaniKm)araMgelIRbeTsevotNam
manlkçN³dUcemþcxøH?
cM>-)araMg)anbBa©ÚnBYkmUlFn)araMg [mkdak;vnieyaKTunEdlmanTwkR)ak;cMnYn 490lanRbg; enAqñaM1888-
i
1918 ehIyTun)aneLIgdl; 8000lanRbg;kgGMLúgqñaM 1919 dl;1929 eTAelIGaCIkmµEr:FüÚgfµ
ñú
nigdMnaMekAs‘. U
-eRkABIenaHCYyerobcMRbeTsevotNam [eTACardæTMenIbeday)an ³
÷bMPøTIRkugedayePøgGKÁisnI
W I
÷eFVIpøvRkalekAs‘U nigRkayfµCaRcIn
Ð
÷manRbB½nßGb;rMTeM nIbedaybegáItsalabzmsikSa mFümsikSa)AraMg evotNam
nigsala]tþmsikSaenAhaNUy.
÷ykcitþTukdak;elIshRKasepSg² dUcCamðbGahar tM)aj sMPar³ sMng; ma:sIunkinRsUv Twk GKÁisnI
Ú
suraKar eragcRkeFVIRkdas eragBum< eragcRkGareQI eragcRkeFVIeQI KUs sab‘U Ekv )arI-l-.
÷b:uEnþ]sSahkmµCaRTg;RTayFM )araMgBMusMerc[begáItenAevotNameLIy.
eKkMnt;fa]sSahkmµKWeFVIEtenAkñgRbeTs)araMg b:nenaHminEmnsMrab;RbeTseRkamcMnuHeT.
ú u

705>etICIvPaBRbCaCnevotNam manksikr nigkmµkrmansßanPaBdUcemþc?
cM>-RbCaCnevotNamd¾eRcInelIslb;enAPaKxageCIg BwgEp¥kelIdMnaMRsUvEtmYymuxb:unenaH.
dg;sIuetEtmYymuxb:unenaH. dg;sIuetRbCaCnmFümenAdIsNþtugkwgmanrhUtdl; 975nak; kñúgmYyKILÚEm:tkaer
enAqñaM 1929.RKYsarCaeRcInmandIkan;kab;tictYc BMusmRsbtamsmaCikRKYsar ehIysuTE§ tCMBak;bMnuleK.
eKRtUvEterobcMRbB½n§TMnb;Rblay sMrab;beBa©jbBa©ÚlTwk edIm,Ibegánplksikmµ.
I
-enAqñaM 1930 mankmµkrevotNam 120000nak;eFVkarenAkñúgGNþÚgEr:FüÚgfµ enAevotNamxageCIg.
I
cMEnkenAPaKxagt,Úg enAtamdIsNþTenøemKgÁ manRbCaCnrs;enA tictYc eRBaHenAelIdIsNþPaKeRcIn
CadIenAesImxøaMg b¤licTwkenAeLIy.
706>enAqñaM 1920etI)araMg)aneFVIGVIxøH cMeBaHRbeTsevotNam?
cM>)araMg)anbegáItRbB½n§beBa©jbBa©ÚlTwk elIépÞdIdaMduHd¾FMEFgedayCMrujbegándIdaMduHdl;eTA
I
42°.karGPivDÆdIsNþTenøemKgÁ)anCMruj[RbeTsevotNam køayCaRbeTsnaMRsUvFMCageK
kñgBiPBelakenAqñaM 1920.
ú
707>etIsgÁmevotNamtaMgBIedIms>vTI20 manlkçNEbbNa?
cM>karEbk)ak;épÞkgénsgÁmevotNam kan;EtmansnÞúHxøaMgkøaEfmeTotcab;BIedIms>vTI20mk dUcCa ³
ñú
-BYkm©as;kmµsiT§skþPUmi)anbnßyGtßPaBbgábegáInpl EdlCa»kasl¥dl;BYkmUlFnniym
i i i
BRgIkneya)ayesdækic© nigsgÁmBYkeK. TnÞwmnwgenHk¾manekItecjnUvBYkm©as;kmµsiT§i dIfµ²eTot
I
BiessenAkUsaMgsIn. u
-ksikrEdlmancMnYn90° énRbCaCnTaMgGs; RtUvTTYlkarekgRbv½Ba©BBYkmUlFnniym
I
nigBUkm©as;kmµsiT§skþiPUmi. ksikrkan;EtRkdundabeTA ehIykøayCahtßBlkrtMélefakén
i
BYkmUlFn)araMg.ksikrmYycMnYnkan;EtRkdundabenACnbT.
-BYkKhibtIevotNam )ankan;kab;eragBum< eragsib,kmµ Ldæ eragsib,kmµcanb:sWELn eragcRksab‘U
eragcRkGKÁsnI navadwkCBa©ÚntUc²tamTenø nigtamsmuRT.BYkKhibtIBaNiCkmµ mancMnYneRcInCageK.
i ¢
BYkenHeFVCMnYjelIpliplkñúgRsuk b¤lk;raynUveRKOgmðÚbGaharBI
I
naMcUleRkA.BYkm¨as;kmµsiT§mUlFnniym¬kUsaMgsIn¦ )anh‘nKÜaedIm,IbegÔtFanaKarTaMgLay
i u u I
kñgeKalbMNgekobsgát;FanaKarNÐncin.
ú Ú
-BYkGnuFnekIteLIgya:gqab;rh½s ehIyRsTab;bBaØvnþk¾mankan;EteRcIneLIgEdr.ÉRsTab;kmµkeenAevotNam
½
elceLIgtaMgBI edIms>vTI20 ehIy)anekIteLIgy:agxøaMgenAqñaM 1929.

-RsTab;kmµkrevotNam RtUvTTYlrgkarekobsgát; nigkarekgRbv½Ba©BIBYkGaNaniKmpg
BIBYkskþPUmiKhibtIm©as;Rsukpg.
i
708>RbB½n§mUlFnniymBiPBelak¬1929-1993¦ )anRbQmmuxnwgvibtþi esdækic©d¾FM
etIvibtiþebHCHT§iBldl;esdækic©RbeTsevotNamdUcemþc?
cM>BIqñaM1929 dl; 1933 vibtþiesdækic©énbNþaRbeTsmUlFnniym)anCHT§BlGaRkk;
i
eTAelIesdækic©RbeTsevotNamCaBIessKWvis½yksikmµ dUcCa³
-enAqñaM 1928 – 1930 RsUv 100 KWLÚRkamtMél 10/80BIya:s ¬RkdasR)ak;eRbIkñúgsm½y
GaNaniKmenANÐÚcin¦ )ancuHmkenARtwmEt 4/25 BIya:s bunenaHkñgqñaM1932.
: ú
-tMÙlekAs‘UcuHBI 22Rbg;mkenARtwmEt 3Rbg;. CaTUeTAtMélplitplksikmµenAmanRtwmEt 2¼10 rW 3¼10
éntMélkalBIeBlmunEtbu:enñaH/
-dIEdleKe)aHbg;ecalmaneRcInelIslb;.
-ÈÙpÒdIdaMekAs‘TMhM 125000 hictaKWenAdMenIrkarEt 1¼3bunenaH.
U :
-]sSahkmµplitplFüÚgfµ)anFøak;cuHBI 1972000etan kalBIqñaM 1929 mkenARtwmEt
1592000etanEtbu:nenaH.
-enAqñaM1933 GNþgEr:RkUm)anQb;dMenIrkar.
Ú
-kargarsagsg;esÞIrTaMgGs;RtUvp¥akskmµPaB.
-kmµkr nigGñkrdækarcMnYn 1¼3 RtUvsßitkñgPaBxVHkargar.
ú
-ÉGñkmankargareFVIvij RtYvRTaMRTnwgBlkmµeRcIny:ag ehIyTTYlebovtStictYc.
enAqñaM1931eKGAcrk)ankñgmYyéf¶ 0/70BIy:as ÉenAqñaM1934 kmµkrGNþgEr:mñak; TTYlR)ak;QñÜlEt
ú Ú
0/40BIy:asb:nenaHkñgmYyéf¶.
u ú
-enAqñaM1931 rdæaPi)lGaNaniKm )anbeNþjGñkrdækarcMnYn 1¼7 [Qb;eFVkar ehIybBa©úH
I
R)ak;ExEdlenAsl;Gs; 25°.
-tMélRsUvcuHefakb:HBal;dl;GñkenArs;enAkñúgtMbn;sMbUrRsUv dUcCaEdndIkUsaMgsInCaedIm.
u
BYkeKRtUvcuHRketaky:ak ehIyRTUvbg;Bn§dard¾F¶n;F¶r edIm,ICYsCul»nPaBfvikarrbs;rdæaPi)al GaNaniKmniym.
-enAmunqñaM1930 ksikrGacmanR)ak;bg;bg;Bn§xøn)anedayeFVIkargarEt 15éf¶b:nenaH
Ü u
b:uEnþkgbNþaqñaMEdlmanvibtþei sdækic©ksikrRtUvEteFVIkarBI2 eTA 3Ex
ñú
eTIbGacmanR)ak;RKb;RKan;sMrab;bg;Bn§xøn¬bg;kat¦.
Ü

709>enAeBlGaLWm:g;kMBugQñHsRgÁamenAÉnaysmuRT etIBYkGaNaniKm
)anraMgRbkan;riyabfy:agNa cMeBaHbBaðaGaNaniKm rbs;xøÜnenA NÐÚcin?
cM>-GaNaniKmniym)araMgenANÐÚcin)aneFVIneya)ayrtNbGaLWm:g;ehIyXubXitCamYyBYk pasIusCb:un>
-ÉCb:unmin)anRcanecalGgÁkarrdæ)alcas;rbs;BYk)araMgeTKWTkedIm,I[eFVIkarbMerIpl
u
RbeyaCn_Cb:un.RbeTsevotNam)ankøayCaRbeTs eRkamGaNaniKmCb:un )araMgmþgeTot.
710>eRkamnwmRtYtRta2Can;enH etI)araMgeFIVGVIxøHeTAelIevotNam? edIm,IGVI?
cM>-GaCJaFr)araMg )anRtYtBinitüy:agtwgrwgbMputnUvTMnijnaMecj naMcUlkarEbgEckTMnij nigtMélenAelITpSar
I
nigkþab;pþac;karlk;Tj nigkarTijeRKOgbriePaKxøH² edIm,IpÁtpÁg;BYkCb:un pg nigbgákMlaMgeRtomsMrab;pþlCb:un
i ; Ü
enAeBlNaEdl»kashuc[.
-BYk)araMgbgç[BYkksikrdkRsUvEdlkMBuglUtlas;edIm,IykdIdaMsENþkdI nigedImlðgExJr
M ú
sMrab;bMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;Cb:un.Bn§darekIneLIg nigGtiprNakan;etF¶n;F¶r naM[CIvPaBRbCaCn Føak;cuH
CaBiessBYkksikr.
-CnCati)araMg nigCb:un)anXubXitKña edIm,ICiHCan;ekgRbv½Ba©NÐÚcin.TnÞmenHBYkGaNaniKm
w
TaMgeRbIkMlaMgbRgáabBYkbdivtþevotNamy:agéRBépSbMput.
711>etIehtuGVIeTIbRbeTsevotNam eKcBIGaNaniKm)araMg)an?
cM>edaykñgsßanPaBbraC½ykñúgsRgÁamÉnaysmuRT BYkCb:unenANÐÚncin)anqk;yk»kasmun
ú
ehIyeFVIBlRbharenAyb;éf¶TI 9mIna qñaM1945edaydeNþmykkEnSgBYk)araMg
I
ehIybnþGMnacenANÐcin.taMgBIeBlenaHRbeTsevotNam )ankøayeTACAGaNaniKmEdlman
Ú
EtBYkCb:unkþab;GMnacEtmñak;Ég.
712>etIRbeTsevotNammanRBwtþikarN_GVIxøH BIqñaM 1946 dl;1975?
cM>-bnÞab;BIGaNaniKmCb:un )andkfyBITkdIevotNam RbeTsenHmansRgÁamCabnþeTot CamYy)araMg¬1946-
W
1954¦ nigGaemric¬1960-1975¦.
-mkTl;qñaM1963eTIbmankic©RBmeRBogenATIRkug)a:rIsedIm,ImkdMenaHRsaysnþiPaB[RbeTs evotNam.
713>etIbBaðaGVI EdlCabBaðacMbgenARbeTsevotNameRkayéf¶30 emsa qñaM1975?
eRBaHGVI?

cM>eRkayéf¶30 emsa 1975 bBaðaEdlCakgVl;d¾FMenAevotNamenaHKW bBaðabRgYbbRgYm evotNamenAxageCIg
nigxagt,ÚgeRBaHfa ³
-taMgBITsvtSqñaM50mk eKeXIjmanPaBxusKñacMeBaHRbvtþsaRsþrbs;evotNamTaMgBIrenH
i
edayBYkxageCIgmansßanPaBesdækic© nigrcnasMB½n§tamEbbshkarN_sgÁmniym.ÉBYKxag
t,ÚgtamEbbmUlFn ehIyEbbbTesdækic©elICnYyGaemric niymvb,Fm’celakxaglic.
M
-mü:agedaysaFarNrdæRbCaFibetyü CaGñkTTYleCaKC½yenaHeKmansiTicat;EcgRbB½n§neya )ay
§
edaykMnt;lkçNsmRsbdl;evotNam.eK[BYkGñkEdlFøab;KaMRTkMmuynIs erobcMcat; Ecgkar
u
edayykKMrUtamTTYlbBa¢aBIRkughanUypÞal;.
-enAqñaMEdlRbeTsevotNam )anbþrÚ mkCasaFarNrdæsgÁmniymevotNam manRbkas
EpnkarshkrN_nIykmµ énksikmµxagt,Úg nigxageCIgedIm,ITMnak;TMngesdækic©[TUlMTUlay.
714>dMenaHRsayEdl)aneFVIknøgmk edIm,IGPivDÆesdækic©RbeTs evotNam
etI)ansMercdUcbMngrWeT?eRBaHGVI?
cM>BMu)anTTYleCaKC½yeT eRBaHenAqñaM1977 nig1978maneRKaHTwkCMnn; nigeRKaHmhnþray epSgeTot
)anekIteLIgEdlbNþal[mhicätaeq<aHeTAGPivDÆ]sSahkmµRtUvbraC½y.
715>etIeKalneya)ayEklMG dUymWuy Gnum½tedaysarGVI? eRBaHGVI?
cM>-enAshPaBsUevotmankMEnTMrg;rbs;KU)aeqv eFV[RbeTsevotNamEdlmanvibtþei sdækic©
I
BIqñaM1979dl;1985eFVIkarEkTMrg;dUcsUevotEdr.
-enAqñaM 1986 mhasnñi)atCatielIkTI6 rbs;bkSkMmuynIs)anGnum½tCapøvkar eKalneya)ayEklMG
u Ú
dUymWy.u
716>etIeKalneya)ay dUymWuy CaGVI?
cM>tamn½yneya)ay dUymWuy sMedAdl;karcab;bdisn§iénkardwknaMfµI nigekµgx©IMmYysmRsb
tamsßankarN_rdæ)alkñúgRsuk.karEkTMrg;kñgCYrbkS nigCMuvijkarRKb;RKgc,ab;edjedal rdæaPi)al
ú
nigbeBa©jeyabl;edayesrI.
717>cUrrkmUlehtuEdleFVVI[RbeTsevotNammanbMlas;bþÚresdækic©?
cM>edaysarkardYlrlMÙnshPaBsUevot nigbøùkxagekItEdle)aHbg;ecalmaK’asgÀmniym
eFVI[RbeTsevotNam)at;bg;CMnYy nigxatbg;fvikarCatiGs;30° Edl)anmkBICMnYy.

718>RbQmuxnwgvibtþienH etIeKyl;ya:gNa? ehIypøÚvNaEdlGñkdwknaM
RbeTsevotNamRbkan;yk?
cM>-vibtþei sdækic© nigkarRbQmmuxnwgkMEnTMrg;esdækic©enH manmtixøHRBYy)armÖxøacRbeTs
evotNamEbk)ak;mþgeTot.
-EtktþaRbkYtRbECgEdleKRbTHeXIjkñgbc©úb,nñKWBMEu mnGMnaceT EtCakarrkSa[)annUvkar
ú
GnuvtûeKalneya)aydUymWuy[RCYtRCabkÜgsgÀm nigvb,Fm’k¾dUcCakÜgvis½yneya)ay nig
ù ù
esdækic©ngbMlas;bþÚrepSg²EdlkMnt;dUymWykñbMngrkSasnþiPaBkñúgRbeTs.
i u ú
719>etIRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu eLIgesayraCüenAqñaMNa? RBHGgÁ)aneFVIGVI
CaRbvtþisaRsþ?
cM>-RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu )aneLIgesayraCüenAqñaM 1941.
-RBHGgÁ)aneFVITamTarÉkraCüBIGaNaniKm)araMg tamry³RBHraCbUnIykic©enAéf¶TI 15 mifuna 1952
RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuvrµnRTg;)anEføgsareTAkan;RbCaBlrdæExµr.RBHGgÁRTg;)ansnüa Ca»Larikfa
½
RBHGgÁnwgxitxMEsVgrkÉkraCüPaB bribUrCUnCatimatuPUmi[)andac;xat y:agyUrbMputmin[hYsBI 3qñaMeLIy.
720>etIÉk]tþmNaEdlenACYykargarpÞal;nwgRBHGgÁ? ehIycab;epþImdMbUg RBHGgÁeFVIGVI?
cM>-KWÉk]tþmEb:nnut EdlenACYykargarpÞal;CamYynwgRBHGgÁ.
-dMbUgRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu RTg;)anyagecjBIRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa eTAkan;RbeTs)araMgkñúg
ExkumÖ³ 1953 eRkayEdlRBHGgÁRTg;)anerobcMÉksarRKb;RKan;sMrab; eFVIkarcrcarCamYy)araMg.
721>eRkayBIyagdl;RbeTs)araMg etIRBHGgÁ)aneFVIGVIxøHeTot?
cM>-eBlyagdl;RbeTs)araMg RBHGgÁKg;enAkñgTIRkugmYyeQµaHfa NaBUl
ú
-enAéf¶TI 5mIna 1953 BITIRkugNaBUl RBHGgÁ)anepJIRBHsarlixitmYyc,ab;CUneTAelak vaMugsg; GUrIyUl
EdlCaRbFanaFibtIénRbeTs)araMg edIm,ITamTar)araMgRbKl;GFibetyüPaB
dl;RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa.P¢ab;CamYylixitenH KWmanÉksarsMGagRKb;RKan;kñgkar TamTarÉkraCü
ú
nigkarRbKl;GMnaceTA[RBHmhakSRtExµr.
722>cMeBaHRBHsarlixitrbs;RBHGgÁ etI)araMgRBmTTYledaHRsayrWeT?
RBHGgÁRTg;RBHtMriHdUcemþc?

cM>-RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu RTg;)anrgcaMcMelIyBIrdæaPi)al)araMgTaMgGs;ry³eBl2s)aþh_.
EtrdæaPi)al)araMgKµancMelIyGVeI T.
-em:aø HehIyenAéf¶TI 18mIna 1953 RBHGgÁ)anepJRI BHsarlixitBITIRkugNaBUl eTACUn elakvaMgsg;GUrIyUl
u
mYyc,ab;eTotsMu[rdæaPi)al)araMgedaHRsaybBaðakm<CadUcEdlRBHGgÁ esñsMeu naH[)anqab;rh½sbMput.
ú I
-rMlgBIr bIéf¶eRkaymkRBHGgÁRTg;)anTTYllixitmYyc,ab;cuHéf¶TI 19mina 1953
BIelakRbFanaFibtIénsaFarN³edæ)araMg.kñúgsarlixitenaH elakRbFanaFibtI)araMg bBa¢ak;fVay RBHGgÁfa
elak)anTTYlsarlixitrbs;RBHGgÁcuHéf¶TI 5 nigéf¶TI 18mina 1953 enaHrYcehIy
ehIyelakk¾)anbBa©Únsarlixit nigsMnMuÉksarTaMgGs;enaHeTA[rdæaPi)al)araMg edIm,IBinitü
nigedaHRsay[)anqab;rh½s
723>ehtudUcemþc)anCaRBHGgÁsMercRBHT½yyagecjBIRbeTs)araMg? edIm,IGVI?
cM>-dMbUgRBHGgÁsgÇwmfa rdæaPi)al)araMgnwgRBmeFVIkarcrcar RBHGgÁRTg;yagecjBITIRkug NaBUl
eTAKg;enARkug pugEtnNWbøÚvij.
-b:uEnþenATIRkugenaH RBHGgÁBMu)anTTYlcMelIyGVBIrdæaPi)al)araMgEdr>.em:aø HehIyenAéf¶TI 3emsa
I
1953RBHGgÁRTg;)anepJIRBHsarlixitmYyc,ab;eToteTAelakRbFanaFibtIénsaFarN
rdæ)araMg.edayRBHGgÁenAEtBMuTan;)anTTYlcMelIyGVBIrdæaPi)aleTot eTIbRBHGgÁEsVgyl;fa rdæa)araMg
I
BMueGIeBInwgsMenIrsMru bs;RBHGgÁeLIy.
-dUcenHRBHGgÁsMercRBHT½yyagecjBIRbeTs)araMg edIm,IeFVyuT§nakarTamTarÉkraCüenA RbeTskaNada
I
nigshrdæGaemricvij.
724>etIRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu yageTARbeTskaNada nigshrdæGaemric
vijenAeBlNa? RBHGgÁeFVIGVIxøHenATIenaH?
cM>-enAéf¶TI11emsa1953 RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu RTg;)anyagecjBI)araMg sMedAeTARbeTs kaNada
nigshrdæGaemric
-éf¶TI 12emsa 1953 RBHGgÁRTg;yageTAdl;TIRkugb:uger:GalénRbeTskaNada.enATIenaH
RBHGgÀRTg;)anEføgeTAkan;BYkGÜksarBt’man edayRTg;)ansgÔt;F¶n;eTAelIbBaÛa2 Tak;Tgnwg
RbeTsrbs;RBHGgÁ nigRbeTs)araMg EdlCatMnagRbeTsesrI nigtMbn;NÐcin ³
Ú
-bBaðaTI1 KWbBaðaRbyuTR§ bqaMgnwgBYkkMmuynIs.
u
-bBaðaTI2 KWbBaðaÉkraCübribUrsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa.

725>etIRBH)aTneratþmsIhnumanRBHbnÞÚlenAkaNadadUcemþcxøH?
BYkeKcab;GarmµN_EdrrWeT?
cM>-RBHGgÁ)anbBa¢ak;fa RbCaBlrdæExµreKBMuRtUvkarrbbkMmuynIseT eRBaHRbCaBlrdæmñak;²
u
suT§EtmandIFøICakmµsiT§isMrab;bgábegánpl.bBaðaFMEdleKcg;)anenaHKW ÉkraCüPaBbribUr
I
sMrab;BlrdæExµrkñgRbeTsTaMgmUl.cMEnkBYkkMmuynIsemIleXIjfa RbeTskm<CaCaTItaMgmYy sMrab;BYkeK.
ú u ú
-RBHraCbnÞÚld¾QøasévenH)aneFVI[BYkGÜksarBt’man elakxaglicmankarcab;GarmµN_y:ag xøaMg.
725>enAshrdæGaemricetIRBH)aTneratþmsIhnumanRBHbnÞÜldUcemþcxøH ?
BYkeKcab;GarmµN_Edrb¤eT ?
enAshrdæGaemricRBHGgÁmanRBHbnÞlfa ³
Ü
-ebI)araMgminRBmRbkl;ÉkraC[RbeTskm<úCaeTenaH nigmaneRKaHmYyya:gBitR)akd
eRBaHfaRbCaBlrdæExµrnigeRkakQr eLIgRbqaMg)araMg ehIyeKniggakeTArkclnaeyokmij
dwknaM[BYkkMmuynIs .
u
-esckûIEføgkarrbs;RBHGgÀenAshrd×Gaemric RtUv)ansarBt’mand¾FMmYy eQµaH jÐy:kEfm cuHpSaykÜùgTMB½rTI1
rbs;eKkñgéf¶T19 emsa 1953 EdlrFI[BIPBelakPJak;ep¥l .
ú I V I
726>cMeBaHRBhraCbnÞÜlEdlRbkbedayRBH bBaØajaNenH )anTTYllT§ipldUcemþc
?
lT§plKEtMrUv[rdæaPi)al)araMg RBmcUleFIVkarcrcaCamYyrdáPI)alkm<úCa
i
sþGMBIraCüPaBbribUrånRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa .
I
727>etIkarcrcarvagræáPi)al)araMg nigkm<úCasþIGMBIÉkraCenAkm<úCa epþImefIVenAeBlNa ?
nigkEnøgNa ?
cM>KWcab;epþImeFIVenAéf¶T23 emsa 1953 enATIRkug)a:ris .
I
728>kñúgkarcrcaenH ehtudUcemþc)anCaRBHGgÁBMuyageTApÞal;?
etInrNaxøHEdlRBHGgÁbBa¢ÚneTACaRBHdMnagenaH ?
RBHdMnagEdlRBHGgÁbBa¢Ün[eFIVkarcrcaenaH manÉ]tþm Eb:n nut É]tþm sm sarI nigsemþcRBHsIsuvtßmunIer:t .
u i

-cMEnkRBHGgÁRTg;yagecj BIshrdæGaemric eTATIRkugtUküÚénRbeTsCb:un edIm,IrgcaMlT§plénkarcrca .
i
RBHGgáRTgeqVgyl;fa RbsinebIkarcrcaBM)anTTYllT§plGIeV naH RBHGgÁRtUvKg;enAÉbreTs
u i
eRBaHvamanlT§iPaBeRcInkñgkareFIVyuTnakarTamTarÉkraCübnþeTot .
ú §
729>etIkarcrcaTTYl)anlT§iplya:gNaxøH ?
cM> lT§plEdlsMerc)andUcCa ³
-PaKITaMgBIr)anÉkPaBcuHhtþelxa enAéf¶TI 9 ]sPa 1953elIsMenIERblkçnþk³xH²énRbeTskm<Ca
i ú
edIm,Idak;CYnrdáPi)alkm<úCa Binitü .
-éf 14 ]sPa 1953 RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu edaymankarsMyagBIRkumRbwkSaraCbløgápg
u ½
RBHGgáRTg)anyagecjBITIRkugtUküÚ cUrkñúgraCFanIPñeM Bj edIm,IRTgBInitülT§iplkargar
Edl)ansMercenATIRkug)a:ris .
-eRkayBIRBHGgÁ)anBinitüÉksaénkarcrca EdleFIeV nATIRkug)a:ris RBHGgÁRTgeQVgyl;Paø mfa
CadMenaHRsaymYymineqøIytbnigbBaðarbns;eyIg ehIyk¾Casm,Tan d¾tctacbMput .
U
TnÞmnigenHRBHGgÁRTgeQVgyl;fa ebIbnþeFIkarcrcaenATIRkg)a:rIseTot
w V
)araMgBitCaBMumansm,TaneFIVelIsBIenHeTotEdr.
730>eRkayBIkarcrcaTTYl)anlT§pltictYceBkenaH RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuRTg;RBHtMriH
dUcemþcxøH ?
cM>-enAéf¶TI 17]sPa 1953 RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu snüay:ag]LarikkñgesckþEI føgkarmYy
ú
enAelIRBHTInaMgcnÞqayafaRBHGgÁnwgeFVIRBHBlikmµRKb;Ebby:agTaMgGs;edImI,deNIþmÉkraCü[)an100°
-bnÞab;mkRBHGgÁ)anyagecjBIraCFanIPñeM Bj sMedAeTAraCaNacRkéf b:Eu nþmunnwgyagcUl
TwkdIéfRBHGgÁRTg;Kg;kgtMbn;sVy½tmYyry³edIm,IRTg;)anTt nigBinitüsßankarN_kgtMbn;enaH
ñú ñú
enA[)anc,as;las;.
-éf¶TI 12mifuna 1953 enAkñgextþesomrab RBHGgÁ)aneFVIesckþIEføgkarmYYyCUnsklelak
ú
BiessKWRbCaCn)araMg BItMbn;R)afñarbs;RbCaBlrdæExµr ³ RbCaCatiExµr)ansMEdgecjnUvPaB minsb,aycitþ
ehIyebûCJay:agmWgm:at;kÜùgkarts‘URbyuT§ edIm,ITamTarÈkraCúPaBÙnmatuPUmi rbs;eK.
u
731>etIraCrdæaPi)aléfTTYlRBH)aTneratþmsIhnurebobNa? ehIyRBHGgÁ
eQVgyl;y:agNa?

cM>-raCrdæaPi)aléf )anCUndMNwgdl;elxaFikardæanrbs;RBHGgÁfaraCrdæaPi)aléfTTYlRBHGgÁ
[Kg;sñak;enAkñúgTwkdIéf TukCaCnePosxøÜænmñak;. dUcenHRBHGgÁBMGaceFVskmµPaBGVIelITkdIéf eT.
u I w
-RBHGgÁRTg;eQVgyl;fa éfminKaMRTRBHraCaNacRkkm<CaeT RBHGgÁk¾sMercRBHT½yyag
ú
Rtlb;cUlkñgRbeTsvij EtRBHGgÁminvilmkKg;kñúgraFanIPñeM BjeT.RBHGgÁRTgsMercRBHT½y Kg;enAtMbn;sVy½t
ú
Edlmanextþesomrab kMBg;FM nig)at;dMbgrhUteBlNa)araMgyl;RBm RbKl;ÉkraCübribUr[km<úCa.
732>etIextþesomrab kMBg;FM nig)at;dMbg manRbvtþidUcemþcxøHcMeBaH
RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu?
cM>sVy½tPaBeyaFakñúextþTaMgbIenHKW RBHGgÁ)anTamTarBIBYkGaNaniKm)araMgtaMgBIqñaM 1946
mkem:H.rhUtdl;qñaM1949eTIb)araMgyl;RBmcuHhtßelxa RbKl;sVy½tPaBeyaFafVayRBHGgÁ
ø
nUvextþesomrab kMBg;FM.cMEnkextþ)at;dMbgrhUtdl;qñaM 1952eTIb)araMgRBmcuHhtßelxa.
733>etIRBH)aTneratþmsIhnumanbMngeFVIGVIenAkñúgextþTaMgbIenH?
cM>-bnÞab;BIesckþIEføgkarN_enAéf¶TI 28]sPa1953 mkRBHGgÁRTg;bBa¢a[erobcMBRgwg
mUldæanT½BenA)at;dMbg nigerobcMkMlaMgCIvBlnarIkøahan[)anqab;rh½s.
-enARKb;extþTaMgGs;RbCaBlrdæExµr TaMgRbusTaMgRsI sµR½ KcitþcUlbMerIkñgkgkMlaMgCIvBlnarI
ú
køahanedayTwkcitþBuHBar
-rhUtdl;ExsIha 1953kMlaMgCIvBlnarIkøahan )anekIneLIgdl;400000nak;.
-éf¶TI 28sIha 1953enAkñgextþ)at;dMbgmanR)arB§eFVImhaBüúHhyaRtay:agFMcMeBaHRBHPRkþ RBHmhakSRt
ú
EdlmanTahan nigkgCIvBlnarIkøahancMnYn 800000nak;cUlrYm.
mhaBüúHhyaRtaenHeFV[BYkGñkkaEstGnþrCatimankarP¶ak;ep¥Ily:agep¥Il nigeFVI[BYkGaNa
I
niKm)araMgGs;sgÇwm.
734>CamYynwgkic©xMRbwgERbgenAtamextþTaMgbI etIenAPñMeBj RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu
cat;EcgRBHraCkic©dUcemþcxøH?
cM>-RBHGgÁRTg;bBa¢aBItMbn;sVy½t[Ék]tþmEb:n nut TTYlbnÞúkeFVIkarcrcarCamYy)araMgkñúg raCFanIPMñeBj
ehIyEdl)anTTYllT§plCabnþbnÞab; BiesseRkayBImanmhaBüúHhyaRta éf¶TI 28sIha 1953mk.
-lT§plmandUcxageRkam ³
÷éf¶TI 29sIha 1953)araMg)ancuHhtßelxaRbKl;GFibetyüPaBeyaFaTUTaMgRbeTs
mk[raCrdæaPi)alkm<Ca.
ú

÷eRkaymkk¾yl;RBmcuHhtßelxa RbKl;GFibetyüPaBxagkaTUt nigvis½yxagkaTUt
nigvis½yepSg²eTotEdlesssl;.
÷éf¶TI 2vicäka 1953RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuvrµnRTg;)anyagcUlKg;enAraCFanIPñeM Bj
i ½
edaymanRbCaBlrdæExµr)annaMKñamkrg;caMTTYlsVaKmn_RBHGgÁedayrMCYlcitþ nigdwgKuNCa Gtibrma.
735>etImanR)arB§BiFIGVIxøHenAéf¶ 9vicäika 1953? enAÉNa?
cM>éf¶TI 9vicäka 1953enAmuxRBHbrmraCvaMgmanR)arB§BiFImYysþBIkardkGMnac)araMgecj BIkm<Ca.kñgBiFIenH
i I ú ú
]tþmesnIy_)araMg Lg;køat )anfVayCa»LariknUvbBa¢akareyaFarbs;xøn dl;mhakSRtExµr.dUcenHkgT½B
Ü
nigbBa¢akar)araMg RtUvdkfyBIRbeTskm<Ca.
ú
vibtþri vagExµr nig)araMgRtUvbBa©b;.
736>etIRbeTskm<úCaenAmanbBaðaeTotEdrrWeT bnÞab;BI)anÉkraCübribUrBI )araMgmk?
cM>eTaHbIGMnac)araMgRtUvbBa©b; enAelITwkdIkm<úCaenAéf¶TI 9vicäka
i
1953k¾kgT½BevotmijminRBmdkkgT½BecjBIkm<CaEdrBiessextþ)at;dMbg.
ú
737>cMeBaHbBaðakgT½Bevotmij
etIRBH)aTneratþmsIhnuRTg;manviFankartbtdUcemþcxøH?
cM>-RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu kñúgnamRBHGgÁCaGKÁbBa¢¢akgT½BexmrPUminÞRBHGgÁRTg;)an[erobcM
V
RbtibtþkarswkmYyeQµaHfa samKÁI EdlmankgT½Bexmr³PUminÞ nigkgCIvBlnarIkøahanekoksµa
i
KñaRbyuT§RbqaMgBYkbreTsQøanBan.
-enAéf¶TI 3ExFñÚ 1953RbtibtþkarswksamKÁ)anebIkqakRbyuT§ehIy)anbeNþjBYkevotmij
i I
ecjBIextþ)at;dMbg EdlBYkenHlbcUlmktaMgmUldæanT½BtaMgBIqñaM1949.
738>cMeBaHevotmijetIBYkenHsuxcitþecjBIRbeTskm<úCaCasßaBrEdrrWeT?
cM>BYkenHmin)anecjCasßaBreT.mkdl;Exemsa 1949BYkevotmij)anbBa¢nT½Bmkkñúgextþ sÞgERtg
Ú w
nigRkecHmþgeTot.
739>karcUkmkCaelIkTI2 rbs;BYkevotmijenH etIRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu
manRbtikmµdUcemþc?
cM>-kñúgsPaBkarenH RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuRBHmhakSRtkm<Ca RTg;)andwknaMkgT½BpÞal;eTATb;
ú
Tl;nwgBYkbreTsQøanBan ehIy)anTb;sáat;BYkenHenARtg;RckcUlextþRkecH.

-bnÞab;mkRBHGgÁRTg;)anbBa¢a[begáItRbtibtþkarswktUc² bMEbkKñaCaeRcInRkumeTot edIm,IrUm
i
kMlaMgbeNþjBYkQøanBanbreTs.
740>CamYynwgkarts‘UCaRbvtþisaRsþ rbs;RBHmhakSRtExµrEdlkMBug
beNþjBYkevotmijenH etIRBHGgÁeqøóteFVIGVIeTotedIm,I[BYkenHecjeday Rsbc,ab;?
cM>enAEx kkáda1954 ¬8ExeRkaykarRbKl;ÉkraCübribUrBI)araMg¦manebIksnñisITenATIRkug sWENv
sþBIbBaðaenANÐcin.eBlÉk]tþmeTBpn¬eBlenaHCardæmRnþRI ksYgkarbreTs¦ [eTA
I Ú
cUlrYmkñgsnñisITenaHtambNaþaMrbs;RBHGgÁ.
ú
741>etIlT§plénsnñisITRkugsWENv cMeBaHbBaðakm<úCa TTYl)andUcemþcxøH?
cM>KN³RbtiPEU xµr)anGnuvtþtambNþaMrbs;RBHmhakSRtEdl)anTTYllT§ply:agRtCHRtcg;KWkic©RBmeRBogenA
TIRkugsWENvéf¶TI 21kkáda 1954tMrUv[T½Bevotmijdkecj BIRBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca[)anqab;bMput.
ú
742>etIBlrdæTaMgGs; nigrdæaPi)alTaMgGs;manRbtikmµdUcemþcxøHcMeBaH
RBHmhakSRtrbs;xøÜn?
cM>edayehtufaRBH)aTneratþmsIhnuRTg;)anbMeBjRBHraCkic©EdlRBHGgÁ)ansnüaCamYy
RbCaBlrdæRbkbedayeCaKC½ynwgTTYl)anÉkraCübribUr CUnmatuPUmi mindl;bIqñaMpgenaH ³
-RbCaBlrdæExµrTaMgGs;)anfVayRBHnamRBHGgÁfa RBHbitaÉkraCü.
-cMEnkrdæaPi)aleday)aneqøYIytbtamsMnUmBr rbs;RbCaBlrdæ)anecjRkwtümYycuHéf¶TI 7vicäka 1953
i
fVaRBHnamkitþysfa RBHmhavir³bursCati.
i
743>ehtudUcemþc )anCaBYkkMumuynIsenAEteRCotcUlmkkñúgRbeTskm<úCa?
cM>-BYkkMmuynIsEtgEtdeNþmRtYtRtaelIBiPBelak kñgkarRbNaMgRbECgCamYynwgbøúkesrI
u I ú
edIm,Imhicätaerog²xøÜnenAkñgsm½ysRgÁamRtCak;¬1947-1991¦.tamry³mhicätaenHeyIg
ú
emIleXIjtamktþaBIry:agenACamYyKña ³
÷ktþamYyKW ktþaGnþrCati ³mhaGMnacTaMgBIrdeNþmtMbn;RtYtRta.
I
÷ktþamYyeTottamry³lT§ikMmuynIs GnþrCati EdlKaMRTedaysUevot nigcin
u
-yYnxageCIgEdltMnag[kMmuynIsGnþrCati cg;eFVm©as;enAtMbn;NÐcin.edIm,IeFV[exµac
u I Ú I
shPaBNÐcin)araMgrs;eLIgvij yYntaMgxøÜnCam©as;CMnYs)araMg tamKMnithUCImij KWedIm,I bBa©ÚlRbeTsExµr Lav
Ú
enAshB½n§NÐcin EdlmanyYnGñkRtYtRtakñgTisedAbM)at;BUCsasn_ tamneya)aysmankmµ
Ú ú
edaysMlab;BUCGñkesñhaCati dUcCaenAkm<CaeRkam nigcam:,a.
ú

-m:üageTotyYnmanTisedA ERbkøaym©as;RsukCaCnCatiPaKticenAelITwkdIxøn EdlCaekrþ×
Ü
dMEnlrbs;dUnta.bM)at;sasna RbéBNI TMenomTMlab; nigPasa.KMnitrbs;hUCImij
køayCaTisedAGmt³rbs;GñkdwknaMyYnsBVéf¶.
744>etIRBHraCbMngd¾cMbgrbs;RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuKWGVI?
ehIyRBHGgÁsMercRBHT½yy:agNa?
cM>-RBHraCbMngd¾cMbgrbs;RBHGgÁ KWkarpSarP¢ab;RBHGgÁeTAnwgRbCaraRsþpÞal;.
-dUcenH RBHGgÁ)andak;raCüsm,tþei nAéf¶TI 3mIna 1955fVaysemþcsuraRmwt[RKgraCübnþ.
745>etIsgÁmraRsþniymKWCaGVI? manmaKa’dUcemþc?
cM>-eRkayBIdak;raCüsm,tþRi BHGgÁRTg;begáItGgÁkarmhaCn d¾TUlMTlaymYymaneQµaHfa sgÁmraRsþniym
U
enAéf¶TI 24mIna 1955.GgÁkarenHmanT§Bly:agxøaMgkøaeTAelIvis½y neya)ay nigsgÁmrbs;RbeTsExµr
i
-sgÁmraRsþniym minEmnCaKNbkSneya)ayeLIy b:uEnþCaclnabRgYbbRgYmCati
kñúgeKalbMngsßabnaRbeTskm<Ca eTAtamlT§sgÁmniymRBHBuT§sasnaExµr.
ú i
746>ehtudUcemþc)anCaKNbkSneya)ayepSg² rMlayxøÜnehIycUlmk
kñúgclnasgÁmraRsþniym?
cM>-KWedaysarsgÀmraRsûniym manmaKa’neya)ayEdlRbCaraRsûExµrcMnYn 99/80° sMEdgqnÒ³KaMRT
eTIbenAqñaM1955bNþaKNbkSneya)ayepSg²dUcCaninñakarRbCaFibetyü
ninñakaeeqVgniymCaedImrMlayxønehIycUlmkrYmkñgclnasgÁmraRsþniym.dUcenaHehIyeTIb
Ü ú
sgÁmraRsþniym)anTTYleCaKC½yy:agFMEFg enAkñúgkare)aHeqñatnaqñaM1955edIm,I eRCIstaMgekAGIsPa.
747>ehtudUcemþc)anCaRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu RTg;begáIt[mansmaCCati?
cM>-KWedIm,I[RbCaBlrdæExµrRKb;vNÑ³TUTaMgRBHraCaNacRkkm<CaGaceFVkarriHKn;GMBIkMhusrbs; rdæaPi)al
ú I
EdlbNûalmkBIPaBGskmµepSg² dUcCaPaBGyutûFm’ nigGMeBIBukrlyyrbs;mRnûI raCkarCaedIm.
i
748>etIsmaCCatiCaGVI?
cM>smaCCati Camhasnñi)atCaTUeTArbs;sgÁmraRsþniymEdlRtUvebIksm½yRbCMBIrdgkñgmYy
u ú
qñaM.smaCCatiRtUvbBa¢leTAkñgrdæFmµnuBaØénRBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca.
Ú ú ú
749>ehtudUcemþc)anCasPaCatiGnum½tbegáIttMEngRbmuxrdæ?

cM>edayenAéf¶TI 3emsa 1960 RBHmhakSRtRBH)aTneratþmsuraRmwtRTg;cUlTivgÁt;kg
ñú
sßanPaBKµankSRtRKgraCübnþ.dUcenHenAéf¶Ti 13mifuna 1960 sPa)anGnum½tmaRta 122
énrdæFmµnuBaØRBHraCaNacRkkm<CaedIm,IbegáttMEngRbmuxrdæ.
ú I
750>bnÞab;BIsPa)anRbkasmaRtac,ab;TI122[eRbICapøÚvkarmketIrdæsPa eFVIGVI? ehIy
RBH)aTneratþmsIhnumanzan³CaGVIxøH?
cM>-enAéf¶TI 17mifuna 1960sPa)anRbKl;tMEngRbmuxrdæfVay RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu.
-ehIyéf¶TI 21mifuna 1960RBHkruNaneratþmsIhnuRTg;RBHzan³CaRBHRbmuxrdæpg
nigCaRBHtMnag[RBHmhakSRtpg.
751>cMeBaHneya)ayeRkARbeTs etIRBHkruNaRBHneratþmsIhnuRbkan;ykdUcemþcxøH?
cM>-RBHGgÁ)anRbkan;x©ab;neya)ayGBüaRkwt nigmincUlbkSsMB½n§ ehIyrYmrs;edaysnþiPaB shviC¢man
CamYyRbeTsCitxag nigRbeTsepSg²eTotelIsklelak.
-RTg;)anbBa¢ak;fa ³ RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa mineRbIkMlaMgGavuFkñgkaredaHRsayTMnas;
ú
CamYyRbeTsÉeToteLIy k¾b:Eu nþdrabNamankarKMramkMEhg edayeyaFabreTsNamYyenaH
mkelIRbeTskm<Ca km<úCanwgeRbIsiT§ri bs;xøÜnedIm,IkarBarÉkraCü GFibetyüPaB nigbUrNPaB
ú
TwkdIrbs;xøntamry³karsMCMnYyCaGavuFBIGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigRbeTsCamitþ.
Ü u
752>edIm,IBRgwgneya)ayeRkARbeTsRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu)aneFVIGVIxøH?
cM>-elIkTI1 ³ enATIRkug)an;DúgRbeTsNÊeÐ nsIeu nAqÜaM 1956enARb‘yUnI saaFarNrd× sgÀmniym yUkUsøavI
É :
RBHGgÁ)anLayRBHhtßelxaCamYyRbFanaFibtITItU.
-elIkTI2 ³ CamYyRbFanaFibtINaEs‘r ÙnsaFarNrd×Gara:b;rYm RbFanaFibtIsWkaNUÙnRbeTs NÐÚensIu
nigCamYyelakenru naykrdæmRnþénRbeTsNÐa elIsn§sBaØaénclnamincUlbkS sMB½n§.
I i
dUcenH RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuCAsßabtükrmYyrUbrbs;clnaenH.
753>enAqñaM1961 RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu)aneFVIGVI?
cM>RBHGgÀ)anyagcUlrYmenAsnÜisIT ÙnRbeTsmincUlbkSsMB½n§enATIRkugEb‘lRkat RbeTsyUkUsøavI.
754>etIsñaRBHhsþTI2EdlminGackat;éfø)anrbs;RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuKWGVI

cM>RBHmhakruNaTiKuNTI2 EdlminGackat;éfø)anrbs; RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuKWsñaRBHhsþkñg
ú
karTamTarykR)asaTRBHvihar EdlRbeTséfkan;kab;edayxusc,ab;cab;taMgBIqñaM 1954mk [matuPmi
U
nigRbCaraRsþExµrvijenAéf¶TI 15mifuna 1962.
755>cMeBaHshrdæGaemric etI)aneRCotERCkmkelIRbeTskm<úCadUcemþcxøH
cM>-kareRCotERCkrbs;shrdæGaemricmkelIRbeTskm<Ca)anRbRBwtþeTAedayKµanQb;Qr cab;BIqñaM1960
ú
rhUtdl;qñaM 1970.
-eRkayeBlEdlkm<Ca)anTTYlÉkraCü shrdæGaemric)aneFVIskmµPaBy:agmmajwkTaMg neya)ay
ú
nigesdækic©clkñgRbeTskm<Ca.
U ú ú
756>etICMnYyshrdæGaemric manTi§BldUcemþcxøH cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa?
ehIy)anTTYlcab;BIeBlNa?
cM>-enAEx ]sPa qñaM1955 mankarcuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØa sþBIkarpþl;CMnYyeyaFa nigesdækic©
I
rvagrdæaPi)alshrdæGaemric nigraCrdæakm<Ca.
ú
-b:uEnþCMnYyenH)anRtUvpþl;[rdæaPi)alNaEdlRbqaMgnwgkMmuynIsniym.dUcenHCMnYyEbbenH
u
eFVI[b:HBal;dl;neya)ayGBüaRkwtPaBénkm<Ca EdlmanRBHkruNaCaRbmuxrdæaPi)al Caehtu
ú
[manclnaRbqaMgd¾xøaMgkøaBIRbCaBlrdæ EdlmanbMngsßabnaRbeTskm<úCaeTAtamlT§sgÁm
i
niymRBHBuT§sasna.
757>etIshrdæGaemric nigRbeTsCitxagmanéf
nigevotNameFVIskmµPaBEbbNaxøHmkelIRbeTskm<úCa?
cM>-eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday shrdæGaemric)anriHrkviFankarCaeRcInedIm,IGUsTaj ehIyGnuvtþ
neya)ayKabsgát;pþac;CnYyhirBaØvtßú nigesdækic©dl;km<Ca
M ú
-cMEnkevotNamxagt,Úg nigéf)anbgáTMnas;tamRBMEdn edayeFVIkarQøanBanCaeRcInelIk mk
elIbUrNPaBEdndI énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa mankarkab;sMlab; nigqk;bøn;RTBüsm,tþi
RbCaraRsþsøtRtg;enAtamRBMEdn mineKarBc,ab;GnþrCatidUcCa ³
Ú
÷enAqñaM 1958kgT½Bxagt,ÚgrMelaPcUlTwkdIkm<CacMnYncMnYn 29elIk
ú
÷qñaMdEdlBIsMnak;kgT½BéfcMnYn 6elIkenAtamRBMEdnEb:kxaglic nigxageCIg.
758>cMEnkenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCavij etImansßanPaBdUcemþcEdr?

cM>enAkñgRbeTsKNbkSRbCaFibetyü )ancab;epþmRbqaMgraCrdæaPi)aledayecaTRbkan;BI GMeBIsIusMnUk
ú I
BukrlYyrbs;mRnþI TMlak;kMhusTaMgGs;eTAelIraCrdæaPi)al Edlman RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuCaRbmuxrdæ.
-ehIyk¾manGñktMnagxageqVg énraCrdæaPi)alenHpgEdr
KWkgbMngb:unb:gdeNþmGMNacneya)aytammeFüa)ayRKb;Ebby:ag.
ñú I
759>etIraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCacat;EcgrebobNa cMeBaHkarQøanBanBIsMnak; Gaemric
nigRbeTsCitxag?
cM>-raCrdæaPi)alExµr)anelIksMenI edaycab;epþmeFVIkarcrcareTVPaKICamYyRkug)agkk nigéRBnKr
I
GMeBIerOgbgáehtuenH EtsMenIenaHRtUvp¥akeTAvijedaykarRbqaMgrbs;mCÄdæan eyaFaénrdækarRbeTsTaMgBIr
V
-eqøIytbnwgkarbgáehtuenaHenAéf¶Ti 28vicika 1958raCrdæaPi)alkm<Ca )anRtUvbgçcitþbBaÄb;
ä ú M
karTMnak;TMngxagpøvTUtCabeNþaHGasnñCamYyraCaNacRkéfLg;.
Ú
-ehIyraCrdæaPi)alk¾)anpþl;Tnak;TngkarTUtCamYynwgrdækarevotNamxagt,ÚgenAéf¶TI 27sIha 1963.
M M
-rYcehIyk¾Tat;ecalpgEdrnUvCMnYyshrdæGaemricéf¶TI 9vicäka 1963 nigpþlcMngkaTUt
i
CamYyshrdæGaemricEfmeTotenAéf¶TI3 ]sPa qñaM1965.
760>cMeBaHvis½yksikmµ etIRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCakñúgsm½ysgÁmraRsþ niym
ksag)ankMriteCOnelOndUcemþcxøH?
cM>-vis½yksikmµ ³ raCrdæaPi)al)anykcitþTukdak;elIeKalkarN_neya)ayBRgIkdIERsfµI kareRCIserIsBUCRsUv
u
kareRbICIFmµCatiKYbpSMCIKImI nigkareFVIneya)ayTwk.
÷plRsUvenAqñaM 1955TTYl)an 1484000etanehIycMnYnenHekIndl; 350000etan enAqñaM1968
÷plekAs‘UenAqÜaM 1955TTYl)an 25000etan ehIycMnYnenHekIndl; 51000etan kÜgqÜaM 1968.
ù
÷plkb,asenAqñaM 1964TTYl)an 5000etan enAkñgcMnYnenH 2000etan
ú
sMrab;eragcRkvaynP½NÐkñgRbeTsnwg 3000etansMrab;naMecj.
ú
-karciBa©wmstV ³
÷stVsøabenAqñaM1957TTYl)An 3730000k,al ehIycMnYnenHekIndl; 4190000 k,alenAqñaM
1965.
÷stVRCUkenAqñaM 1955TTYl)an 390000k,al )anekIneLIgdl; 980000k,alenA qñaM 1965.
-edIm,IrkSakMlaMgGUsTaj[)anl¥ raCrdæaPi)al)ancat;RkumbsueBTü [cak;fñaMbgáareraK
ratt,atdl;stVBahn³RKb;TIkEnøgRBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca. ú

761>cMeBaHvis½yKmnaKmn_ etIRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCakñúgsm½y
sgÁmraRsþniymksag)ankMritNa?
cM>- RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuRTg;dwknaMRbCaBlrdæ edaypÞal;RBHGgÁ[eFVIkarhtßkmµrYm TaMgkarksagpøÚvfñl;
pøÚvrfePøg kMBg;Ep GakasyandæáanxñatGnþrCati nigéRbsNIy_dUcCa ³
I
÷enAqñaM 1954mankarBRgIkkMBg;EpPñMeBjedIm,ITMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati ehIyk¾
mankarksagkMBg;EpsmuRTenARkugRBHsIhnu nigRtUv)anBRgIkbEnßmeTotenAqñaM 1964.
÷enAqñaM 1956mankarksagpøÚvCatielx4 EdltP¢ab;TIRkugPñeM BjeTARkugRBHsIhnu RbEvg226K/m.
÷GakasyandæaneBaFicintug RtUv)anBRgIk[køayeTACaGakasyandæanxñatGnþrCati EdlmanRbEvg
2400Em:t nig TIlansMrab;ynþehaH cuHctTMhM 120m × 110m .Gakas
yandæanenH)anebIk[eRbIR)as;enAqñaM 1958.
÷enAqñaM 1959 mankarksagGakasyandæanxñatGnþrCati mYyeTotsMrab;BRgIkvis½y eTscrN_
KWGakasyandæanenAextþesomrab.
÷enAqñaM 1960 mankarsßabnapøvrfePøg mYyExStP¢ab;BITIRkug PñeM BjeTARkugRBHsIhnuRbEvg 270 K/m
Ú I
ehIyenAqñaMenaHEdrk¾mankarksags<anTMenIbmYy kat;tamdgTenøsab KWs<an eRCaycgVa.
÷enAqñaM1961 RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa )anBRgIkTMnak;TMngCaGnþrCati edayP¢ab;ExSTUrs½BÞ CamYyRkugtuküÚ
san;R)an;sIsáÚ GUsaka>>>>.
u
762>cMeBaHvis½y]sSahkmµ etIRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCakñúgsm½ysgÁm raRsþniym
ksag)ankMritNa?
cM> edIm,IkMEnTMrg;sMedAeTAelIkareFVICatikmµ kñúgvis½yGahr½N nIhr½N nigvis½yFnaKar raCrdæa
Pi)al)anCMrujkarksageragcRkmYycMnYndUcCa³
-eragcRkvaynP½NÐenAkMBg;cam
-eragcRkkþarbnÞHenAdIdækñgextþkNþal
ú
-eragcRkcMraj;eRbgkat nigeracRkRsaebo nigeragcRk tMelIgRtak;Tr½ enARkugRBHsIhnu.
-eragcRkRkdasenAqøÚg kñgextþRkecH.
ú
-eragcRksIum:g;cRkITIj kñgextþkMBt
ú
-eragcRk)avRkecA enAdUnTav kñgextþ )at;dMbg.
ú
-eragcRksársenAkMBg;RtaM kñúgextþkMBg;s<W.

TnÞwmnwgkarksageragcRk raCrdæaPi)al)anksagTMnb;varIGKÁIsnIenAsÞgRcal KIrIrmü nig enAERBketñat
w
kñgextþkMBg;s<W.
ú
763>cMeBaHvis½yBaNiC¢kmµ nigeTscrN_ etIRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
sm½ysgÁmraRsþniym ksag)ankMritNa?
cM> -vis½yBaNiC¢kmµ³
÷raCrd×aPi)al )annaMecjeTAbreTsnUvplitpl ksikmµmYycMnYn dUcCa RsUv ekAs‘U eQI RtI stVBahn³ eRmc
eBat sENþk>>rYc)annaMcUlmkvijnUvplitplsMrab;bMerI[]sSahkmµman eRKOgcRk ]bkrN_GKÁIsnI
eRKOgbnøas; eRKOgbrikµar epSg² -l-.
÷vis½yeTscrN_³
-cMeBaHekrÎûdMEnlvb,Fm’ )anTak;Taj Cati nigGnûrCati [ cUlmkTsSna ya:geRcInkuHkr. enAqÜaM 1961
manGñkeTscrN_ breTscMnYn 26500 nak; cUlmkTsSna RbeTskm<Ca. ú
764>cMeBaHvis½yvb,Fm’ etIRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa sm½ysgÁmraRsþniym )ansagGVIxøH?
cM> edIm,IBRgIkvis½yvb,Fm’ raCrd×aPi)al)anksagGaKarsikSanig bNûHbNûalbuKÀliksikSa sMrab;RKb;PUmisikSa
M ù
[man snÞHxøaMgkøaeLIgdUcCa³
ú
-tamsßtism½yenaH cMnYnsalabzmsikSa)anekInBI 2731 kñgqñaM 1955 dl; 5857 kñúgqñaM 1968
i ú
cMEnkGnuvTüal½y nigviTüal½yekInBI 12kñúgqñaM 1955dl; 150kñúg qñaM 1968.
i
-EpñksikSabec©keTs k¾mankarrIkcMerInya:gqab;rh½s ehIy)anTTYlcMEnkya:gskmµ
kñgkareFVI[RBHraCaNacRkkm<CamanvDÆnPaB.
ú ú
-Epñk]tþmsikSaRtUv)anBRgwgBRgICalMdab;.enAéf¶TI 13mkra 1960 sklviTüal½y mYyRtUv)anbegáteLIgI
EdlmanmhaviTüal½y nItisaRsþ mhaviTüal½yevC¢saRsþ mhaviTüal½yGkSrsaRsþ mnusSsaRsþ nig
»sfsaRsþ.
RBmCamYyKÜaenH TMnak;TMngvb,Fm’CamYyRbeTsnanaelIsklelak edaybBa¢nnisSit[eTA eronenAbreTs
Ð
nigTTYlnisSiteRkARbeTs mkeronenAkñgRbeTs k¾mansnÞHrIkcMerInEdr. enAqñaM1957 raCrdæaPi)al
ú ú
)ansßabnaGaKarsMrab;nisSit enAbUrIsklviTüal½yTIRkug )a:rIs Gs;TkR)ak; 45lanerol
w
edIm,IeFVICakEnøgeronsMrab;nisSit nigkmµsikSakarIExµrsñak;enA.
765>eqøIytbnwgkarrIkduHdalénGaKarsikSaTUTaMgRbeTs etIRtUvmanGVIkñúg
sm½ysgÁmraRsþniym?

cM> KWkarbNþHbNþalbuKÁliksikSa EdlkøayCaTiedAmYyya:gsMxan;rbs;raCrdæaPi)al.
ú
-BIqñaM 1953 dl;qñaM 1969 cMnYnRKUbzmsikSa)anekInBI 4328nak; dl; 22752nak;.
-saRsþacarü mFümsikSa)anekInBI 37nak;dl; 5009 nak;.
-ÉsaRsþacarü]tþmsikSa)anekInBI 7nak; dl; 1935nak;.
Epnkar 5qñaM rbs;rdæaPi)al 1960-1965 maneKalkarN_BRgwgsmtßPaB buKÁliksikSa[ )an l¥RbesIr
RBmTaMgBRgIkEpñk mFüm nig]tþsikSa CaBIesskarsikSabec©keTs [rIkcMerIn qab;rh½s.
766>kñúgneya)aymitþPaBd¾buinRbsb; etIRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu Tak;Taj
CMnYysMrab;GPivDÆn_vis½yGVIxøH? edIm,IGVI?
cM> CMnYyBIbNþaRbeTsnana manTisedAsMrab;GPivDÆn_vs½yesdækic©dcCa³
i U
-raCrdæaPi)al)anykmYyPaKFMsMrab;vis½y sikSaFikar Cak;EsþgCMnYyBIshrdæGaemric enAqñaM 1960 cMnYn
3634lanerol cMnaysMrab;sikSaFikarmandl; eTA 502 lanerol.
-kñgCMnYyBIRbeTs)araMgcMnYn 75lanerolcMnaysMrab;sikSaFikarman cMnYn 16lanerol.
ú
-kñgeBlCamYyKñaenHshPaBsUevot )anCYysßabnaviTüasßanbec©keTsCan;x<s;mYyEdlman
ú
mhaviTüal½ycMnYn 5.
-kñgRkbx½NÐ CMnYyrbs;saFarNrdæRbCamanitcinenAqñaM 1957 cMnYn 775lanerol k¾man
ú
cMnaysMrab;salaeron nigsalmehaRsBEdr.
767>etIraCrdæaPi)aleFVIGVIxøH edIm,IelIkkMBs;kMritvb,Fm’rbs;RbCaBl rdæExµr?
cM>KWraCrdæaPi)aleFVyuT§nakarTUTaMgRbeTs edIm,IbM)at;GnkçrPaB.
I
-RBmCamYyKñaenaHk¾manviFankarN_ kñgkarCMrujEpñksil, Cati[)anrugerOg
ú
edaybegát[mansalaviciRtsil,³ nigeragmehaRsB.
I
768>cMeBaHvis½ykILa etIRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu RTg;ykRBHT½yTukdak;dUc
emþc?ehIyQandl;kMritNa?
cM>-cab;BIqñaM 1961 RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuRTg;)anelIksÞÜyxagvis½ykILaedayRTg;erobcM dUcxageRkam³
÷[mansñgkardæankILamYy sßitenAeRkam»vaTTIsþkarrdæmRnþRI ksYgkarBarCati.
I
÷GeBa¢IjRKUbgðat;kILakrGnþrCati mkBIeqkUsøÚvaKIsMrab;kILa)al;Tat; mkBI
shrdæcinRbCamanitsMrab;kILa)al;e)aH mkBIshrdæGaemric sMrab;GtßBlkmµ mkBIGURsþalI sMrab;kILavaysI.
÷RBmCamYyKñaenaH naykdæankILa )anbegátTIlankILaepSg²y:agskmµEdr.
I

-dUcenHenAsm½ysgÁmraRsþniym vis½ykILamankarlUtlas;y:agxøaMg rhUtmanlT§PaBcUl RbkYtCaGnþrCati
CaBIesssmiT§pld¾sMxan;kñgvis½yenHKWkarsßabnaBhukILaCati EdlGacTTYl TsSnikCncMnYn 50000nak;.
i ú
769>xagEpñksasnaetIRBH)aTneratþmsIhnuykRBHT½yTukdak;EbbNa?
cM>RBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca RBHBuT§sasnaCasasnarbs;rdæ. RBH)aTneratþmsIhnuRTg;)anCYy
ú
]btßmÖya:geBjTMhwgRBmTaMg)anxitxMpSBVpSaylT§Ri BHBuT§sasnaya:gTUlMTUlay edaybegáIt[mansala)alI
cab;BIBuT§kbzmsikSa rhUtdl;BuT§kmhaviTüal½y.
i i
-srubmkeRkamRBHkic¨dwknaMrbs;RBH)aT neratûmsIhnu nasm½ysgÀmniym vb,Fm’ RbÙBNI nigTMenomTMlab;l¥
rbs;BlrdæExµrRtUv)anelIkkMBs;CaGtibrma.
770>ehtudUcemþc)anCaenAsm½ysgÁmraRsþniym
bBaðasgÁmkic©CabuBVehtuCMrujexOnGPivDÆn_sgÁmCatiEdr?
cM>eRBaHbBaðasuxPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæ CaktþacMbgmYycMeBaHmuxEdlRtUvedaHRsayedIm,IPaB xøaMg
xagBlkmµnigsµartIénmUldæansgÁm.
771>etIkic¨karCabnÞan;rbs;vis½ysgÁmkic¨ EdlsßitenAeRkammaK’asgÁm
niymenHeFVIGVIxøH? TTYllT§plkMritNa?
cM> edIm,IrYmcMEnkCMrujkic©kard¾bnÞan;enH sßab½nBak;B½n§TaMgLay)ancab;dMenIrkarTUTaMgRbeTs dUcCa³
-yuTnakardMbUgKWkarcak;faMbgáaeraKratt,at
§
-karGnuvtþk,ÜnGnam½y
-karsikSaBIviFankarkarBar nigBüa)alCMgW.
÷tamkardkRsg;BIskmµPaBCak;Esþg EdleFVI)ankñgGMlugEpnkar 5qñaM énkargarsuxaPi)alna qñaM 1961
ú
mkmantwktagKW³
-karcak;fñaMkarBarCMgWGutsMerc)an 174043nak; CMgWGasnñeraK sMerc)an 1340000nak; CMgW
RKuncaj;sMerc)an 636408nak;.
-kareXasnaGb;rM karcUlrYmsMGatPUmisßan )ancMnYn 14PUmi cat;eFV)azkfa sþIBIGnam½y )an 187elIk.
I
772>edIm,IRTRTg;sgÁm[kan;EtrwgmaM etIviFankarTaMgLaykñúgsm½ysgÁm raRsþniym
epþateTAelIGVI?lT§plTTYl)anGVIxøH?
cM>KWkarsagsg;mnÞrI eBTüsalaeron viTüasßan RsavRCavevC¢saRsþ

-smiT§plEpñksuxaPi)alrIkduHdalesÞrI RKb;TisTI taMgBITIRkugdl;CnbT. ekrdMEnlEdlenA esssl;
i
ehIy)annwgkMBugbnþeRbIR)as; bMerIsgÁmCatierogmk dUcCaenARkugPñeM Bjman³
÷mnÞIreBTüKn§bu)öa ]sfal½yRBHsuraRmwt mhaviTüal½yPUminÞ viC¢aeBTü mnÞrI smÖB<pHg:ag:am
mnÞrI eBTüRBHsgÇRBHkusum RBmTaMgmnÞrI eBTü nig]sfal½yCaeRcIneTotenAtambNþaextþnana
773> edIm,IeqøIytbtamtMrUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ kñúgeKalkarN_ERbkøay
TwkdI[manPaBTMenIbeLIgetIkic©karsgÁmmanGVIxøH?
cM>kic©karsgÁmdUcCa karhtßkmµedaysµR½ Kcitþ karsßabnaTIRkugnigGPivDÆn_ CnbT
EdlRbsUtecjBIsµartIsgÁmmandUcCa³
÷karerobcMTIRkug karQUsqaybegátPUmi nigsg;lMenAdæandUcRbCaraRsþRkIRk karsagsg;GKar saFarN
I
karCikGNþg RsH RbLay edIm,IeqøytbtamtMrUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ-l-.
Ú I
774>elIkic©karc,ab;nigGnuvtþn_c,ab; etIkñúgsm½ysgÁmraRsþniymerobcMEbbNa?edIm,IGVI?
cM>mankarerobcMnUvRBHraCRkmCaeRcInedIm,IbMerI[mansuvtßPaBsgÁm)anl¥.
i
-RBHraCRkm nigRBHraCRkwt sMrab;karBarsiTi§énsgÁmmanCaGaT× karBaréRBeQI nigmcäaCati
hamXat;min[lk;RTBüsm,tþri dædl;CnbreTs.
775>edIm,IkarBarsnþisux nig suvtßiPaBsgÁm etIvis½ysgÁmkic©énsm½y
sgÁmraRsþniym manviFankarGVIxøH?
cM> edIm,IBRgIksmßPaBdl;kMlaMgRsYcelIkic©kar karBarsnþisux nigsuvtßPaBsgÁm yuvCnraC sgÁmniymExµr
i
RtUvTTYl)ankarhVwkhat;cMenHdwgxagviC¢aeyaFa.
-CamYyenHEdr edIm,IkarBarvb,Fm’RbÙBNIExµr c,ab;bM)at;GeM BIeBsúacar RtUv)anGnuvtûn_
RBmTaMg)anbegáItmCÆmNÐlsMrab;Gb;rMeBsüacarenATYleKakqñaM 1961.
776>cMeBaHkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; etImaneKalkarN_GVIxøH enAsm½ysgÁmraRsþniym?
cM>elIkic©karGnuvtþc,ab;maneKalkarN_dak;Bin½ydak;TNÐkmµ ehIk¾maneKakkarN_Gb;rMtMrg; TisviCa¢ CIv
dl;BiruTCnEdr.
§
777>kñúgsm½ysgÁmraRsþniym etIeKalkarN_EdlCasiTi§Ebb RbCaFibetyü
elIkeLIgkñúgqñaMNa?
cM>tameKalkarN_EbbRbCaFibetyüEdl)anelIkeLIgkñgqñaM 1959 mandUcCa³
ú
-pþl;siT§ei )aHeqñatCUnRsþI nigQreQµaH[eKe)aHeqñat.

-siT§ei RCiserIsGñkdMnag Gnuvtþ rhUtdl;fñak;XuMpgEdr.
778>kñúgsm½ysgÁmraRsþniymetIRksYgsgÁmkic©nigkargarmanbnÞúkGVIxøH?
cM>RbCaBlrdæmankargartamlT§PaBerog²xønehIyRtUv)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIraCrdæaPi)al EdlmanRksYgsgÁmkic©
Ü
nigkargarCaGñkTTYlbnÞúk.
779> ehtudUcemþc)anCaRbCaBlrdæExµrmansnþiPaBRbCaFibetyü
elIekaHsnþiPaBkñúgtMbn;GasuIGaeKñy_?
cM>edaysarRbCaBlrdæExµrGnuvtþsµartIsmKÁPaBCati nigneya)ay GBüaRkwt eRkamRBHkic©
I
dwknaMd¾PøsVagénRBHkruNaRBH)aTsemþcneratþmsIhnu.
W
780>etItMbn;NaxøHmanRbCaCnrs;enAeRcInCageK?ehtuGVI?
cM>tMbn;EdlmanRbCaCnrs;enAeRcInCageKKW tMbn;valrab nigtMbn;Tenøsab.eRBaHtMbn;TaMgenH
sßtkñúgTMnabkNþalEdlsMbUrdImanCIvCati pøvTwk RtI EdlCalkçx½NÐd¾RbesIrsMrab;karrs;enA rbs;RbCaCn.
i Ú
781>etITMrg;RbCaCnkm<úCa mankarERbRbYlEdrrWeT? eRBaHGVI?
cM>TMrg;RbCaCnkm<Ca mankarERbRbYl.BIeRBaHrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_ExµrRkhm¬1975-
ú
1979¦eFVI[TMrg;RbCaCnkm<CaERbRbYly:agxøaMg mnusSCag3lannak;)ansøab; eRkamkarkab; sMlab;
ú
karbg¥t;Gahar nigCMgWepSg².
782>dUcemþcehAfa RbCaCnskmµ? etIRbCaCnskmµenAkm<úCamanbu:nµan nak;?
PaKeRcInCaGVI?
cM> RbCaCnskmµKWburs nigRsþEI dleFVIkargarkñgplitkmµ nigesvakmµ ehIymanGayu 7 qñaMeLIgeTA.
ú
cMnYnRbCaCnskmµenAkñgRbeTskm<Ca man 5117879 nak; kñúgenaHPaKeRcIn CaRsþEI dleFVIkargarkñgvis½y
ú ú ú
ksikmµ.
783>ehtuGVI)anCa GRtarYmcMEnkkñúgskmµPaBesdækic©fycuHcMeBaHRkum Gayu BI 7 eTA
29 qñaM?
cM>BIeRBaHRkumGayu 7-29qñaM KW sßtkñgv½yEdllT§PaBcUleron nig TTYllkarbNþHbNþal ekIneLIg.
i ú ú
784>etIsRgÁamenAkm<úCa eFVI[manplvi)ak;GVIxøH?
cMM>sRgÁamenARbeTskm<Ca )aneFVI[manplvi)akdl;RbCaCn. dUcCamanCnePosxøn nig bnSl;TuknUvRsþI
ú Ü
emma:y nigCnBikarCaeRcInnak;eTot.

785>Éksar 1 ³ matuPUminivtþn_énCnePosxøÜnkm<úCa ¬1992¦
cUrBN’narUbPaBenH.ehtuGVI)anCamanCnePosxøÜn? cUrbBa¢ak;.
cM>rUbPaBenH bgðajBIkareFVImatuPUminivtþn_énCnePosxønkm<Ca BIRbeTséf mkRbeTskm<Ca
Ü ú ú
tamrfynþEdlerobcMeLIgedayGKÁsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCati sMrab;CnePosxøn. Ü
mUlehtubNþal[manCnePosxøn KWbNþal mkBIsRgÁam nigvibtþneya)ayknøgmk.
Ü i
786>etImanRBwtþikarN_GVIxøHekIteLIg eBlEdlExµrRkhmeLIgkan;GMnac? cUrbBa¢ak;.
cM>ExµrRkhmeBleLIgkan;GMnac )anbgár[manclnabMlas;lMenAmYyya:gFM.
eBlenaHRbCaCnEdlrs;enAtamextþ-Rkug RtUveKCenøosTaMgbgç[eTAenACnbT ehIyTnÞwmKña
M
enHk¾manmnusSCaeRcIn )ansakl,grt;eKcBIRbeTskm<CaeTARbeTsCitxag
ú
munmankarbiTRBM Edn.
787>etIclnacMnakRsukenAmanEdrrWeT eBlEdlrbbExµrRkhmdYlrlM?cUr bBa¢ak;.
cM>eBlEdlrbbExµrRkhmdYlrlM clnacMnakRsukmin)anbBaÄb;eLIy. clnaenHmanenAEx mkra 1979 nig
cugqñaM 1979 RbCaCnkm<CaCaeRcInBan;nak;)aneFVIbMlas;lMenAcUleTARbeTs éfeBlEdlkm<úCakMBugCYbRbTHnwg
ú
eRKaH TurPikS.
788>etImatuPUminivtþn_ énCnePosxøÜnkm<úCa eFVIeLIgenAeBlNa?
erobcMeLIgedayGñkNa?
cM>matuPminivtþn_énCnePosxønkm<Ca eFVeI LIgenAeBlEdlmankic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaB TIRkug)a:rIs¬1991¦ .
U Ü ú
erobcMeLIgedayGKÁsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;CnePosxøn. Ü
789>ehtuGVI)anCaclnacMnakRsuk?clnaenH ekItmanenAtMbn;NaxøH>?
cM>manclnacMnakRsukKWedaysarsRgÁamnigvibtþineya)ayclnaenHekItmanenA extþbnÞaymanC½y )at;dMbg
esomrab RBHvihar eBaF×sat; nig tMbn;xøHeTotdUcCakMBg;s<W kMBg;qñaMg kMBt.
790>ehtuGVI)anCaclnabMlas;lMenA naedImGMlug qñaM 1970 nigcab; BIqñaM 1975
mkmanlkçNxusKña?
cM>clnabMlas;lMenAmunqñaM1970 manlkçN xusBIclnabMlas;lMenAqñaM 1970 manlkçN
xusBIclnabMlas;qñaM 1975 BIeRBaHmunqñaM 1970 RbCaCnkm<CaeFVIbMlas;lMenABICnbT mkRCkekannig
ú
rkkargareFVIenAkñgTIRkug. cMEnkqñaM 1975 BYkExµrRkhm)anbeNþjGñkTIrYm extþ
ú
nigRkug[eTArs;enAtamCnbT vij.

791>etIvtþmankgT½B evotNamelITwkdIkm<úCacab;epþImenAqñaMNa?
dkecjBIkm<úCaenAqñaMNa? etIeBldkecjeTA manbBaða GVIekIteLIgEdr rWeT?
cUrbBa¢ak;.
cM>vtþmankgT½BevotNamelITkdIkm<úCacab;epþImenAqñaM 1979 dl; 1989. dkecjBIRbeTs km<CaenAExkBaØa
w ú
qñaM 1989. kardkecj eBlenaH KW manbBaðaxøHekIteLIgdUcCamankarrIk
duHdalÙnkarRbyuT§KÜarvagkgT½Brbs;rd×aPi)al nigkgT½Bts‘. U
792>extþnig RkugNaxøH mankarqøgCMgWRKuncaj;kMritx<s;?
cM>extþnigRkugEdlmancMlgCMgWRKuncaj;kMritx<s;man ³ extþ rtnKIrI mNÐlKIrI RkecH kMBg;cam eBaF×sat;
)at;dMbg ]tþrmanC½y esomram RBHvihar ¬sßitenAtamRBMRbTl;RbeTs¦ nigRkugéb:lin.
793>extþnigRkugNaxøHmankarqøgCMgWRKuncaj;CamFüm?
cM>extþnigRkugEdlmancMlgCMgW RKuncaj;CamFüm KW ³ extþsÞwgERtg rtnKIrI mNÐlKIrI RkecH ekaHkug eBaF×sat;
bnÞaymanC½y )at;dMbg ]tþrmanC½y esomrab RBHvihar kMBg;FM kMBg;cam kMBg nig RkugRBHsIhnu.
794>extþnig Rkug NaxøHEdlBMumankarqøgCMgWRKuncaj;?
cM> extþ nig RkugEdlKµancMlgCMgWRKuncaj; manextþ éRBEvg sVayerog kMBg;cam kMBg;FM kMBg;s<W kNþal taEkv
kMBt eBaF×sat; )at;dMbg bnÞaymanC½y ekaHkug RkugEkb nigRkug PñMeBj. bBa¢ak; ³ extþ
xøHmankarqøgCMgWRKuncaj;kMritx<s;pg mFümpg nig BuMmankarqøgpg.
795>CMgWRKuncaj; qøgmkmnusSedaysarGVI? CMgWenHmankMritx<s;enAtMbn;
NaxøHénRbeTskm<úCa?
cM>CMgWRKuncaj;qøgmkmnusStamry mUsEdleKal. CMgWenHman kMritx<s; enAtMbn;x<g;rab nig PñM EdlsMbUréRBeQI
BIesstMbn;|san énextþrtnKIrI tMbn;GaeKñy_ énextþRkecH tMbn;tamRBM RbeTsrvagextþRBHvihar
nigextþ]tþrmanC½y RBMRbTl;extû)at;dMbg eBaFÎsat; tMbn;cMkarekA sU‘ nigRkugÙb:lin.
796>CMgWRKuncaj;manTMnak;TMng ya:gNaxøHCamYyskmµPaBmnusS?
RbCaCnsøab;edayCMgWRKuncaj; eRcIn CageKmanenAextþNaxøH>?
cM>CMgWRKuncaj; manTMnak;TMngCamYyskmµPaB mnusSdUcCa clna CnePosxøn bMlas;lMenA CMnIkfµEkv t,Úg
Ü
nigmas. RbCaCnsøab;eday CMgWRKuncaj;eRcInCageKmanextþ )at;dMbg esomrab eBaF×sat; kMBg;FM RkecH nig
kMBg;cam.

797>eGds_CaCMgWqøgEdrrWeT? etImanfñaMsMrab;Büa)alCMgWeGds_EdrrWeT?
cM>eGds_ CaCMgWqøgraldaleBjsklelak.KµanfñaMsMrab;Büa)alCgWeLIy.
798>edIm,I[dwgfamnusSmñak;manpÞúkemeraKeGds_ rWKµan etIeKRtUveFVIdUc emþc?
etICnEdl)anpÞúkemeraKeGds_ vivtþeTArkCMgWeGds_kñúg ry³eBlb:unµanqñaM?
cM> edIm,I[dwgfamnusSmñak;manpÞkemeraKeGds_ rWKµan eKRtUvBinitüQam.CnEdlmanemeraKeGds_
ú
vivtþeTArkCMgWeGds_kñrú y³eBl10qñaM¬bc©úb,nñenH manry³eBlfycuHkan;EtxøaMg¦.
799>etIemeraKeGds_qøgtamQamkñúgkrNINaxøH?
cM>emeraKeGds_qøgtamQam dUcCakrcak;bBa©ÚlQam¬QampÞkemeraKeGds_¦qøgtamsMPar³ vHkat;
ú
tamm¢úlcak; qøgtamkarb:HBal;elIdMe)A EdlQammanemeraKeGds_¬karvHkat; rWkar
sMralkUnedayKµaneRsaméd¦cMlgBImþayeTATarkqøgtamkarrYmePTCamYyGñkmanemeraK eGds_.
800>etIkgVHGahareFVI[xøÜneyIgmanlkçNdUcemþc?edaHRsayedayviFINa
cM>kgVHGahareFIV[suxPaBcuHRTuDeRTam karrIklUtlas;srIragÁkayGn;fy b:HBal;dl;karrIkcMerInénxYrk,al
kareronsURtexSay minTb;Tl;nwgCMgWepSg².
801>ehtuGVI)anCakumarkm<úCa Gayu2qñaMeLIgmanGRtapÁt;pÁg;Gaharmin
RtwmRtUvx<s;?CMgWBisGac;kukCaCMgWGñkRsukniymehAt²Kña EtcMeBaHGñk
viTüasaRsþvijCaCMgWGVI?
cM>kumarkm<Ca Gayu2qñaMeLIgmanGRtapÁtpÁg;Gaharmin RtwmRtUveRBaHmþayrbs;eKElg[e)A edaH
ú ;
ehIyGaharpþl;bnþKaµ nsarFatuRKb;RKan;sMrab;ciBa©wmsrIragÁ.CMgWBIsGac;kukcMeBaHGñk
viTüasaRsþvijeKehAfaCgWTTYlTanGaharminRtwmRtUvnigminRKb;RKan;.
802>RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;)anqøgputBIGkçrPaBTaMgRsugehIy rWenA?
etIGkçrPaBmnusSeBjv½yenATIRbCMuCnmankMritx<s; rWTabCagenACnbT?
cM>RbCaCnkm<CaTaMgGsBMuTan;;)anqøgputBIGkçrPaBTaMgRsugeLIy.GkçrPaBmnusSeBjv½yenATIRbCMuCn
ú ½
mankMritx<s;CagenACnbT.
803>edIm,IelIkkMBs;karGb;rMeyIgRtUvpSarP¢ab;rvagEpñkNaxøH? kumarenACnbT
manlT§PaBTTYlkarsikSaeRcIndUckumarenATIRkugrWeT? eRBaHGVI?

cM>edIm,IelIkkMBs;karGb;rMeyIgRtUvpSarP¢ab;salaeroneTAnwgshKmn_ .kumarenACnbTBuMman
lT§PaBTTYlkarsikSaeRcIndUckumarenAIRkugeLIy eRBaHkumarenACnbTmYycMnYnFM)ane)aHbg; kar
sikSaecaleTACYykargarepSg²kñgRKYsar.
ú
804>ehtudUcemþc)anCasisSRsIminGacsMerckarsikSaRKb;kMritfñak;dUc sisSRbus?
cM>sisSRsIminGacsMerckarsikSa)anRKb;kMritfñak;dUcsisSRbuseTedaysarsisSRsI PaKeRcin
Etge)aHbg;karsikSaCaerOy² eRBaHkUnRsIGayucab;BI 11qñaM eTARtUvTTYlrgbnÞúkkic©kar pÞHkan;EteRcIneLIg².
805>etIsisSQb;eronfñak;TI 5 TI8 TI 11 manbu:nµanPaKry?
cM>sisSQb;eronfñak;TI5 man 19° TI8 man 37° TI11 manrhUtdl; 50°.
806>etIkumarCakUnGñkRkIRkeronyWteBlmanenACnbT rWTIRkug? kUnGñkRkcUleron
)anbu:nµanPaKry?
cM>kumarEdlcUleronyWteBlmanenACnbT. kumarkUnGñkRkIRkcUleron)an 50°.
807>vismPaBénkarcUleronmanTMnak;TMngeTAtamePTEdrrWeT? eRBaHGVI?
cM>vismPaBénkarcUleron manTMnak;TngeTAtamePTEdr eRBaHcab;BIsalamFüm sikSabzmPUmieTA
M
cMnYnsisSRbus maneRcInCag cMnYnsisSRsI.
808>bMerIbMras;TwkRbePTNaenATIRkugEdlmankMritx<s;CageK?bu:nµan PaKry?
cM>bMerIbMras;TkenATIRkugmankMritx<s;CageKKWbNþajTwk ¬Twkk,alma:sIun¦ man25 °.
w
809> bMerIbMras;TwkRbePTNaenACnbTEdlmankMritx<s;? bu:nµanPaKry?
cM>bMerIbMras;TkenACnbTmankMrit x<s;CageKW GNþÚgCIkman 43/4°.
w
810>etIGñkTIRbCMuCnrWGñkCnbT eRbIR)as;GKÁIsnIeRcInCageK? bu:nµanPaKry?
cM>GñkTIRbCuMCneRbIR)as;GKÁIsnIeRcInCageKman 49/2°.
811>etIGñkCnbTeRbIR)as;RbPBfamBlGVIeRcInCageKsMrab;bMPøWeKhdæan?
bu:nµanPaKry?
cM>GñkCnbTeRbIR)as;RbPBfamBleRbgkateRcInCageKsMrab;bMPøeW Khdæan manrhUtdl; 86/1°.
812>etITIRbCMuCn rW CnbTEdl)aneRbIGussMrab;cMGinGahareRcInCageK? bu:nµanPaKry?
cM>CnbTeRbIGussMrab;cMGinGahareRcInCageK manrhUtdl;eTA 94/3°.

813>etIenATIRbCMuCnrWCnbT EdleRbIR)as;FüÚgeQI rWFüÚgfµeRbgkat ]sµ½n
nigGussMrab;cMGinGahareRcInCageK? bu:nµanPaKry?
cM>TIRbCMuCneRbIR)as;FüÚgeQI rWFüÚgfµsMrab;cMGinGahareRcInCageKman 22/5°.
-TIRbCMuCn)aneRbIR)as;eRbgkatsMrab;cMGinGahareRcInCageKman 2/8°.
- TIRbCMuCn)aneRbIR)as;]sµnsMrab;cMGinGahareRcInCageKman 9/1°.
½
- TIRbCnbT)aneRbIR)as;GussMrab;cMGinGahareRcInCaeKman 94/9°.
814>karcUleronenAsalabzmsikSa manbBaðaecaTEdrrWeT? enARbeTs km<úCa?
eRBaHGVI?
cM>karcUleronenAsalabzmsikSa BMmanbBaðaecaTeLIy enARbeTskm<úCa eRBaHRbCaCn 62° niyayfa
u
mansalabzmsikSamYyenAkñúgPUmirbs;eK.
815>etIesvaBüa)alsaFarN³ RtUv)aneKBRgwgcab;BIkMritNadl;kMrit Na?
RbCaCnmanCMenOTukcitþeTAelIesvaBüa)alsaFarN³EdrrWeT?
cM>esvasuxaPi)alsaFarN³RtUv)aneKBRgwgcab;BI mnÞrI eBTüfñak;Cati rhUtdl; mNÐlsuxPaB .
RbCaCnmankarkk;ekþACabgÁrÜ eTAelIesvasuxaPi)alsaFarN³.
816>bBaðacMbgrbs;RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa cMeBaHtMbn;CnbT
nigtMbn;dac;RsyalmanGVIxøH?
cM>bBaðacMbgrbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCnnigkILa cMeBaHtMbn;CnbT nig tMbn;dac;Rsyal KWkgVH fñak;eron
nigGsßri PaBsalametþyüenAtamshKmn_.
817>RbCaCnkm<úCa manlT§PaBeRbIR)as;Twks¥atsMrab;TTYlTanEdrrWeT? extþ
nigRkugNaxøH BMuTan;manRbB½n§pÁt;pÁg;Twks¥at?
cM>RbCaCnkm<Ca BuMTan;manlT§PaBeRbIR)as;Twks¥atsMrab;TTYlTaneLIy. extþRkugBuMTan;man
ú
RbB½n§pÁ§t;pÁg;Twks¥at manextþrtnKIrI mNÐlKIrI RBHvihar ]tþrmanC½y Rkugéb:lin nigRkugEkb.
818>etIkargarplitTwks¥at enATIRkugPñMeBj )anbMeBjtMrUvkarRKb;RKan;
tamEpnkarEdrrWeT? eRBaHGVI?

cM>kargarplitTwks¥at enATIRkugPñMeBj BMuTan;)anbMeBjtMrUvkarRKb;RKan; tamEpnkarenAeLIy
eRBaHskmµPaBbUmTwkbBa©ÚlGagmin)anTan;eBlevla . TwkTenøl¥k;enArdUvvsSa mankarlM)ak Epñkbec©keTs
karpÁtpÁg;rUbFatuedIm ¬sac;CrU kMe)ar ]sµnkør¦ nigfamBlGKÁsnImin)anRKb; RKan;sMrab;dMenIrkar.
; ½ I
819>ehtuGVI0anCaeKniyayfa karBRgwgskmµPaBRbyuT§nwgCMgWqøg Caktþa
mYyya:gsMxan;?etIRbCaCnTIRkugbu:nµanPaKryKµanbgÁn;eRbIR)as;? cMEnkCn
bTvijy:agNaEdr?
cM>karBRgwgskmµPaBRbyuT§nigCMgWqøg CaktþamYysMxan; eRBaHkarrYmcMEnkkat;bnßyGRtaQW
nigsøab;rbs;RbCaCn. RbCaCnTIRkug 37° KµanbgÁn;eRbIR)as; enAtamCnbTvij RKYsard¾eRcIn
elIslb;KµanbgÁn;enAtamlMenAdæaneLIy.
820>etIRbeTskm<úCamansßanIyvariGKÁIsnIEdrrWeT? enATINa? pþl;famBl bu:nµan?
cMeBaHkarsþarGKÁIsnIeLIgvijmanenAextþNaxøH?
cM>RbeTskm<úCamansßanIyvarIGKÁIsnI enAGUrCukñgextþrtnKIrI manGanuPaB 1MW kMBugdMenIrkar
Mú
nigsßanIyKIrIrmümanGanuPaB 10MW bu:Enþmin)andMenIrkareT eRBaHRtUvxUcxatedaysRgÁam qñaM1970.
karsþarGKÁsnIeLIgvij manenAextþkMBg;s<W taEkv kMBt éRBEvg sVayerog bnÞaymanC½y sþwgERtg nigrtnKIrI.
I
821>RbCaCnkm<úCaPaKeRcInniymeRbIGus rW FüÚgsMrab;cMGinGahar?etI
GñkTIRkugcMGinGaharedayeRbIGVIxøH>?
cM> RbCaCnkm<úCaniymeRbIGussMrab;cMGinGahar. Gñkrs;enATIRkugcMGinGaharedayeRbIGus FüÚg eRbgkat
GKÁsnI nig]sµ½n.
I
822>etIextþNaxøHEdlsßitkñúgtMbn;dMnaMRsUvsMxan;²?
cM>extþ)at;dMbg eBaF×sat; kMBg;s<W kMBg;qñaMg taEkv kNþal sVayerog éRBEvg kMBg;cam kMBg;FM esomrab
bnÞaymanC½y .
823>etIdMnaMbnÞab;bnSMRbmUlpþMúenAkEnøgNaxøH? ehtuGVI?
cM>tamdgTenøemKgÁ Tenøsab Tenøsab Tenø)asak; nig extþkMBt eRBaHtMbn;TaMgenaHsMbUrdIman CICati
nigRbPBTwk.
823>etIksikrTaMgGs;enAkm<úCasuT§EtCaGñkdaMRsUvrW? ehtuGVI?
cM>ksikrTaMgGs;enAkm<Ca minEmnsuT§EtCaGñkdaMRsUveT eRBaHépÞdITUTaMgRbeTs BMuGnueRKaHdl; dMnaMRsUveT
ú
dUcenHksikrRtUvdaMdMnaMcMkarepSg²eTot.

824>etIenARbeTskm<úCa eKdaMRsUvGVIeRcInCageK? eRBaHGVI?
cM>enARbeTskm<úCa dMnaMRsUvvsSamaneRcInCageK. eRBaHépÞdIRsUvvsSamaneRcIn nigsMbUrePøog enArdUvvsSa.
825>etIeKanigRkbI manmuxgarsMxan;GVIxøH? cUrrab;extþEdlmaneKaeRcInCag eK?
cM>eKaRkbImanmuxgarya:gsMxan;kñgkargarksikmµ.extþEdlmaneKaeRcInCaeKKW extþkMBg;cam taEkv éRBEvg
ú
kMBt nigesomrab.
826>etItMbn;ensaTTwksab nigsmuRTmanenAkEnøgNaxøH?
cM>tMbn;ensaTTwksabmanenAtambwg nigpøvTwknana Biessbwg Tenøsab ÉtMbn;ensaTsmuRT vij
Ú
manenARkugEkb RkugRBHsIhnu extþkMBt nigextþekaHkug.
827>ehtuGVI)anCaéRBTTYlkar)at;bg;? ehIymanplvi)ak GVIxøH?
cM>enAkñgRbeTskm<úCaeyIg éRbeQITTYlkar)at;bg;edaysarkMenInRbCaCn ¬ dIksikmµ lMenAdæan >>>¦
ú
ePIgeqHéRB nigkareFVIGaCIvkmµkñgRTg;RTayFMEbbGnaFibetyü. plvi)ak énkar)at;bg;éRBeQIKW TwkCMnn;
ø ú
PaBraMgs¶t sItuNðPaBeLIgx<s; dIKµanCICati>>>>.
Ü
828>etIbMerIbMras;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it nigCIKImIkñúgkargardaMduH pþl;plvi)ak GVIxøH?
cM>bMerIbMras;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥tnig CIKImIkgkargardaMduH naM[épÞdIksikmµPaKeRcInrwg ehIyCIKImITaMgenaH hUr
i ñú
eTApþúMKñakñg)atbwgTenøsÞg eFVI[xUcRbPBTwk ¬eRkamdI nig elIdI¦ RBmTaMgbMpøajmcäaCatiminticeT.
ú w
829>etIb:Ul]sSahkmµsßitenAkñúgextþ rWRkugNa? enAkñúgbU:l]sSahkmµ
maneragcRkGVIxøH?
cM>bU:l]sSahkmµsßtenAkñgextþkNþal nigRkugPñMeBj.enAkñgb:Ul]sSahkmµ man ³ eragcRkEkv s½gásI cMnistV
i ú ú
suraKar ekAs‘kg; rfynû Rsaebor kûarbnÒH ma:sIunkinRsUv ePsC¢³ shRKaskat;edr sMelokbMBak;.
U
830>etIsib,kmµk¥m nigERsGMbilmanenAkñúgextþNa?
cM>sib,kmµk¥m manenAextþkMBg;qñaMg.
÷ERsGMbilmanenAextþkMBt.
831>etIcMnYn]sSahkmµtUc mFüm nigsib,kmµkñúgqñaM 1999 manbu:nµan?
ehIyextþNaxøHEdlmancMnYnelIsBI 1500.
cM>>]sSahkmµtcmFüm nigsib,kmµkñgqñaM 1999 man 24740. extþEdlmancMnYn]sSahkmµ tUc mFüm
U ú
nigsib,kmµelIsBI 1500 KW extþkMBg;cam kMBg;FM kNþal PñMeBj éRBEvg RkecH eBaF×sat; nig kMBt.

832>etIextþRkugNaxøHEdlmankmµkrRsIelIsBI 2000nak;?
cM>extþRkug EdlmankmµkrRsIelIsBI 2000nak; KWextþkMBg;cam kMBg;FM PñMeBj RkecH nig eBaF×sat;.
833>ehtuGVI)anCa shRKasrdæmYycMnYnkøayCakmµsiT§iÉkCn?
cM>)anCashRKasrdæmYycMnYnkøayCakmµsiT§i ÉkCn eRBaHraCrdæaPi)alkm<CasMercGnuvtþ esdækic©TIpSar
ú
ehtuenHehIy)anCashRKasRtUv)anEkTMrg;.
834>ehtuGVI)anCa RbeTskm<úCaGacTak;Tajkardak;vinieyaKTunbreTs?
cM>)anCaRbeTskm<úCaGacTak;Tajkardak;vinieyaKTunbreTseRBaHtMélBlkmµefak rdæaPi)al
KaMRTdl;GñkvinieyaK ¬karBarkmµsiT§ÉkCn¦ nigRbeTseyIgTTYl)an MFN nig GSP.
i
835>etIvis½yKµanTMrg;c,as;las;ekIneLIgedaymUlehtuGVI?
cM>vis½yKµanTMrg;c,as;las;ekIneLIgedaysar GñkeFVIkargarrdæTTYleborvtStictYc EdlminGac ciBa©wmRKYsar)an
BYkeKk¾mankargarTI2eTot ¬vis½yKµanTMrg;c,as;las;¦.
836>]sSahkmµ)anrYmcMEnkkñúgesdækic©Catibu:nµanPaKry?
cM> >]sSahkmµ)anrYmcMEnkkñgesdækic©Catiman 14° énplitpl kñgRsuk srubqñaM 1997.
ú ú
837>cUrniyayGMBIkargarRtYtBinitüKuNPaBplitpl]sSahkmµ.
cM>cMeBaHkarRtYtBinitüKuNPaBplitpl]sSahkmµ RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl )anykplitplKMrU
549mux eTAeFVIviPaK ÉlT§plTTYl)anEt 439 muxEtbu:nenaH EdlmanKuNPaB .dUcenH bgðaj[eXIjfa
plitpl ]sSahkmµRbeTseyIgenAxVHKuNPaB.
838>edIm,IkarBarbrisßan etIRksYg]sSahkmµmantYnaTIGVIxøH?
cM>edIm,IEklMG nigkarBar brisßan RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl)an ³
÷ENnaM eragcRk nigsib,kmµEdlmankarbgðrÚ kaksMnl;rav kxVk;[tMeLIgRbB½n§sMGat rWsMlab;emeraK
munnwgbgðrÚ cUlkñgTenø rWbwg.
ú
÷ENnaM eragcRk nigsib,kmµEdlmankarbeBa©jkøin minl¥ [manviFankarEklMGeLIgvij edIm,I
kM[b:HBal;dl;suxPaB RbCaCnenACuMvij.
u
839>etIb¥ÚnGaceFVIdMenirBIPñMeBjeTAextþesomrab )antampøÚvCatiNaxøH?
cM> eyIgeTAesomrabtampøvCatielx5 rYcbnþeTApøÚvCatielx 6 nigtampøvCatielx 6Ga nigpøvCati elx6.
Ú Ú Ú
840>ebIb¥ÚneFVIdMenIreTARbeTsCitxag¬evotNam Lav éf¦ etIb¥ÚneFVIdMeNIr
tampøÚvCatielxbu:nµanxøH?

cM>eTAevotNamtampøvCati elx1 elx2 elx7 nigpøvCatielx 19.
Ú Ú
÷eTALav tampøvCatielx 13.
Ú
÷eTAéf tampøÚvCatielx 5.
841>etIRbeTskm<úCaeyIg tMbn;NamanbNþajKmnaKmn_eRcInCageK?
cM>RbeTskm<úCaeyIg tMbn;TMnabkNþal manbNþajKmnaKmn_eRcInCageK.
842>etIKmnaKmn_ RbeTseyIgmanbu:nµanRbePT? GVIxøH?
cM>KmnaKmn_RbeTsmanbIRbePTKW pøveKak pøvTwk nig pøvGakas.
Ú Ú Ú
843>etIpøÚveKakmanbu:nµanRbePT?
cM>pøveKakman BIrRbePT KW pøvfñl; nig pøvEdk.
Ú Ú Ú
844>dUcemþcehAfa pøÚvCatipøÚv extþ pøÚvlM nig pøÚvrukç)al?
cM>÷pøÚvCati³ KWpøvEdleFVInig EfrkSaedayfvikarCati ehIypøvEdlecjBIraCFanIeTAextþ.
Ú Ú
÷pøvextþ³ CapøvEdlEfrkSaedayfvikarextþ CapøÚvkat;pøvCati rWCapøvEdlecjBITIRbCuMCn mYykñúg extþ
Ú Ú Ú Ú
eTATIRbCMuCnmYyeTot.
÷pøvlM³CapøvtUc²KµanRkalfµ EdlksagedayrdæGMnacmUldæan shkarCamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi )al
Ú Ú
nigRbCaCnkñgtMbn;.
ú
÷pøvrukç)al³ CapøvEdleFVInig EfrkSaedayRksYgrukça nigRbmaj; sMrab;dwknaMplitpléRBeQI
Ú Ú
nigeFVIcracrFmµtapgEdr.
845>etIpøÚvCatisMxan;²enAkm<úCa manelxbu:nµanxøH?
cM>pøvCatisMxan;² enAkm<úCaman³ pøÚvCatielx1¬167Km¦ pøvCatielx2¬137Km¦ pøvCatielx3¬260Km¦
Ú Ú Ú
pøÚvCatielx4¬226Km¦ pøvCatielx5¬408Km¦ pøvCatielx6¬385¦pøvCatielx7¬180Km¦
Ú Ú Ú
pøÚvCatielx13¬192Km¦ pøvCatielx15¬90Km¦ nigpøvCatielx19¬203Km¦.
Ú Ú
846>etIpøÚvCatielxbu:nµanEdlEvgCageK? kat;extþNaxøH?
cM>pøvCatiEdlEvgCageKKWpøvCatielx 5 ¬ 408Km¦ kat;extþkMBg;qñaMg eBaF×sat; )at;dMbg nigbnÞaymanC½y.
Ú Ú
847>etIpøÚvEdkmanbu:nµanExS? ExSnImYy²ecjBINaeTANa? manlkçNdUcemþc?
cM>pøvEdkman2ExS. ExSTI 1 BIPñeM BjeTAGUreRCA manRbEvg 385Km. ExSTI2 BIPMñeBjeTA
Ú
RkugRBHsIhnumanRbEvg 266Km>.pøvEdkTaMgBIrExSenH minTan;TMenIbenAeLIyeT.
Ú
848>etIpøÚvTwkNaxøHEdlsMxan;sMrab;navacrN_?

cM>pøvTwkEdlmansar³sMxan;xagnavacrN_manTenø emKgÁ Tenøsab Tenø)asak; nigédnana.
Ú
849>etIRbeTseyIgmankMBg;EpsmuRTEdrrWeT?cUrerobrab;.
cM>RbeTskm<úCaeyIgmankMBg;EpsmuRTEdr dUcCakMBg;EpRkugRBHsIhnu EdlCakMBg;Epfñak;GnþrCati
nigenAmankMBg;EprameTot.
850>etIGakasyandæansMxan;²manbu:nµan?enAÉNaxøH?
cM>GakasyandæansMxan;²manBIr KW eBaF×cintug enAPñeM Bj nigenA esomrab kñgextþesomrab.
ú
851>etITMnijGVIEdlnaMecj)antMéledImeRcInCageK bnÞab;BIplitpl kat;edr?
ehIyTMnijGVIEdlnaMecj)antMéledImticCageKbMput?
cM>eQIEkécñ naMecjmantMéledImeRcInCageK bnÞab;BIplitplkat;edr ehIyticCageKKW eBatRkhm.
852>etImuxTMnijGVIEdlnaMcUlmantMéledImeRcInCageK nigticCageK?
cM> TMnijEdlnaMcUlmantMéledImeRcInCageKKW vtßFatuedIm nig]bkrN_bMerI[eragcRkkat;edr
ú
ehIyticCageKKWemSAmI.
853>etImuxTMnijGVIxøHEdlnaMecjpg nignaMcUlpg?
cM>TMnijEdlnaMecjpg nignaMcUlpg KWGgár nig Rsaebor.
854>cUrrab;TIpSarsMxan;²rbs;RbeTskm<úCa.ehIyTIpSarnImYy²
TTYl)antMélsrubbu:nµanEdr?
cM>TIpSarsMxan;²rbs;km<CaKWshKmn_GWr:ub tMélsrub 145827644dUløa nigshrdæGaemric tMélsrub
ú
485431083dUløa.
855>etITIpSarnImYy²naMcUlTMnijGVIxøH?
cM>shKmn_GWr:ubnaMcUlsMelokbMBak; RKb;RbePT plitplsib,kmµEkv dMbUlekAs‘U nigEs,keCIg.
shrdæGaemricnaMcUlsMelokbMBak;RKb;RbePT eTon eRsaméd nig mYk.
856>etIFnaKarBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTsmanskmµPaBdUcemþc?
cM>FnaKarBaNiCkmµeRkARbeTs manskmµPaBRtYtBinitüluy nigbþrÚ luyCUnBaNiC¢kr.
¢
857>eRkayqñaM 1993mk km<úCaeyImankMEnTMrg;elIEpñkGVIxøH?
cM>eRkayqñaM 1993mk km<CaeyImankMEnTMrg;elIEpñk rd×)al RbB½n§yutiûFm’ kgT½B nKr)al nigesdækic©.
ú
858>kñúgqñaM1999 etIkm<úCanaMecjTMnijGVIxøH? TTYl)anR)ak;bu:nµan?

cM>kÜgqÜaM 1999 TMnijnaMecjman GgÔr eQIGar ekAs‘rU sENûk esog l¶ eRmc eBat RtIRss; Rsaebor fÜaMCk; mYk
ù
nigsMelokbMBak;EdlmantMélesµnwg 677274/74dUløaGaemric.
I
859>etIRbeTsNaxøHCaédKUBaNiC¢kmµrbs;km<úCaeyIg?
cM>édKUBaNiC¢kmµrbs;km<Ca man éf )araMg Gg;eKøs GaLWm:g; Eblsic hULg; sVIús GURsþalI daNWma:k NrEvs
ú u
nig shrdæGaemric .
860>kñúgqñaM1999 etITMnijnaMcUlPaKeRcInmkBIRbeTsNa? eRkABIÉksar2
etITMnijGVIxøHEdlkm<úCanaMcUl?
cM>éf swgðbUrI evotNam cin kUer: NÐa hugkug ma:elsüa NÐÚensIu )araMg shrdæGaemric GaLWm:g; étva:n; Cbu:n
Gg;eKøs. eRkABIÉksar 2 km<CaenAman naMcUlFBaØCati sár sárRKab; RbePT nigRkdas.
ú
861>ehtuGVI)anCaCBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµRbeTseyIgman»nPaB?
cM>CBa¢g BaNiCkmµenARbeTseyIgman»nPaBeRBaH lMnaMcUleRcInCaglMnaMecj.
I ¢
862>etIRtUveFVIdUcemþcedIm,I[CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµRbeTseyIgmanPaBl¥RbesIr eLIgvij?
cM>RtUvBRgIk nigBRgwgplitplkñgRsuk TaMgksikmµ nig]sSahkmµ.müa:geToteyIgRtUvkat;
ú
bnßylMnaMcUlsMPar³ RbNIt² nigeRKOg]bePaKbriePaKEdlmincaM)ac;.
863>etIR)asaTGgÁrvtþsßitkñúgextþNa? ebIeyIgeFVIdMeNIrBIPñMeBjeTA
R)asaTGgÁrvtþtampøÚvCatielx6 etIRtUvkat;TIrYmextþNaxøH?
cM>R)asaTGgÁrvtþsßtkñgextþesomerob.ebIeyIgeFVIdMenIrBIPñMeBjeTAR)asaTGgÁrvtþtam pøvCatielx6
i ú Ú
KWkat;TIrYmextþkMBg;FMnigesomrab.
864>cUrb¥Ún²rktMbn;TwkFøak;.
cM> tMbn;TwkFøak;manenAkMBt KIrIrmü PñKUEln rtnKIrI nigk,alqay RkugRBHsIhnu.
M
865>etIeTscrN_breTsmkkm<úCatammeFüa)ayNaxøH?
meFüa)ayNaEdleTscrN_breTsmkeRcInCageK?
cM>eTscrbreTsmktampøvGakas pøveKak nig pøÚvTwk . tampøvGakaseRcInCageK.
Ú Ú Ú
866>etIkarhUrcUléneTscrnaM[CIvPaBRbCaCnkñúgtMbn;ya:gNaEdr? eRBaHGVI?
cM>eTscrnaM[CIvPaBRbCaCnkñgtMbn;rIkcMerInmYykMrit edaysarBYkeKGacrkR)ak;kMér)an
ú
dUcCakarlk;vtßGnusSavrIy_ sNæaKar pÞHsMnak; yanCMniH eRKOg]bePaKbriew PaKCaedIm.
ú

867>cUrbgðajGMBItYnaTivis½yeTscrN_enAkñúgesdækic©Cati?
cM>kñgqñaM1995 vis½yeTscrN_)anrYmcMEnkEt 1/8° énplitplCatisrub ¬kñúgcMnYnPaKryenH
ú
eKBM)anKitBIkarcMnayénvis½yeTscrN_eTAelIEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ nigdwkCBa¢n
u Ú
ehIeKk¾Bu)anKitpgEdrcMnYnEdlesdækic©Cati)anedayRbeyalBIeTscrN_ ¬ksikmµ nigensaT¦
M
bu:EnþebIKitbBa©ÚlcMnUledaypÞal; nigRbeyal vis½yeTscrN_ )ancUlrYmcMEnkkñgesdækic©Cati
ú
5/5°énplitplCatisrub.
868>etIePaCnIydæanenAkñúgRbeTsmanbu:nµan? PñMeBjbu:nµan? extþesomrabbu:nµan?
cM>ePaCnIydæanenATUTaMgRbeTsman 463 RkugPñMeBjman 109 nig extþesomrabman 22.
869>etIkarbNþúHbNþalmKÁúeTÞsk_eTscrenAPñMeBj)an bu:nµannak;? manPasaGVIxøH?
cM>karbNþHbNþalmKÁeú TÞsk_eTscrenAPñeM BjmancMnYn 318nak; kñgenaHEpñk PasaGg;eKøs 131nak; )araMg
ú ú
60nak; Cbun 52nak; cin 47nak; GaLWm:g; 10nak; éf 10nak; eGs,:aj6nak; nigrUsIu 2nak;.
:
870cUrrab;ePaKRTBüeTscrN_enARbeTskm<úCa?
cM>ePaKRTBüeTscrN_enAkm<CarYmman³
ú
÷eTscrN_FmµCati¬]TüanCati nigeTsPaBnana dUcCa smuRT eqñrxSac; nig ekaH¦.
÷eTscrN_RbvtûsaRsû nigvb,Fm’ R)asaT vtûPMÜ sarmnÒ¬sarmnÒrI CatiTYlEsøg nigeCIgÉk¦
i I
RBHvihar PñMCIsUr Pñ)asit Pñtaem:A>>>.
M M
871>kMenIneTscr manplvi)akGVIxøH cMeBaHsgÁmCati?
cM>kMenIneTscr)anpþl;plvi)akcMeBaHsgÁmCatidUcCa brisßan RsIeBsüacar CMgWeGds_ nig bTelµsnana>>>>¦.
I
872>etIextþRkugNaxøH EdlamantMbn;mIneRcIn?
cM>extþEdlmanmIneRcInKW extþ)at;dMbg ]tþrmanC½y bnÞaymanC½y esomrab RBHvihar kMBg;s<W kMBg;FM nigkMBt
rIÉRkug KW Rkugéb:lin.
873>etItMbn;mInEdleRcInsßitenAtMbn;NaxøHénRbeTskm<úCa?
cM>tMbn;EdlmanmIneRcIn sßitenAtMbn;Bay½Bü énRbeTs nigtMbn;CuMvijbwgTenøsab.
874>dUcemþcEdlehAfamIn ? etIeKeRbIR)as;mInedIm,IGVI?
cM>mInCaeRKOgpÞúH EdleKdak;elI nigkñúgdI. eKeRbIR)as;mInedIm,IRbqaMgsRtUvrbs;eKeday meFüayepSg².
875>cUrrab;tMbn;mInRbqaMgmnusSsMxan;².

cM>tMbn;mInRbqaMgmnusSsMxan;²manenAtamextþ CMvijbwgTenøsab ¬kMBg;FM esomrab bnÞaymanC½y )at;dMbg
u
eBaF×sat; nigkMBg;qñaMg¦.
876>etICnRbePTNaEdlTTYlrgeRKaHedaysarmIneRcInCageK eRBaHGVI?
cM>Cnsuvil¬Gayu 20-30qñaM¦EdlTTYlrgeRKaHedaysarmIneRcInCageK.edaysartMrUv karcaM)ac;
I
xagesdækic©.
877>ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTskm<úCamanmIneRcInemø:H?
cM>edaysarsRgÁam)anGUsbnøayenAelITkdIeyIgya:gyUr.
w
878>cUrniyaysegçbBIlT§plénkaredaHmInenAkm<úCa?
cM>lT§plénkaredaHmInkñgqmasTI1 kñgqñaM 2000 sMerc)anépÞdI 4613358EmRtkaer mInRbqaMgmnusS
ú ú
8858RKab; mInRbqaMg rfeRkaH 424 RKab; RKab;minTan;pÞH 33725RKab; nigbMEnkelahFatu
ú
12456978GMEbg.
879>etITIrYmextþ nigRkugNamanRbCaCneRcInCageK? bu:nµannak;? qñaMNa?
cM>TIrYmextþ)at;dMbgmanRbCaCneRcInCageK 38780nak;kñgqñaM 1962>.
ú
- TIrYmextþ)at;dMbgmanRbCaCneRcInCageK42500nak;kñgqñaM 1966.ú
- TIrYmextþ)at;dMbgmanRbCaCneRcInCageK60 eTA 100000nak; kñgqñaM ú
1974-1975.
- TIrYmextþ)at;dMbgmanRbCaCneRcInCageK45000nak;kñgqñaM 1987.
ú
- TIrYmextþ)at;dMbgmanRbCaCneRcInCageK139964nak;kñgqñaM 1998. ú
- RkugPñMeBjmanRbCaCneRcInCageK 393995 nak;kgqñaM 1962>.
ñú
- RkugPñMeBjmanRbCaCneRcInCageK 550000nak; kñgqñaM 1966.
ú
- RkugPñeM BjmanRbCaCneRcInCageK1/2eTA 2lannak;kgqñaM1974-75. ñú
- RkugPñMeBjmanRbCaCneRcInCageK 584000nak; kñgqñaM 1987.
ú
- RkugPñMeBjmanRbCaCneRcInCageK 999804 nak;kñgqñaM 1962.
ú
880>etITIrYmextþnigRkug NamanRbCaCntucCageK? bu:nµannak;?qñaMNa?
cM>TIrYmextþkMBg;s<manRbCaCnticCageK 7334 nak;kñgqñaM1962.
W ú
-TIrYmextþkMBg;s<WéRBEvg nigkMBtmanRbCaCnticCageK 10000nak; kñgqñaM 1966.
ú
- TIrYmextþkMBg;s<WéRBEvg nigkMBtmanRbCaCnticCageK20eTA 25000nak;kgqñaM 1974-75.
ñú

- TIrYmextþ éRBEvg nigmanRbCaCnticCageK11000nak;kgqñaM 1987>.
ñú
- TIrYmextþsVayerogmanRbCaCnticCageK 21205nak;kñgqñaM 1998.
ú
- RkugRBHsIhnumanRbCaCnticCageK7095nak;kñgqñaM 1962.
ú
- RkugRBHsIhnumanRbCaCnticCageK 14000nak;kñgqñaM 1966.
ú
- RkugRBHsIhnumanRbCaCnticCageK 40eTA 60000 nak;kgqñaM1974-75.
ñú
- RkugRBHsIhnumanRbCaCnticCageK16000nak; kñgqñaM 1987>.
ú
- RkugRBHsIhnumanRbCaCnticCageK151990nak;kñgqñaM 1998.
ú
881>RbeTskm<úCaFøak;eRkamGaNaniKm)araMgenAqñaMNa? etIlkçN elceFøa
énTsvtSdMbUgeRkamsm½yGaNaniKm)araMgmanGVIxøH?
cM> RbeTskm<CaFøak;eRkamGaNaniKm)araMgenAqñaM 1963. lkçNelceFøaénTsvtSdMbUg
ú
eRkaysm½yGaNanIKm)araMg mankarsþarsnþisux neya)ay nigkMEnlMGvis½yrdæ)alBn§dar.
882>etIKMeragnKerabnIykmµenATIRkugPñMeBj sMerceLIgenAqñaMNa? EckCatMbn;EbbNa?
cM>KMeragnKerabnIykmµsMrab;TIRkugPñMeBjsMerceLIgenAqñaM 1908 EckCatMbn;dac;edayELk ²
BIKñasMrab;CnCati)araMgcin nig Exµr.
883>etIRbeTskm<úCaTTYlplvi)akGVIxøHkñúgGMlugqñaM 1969dl; 1991?
cM>cab;BIqñaM 1969dl;qñaM 1991 RbeTskm<CamansRgÁamkñgRsuknigkarQøanBanBIBYk breTs.
ú ú
884>ehtuGVI)anCaRksYgerobcMEdndInKerabnIykmµ nigsMng;shkarCa mYyGaCJaFrRkug
nigkmµviFIGPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati UNDP erobcMTItaMgfµIenAeRkARkug?
cM> RksYgerobcMEdndInKerabnIykmµ nigsMng; )anshkarCamYyGaCJaFrRkug nigkmµGPivDÆn_
GgÁkarshRbCaCati UNDP erobcMTItaMgfµIenAeRkARkug edIm,IeFVkarepÞrsMng;GnaFibetyü
I
ecjBIraCFanIPñeM Bj.
885>etIRksYgnKerabnIykmµ CYbRbTHnwgplvi)akGVIxøH kñúgdMenIrkar CYsCulnig
sagsg;sMng;?
cM>RksYgerobcMEdndInKerabnIykmµ nigsMng; )ancUlrYmCamYyGaCJaFrCati BIbBaðaTMnas;RBMEdn
nigcuHsikSaRsavRCavtambeNþayRBMEdn edIm,IerobcMÉksar sMrab;CYbRbCuBiPakSakñgkargar RBMsIma
M ú
nigkare)aHbegÁal RBMEdnrdæ.

886>etInKerabnIykmµsMrab;GnaKtenARbeTskm<úCakñúgkargarsMng;
RtUv)anGnuvtþn_ya:gNa?
cM>nKerabnIykmµsMrab;GnaKt enARbeTskm<Ca kñúgkargarsMng;RtUvBRgwg
ú
ehIypakBIn½ycMeBaHsMng;Edlsagsg; rWCYsCulKµanc,ab; rW xusbøg;.
887>etIextþRkugNaEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enACit 1000000nak;?
cM>extþRkugEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enACag1000000nak; KWRkugPñeM Bj.
888> etIRbCMuCnextþ RkugNaxøH EdlmanRbCaCnrs;enA BI 10000nak; dl;
29000nak;?
cM>extþRkugEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enABI 10000nak; dl; 29000nak; manextþ ekaHkug ]tþrmanC½y RBHvihar
sÞgERtg rtnKIrI sVayerog RkugEkb nigRkugéb:lin.
w
889>etIextþ RkugNaxøH EdlmanRbCaCnrs;enA ticCag 10000nak;?
cM>extþRkugEdlmanRbCaCnticCag 10000nak; KW extþmNÐlKIrI.
890>etIesdækic©tamextþmYyPaKFMenARbeTskm<úCa manlkçNdUcemþc?
plTTYl)anBIEpñkksikmµ mankMritx<s; rWTab; ? tMrUvkarbMeBjbEnßmman
GVIxøH?enATINa?
cM>esdækic©tamextþmYycMnYnFMenARbeTskm<úCamanlkçN Caesdækic©ciBa©wmeBaH.plTTYl)anBI Epñkksikmµ
mankMritTab. tMrUvkarbMeBjbEnßm mankarCYjdUrbnþcbnþÜcenAtamTIpSar Edlsßit
i
enAtambeNþaypøÚvfñl;sMxan;².
891>kMlaMgmCÄmNÐlesdækic©tamextþRtUvBwgEp¥geTAelIGVIxøH?
etIGñkNaEdlGacCYyseRgÁaHesdækic©tamextþTn;exSay?
cM>kMlaMgmCÄmNÐlesdækic©tamextþRtUvBwgEp¥geTAelImuxgarrdæ)alkñgzanCaTIsñak;karénrdæ
ú
GMnac.GñkEdlCYyesdækic©tamextþTn;exSayKWrdæaPi)al.

892>etITIRkugnig extþmanTMnak;TMngKñaya:gNaxøH?
plitplksikmµsMxan;²ecjmkBINa?

cM>TIRkugnig extþmanTMnak;TngKñaedaybMlas;bþÚreTAvijeTAmkeBalKWTRI kugeRkABIbMerIextþ
M
k¾RtUvBwgEp¥keTAelIextþEdr. plitplksikmµsMxan;² ecjmkBIbNþaextþnanaTUTaMgRbeTs.
893>etIextþRkugEdlcat;cUlkñúgRbePTTI1 manlkçNdUcemþc? manextþRkugNaxøH?
cM>extþRkugEdlcat;cUlkñgRbePTTi1 KWmanesdækic©rwgmaM nigmanRbCaCneRcInCageK. manextþ kMBg;camnig
ú
RkugPñMeBj.
894>extþRkugNaxøH manskmµPaBesdækic©pSarP¢ab;eTAnwgtMbn;eTscrN_ sMxan;²?
vis½yeTscrN_mantYnaTIsMxan;GVIxøH?
cM>extþRkugmanskmµPaBesdækic© pSarP¢ab;eTAnwgtMbn;eTscrN_ sMxan;² manextþesomrab kNþal RkugPñMeBj
nigRkugRBHsIhnu. vis½yeTscrN_ mantYnaTIsMxan;sMrab;sþarnig GPivDÆn_
esdækic©Catieday)annaMmknUvya:geRcIn RBmTaMgkargarCUnRbCaCnBlrdæeyIg.
895>karvinieyaKTunEpñk]sSahkmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµenARbeTskm<úCa
)anbBa¢ak;[eyIgeXIjBIkarGPivDÆn_GVIxøH? karvinieyaKTunEbbenH cab;epþImBIqñaMNa?
RbmUlpþúMenATINa?
cM>karvinieyaKTunEpñk]sSahkmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµenARbeTskm<Ca )anbBa¢ak;[eyIgeXIjBIkar
ú
GPivDÆn_Epñkesdækic© nigkarbegátkargar.karvinieyaKTunenH cab;epþImtaMgBIedImGMlug qñaM 1990
I
edayRbmUlpþúMenATIRkugPñMeBj rW tMbn;Ek,r²enaH.
896>etIeKkMBugelIkKMerageFVIynþbfGnþreCatimYy edaytP¢ab;eTAnwgTIRkug NaxøH?
ext®kugNaxøHEdlTTYlplKMeragenH?
cM>eKkMBugelIkKMerageFVIynþbTGnþrCatimYy edaytP¢ab;KñarvagTIRkug)agkk TIRkugPñeM Bj nigTIRkug hUCImij.
extþRkugEdlTTYl)anplBIKMeragenH manextþbnÞaymanC½y )at;dMbg eBaFisat; kMBg;qñaMg sVayerog
nigRkugPñeM Bj.
897>cUrBN’na rUbPaBenH . mUlehtuGVI)anCapøÚvfñl;xøHenATIRkugPñMeBjlicTwk
enAeBlePøog?
cM>rUbPaBenHbgðajBITidæPaB pøvfñl;mYylicTwkenATIRkugPñeM Bj. pøvfñl;xøHenATIRkugPñMeBj
Ú Ú
licTwkedaysarRbB½n§sUTwksÞH tUcceg¥ógBMuGacbeBa©jTwk[)anqab;rh½s.
898>etIGVIxøHEdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;KuNPaBxül;?

cM>kgVk;xül;bNþalmkBIEpSgEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgma:sIunePøg yanynþnana nigFUlIedaysar
I
pøÐvKµanRkalekAsU‘.múa:geTotbNûalBIsMramtamcieBa¨ImfÜl; ]sµ½nmanCatiBulecjBI
]sSahkmµnigsib,kmµnana.
899>etIenAkñúgTIRkugénRbeTskm<úCaRbPBsMxan;²énkgVk;edaysMelg manGVIxøH?
cM>enAkñúgTIRkugénRbeTskm<Ca RbPBEdlbNþal[mankgVk;edaysMelgman ³ma:sIun ePIg
ú ø
yanynþRKb;RbePT.
900>karbgðÚrkaksMnl;ravRbRBwtþtamry³GVIxøH?
cM>karbgðrÚ kaksMnl;ravtamry³bNþajlUTks¥úy nig lUbgðrÚ TwkePøogcak;cUl kñgGagsþkEdl Cabwg.
w ú ú
bnÞab;mkeKk¾bUmTwk s¥úyTaMgenHecjeTAkñgTenø nigbwgnana.
ú
901>cUrR)ab;BIbBaðamYycMnYnEdlTak;TgnwgRbB½n§lUbgðÚrTwks¥úy nig TwkePøog?
cM>bBaðaEdlTak;TgnwgRbB½n§lUbgðrÚ Twks¥y nigTwkePøogKW³
ú
-bNþajlUCaeRcIneRbIkarElgekIt edaysar BumankarEfTaM.
M
-sßanIybUmTwks¥úyxøH BMudMenIrkaredayxVHeRKOgbnøas; nigkarpÁt;pÁg;famBl GKÁIsnIBM)anl¥.
u
-kMhUcbNþajlU begátTwkCMnn;enArdUvePøog.
I
902>etIenATIRkugPñMeBj nig tMbn;epSg²eTotnrNaCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv elIbMerIbMras;
nigtMEhTaMRbB½n§lUTwks¥úy?
cM>GñkTTYlxusRtUvelIbMerIbMras; nigtMEhTaM RbB½n§lUTwks¥yenAPñeM Bj nigtMbn;epSg²KW RksYgsaFarNkarnig
ú
dwkCBa¢Ún nigsalaRkug.
903>karcak;ecalkaksMnl;enATIcMh bNþal[maneRKaHfñak;EdrrWeT? cUrBnül;.
cM>eRKaHfñak;EdlbNþalmkBIkarcak;ecalkaksMnl;enAlMhKW³
-karraldalénCMgW nigsarFatuKImIBulepSg²/.
-TIkEnøgcak;sMram CakEnøgEdlGñkTurKtcUleTAerIsrbs;rbr epSg² nigstVRsukcUleTArkcMnI Gahar
EdlGaccMlgemeraKnig sarFatuKImIBuleTAmnusS tamry³ExScgVak;cMnIGahar.
904>etIrdæNaFMCageK enAshrdæGaemric? rdæNaxøHEdlenAdac;BIeK?
cM>GaLasáa CardæEdlFMCageKenAshrdæGaemric. rdæEdlsßtenAdac;BIeKKW rdæGaLasáa KW nig rdæhaév:.
i
905>etIrdæNaxøHEdl)anbBa©ÚlcugeRkayeK enAshrdæGaemric?
cM>rdæEdl)anbBa©ÚlcugeRkayeKenAshrdæGaemricKW rdæGaLasáa nig haév:.

906>etIGriyFm’GaemricEp¥kelIRKwHGVIxøH?
cM>GriyFm’GaemricEp¥kelIRKwH smPaB nigesrIPaBbuKÀl. maneKalkarN_BIrEdlCa
RbPBénkMenInRbCaraRsþGaemric ehIyEdlmanEcgkñgesckþIRbkasÉkraCüna éf¶TI 4kkáda 1776
ú
KWmnusSRKb;rUbmansiTi§rs;enAesµIKña nigRbkbedaysuPmgÁl.
907>ehtudUcemþc)anCashRKastUc² nigksidæanRtUvrlay)at;rUbedIm,I
CMrujkarRsavRCavrebobfµI² etIshRKasFM²eFIVya:gdUcemþc?
cM>shRKas nigksidæan tUc²RtUvrlay)at;rUbedaysarshRKasFM² manmUlFnd¾sMebIm.
shRKasFM²pþl;CMnYy]btßmÖd¾eRcIndl;mnÞIr BiesaFn_ tamsklviTüal½ynanasMrab;kar RsavRCav.
908>rdænImYy²énshB½n§manGMnacGVIxøH edIm,IRKb;RKg? RbFanaFibtI
manGaNtþibu:nµanqñaM? ehIyGacQreQµaH)anbu:nµandg?
cM>rdænImYy²énshB½n§manGMnacnItiRbtibtþi nItibBaØti nig GMnactulakar RbFanaFibtIman GNtþi
4qñaMehIy[QreQµaH)anBirdg.
909>etIshB½n§ eFVIGnþraKmn_ eTAelIbBaðaGVIxøH?
cM>shB½n§eFVIGnþraKmn_eTAelIvs½ydMnwkCBa¢nfamBl kic©karBarbrisßan pþl;CMnYydl;vis½y ksikmµ pþl;hirBaØvtßú
i Ú
dl;karRsavRCavkarBarCati kMlaMgkgT½B nigKaMRTshRKasÉkCn.
rd×mantYnaTIsMxan;kÜùgvis½ysgÀm nigGb;rM ehIyk¾FananUvyutûFm’ rbs;rd× pgEdr.
i
910>etIbNþajpøÚvfñl;suT§Etjwkes¥kenABaseBjEdndIshrdæ GaemricrWeT?
cUrBnül;.
cM>bNþajpøvfñl;enAshrdæGaemric minjwkes¥kTaMgGs;enaHeT. BIeRBaHeKsegáteXIjmanPaB
Ú
jwkenAEpñkxagekItRbeTs ehIykan;EtregVleTA² eq<aHeTAEpñkxaglic.
I
911>etIkMBg;sMxan;² sßitenAEpñkxagNaénRbeTs? mankMBg;EpGVIxøH?
cM>kMBg;EpsMxan;²sßitenAEb:kxagt,Úg nig xagekIténRbeTs . mankMBg;EpenAjÚy:k
PILaEdlPIblFIm:haMfunr:Ut nig san;R)an;siusáÚ.
912>etIépÞdIshrdæGaemricmanbu:nµan?cUrbBa¢ak;.
cM>shrdæGaemricmanépÞdI 9363123 Kmkaer. BIekIteTAlicmanRbEvg 4500Km nig BIeCigeTAt,ÚgRbEvg
2500Km. visalPaBenH pþl;nUvskþanuPaB Blksikmµ nigéRBeQI d¾FMeFg.

913>etIenAtMbn;xageCIgnig xagt,ÚgRbeTs shrdæGaemric eKdaMdMnaMGVIxøH?
cM>enAtMbn;xageCIgeKdaMesµA nigRsUvsalIcMEnktMbn;xagt,ÚgeKdaM kb,as RsUv nigRkUc.
914>etIPñMGa)a:Las nig PñMfµ sMbUrePaKRTBüGVIxøH?
cM>PñGa)a:Las sMbUreTAedaytMbn;Er:Edk eRbgkat nigFüÚgfµ cMEnkPñMfµ sMbUreTAedayEr: mantMélCaeRcIn
M
dUcCaGuyr:ajÐm R)ak; mas.
‘ :
915>etItMbn;ksikmµEdlsMxan;CageKenAshrdæGaemricsßitenAkEnøgNa?
cUrbBa¢ak;.
cM>tMbn;ksikmµEdlsMxan;CageKenAshrdæGaemric KWsßitenAkalIprnI xagt,Úg nigGarIsUNa ¬GVasuIs¦. GVasIs³
u
vallMhEdlmankEnøgxøHmanRbPBTwkecj¬emeronfñak;TI7¦. BIeRBaHtMbn;enaH sMbUrBnøW RBHGaTitü
nigmanGVasus.
I
916>ehtuGVI)anCapøÚvEdkshrdæGaemric)at;bg;sar³sMxan;esdækic©?
cM>)anCapøvEdkshrdæGaemric)at;bg;sar³sMxan; esdækic©BIeRBaH ³edaysarpøÚvfñl;manskmµPaBxøaMgCag
Ú
edayFanadwkCBa¢ÚnGñkdMenIr)anmYyPaKFM. dMnwkCBa¢n TMnijtamrfynþFM² pþl;kargarBIrdgeRcInCagpøvEdk.
Ú Ú
917>etIRbCaCnshrdæGaemricmanr)ayesµIKña rWeTenATUTaMg RbeTs? cUrerobrab;.
cM>cab;BIry³beNþayelx 100 dWeRk mkxagekIt eKeXIjmanRbCaCn rs;enAeRcInkuHkr BIessKWEpñk
|sanénRbeTs.bnÞab;mkeKeXIjmanbNþMúRbCaCnenAEpñkxaglic tameqñrGatøg;Tc i
ÉEpñkkNþalBMusUvmanRbCaCnrs;enAeT.
918>etIbNþúMTIRkugFM²manTItaMgenAkEnøgNaxøH?
cM>bNþúMTIRkugFM²manenAPaK|san. enAPaKnirtIénRbeTsmanbNþMúRkugFMmYy.
919>etIbMlas;kEnøgénCnCatiGaRBiceTAkan;rdæNaxøH?
cM>CnCatiGaRBic eFVIbMlas;kEnøgeTAkan;rdækalIpnI GIulINy mIsIuekn eBnsIlva:nI evosIunI.
u
920>etICnCatiGaRBicEdlmanBI20° dl; 40° énRbCaCnsrubrs;enA rdæNaxøH?
cM>CnCatiGaRBicEdlmancMnYnBI 20° dl; 40° énRbCaCnsrubrs;enAkñgrdæ kar:lInxagt,Úg lVsüan
ú U I
kar:lInxageCIg CkCI GaLa)am:a mIsIusIuBI.
U
921>etICnCatiGasIuEdlmancMnYnBI0/1 dl;elIs 1lan nak;rs;enAkñúg rdæNaxøH?

cM>CnCatiGasIEu dlmancMnYnBI0/1 dl;elIs 1lan nak;rs;enAkñg rdæ³ v:asInetan kalIpnI ticsas; GIlINy
ú u u
r:UtGayLin jÚy:k nighaév:.
922>etICnCatieGs,a:jEdlmanBI 10° dl; 30° énRbCaCn
srubrs;enAkñúgrdæNaxøH?
cM>CnCatieGs,a:jEdlmanBI 10° dl; 30° énRbCaCn srubrs;enAkñgrdæ³ ticsas; micsicfµI xULÚr:adU
ú u u
GarIsUNa kalIpnI.
923> mUlehtuGVI)anCadMnuHRbCaCnminesµIKñaenAshrdæGaemric?
cM>)anCadMnuHRbCaCnminesµKñaenAshrdæGaemric PaBGnueRKaH nigminGnueRKaHén mCÄdæan FmµCati
I
RBmTaMgcMnUlRsukénCnCatisasn_déT CamUlehtuéndMnuHRbCaCnminesµIKñaenAshrdæ Gaemric.
924>etIenAshrdæGaemric rdæNaEdlmanRbCaCneRcInCageK?
cM>enAshrdæGaemric rdæEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enAeRcInCageK KWrdækalIpnI¬30lannak;¦.
925>etIenAshrdæGaemric GRtaCatiRbmaNTabcab;BIqñaMNa?mUlehtuGVI?
cM>cab;BIqñaM 1992mk GRtaCatiRbmaNenAshrdæGaemriccuHTab. karvivtþEbbenH Bak;B½n§
eTAnwgkMenInkargarnarI kMenInPaBxVHkargareFVI nnwgkareRbIviFITb;sáat;min[mankUn.
926>eRkABICnCatiedIm etIRbCaCnshrdæGaemric manedImkMenIt mkBI
Catisasn_NaxøH?
cM>eRkABICnCatiedImRbCaCnshrdæGaemricmanedImkMenItBICatisasn_mkBITIbGWr:b GaRBic GasIu nig
V u
GaemricLaTIn.
927>etIenAshrdæGaemric bNþajRkugjwksßitenAtMbn;NaxøH? manRkugNaxøH?
cUrerobrab;.
cM>tMbn;eqñrmhasmuRT Gatøg;Tc manbNþajRkugjwkes¥k dUcCaTIRkugbrsþún jÚy:k PILaEdlPI blFIm:
i
va:sIunetanDIsI. tMbn;eqñrmhasmuRT)a:sIPic k¾manbNþajRkugjwkEdr ehIyTIenaHmanTIRkug suIfil
u u
san;R)an;susáÚ LÚsGg;suIELs.cMEnkÉbNþajRkugjwkbgÁrÜ sßit enAPaKxagt,ÚgEpñkxagkñgRbeTs
I ú
dUcCaTIRkugGatøg; miumPIs daLas; san;GantUnIjÚ.:

928>etIenAshrdæGaemricEr:GVIxøH EdlCab;cMnat;fñak;elIBiPBelak?
cM>enAshrdæGaemric Er:EdlCab;cMnat;fñak;elIBiPBelak KWEr:Tg;Edg sMn R)ak; nigEr:Edk.
929>etIGNþÚgeRbgkatsMxan;²rbs;shrdæGaemricsßitenAkEnøgNaxøH?
cM>GNþÚgeRbgkatsMxan;² sßitenAtamQUgmiucsic kalIprnI nigenAGaLasáa.
u
930>edIm,IRbQmmuxnwgvibtþi etIshRKasGaemriceRbIyuT§saRsþdUcemþc?
cM>edIm,IRbQmmuxnwgvibtþi shRKasGaemric eRbIyuT§saRsþdUcteTA ³
 karepÞrskmµPaB]sSahkmµmYycMEnk eTAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ eRBaHenATIenaHtMélBlkmµ Tab.
 bMlas;TI]sSahkmµmYycMnYnFM kñúgTwkdIshrdæGaemriceq<aHeTArdæPaKxagt,Úg
 karkat;bnßyR)ak;]btßmÖ karbBa©Úlbec©kviTüaCan;x<s;eTAkñgplitkmµ
ú
 karbNþHbNþalBlkrRbkbedayRbsiTiPaB.
ú §
931>karRbmUlpþúM]sSahkmµenAshrdæGaemriceFVI[]sSahkmµTaMgenHmanlkçN³dUcemþc
? cUrBnül;.
cM>karRbmUlpþMén]sSahkmµGnueRKaH dl;kareFVITMenIbkmµEdlnaM[]sSahkmµvaynPNÐ Gaemric
ú
køayCaEpñkmYy pþl;pleRcInCag eKkñgBIPBelak edaysarkarRbmUlpþúeM nH.
ú
932>etI]sSahkmµbBaØaenAshrdæGaemricmanGVIxøH?
cM>]sSahkmµbBaØaenAshrdæGaemricman³
÷]sSahkmµKImI
÷]sSahkmµsMPar³GKÁsnI nigeGLicRtUnic
I
÷]sSahkmµplitynþehaH nigyanGvkas.
933>etIcMnucxøaMg nigcMnucexSayénksikmµGaemricmanGVIxøH?
cM>ksikmµshrdæGaemric mancMnucxøaMg nigcMnucexSaydUcteTA³
÷cMnucxøaMg³
 kareRbIR)as;ynþkmµeCOnelOnmYy
 kareRbICI nigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥t
i

 kar)acTwkbBa©Úl
 karpþl;bec©keTsTMenIb²dl;ksikr
 karpSBVpSay)anqab;rh½stambNaþjd¾TMenIbGMBIrbkKMehIjekSRtsaRsþnana.
÷cMnucexSay
 TIpSar³manTIpSarelakxagt,Úg nigpSarGWrub. pSarTaMgenH CaGñkTijplitplksikmµ shrdæGaemric.
:
RbsinebIkarsMTijfycuHsþkFBaØCatif enaHtMélFBaØCaticuH.
u ú
934>CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµshrdæGaemric )at;tulüPaBcab;taMgBIqñaM 1980mk
b:uEnþeKrkSatulüPaB)anedaymUlehtuGVI?
cM>shrdæGaemric rkSatulüPaB)anedaysar³
÷karnaMecjesvakmµEdl)ancMenjya:geRcIn
 karepÞrmYlFnBIbreTs.
935>etIbNþMúmnusSeRcInCageKsßitenAkEnøgNa?
cM>bNûùMmnusSeRcInCageK sÓitenAEb:kxagekIt nigxagt,ÐgekaHhugsú‘Ð nigPaKxageCIgÙnekaH KúÐsúÐ‘.
936>etITItaMg]sSahkmµ nigTIRkugsMxan;²manenAkEnøgNa?
cM>TItaMg]sSahkmµnig TIRkugsMxan;²sßtenArYmKña BIessEb:kxagt,ÚtameqñrsmuRT cab;BItUküÚ rhUtdl;hIru :sIma:.
i U u
937>cUreRbobeFobBIra:mItGayuTaMgbIdMnak;. etITMenarRbCaCnFMCageKenA
RbeTsCb:unKWGVI?
cM>BIra:mItGayuTaMgbIdMnak; bgðaj[eXIjfa³ BIra:mItqñaM 1950 manTMrg;ekµgCagBIra:mItqñaM 1995 ehIBIra:mIt qñaM
1995 RbCaCnskmµmancMnYneRcInEt mnusScas;nigekµgCit Rbhak;RbEhlKña>. cMEnkÉBIra:mItqñaM 2050
mnusScas;maneRcInelIslb;Cagv½yekµg. dUcenHTMenarRbCaCnFMCageKenARbeTsCbu:nKWmnusScas;.
937>etIkarKabsgát;énmCÆdæanFmµCatimanGVIxøH?mankarb:HTgÁicGVIxøHeTA
elIdMnuHRbCaCnCbu:n?

cM>mankarKabsgát;BImCÆdæanFmµCati edayRbeTsenHCakMrgekaHtUcceg¥ot sMbUrPñmanTMnab tUcceg¥ot
M
nigCYbRbTH)atuPUtFmµCati Cajwkjab;. dUcenH mankarb:HTgÁiceTAelIdMnuHRbCaCnedaybNþMúmnusS
u
kñgekaHd¾tUcceg¥otenH BiesstamtMbn;eqñr.
ú
938>etItMbn;NamanRbCaCnrs;enAeRcInCageK? ehtuGVI?
cM>tMbn;EdlmanRbCaCneRcInCageKKW tambNþMú]sSahkmµEb:kxagt,Úg BiesstameqñrsmuRT
BIeRBaHtMbn;TaMgenaH PaKeRcInsuT§EtCaRkug ]sSahkmµya:gsMxan; BiessRkugtUküÚeTA PUKUGUka.
939>etIRbeTsCbu:n)anerobcMneya)ay RbqaMgkMenItEdrrWeT? cUrbBa¢ak;.
cM>RbeTsCb:unmin)anerobcMneya)ayRbqaMgkMenIn BIeRBaHc,ab;)anGnuBaØat[mankarrMlUt kUn
nigeFVI[Gar)anedayesrI kñgenaHeK)anbegátkarpSBVpSay kareRbIfñaMBnüarkMenItnigviFIkM[ mankUn.
ú I u
940>etImanGVIxøH CacMnucxøaMgénksikmµ? etIePaKplksikmµGacbMeBj
tMrUvkarrbs;RbCaCn)anEdrrWeT?cUrbBa¢ak;.
cM>cMnucxøaMgénksikmµKWbMerIbMras;CInigeRKOgynþ. eTaHbImanlkçNEbbenHk¾eday k¾ePaKplksikmµ
minGacbMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;RbCaCn)aneT. BIeRBaHépÞdIdaMduH¬TMnab¦ manminelIsBI 16° énépÞdIeLIy.
941>etImuxgarénsUkU-sUsa manGVIxøH?
cM>muxgarrbs;sUkU-sUsamantYnaTIkñgkarTij-lk; dwkCBa¢Ún sþúkTuk Fanarab;rgEckcay niglMnaMecj-
ú
cUl¬EpñkBaNiC¢kmµ¦ nigCaFnaKarik.
982>etIvis½yGb;rMmantYnaTIdUcemþckñúgCIvPaBRbCaCnCbu:n?
cM>vis½yGb;rMmantYnaTIkgCIvPaBRbCaCnCbu:n KWtMÙlsBaÏab½Rt CamYld×an eTIbRKYsarCb:unha‘n
ñú
cMnayluykak;CaeRcInedIm,Isakl,gpþl;lT§PaB[kUnrbs;xøncUleronkñgRKwHsßan sikSal¥²bMput.
Ü u
983>etItMbn;NaxøHmanGP½yÉksiT§iBaNIC¢kmµCamYyRbeTsCbu:n?
kñúgcMenamtMbn;TaMgenaH etItMbn;NamYymankMritxøaMgCageK?
cM>tMbn;manGP½yÉksiTi§BaNiC¢kmµCamYyRbeTsCbu:nmanGWrubxaglic naKGasITaMgbYn nigGaemricxageCIg.
: u
tMbn;TaMgenaH KWGaemric mankMritxøaMgCageK.

984>etIRbeTsNaxøHeFVIBaNiC¢kmµCamYyRbeTsCbu:n mantMélnaMcUleRcIn
CagtMélnaMecj?
cM>RbeTsEdleFVIBaNiC¢kmµCamYyCbun ehIymantMélnaMcUleRcInCagtMélnaMecj KWRbeTs NÐÚensIu GURsþalI
:
eRbsIul kaNada cin Gar:ab;rYm ma:elsúa RbeTsGar:ab‘ÉsaG‘DIt GUm:g; esLg;fµI daNWma:k.
U
985>cUrbgðajcMnucxøaMgén]sSahkmµCbu:n. etI]sSahkmµNaxøHpþl; lT§PaBeRcIn?
cM>cMnucxøaMgén]sSahkmµ KW karrIkduHdalén]sSahkmµEdlCab;cMnat;fñak;BIPBelak.
]sSahkmµEdlpþl;lT§PaBeRcInCageK KW]sSahkmµrfynþ ¬tUy:ta¦nig]sSahkmµsMng; GKÁsnI¬hItasI¦.
U I u u
986>etI]sSahkmµCbu:nmanlkçNfµIefµagEdrrWeT?cUrbBa¢ak;.
cM>]sSahkmµCbu:nminEmneTIbEtekIteT. BIeRBaH]sSahkmµTaMgenaHekItmantaMgBIqñaM 1868 kñúgsm½ymIuGIuyi.
987>etIcMnucxøaMgén]sSahkmµCbu:n kñúgcenøaHqñaM 1950 nig1973 manGVIxøH?
cM>cMnucxøaMgén]sSahkmµCbu:nkñgcenøaHqñaM 1950 nig1973 KW mankarbBa©ÚllkçNTMenIb kmµénbec©kviTüafµ²
ú I
nigplitkmµd¾eRcIn.
988>etIesdækic©Cbu:ncab;BIqñaM 1973 manGVIekIteLIgxøH?)anerobcMyuT§ saRsþdUcemþc?
cM>esdækic©CbunRtUvTTYlrgnUvkarb:HTgÁicCaeRcIn dUcCavibtþieRbgkat enAqñaM 1973 nig 1979.
:
eK)anerobcMyuT§saRsþdUcteTA³
 ykcitþTkdak;fµeI TAelIshRKasFn;tUc nigmFüm
u
 eFVIGnþrCatikmµ ebIkTUlayesdækic©tamry³kMenInkarvinieyaKTunenAbreTs.
989>etIRbeTsCbu:nsMbUrePaKRTBüFmµCatiEdrrWeT?etImanGVIxøHEdl
RbeTsCbu:nRtUvnaMcUl?
cM>RbeTsCbu:nBusUvsMbUrePaKRTBüFmµCatieT.RbeTsenH RtUvnaMcUldUcCa Er:GaluymIj:Úm Er:Edk m:g;kaENs
M
nigGIRu dUkabY EdlmancMnYnya:geRcIn sn§ksn§ab;.
w
990>etI]sSahkmµrfynþrIkcMerInEdrrWeT? etI)aneRCIserIsykyuT§saRsþ GVIxøH
elITIpSarGnþrCati?

cM>]sSahkmµrfynþmansMTuHxøaMgcab;taMgBIqñaM 1950. bBaðasMxan;KWeFVkarnaMecjrfynþ[)an eRcIneTAbreTs
I
BIessbMEbk]sSahkmµmYycMnYnecjeTAbreTs.
991>etI]sSahkmµbBaØamanplitplGVIxøH?
cM>]sSahkmµbBaðamanplitpl eRKOgeGLicRtUnic r:bUTic ¬mnusSynþ-l-.
U
992>etIRbeTsNaxøH EdlCaédKUBaNiC¢kmµsMxan; CamYyRbeTsCbu:n?
plitplGVIxøHEdlRtUvnaMecjnignaMcUl?
cM>RbeTsEdlCaédKUBaNiC¢kmµCamYyCbu:n manshrdæGaemric shKmn_GWrub nigbNaþRbeTs
:
enATVbGasIu¬RbeTs]sSahkmµf.
I µI
RbeTsenHmannaMcUlplitplGahar plitplfamBlrUbFatu edImnigbrikçaCaeRcIneTot.
ÉkarnaMecjmanrfynþ ma:suInftcMlg ma:sIunfteRKOgeGLicRtnic mnusSynþ nigsMPar³ CaeRcIneTot.
993>ks,Ún³Casac;dMurgVg;sMrab;biTEpñkxageRkams,Ún.vaCaRBMEdnx½NÐrvags,Únnig yUnI.
ks,ÚnmanekasikasMrab;beBa©j rMGlks,Ún.
i
994>kal;³CasMnuMekasikarukçCatiEdlelceLIgkñg)atuPtudMNuHeLIgvij énrukçCatiEdleK
ú U
daMbNþHkñúgEkvBiesaFn_rW kñgeBlduHefjBIsñam)ak;.ekasikaTaMgenHrgbMElgÉkeTseTACa
ú ú
CalikaEdlmanmuxgarrYceTACarukçCatiTaMgmUl.
995>karbnþBUC³CakarbegáItnUvÉkát³kUnEdlCaPavrs;fµ>I .
996>karbnþBUCedayePT³CakarbegáItÉkát³kUnedaymanGnþraKmn_BIem:yUs ¬BIkarEm:t jI
eQµal¦nigkarbgá kMenIt.
997>karbnþBUCedaytePT³CasmtßPaBÉkát³mYypþl;kMenItdl;sNþaneRkay
mYyrWeRcInEdldUcKñaebHbiT ehIydUcem)a eTot KWduHecjBIs,: rW CalikaedIm emIm b¤s>>>edayeFVImItUs.
998>karbnþBUCdUc³CakarbnþBUCénekasikamYyrWsarBagÁkaymYyEdl pþl;dl;snþan
eRkaynUvBt’manesenTicdUcKÜaebHbiT. karbnûBUCedaytePTnigmItUsCakarbnþBUCdUc.
999>karbgákMeNIt³CakarrlaycUlKñarvagkaEm:t jInig kaEm:teQµalEdlpþl;CasIkUt u
mYyedaymankarpþMúKñaeLIgvijénRkumUsUmGabøÚGIutrbs;em nig)a [eTACaRkUmUsUmDIbøÚGIt.
: : u

1000>karbgákMenItnimµit³CakarrlaycUlKñarvagkaEm:tjInig karEm:teQµal Edlpþl;Ca
sIkUtedaymanGnþraKmn_BImnusS.
u
1001>karbgákMeNItkat; ³CakarrlaycUlKñarvagkaEm:tjInigkaEm:teQµalEdlpþl;Ca sIukUt.
vaekIteLIgedaysarxül;rWstV.
1002>karbgákMeNItÉg rWsV½ybgákMeNIt ³CakarrlaycUlKñarvagkaEm:tjInig
kaEm:teQµalEdlmanRbPBBIÉktþ³EtmYy.
1003>karkac;sMbuk ³Cakarcak;P¢ab;ÙnGMRb‘Éy:ug cUleTAkÜùgPÜasesIms,Ðn rbs;mþayeFVI [manTMnak;TMng
eTAnwgsarBagákaymþay.
1004>karBnüarkMeNIt³CaviFIepSg² EdleRbIsMrab;Tb;sÔat;enAeBlrYmePTkM[manKk’.
u
1005>karbgáat;Ets rW karbgáat;viPaK ³viFIbgáat;edIm,IeRCIserIsBUCsuT§lkçN lb; rWrkesNUTIb
lkçNlb;KWykveTAbgáat;nwg lkçN³Gn;³
 ebIlT§plkUnCalkçNlb; 100°enaHÉktþ³lb;em rW)a CaBUCsuT.
§
 ebIlT§plkUn 50°CalkçNlb; 50°CalkçNGn;enaHÉktþ³lb;em)aCaBUCsuT§.
1006>karbgáat;Rtlb;³Cakarbgáat;Éktþ³mYyenACMnan; F1 CamYyem)ava.
]³ F1 X emrW)a = Aa X AA
Aa X aa
1007>karcMlg³CakarsMeyaK ARNm edaycMlgnUvtMn lMdab;muyekøGUTIt BIRcvak;mçag
rbs;EsneRkamGnþraKmn_ énGg;sIum ARN bU:lIemra:s.
1008>karqøas;KñaénkMeNIt ³CavdþCIviténrukçCatiEdlsMKal;edaykarqøas;Kñarvag 2vKÁ KWDIbøpas
Ú
¬s,:rUPt¦ nigGabøÚpas¬kaEm:ttUPIt¦.
I
sMKal;-DIbøÚpas=vKÁDIbøÚGIut = vKÁBhuekasikaDIbøGIut=vdþDIbøGIt
Ú Úu
 GabøÚGIt=vKÁGabøGIt =vKÁBhuekasikaGabøÚGIt =vdþGabøÚGIt
u Úu u u
1009>karpþac;ecjlkçN³ CakarelcecjnUvlkçN³fµxusEbøkBIew m)a rWBIKñava.
I

1010>karIy:UTIb ³ CacMnynnigrUbragRkUmsUm enAkñgekasikanImYy²EdlCalkçN
:U ú
BIessrbs;RbePTPavrs;. ¬karIyUTIbRtUv)antMerobtamTMhMBIFMmktUc nigtamTItaMgsg;RtUEmr¦.
:
1011>kaEm:t ³CaekasikabnþBUCeQµal rWjI EdlmancMnYnRkUmUsUm CacMnYnGabøÚGIut. vamannaTIbgákMeNIt.
:
1012>kaEm:teQµal³ CaekasikabnþBUCeQµal manRkUmUsUmCacMnYnGabø:GIt. vamannaTIcUlbgákMeNIt.
: u
1013> kaEm:tjI³CaekasikabnþBUCjIEdlmanRkUmUsUmCacMnYnCGabøÚGIut.
:
1014>kaEm:tUPIt³CaTMrg;mYyénrukçCatiEdlduHBIs,: ehIyvaplitkaEm:t.
ekasikarbs;kaEm:tPItsuT§EtCaekasika Gabø:ÚGIut.
U
1015>katalIkrCIv³ CakatalIkr¬Gg;sIum¦EdlCaRbUetGIn plitedayPavrs;.
u
1016>kanIn³CaRbePTmYyén)asGasUtEdlCaFatubgáénnuyekøGTItrbs; ADN rW ARN.
U
1017>kameraK³ CaCMgWEdlqøgBImnusSmñak;eTAmnusSmñak;eTottamkarrYmePT.
CMgWenHeRcInEtekItCaBIesselIyuvv½y.
1018>kmµviFIesenTic ³sMnuMBt’manesenTicÙn ADN EdlGackMnt;nUvEpnkarsagsg; lkØNragviTúa
nigsrIrviTüa kñgkarlUtlas;énsarBagÁkay.
ú
1019>ktþaer:sIus ³CaGg;TIEsn¬RbUetGIun¦EdlmanenAelIPañ seKalikaRkhm.
ktþaer:sIuskMnt;edayGaElllb;.
sMKal;³ mnusSRbEhl85° manktþaer:sIusenAelIeKalikaRkhm. vaRtUv)anrkeXIjCa
dMbUgenaelIPñasénRKab;QamsVaer:sIus.
1020>ktþalb;³CaBaküEdleRbIedayelakm:g;Edl. ktþaenHbNþal[ elcecjlkçN lb;.
bc©b,nñenHeKeRbIBaküEsn CMnYsBaküktþa.
1021>ktþaGn; ³ CaBaküEdleRbIedayelak m½r kg;. ktþaenHkMnt;lkçNGn;énÉktþ³.
bc©úb,nñenHeKeRbIBaküEsn CMnYs[Bakü ktþa.
1022>ktþatMnBUC ³CarUbFatutMnBUCEdlCa ADN rW RkUmUsUm sßitenAkñúgekasika.
:

1023>kg;KøIy:ugTwkrég³ CasrIragÁEdlsßtenAtam srésTwkrégEdlCakEnøgLaMpUsuIt eb nig et
i
CYbnwgGg;TEI snecjmkBIcrnþQam.
1024>katabU:lIs ³ sMNuRM btikmµbMEbkmU:elKulEdlmanRbPBBIGahar rWmUe: lKul bMrug
edaypþl;nUvfamBl ATP.
1025>kenSamb‘UvEmn ³CaTMrg;müa:gkñgtMrgenammanragdUcEBgeRsabBIeRkAkøeÚ mr:l.
ú U
1026>kjúMeksrjI rw eksjI ³ CasrIragbnþrBUCjIénpáabgáreLIgedayGUEv eksrjI
nig sÞicma:t.
1029>eksreQaµl³CasrIragbnþrBUCweQaølénpáaEdlbgáreLIgedaye)aøklMGg nig Tg eksreQaøl.
1030>kMnRKab;lMGr³
CakekItRKab;lMGgedayecjBIekasikarDIbørÚ GItnImYy²eFIVemyUsbegáItekasikarGabøÚGIt4
u u
rYcmYy²eFIVmItUs1dgecjCaRKab;lMGg4 EdlmYy²manéNVyU2. :
1031>¬emIlBakübMErbMrY¦.
1032>¬emIlBaküRkUmUsUmePT¦. 010726701.
1033>kUdug³Ca)as3rW nuyekøGUTIt3 enAtKñaelImUe: lKul ARNm EdlRtUvKñaeTAnwgGasItGamIenmYy.
u
1034>kUdugepþIm³kUdugnImYy¬AUG¦EdlCaRkmemtüÚnIn.vaCakUdugTImYyEdlcUlTIkEnøg P énrIbUsUmmuneK.
1035>kUdugsþúb³CaRbePTkUdug ARNm 3 ya:g ¬ UAA UVG GA ¦EdlminRtUvKña eTAnwgGg;TIkUdug ARN .
U
kalNakUdugsþbsßtenATItaMgA énrIbUsUm enaHkarsMeyaKRbUetGIun.
ú i
1036>kUelesþr:Ul ³CalIBItNWt.vasMbUrenAkñgPñasénekasikastV. vabgá)aneTACaGrmU:nesþr:UGIt
ú u
nigvItamIn ed. brimaNvamYycMnYn FMRtUvplitecjBIeføIm. ÉRkeBjkrticelItMrgenam k¾plitkUelesþr:lEdr.
U
1037>kulsIusIun³ sarFatuKImIEdlmanT§BlbBaÄb;kMnRty:gGaRkUma:TiceFVI[cMEnkeka
i U
sikaRbRBwtþeTAminFmµta.
1038>kUnePøHBit rWdUcKña³CakUn2rWeRcInEdlmanRbPBecjBIsIkUtEt1 KWvamanesNUTIb dUcKñaebHbiT.
u

1039>kUnePøaHminBitrWxusKña ³CakUnTI2rWeRcInEdlmanRbPBecjBIsukUt 2 rWeRcInepSg
I
KñaKWvamanesNUTIbmindUcKñaebHbiTeT.
1040>ekasika³CaÉktaénTMrg;¬Fatubgá¦nigmuxgarrbs;sarBagÁkayPavrs;.
1041>ekasikalUtlas;³CaekasikaEdlmanRkUmUsUmCaKU²KW 2n. . vaeFVmItUsedIm,I
: I
ra:b;rgkarlUtlas;sarBagÁkay.
1042>ekasikaDIbøÚGIut³CaekasikaEdlmanRkUmUsUmCaKU²KW 2Gin.
:
1043>ekasikaePT³CaekasikaEdlman nrW 2n RkUmUsUm.vamankñgRkeBjePTmannaTI cUlrYmbgákMeNIt.
: ú
1044>ekasikaBUC¬ekasikaePTedIm¦³CaekasikaenAkñúgRkeBjePTmaDtUman RkUmsUm 2Gin. U:
vaeFVImItUsedIm,IbegáItCaEs<ma:tUkUnI rWGUvUkUnI.
1045>ekasikaBUC ³CaekasikaEdlman Gin RkUmsUmekItenAkñg RkeBjePTmannaTIcUl rYmbgákMeNIt.
U: ú
1046>ekasikaGabøÚ:GIut ³CaekasikaEdlmanRkUmUsUmEtmYykñúgcMenam RkUmUsUmGUmULÚk mYyKU¬rWCarbs;em
: :
rWCarbs;)a¦ KWmanRkumGabøÚGItEtmYy¬Gin¦.
:
1047>ekasikabU:lIbø:ÚGIut³CaekasikaEdlmancMnYnRkUmsUmekIneLIg tamBhuKNén Gin ¬
U: u
3Gin/4Gin/5Gin>>>¦.
1048>ekasikaRTIbøÚ:GIut ³CaekasikaEdlmancMnYnRkUmsUmdl;eTA 3Gin. U:
1049>ekasikaetRtabøÚ:GIut ³CaekasikaEdlmancMnYnRkUm:sUmdl;eTA 4Gin. U
1050>ekasikab:g;tabøÚGIut³CaekasikaEdlmanRkUmUsUmdl;eTA 5Gin. :
1051>ekasikapUlIKul³ekasikatUc²EdlzitenACMvu ijGUvUsIut.vaCYypÁt;pÁg;sarFatusMxan;
²sMrab;karlUtlas;GvUsIut nigTTYlxusRtUvkñgkarbeBa©jGrmUnePTjI.
U ú :
1052>ekasikaEs‘tUlI³ekasikazitenAEp¥ksMbkénbMBg;esmInIEPsMrab; [ekasikaePT TaMgGs;P¢ab;xøn.Ü
vamannaTIciBa©wmkñgkMnEs<ma:tUsuGIt.
ú u
1053>ekasikaGaMgETTIEsül rW LIDIk³CaekasikasßtenAkñgGnþrCatiEdlB½T§CuMvij bMBg;esmIenEPr.
i ú
ekasikaenHplitetsþÚesþr:UnnigGg;RdUesþr:n. U
1054>RkmesenTic ³CaRbB½n§RtUvKñarvagnuyekøGUTIt3²rbs; ARN
¬rWADN¦eTAnwgGasItGamIennImYy².
w u

1055>RkeBj ³Caekasika rWCalikaénsrIragÁEdlmannaTI beBa©jsarFatuepSg²dUcCa ejIs
Grm:n>>>eTAeRkAb¤eTAEpñkepSg²énsarBagÁkay.
U
1056>RkeBjGiucsURKIn rWRkeBjbeBa©jeRkA ³CaRkeBjEdlbeBa©jsarFatu epSg²
tambMBg;naMeTAeRkAsarBagÁkay rWeTAkñgmCÄdæaneRkAekasika¬]>RkeBjejIs TwkedaH rMlayGahar¦.
ú
1057>RkeBjGg;dURKIn rWRkeBjbeBa©jkñúg ³ CaRkeBjEdlbeBa©jsarFatu
epSg²¬Grm:Un¦eTAkñúgQamedIm,IdwknaMeTAEpñkepSg²énsarBagÁkay¬]>GIub:UPIs RkeBjePT>¦
1058>RkeBjePT ³ CaRkeBjplitGrm:UnePT nigkaEm:t¬]>BgsVas GUEv¦.
1059>RkeBjRbUsþat ³ ¬emIlBaküRbUsþat¦.
1060>RkeBjTIr:UGIut ³ ¬emIlBaküTIr;GIt¦. Uu
1061> RkeBjTImus ³ ¬emIlBaküTImus¦.
1062>RkUm:UsUm ³ TMrg;ekIteLIgBIsrésnuyekøGUPILam:g;¬AND nigGIusþn¦EdlrMurYjxøI
Ú
¬eFVIes<órkmµ¦ehIyeKemIleXIjEteBlekasikaeFVIcMEnk.
1063>RkUm:UsUmFmµta ³ CaRkUm:sUmEdlmanrUbrag nigRbEvgdUcKñaenAkñgekasikaén Ékþt³jI
U ú
nigeQµal.enAkñúgekasikalUtlas;RkUmsUmFmµta CaKUrGUm:LÚk.
:U U
1064>RkUm:UsUmePT ³ CaRkUm:sUmEdlmanrUbragxusKñarvagePTeQµal nigjI.vamannaTI
U
kMnt;ePTniglkçNtBUC Cab;nwgePT.
1065>RkUmU:sUmGUmU:LÚk³ CaRkUmUsUmEdlmanrUbrag nigRbEvgdUcKña.vapÞkKUGaELlén
: ú
EsnnImYy².RkUmUsUmGUmULÚkmanCaKU²kñgekasikalUtlas; KW mYyTTYlBIemmYyTTYlBI)a.
: : ú
1066>RkUmU:sUmDIbøÚGIut³CaRKUmUsUmEdlmanCaKU²kñgekasikalUtlas;tageday nimµtsBaØa 2Gin
: ú i
KWCa2Rkumén Gin RkUmsUm.
:U
1067>RkUm:UsUmGabøÚGIut³CaRkUmsUmEdlmanenAkñgekasikaePT
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1100>eKalikaRkhm³ekasikaQam¬pÒùkeGm:køb‘Én¦ekItkÜgxYrq¥wg.var:abrgdMnwknaMGuksIu Esn
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1108>RKab;³CaRKab;BUCénrukçCatimanpáa.vaCalT§plénkarbgákMeNItrbs;GvU ul.
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1112>cMEnkesµI³cMENkTI2 énemy:UsEdlFananUvcMnYnRkUmUsUm[enA Gin dEdledaysar
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1113>cMNgbiubTIt ³ sMBn½KImI [-CO-NH-] EdlekIteLIgBIbNþMúkabuksIulénGasIt GamIenmYy
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1115>cMnYnGabøÚGIut ³CacMnYn Gin RkUm:sUm EdlmanEtmYykñúgcMenamRkUmsUmGUmLÚk1KU
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1116>cMlas;Esn³Ca)atuPUtEdlKUGaElsénEsnCab;Kña bþÚr KñaeTAvijeTAmkkñgeBl RkUsIujGUevI.
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1117>cMEnkekasika³Caclnkarénekasika EdlEckxønCaekasikakUntammItUs rWemy:s.
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1118>cMEnkTI1³CacMEnkdMbUgemy:UsEdlra:b;rgkarpþac;ecjBIKñaénKURkUm:sUmGUmULÚk edIm,Ibnßy cMnYn2Gin
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eTA Gin.
1119>cMEnkTI2³CacMEnkbnÞab;énemy:UsEdlra:b;rgkarpþac;ecjBIKñaénRkUma:Tt edIm,IFana
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cMnYnRkUmUsUm[enA Gin dEdl.
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1120>crnþBt’man ³ CaskmµPaBén ARNm EdlcMlg nigbBa¢nnUvtMnlMdab;nuyekøGU TItrbs;Ggát;
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ADN BIéNVy:eTAkan;rIbUsUmedIm,IsMeyaKRbUTIt.
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1123>Calika ³ sMnuMekasikamYy rWeRcInRbePTerobcMeLIgtamEbbbTBIess
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CMnan;eRkaytamry³kaEm:t.
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enAelIRkUm:sUmePT KWmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgePT.
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1128>CMgWggwtBN’³CaCMgWtBUCCab;nwgePTkMnt;edayGaEls Gn;enAelIRkUmUsUmePT X .
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vaeFVI[GÜkCMgWminGacEjkBN’Ùbtg nigRkhm)an.
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bBaätcuHeRkam RmamédxøI bBaØaminlUtlas;>>>>.
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eLIgkñgGayuy:agtic 35qñaM.vamanT§BleTAelIRbB½n§RbsaT naM[manPaBTn;exSayxUrk,al
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EdlGacnaMeTArk PaBviklcrit. épÞmuxnig sac;dMu xøÜnmanclnaGqnÞ³.
1133>CMgWeGds_ rWsIuda³CaCMgWbNþalmkBIvIruseGds_ EdlbMpøajRbB½n§saMénragkay¬ bMpøajLaMpUsIut T
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CMnYy¦ CaehtunaM[ekItCMgW¬[kasniym¦epSg²CaeRcIn.

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rebg rlakeRsamxYr>>¦.
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1136> CMgWmuykUvIsuIdUs³ CaCMgWEdlmanvibtþiya:gF¶n;F¶relIRbdab;degðm nig
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Rbdab;rMlayGaharedaysar vtþmanGaEllmuytg;rbs;EsnzitenABak;kNþal énRkUmUsUmTI 7. :
GñkCMgWCaÉktþ³GUmUsukUtGn;.
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1137> CMgWtBUClkçN³lb;³ CaCMgWtBUCEdlkMnt;edayGaELllb;enAelIRkUmUsUm :
FmµtaKWvaGacbBa¢ÚnpÞal;BI«Buk rWmþayEdlekItCMgWeTA[kUnedayBMmankarrMlgCMnan;eT. ¬]³
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1143>dMenIrlMGg³CadMeNIrFøak;RKab;lMGgBIe)øaklMGgéneksr eQµaleTA sÞicm:aténeksr
jIkñgpáaRbePTdUcKña.
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1148>düaEBEds³dMenIrrbs;eKalika edayqøgkat;épÞénsrésbþÚr.
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kMNkaEm:teQµal.
1155>etLÚpas³CavKÁT4 énem:yUssMKal;edaykarelceLIgnUvPñasx½NÐ ekasikaemCa2.
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1159>tMnBUCCab;nwgePT³Ca)atuPténkarbBa¢nsMnMulkçNrW CMgWEdlkMnt;edayEsn
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1162>Rty:UgGaRkUma:Tic³sMNMPILam:g; ¬srés¦ EdlekItmaneBlcMEnkekasikaenA cenøaHb:UlTaMg2 .
u
vaekItBIExSkaMGaEsÞ nigRbUtU)øas. srésxøHsMrab; [RkUm:sUmetag nigpøas;TI eTArkb:lerogxøn.
U U Ü

1163>RtIFatu³Ca)asb¤ nuyekøGTIt 3 tKñaEdlCaRkmGasItGabIenmYy.
U u
1164>RtuMbU)øassÞIn³CaGg;sImEdlbeBa©jeday)øaEktenARtg;kEnøg rbYs.
u
edaysarvtþmanGMbilkal;súÐm RtMbU)øasÒnbMElgRbURtMb‘In [eTACaRtub‘InedIm,IcUlrYm kÜg kMnkQam.
u I u M ù
1165>RtuMb‘Ín³ CaGg;sImEdlplitecjBIRbURtMb‘Én enARtg;kEnøgmanrbYs. Gg;sIumRtMb‘ÉnenHbMElgPI
u u u
Rb‘ÉNUEsneTACaPIRb‘Én.
1166>tMnbénRbB½n§saMu³CasmtßPaBénRbB½n§saMénragkayEdlmanRbtikmµtbnwgkarrat
u
t,atrbs;emeraK edaymeFüa)ay2y:agKW tMnbminyfa RbePT nig tMnb yfaRbePT.
1167>tMnbminyfaRbePT³CaGMeBIénRbB½n§saMru bs;ragkayEdlbM)at;ecalnUvPñak;gar
bgáeraKedaysarpakUsuItUsénma:RkUpas ngRkanuyLÚsuIt.
1168>tMnbyfaRbePT³CaGMeBIRbB½n§saMru bs;ragkayTb;Tl;nwgkar ratt,atrbs;emeraK
edaysarRbtikmµbeBa©jGg;Tkr rbs;)øasµsIt nigRbtikmµtMnb ekasikaLaMpUsIut et.
I Ú u
1169>tMnbrMejac rWPaBrUs³ CakareqøIytbénsarBagÁkayeTA nwgrMejacénmCÆdæan
EdlmanGMeBIeTAelIsarBagÁkay.
1170>tMrUvRbsaT³CaclnkarsrIrviTüaénRbB½n§ RbsaTEdlsMrbsMrYledIm,ITTYlBt’man
BIbrisßanxageRkAeTAkñgsarBagÁkaynig TTYlBIkñgsarBagÁkayeTAsac;dMunig RkeBjTaMgLayénsarBagÁkay.
ú ú
1171>tMbn;eb:luys‘ut³eRsamenAEpñkeRkAbg¥s;rbs;GUvUsIt. : u
1172>tMrgenam³ CasrIragÁmYyKUEdlzitenAxagq¥wgkgxñgEpñkRtKak. vamannaTieRcaH kaksMnl; ¬Gu‘yer
GasIt Gu‘yric>>>¦.
u
1173>tMnlMdab;GasIutGamIen³ CacMnYnTItaMgRbePT GasItGamIenEdltMerobya:g
u
RtwmRtUvkñgRbUTtycaRbePTmYy.
ú i
1174>tMnlMdab;nuyekøGUTIt³ CacMnYnTItaMg RbePTnuyekøGUTItEdltMerobya:gRtwmRtUv kñmUe: lKul ADN
ú
mYy.
1175>tMneGkULÚsuI³CakarCMnYssßanRbB½n§mYy edaysßanRbB½n§mYyfµIeTot.
1176>tMhyKuNPaB³CaRbtikmµénkarbMEbkmUe: lKulFM² [eTACa m:UelKultUc². ¬]³RbUetGIun÷Twk
RbUetGas GasItGamIeneRcIn¦
u

1176³tUen³CaGakar³ekItenAelIRsþrI agTab Gar lkçNePTbnÞab;minsUvlUtlas;. karIy:TIb 44+OX
U
¬exÞy¦.
I
1177>taragBnüavlI³CataragbgðajnUvTMnak;TgEsRsLayem)aeTAsmaCik énRKYsar
M
mYyedaysMKal;mnusSragkaer: mnusSRsIragrgVg; ehIyGñkekItCMgWedaybEnßmsBaØaelIrag kaer: rWrgVg;.
1178>tuksIun³CatiBulrlaybegáItedaymIRkUsarBagÁkay.vaeFVI[sarBagÁkayBul. vaCaGg;TEI snrlay.
1179>Etsesr:UviC¢man³ CaEtsEdlRsavRCavrkvtþmanGg;TkrenAkñgesr:Um. ]³ RsavRCavrkGg;Tkr
I ú I
Gg;TI VIII.
1179>fg;BgsVas³Cafg;EdlenAeRkAsarBagÁkaysMrab;pÞúkGbsVas.
1180>fg;BUC³CaRkeBjmYyKUEdlmannaTIbeBa©jTwkBUCcUlrYmmYyEpñk sMrab;begáItCa Twkkam.fg;BUCman
muxgarpÞkTwkammun nwgbeBa©jmkeRkA.
ú
1181>fg;kMn rW fg;GMRb‘Íy:ug³ CakaEm:ttUPItjIEdlmanekasikar 7 EtmanéNVy:8. U
kñgekasikaTaMgenaHmanekasika bnþBUC jImYyEdleRkaykarbgákMenItvapþl;CasIkUt 2 Gin
ú u
sMrab;lUtlas;CaGMRb‘Éy:g. ekasikaFMmYymanéNVy:2 EdleRkayBIkarbgákMeNIt pþl;Cama:s
u U
ekasikamYypÒùkGasl;b‘uyEmn ¬3Gin¦.
1182>TIr:UGIut ³RkeBjGg;dURKInEdlzitenARtg;bMBg;k.TIr:GItplit TIr:sIn ¬T ¦nig RTIGIy:dUTIr:Unin
Uu U u4 u U
¬T ¦EdlCYybegánemtabUlIsekasikaedayplitfamBl ATP.
3 I :
1183>TIr:UsIun³CaG½rmUnsMeyaKecjBIRkeBjTIr:UGIt.vapÞúk4GatUm GIuy:Ut. vamanGMeBIelIskmµPaBénEsn.
: u
1184>TImIn³CaRbePT1 én)asnIRTicEdlCaFatubgáénnuyekøGUTItrbs;ADN.
1185>TImus³CasrIragÁTwkrégkNþalzitenAEpñkxagelIcenøaHsUtTaMg2. vaCakEnøgsMrab; LaMpUsIutT
bBa©b;nUvbMElgrUbragva ¬TM¦. u
1186>TILakUGIut³Cafg;enAkñgkør:)øas. vax½NÐedayPñasEdlenAkñgenaHmankør:PIl nig
ú U ú U
mUe: lKulcaM)ac;cMeBaHdMnak;kalmanBnøWénrsµIsMeyaK.
1187>RTIsUmI³CasPaBekasika¬rWsarBagÁkay¦ EdlmanRkUmsUmelIs1 kñgKUGUmU:LÚk
U: ú
NamYy¬RkUm:sUm3kñgKUNamYy¦.
U ú
1188>RTIsUmITI 21³CasPaBmanRkUmUsUmelIsmYy énKUGUm:ULÚkTI 21 ¬RkUmUsUm3¦ kñgekasikaénGñkCMgW
: : ú
mugkUl.
:

1189>RTIsUmITI 13³ CasPaBEdlRkUmsUmTI13 mandl;eTA3. vaCabuBVehtuénPaB
U:
minFmµtataMgBIkMeNIt EdleFVI[mankMhUcRTg;RTayya:geRcInénsarBagÁkay. GayuminelIs BI2 eTA 3ExeT.
1190>RTIsUmITI 18³ CasPaBEdlRkUmUsUmTI18manRkUmsUmdl;eTA3 . vaCabuBVehtu
: :U
énPaBminFmµtataMgBIkMenIteFVI[mankMhUcRTg;RTayénebHdUg q¥wg>>>. CIvitminelIsBI 2 eTA3ExeT.
1191>RTIbøÚ³CaGakarekItelIRsþRI kUmsUmePT Xmandl;eTA3. CaRsþGar ¬GUEvrminsUvlUt las;¦
:U I
bBaØaGn;fy exÞy.
I
1192>RTIbiubTIt³CaRbUTIt rWbubTItEdlekItBIGasItGamIen3tP¢ab;Kña.
i u
1193>Tgsuk³CasMnMusrésQam ¬GakET2 nig Ev:nFMmYy¦ Edlra:b;rgbNþrÚ GuksIuEsn sarFatu
epSg²>>>EdlmanenAkñgQamrvagsuk nigmþay.
ú
1194>TVarmas³CasrIragÁePTEpñkxageRkAénRsþEI dlmanbbUrFMRKbdNþb;.
1195>Twkkam³ CaFaturavGnæil s s¥ab; edaymanpÞúkEs<ma:tUsUGIt nigTwkBUC EdlbeBa©jBIfg;BUCRbUsþatnig
u
xUvEBr.
1196>Twkrég³CaFaturavBN’ s pÒkRbUetGIunnigeKalikas. vazitenARKb;kEnøgcenøaH
ù
ekasikaehIyekItecjBIQam. TwkréghUrcUleTAkñgsrésTwkrég.
ú
1197>Fatuekasika³CaFatu ¬rWGgÁkñg¦ epSg² EdlzitenAkñgsutU)øasrbs;ekasika.
ú ú I
b¤CaEpñkénekasikaEdlekIteLIgedayPñasEt1 RsTab;¬er:TIKyLÚmGg;dU)øas Rbdab;kulsu>I >¦ rW
u
2RsTab;¬kørUPIl mItUkugRDI éNVy:¦ .bu:EnþrIbUsUm nigsg;RTIy:l CaFatuekasikaEdlKµanPñaseT¦.
: U U
1198>FatusaMjauM ARNrJIbUsUm ARNt ³emIlBakükMeu pøcén ARNm rIbUsUm ARNt¦.
1199>FatusaMjaMuGg;sIum ARNt GasIutGamIrn³¬emIlBaküFatusaMjaMGg;sIm ARNt u u
GasItGamIen¦.
u
1200>nuyekøGUl³CaFatumanragEsV‘ tUces<at zitenAkÜgÙNVy:U CaTIbNûùMbNûùMÙnrIbUsUm. nuyekøGUlman
ù
ADN EdlEsnrbs;vasMeyaK ARNt.

1201>nuyekøGU)øas³CasarFatuføa GnælzitenAkñgéNVy:UEdlkñgenaHmanRkUma:TIn nignuyekøGl.
i ú ú U
1202>nuyekøGUTIt³CaÉktaénFatubgárbs; A.N (ADN rW ARN) EdlekIteLIgbI H PO mYymU:elKul
3 4

sármYymUe: lKul¬edGuksurI IbUs rW rIbUs¦ nig)asGasUt1 mU:elKul.

1203>nuyekøGUsIut³CamUe: lKulEdlekIteLIgBIsár 1mUe: lKul¬edGuksIru IbUs rW rIbUs¦nig
)asnIRTicmYymUe: lKul.
1204>nuyekøGURbUetGIut³ CaRbUetGInsaMjaMu ¬minsuT¦ ekItBIGasIut GamIen nigGasIt
u u § u
nuyekøGiucenAlayLMKña.
1205>nuyekøGUPILam:g;³CasrésRkUma:TnEdlbgáeLIgedayADN rMuBIelIRbUetGun nImYy²
I I
BIrCMeu hIytP¢ab;KñaBI RbUetGInmYyeTARbUetGIunmYy.
u
1206>nuyekøGUsUm³CaTMrg;bgáeLIgedayGIsþÚn¬RbUetGIun¦ EdlenAelIGIsþnenHman rMeu daym:eU lKul ADN
u u Ú
BIr²CM. u
1207>éNVy:U³CaFatuekasikaEdlmanTMhMFMzitkñgekasikaGWkarIy:t.éNVy:kMnt; edayPñas
ú U U
2RsTab;vapÞkRkUma:TIn nignuyekøGmYy rWeRcIn.éNVy:rU lay)at;enAeBlekasika eFVcMENk.
ú U I
1208>éNVyU:bU:Elr= éNVy:Ufg;kMn ³ CaéNVy:2 rbs;ekasikaFMmYyEdlzitenA kNþalfg; kMn.
U
eRkaykarbgÔkMeNItvabegÔtCaGal;b‘yEbn sMrab;pÞúkGahar bMrugénrukçCati.
I u
1209>eNRbug³CaÈktaTMrg;EdlbgÔCatMrgenamÙnstVq¥gkg. eNRbugekItBIkøeÐ m:r:l kenSamb‘UvEmn
w u
nigbMBg;Twkenam. vamannaTieRcaHQam nigbeBa©j sMnl;emtabUlIs. skmµPaBvaplitTwkenam.
1210>NWRtUPIl³eKalikas 1 EbbénRbePTRkanuyLÚsIut mannaTieFVIpakUsuItUs edayelb)ak;etrI
nigvIrus.
1211> NWrU:n³CaekasikaénRbB½n§RbsaT. vabgáeLIgedayKUekasikaEdlmandg;RDIt
Gak;sUn¬srésRbsaT¦ nig saxacug.
1212>NWrU:nmU:T½r³CaekasikaRbsaTEdlKUekasikazitenAkñgxYrq¥wgxñg. vadwknaMGaMgPøúc RbsaTeTAsac;duM
ú
nig RbB½n§epSg².
1213>NWr:UnviBaØaN³CaekasikaRbsaTEdlmanKUekasikazitenAkñúgkg;Køy:g. vadwknaM
I u
GaMgPøcRbsaTBIFñÜlviBaØaN eTAmCÆmNÐlRbsaT.
ú
1214>brCIB³CarebobciBa©wmCIvitrbs;Pavrs;edaysarFatusrIragÁEdlmanenAkñgGaharú
¬manenAkñgsarBagÁkaydéT¦.
ú
1215>brasit³CaPavrs;ciBa©wmCIvitenAelICalikaénsarBagÁkaydéT edaybMpøajsarBagÁkayenaH.

1216>bNþÚrrUbFatu³CaTMnak;TngrvagsarBagÁkay nigmCÄdæanrs;enAKW sarBagÁkayRsUb
M
yksarFatusMxan;BI mCÄdæansMrab;CIvit nigbeBa©jsMnl;mkeRkAsarBagÁkay.
1217>bNþÚrExVg³Ca)atuPtuénbNþrÚ Ggát;KñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagRkUma:TIt 2kñgcMenamRkUma:TIt 4
U ú
rbs;RkUmUsUmGUmULÚkeRbHbeNþaymYyKU.
: :
1218>eb:rIvIetLaMg³CaFaturavbeBa©jeday RKab;tUc²EdlzitenAeRkamPñasGUvul.
FaturavenHsMrab;[GUvulGENþt.
1219>bgðÜrenam³CabMBg;bgðrÜ BIe)øakenamnig BIbMBg;Twkam KWCabMBg;rYmsMrab;Twkkam nig
TwkenamecjmkeRkA.
1220>brimNÐlRbsaT³ pøÚvRbsaT¬rWsrésRbsaT¦ TaMgGs;énsarBagÁkayeRkABIxYr
k,alnigxUrq¥wgxñg.
1221>bnÞHeGkVaT½r¬)øakeGkVaT½r¦³CasMnuénRkUmsUmpþMRú tg;bøg;eGkVaT½r énekasikaenA vKÁT2
M U: I
éncMEnkekasika.
1222>bBa¢ÚnBt’manesenTic³CakarbBa¢ntMnlMdab;nuyekøGUTItrbs; ADNtam ry³
Ú
ARN eTakan;rIbUsUmedIm,IkMnt;Trg;RbUTIt.
m M
1223>bnSMénEsn³CakarsnSMeLIgvijnUvEsnTaMgLaykñúgkaEm:t eBlemy:s nig U
kñgsukUteBlbgákMeNIt.
ú I
1224>bnSMfµI³bnSMénEsnedaypþl;nUvÉktþ³fµIEdlCalkçN³xusBIem)a.
1225>bnSúT§PaBénkaEm:t³Cakarpþac;ecjBIKñaénKUEsnGaELlkñgeBlemy:sEdleFVI
ú U
[kaEm:tnImYy²suT§ eRBaHTTYl)anEsnGaELlEt1Kt;kgcMeNamGaELlmYyKU ¬rWmYyGaELllb;rW
ñú
GaELlGn;¦.
1226>bnSaMu³GMeBIEdltMrUv¬sMrb¦rvagrUbpþúMstV rW rukçCatieTAnwgmCÄdæanrs;enAnwglkçx½NÐ
CIvt.¬b¤Cavivtþn_EdlekIteLIgedaypÞal; rWminpÞal;BImCÄdæan nigeFV[Pavrs;begáInlT§PaB begátkUnecA¦.
i I I
1227>buerekasika³ CasarBagÁkayEdlmanRTg;RTayénCIvit gaybMputehIyBMTan;man u
TMrg;Caekasikac,as;las;.
1228>bMBg;Twkenam rW bMBg;enam³CabMBg;EdlnaMTwkenamBItMrgenameTAe)øakenam.
1229>bMBg;Twkenam rW bMBg;enam³CabMBg;EdlnaMTwkenamBItMrgenameTA e)øakenam.

1230>bMBg;lMGg³CabMBg;EdlRKab;lMGgBnøÚtxøncak;cUleTAkñúgCalika eksrjI rhUtdl;
Ü
GUvledIm,I[Es<ma:tsUGIuteFVIdMenIrcUleTAbgákMeNIt.
u U
1231>bMBg;esmInIEt³CabMBg;Evgbt;EbnkñúgkUnEkøbénBgsVas.enAEpñksMbkénbMBg;enH
manpÞúkEs<ma:tUkUnIBUCsMrab;begátkaEm:t.
I
1232>bMBg;paLÚb³bMBg;Edlmanmat;ragdUcLavzitenAsgxags,Ún ehIymannaTITTYl
ykGUvlEdlFøak;BIGUEvnaMmkrks,Úk.
u
1233>bMNkERb³karsMeyaKRbUTtelIrIbUsUmedaymankarbkERbnUvkMnt;tMnlMdab; nuyekøGUTIt
I
ARN [eTACatMnlMdab;GasItGamIenkñgmUelKulRbUTIt.
m u ú :
1234>bMErbMrYl³ kMEnERbEdlstVrWrukçCati ekItmkmanlkçNxusBIem)arWxusBIKñava.
1235>bMErbMrYlmintBUC³CakMEnERbepNUTIbeRkamT§BlénmCÄdæanrs;enA niglkçx½NÐ CIvt
i i
edayminb:HBal; nwgesNUTIbeT.
1236>bMElgÉkeTs³CabMlas;bþrÚ RTg;RTayBIsPaBmYy eTAsPaBmYyedaymanmuxgar Biessrbs;xøn. Ü
1237>bMElgÉkeTsekasika³bMElgBIekasikaEdlminTan;manlkçNÉkeTseTACaeka
sikaEdlmanlkçNÉkeTs.
]³ suIkUtrbs;fnikstV RtUvrgbMElgÉkeTs RbEhlCa 200RbePT ekasika ¬ekasikaRbsaT
>ekasikaRkhm>eKalikas>>¦.
1238>bU:lIemra:s³CaGg;sIumEdlra:b;rgkartP¢ab;KñaénmUNUEmr [eTACVamUlIEmr ¬] ARN bU:lIemra:snig
: :
ADN bU:lIemra:s¦.

1239>bU:lIEmr³CamUe: lKulFM²ekIteLIgBIbNþMúénmUe: lKultUc² EdlCamUNUEmr.:
1240>bU:lIbuibTIt³CaRbUTItEdlekItBIGasIt GamIentP¢ab;KñaticCag50. ¬b¤CamYlIEmrén GasItGamIen
u : u
ticCag50 P¢ab;KñaedaycMNgbubTIt. CaTUeTARcvak;bUlIbubTIt mYysMeyaK ecjBIEsnmYy¦.
i : i
1241>bU:lIGIuRb‘ÍDIs ³karbgáat;em)aEdlxusKñedaylkçNeRcInya:g.
1242>bU:lIbøÚ:GIuDI³Ca)atuPUténkarekIncMnYnRkUmU:sUmRKab;KUBI 2Gin eTA 3Gin 4Gin>>>kñgekasika.
ú
1243>buibTIn ³CasarFatuxab;Gnæil¬KøykUs¦manenAkñgPñaseRKagénekasikarukçCati.
ú ú
KYrdwg³ sarFatuenHRtUveRbIenAkñg]sSahkmµsMrab;eFVI[Gahar ¬dMNab;¦ kan;Etxab; rW kñgshRKas»sf.
ú ú

1244>buibTIt³ CaRcvak;ekItBIGasItGamIen 2 rW 3 eTARbEhl20t P¢ab;KñaBImYyeTAmYy
u
edaycMNgbuibTIt. ¬ÉksarxøHfaekItBIGasItGamIenBI 2 eTARbEhlCag 10¦
u
1245>b:g;tUs³CaKøysItgay ¬GUsgay¦EdlmankabUn5 dUcCasár rIbUs¬C H O ¦
ú u 5 10 5

nigsáredGuksIurIbUs¬C H P ¦.
5 10 4

1246>bU:lIsUm³CasMNuMénrIbUsUmP¢ab;KñaBImYyeTAmYyedaysar ARN EdlkMBugEtbkERb Rkm.
m

1247>bU:lIsak;karIt³ CamUe: lKulekIteLIgedayb:UlIEmr kmµénsárgay dUcCaKøykUs. ]³KøkUEsn
ú I
EslUyLÚs GamIdug.
1248>RbUsþat³ CaRkeBjenAtamRbdab;bnþBUCrbs;mnusS Rbus KWzitenACMvu ijxag edImbgðrÜ enam.
vabeBa©jTwkBUCsMrab;cUlrYmEpñkkñgkMnTwkkam.
ú
1249>RbUkarIy:Ut³CasarBagÁkay rWekasikagayEdlKµanéNVy:c,as;las; eT. sMParesenTicCaADN
U
KµanbnSMCamYyRbUetGIneT. vaKµanFatuekasikaeTelIkElgEtrIbUsUm. ]³sarayexov )ak;etrI>>>.
u
1250>RbUesesþrU:n³CaGrmU:nePTjIplitecjBIGgÀelOg nigBIsuk¬krNImanKk’¦ .
vamanGMeBIelIkareLIgpñt;énPñasesIms,ÚnnigmanGMeBIelIRkeBjs,Ún ks,Ún TwkedaH nig sItuNðPaBkñgxøn.
ú Ú
1251>RbUTIt³sarFatusrIragÁEdlekItBIFatusMxan;² C.H.O.N.ÉktaénFatubgárbs;RbUTt KWGasItGamIen.
I u
sMKal; ³ RbUTItEckCaGasIt GamIen bubTIt nigRbUetGIn.
u i u
1252>RbUetGIuin ³CabU:lIEmr EdlekIteLIgBIGasItGamIen cab;BI 50. vaGacbgáeday Rcvak;bUlIbibTIt1 rW
u : u
eRcIn. vamanTMrg;TI IIIkMnt;Cak;lak;.
1253>RbUetGIungay rW GULÚRbUetGIun³ CaRbUetGIn suT§EdlekIteLIgBIGasItGamIen
u u
edayKµanlayLMCamYynwgsarFatu epSgeToteT.
1254>RbUetGIunsaMujaMu rW eGetr:URbUetGIun³CaRbUetGInminsuTE§ dlekIt eLIgBIGasIutGamIen
u
layLMCamYysarFatunwgsarFatuepSgeTot.
1255>RbUetGIunyfaRbePT³RbUetGInBIessmannaTInig TMrg;c,as; las;eTAtamkMn lMdab; GasItGamIen.
u u
1256>RbUpas³vKÁTI1 énmItUs kt;sMKal;edaykarrlay)at;énéNVy:nig nuyekøGUl
U
ehIyelcecjnUvRkUmsUm. U:
1257>RbUpas! ³ CavKÁTI1 kñgcMENkTI1 énemy:Us sMKal; edaymanvtþmanénetRtat.
ú

1258>RbURtuMb‘Ín³RbUetGInrbs;)øasµaEdlcUlrYmGnûraKmn_ kÜgkMnkQam. RbURtub‘Én
u ù M
ekItenAkñgefømedaymanvtþmanvItamIn K pg.
ú I
1259>RbUtUsUEG‘r³CastVEdlbgáeLIgedayekasikaEtmYy. ] ³ GamIb)a:ra:emsI>u )øasµdüÚm>>. Ú
1260>RbUvIrus³ CavIrusEdlman ADN rW ARN sMeyaKCaADN 2ExSedayeRcotcUl eTAkñg ADN ú
énéNVy:rU bs;ekasika Fñl ¬ekasikabgáeraK¦.
Ü
1261>Rbdab;bnþBUC³ CasMNusrIragÁbnþBUC eQµal rW jI ¬BgsVas bMBg;Twkkam ligÁ rW GUEv s,Ún >>¦
M
Edlra:b;rgkarbnþBUCedayePT.
1262>Rbdab;kulsuI³CaFatuekasikamanragCafg;sMEb:t² RtYtelIKñamannaTIRbmUlpþúM nigdwknaM
RbUetGInEdlsMeyaKrYc.
u
1263>RbePT³Pavrs;TaMgLayEdlmanlkçNrUbragRsedogKña ehIyGacbnþBUCbegát)an kUnecAbnþeTot.
I
1264>RbtikmµKImICIv³CaRbtikmµKImIEdlRbRBwtþkñgekasika énsarBagÁkayrs;.
ú
1265>RbB½n§saMu³CasMNuénCalika nig ekasika ¬ma:RkUpas > LaMpUsIut > mUNUsIut>>¦
M :
EdlGacbegáIttMnbyfRbePT ehIyGacbnSaMeu TAnwgkarratt,aténmIRkUsarBagÁkayepSg².
1266>RbB½n§Gg;dURKIn³CasMNMRu keBjbeBa©jkñúgTaMgLayEdlbeBa©j sarFaturbs;xøn ¬GrmUn¦ Ü :
eTAkñgQampÞal;EtmþgedayKµanbMBg;beBa©jeT.
ú
1267> RbB½n§NWr:U>Gg;dURKIn³CapøÚvmU:T½rEdlCabNþajénRkeBjGg;dURKIn. karplitG½r
mUnKWzitenAeRkambBa¢aBI mCÄmNÐlRbsaT.
1268>RbB½n§RbsaTqnÞ³ CapøvÚ mUT½r EdlTTYlbBa¢aBImCÄmNÐl RbsaTeTAsac;duCab; q¥wg.
: M
1269> RbB½n§RbsaTGqnÞ³ CapøÚvmUT½r EdlTTYlbBa¢aBImCÄmNÐl RbsaTedIm,IRkeBjxøH nig
:
sac;dudéTeTot.
M
1270>RbUTIs³ CarC¢³ÙnPavrs;GWkarIy:UtÈkekasika ¬RbUtUsUEG‘r>saray Èkekasika¦
rWBhuekasika¬saray> pSit 1cMnYn¦ EdlmanlkçN³ minGaccat;cUlkñgrC¢³epSgeTot.
u
1271>RbUnuyekøGUs³CaENVy:GabøÚGIténkaEm:tEdleLIge)a:g rYcvanwgrlay cUlKñarvag RbUnuyekøGs
U u U
eQµalnig jI edIm,IbBa©b;karbgákMeNItedaykøayCasukUt.
I
1272> RbUnuyekøGUseQµal³CaENVy:UGabøÚ:GItén Es<ma:tUsUGIt EdleLIge)a:g
u u
rYcvannwgrlaycUlKñaCamYyRbUnuyekøGUs jI edIm,IbBa©b;karbgákMenItedaykøaemsIukUtmYy.

1273 RbUnuyekøGUsjI³ENVy:GabøÚ:GIténkaEm:t jI EdleLIge)a:grIkFM
U u
rYcvanwgrlaycUlKñaCamYyRbUnuekøGUs eQµaledIm,IbBa©b;karbgákMeNIt køayCasuIkUtmYy.
1274>eRbkg;cMlas;Esn³ plbUksmamaRtCaPaKry énkaEm:trgcMlas;Esn.
1275>Rb‘Íy:UPIt³saxarukçCatitUc²duHenAelIdIesImKµansrésnaMehIysrIragÁbnþBUCRtUv lak;Cit
BI)akemIleXIjNas;. tMnagRb‘y:PIt KWEsøEdlrs;enAkEnøgesIm.
É U
1276>RbUtU)øas³sMNuEM NVy:U nigsItU)øasEdlB½T§CuMvijedayPñasekasika. ¬kñgesnIesenTic³
u ú
CaekasikaEdlbMEbkecjBICalika rukçCatiedaydkykPñas EsluyLÚs
ecjehIyeKykvaeTAeRbIkñgkarbNþúHdaMkñgEkvBiesaF.
ú ú
1277>bøg;eGkVaT½r³ TItaMgenARtg;kNþalekasika.
1278>)a:ra:TIr:UGIut³CaRkeBjGg;dURKInEdlenAxageRkayRkeBjTIr:GIt. vaman4edayman
Uu
naTIbeBa©j)a:ra:GrmUn.
:
1279>)a:ra:GrmU:n³ CaGrmU:nbeBa©jeday)a:ra:TIr:GIt . vamannaTItMrUvGaRta pUsV½r nig kal;süÚm
Uu
eTAmCÄdæankñúg.
1280>)a:ra:emsIu³ CastVÉkekasika manéNVy:2 ehIymaneramj½r B½T§CuMvijrs;enAkñúg Twk EdlminhUr.
U
1281>)ak;etrI³Pavrs;ÉkekasikaRbUkarIy:t vaKµan éNVy:U BItR)akd eT ADN pþMú Rtg;kNþalekasika
U
.vars;enACasaRbUPIt rWbrasit.
1282>)ak;etrIy:Upas³CavIrusmanrUbFatutMnBUCCa ADN . vars;enACabrasitkñúg )ak;etrI.
1283>)asnIRTic-)assrIragÁ-)asGasUt³CamUe: lKulmanpÞúkGasUt. vaCaFatubgá
énnuyekøGUTItrbs;GasIutnuyekøGiuc¬ADN nig ARN¦ .
1284>)asBIrImIDic³CamUe: lKulpÒùkGasUt KWTImIn Guyra:sIul nigkanIn EdlCaFatu bgÔÙnnuyekøGUTIt
‘
nignuyekøGsIt.
U u
1285>)asUPIl³CaRbePT1 éneKalikas RkanuyLÚsIut¬éNVy:eU RcInEkøb¦. vamannaTIbeBa©j GIusþamIn.
1286>)asBYric³mUe: lKulpÞúkGasUtKWCa)asGaednIn nigkanIn EdlCaFatubgáén nuyekøGUTItnig
nuyekøGUsIt.
u
1285>e)aøklMGg³CaEpñkxagcugéneksreQµal rage)a:g man2Ekøb. vaplitnUvRKab; lMGg.

1286>e)øakenam³Cafg;mYytUcmanépÞesþIgGackRnþak;)an. vapÞkTwkenamEdlhUr BItMrg
ú
enamtambMBg;Twkenam. kalNaTwkenameBjvakRnþak;bgðrÜ ecjmkeRkAtambgðrÜ enam.
1287>)øasµÚsIut³CaekasikaekItBILaMpUsIut B EdlrgÉkeTs. vaCaGñkplitGg;TIkresrI.
1288>)øasµIt³CamUe: lKul ADN ragrgVg;manEtkñg)ak;etrI nigemRtEb:. vaekIteLIgedayELkBIRkUmsUm
ú U:
¬ADN¦EdlCasMPar³tMnBUCsMxan; rbs;va.
RtUvdwg³ )øasµItrbs;)ak;etrImanpÞkEsnEdlFn;nwgGg;TIbüÚTc.
ú i
1289>)øaEktQam³CaekasikaQamEdlpþúya:grh½senAkEnøgmanrbYsedaybeBa©j
M
Gg;sIumRtubU)øasIn¬ktþa x¦sMrab;cUlrYmGnþrKmn_kñgkMnkQam.
M Þ u
1290>)aøsµa³CaEpñkravénQammanTwk nigsarFaturlaydUcCa GIuy:g sarFatuciBa©wm RbUetGIn Grm:n vItamIn
u u U
kaksMnl;énemtabUlIs.
1291>büÚEsV‘r³CasMnuMmCÄdæanFmµCatiénEpndIepSg²EdlCIvitGacbnþkarrs;enA)an.
1292>büÚma:s³Cama:ssrub énBBYkÉktþ³ kñgRbePTmYyEdlmanenAkñúgzanRbB½b§mYy².
ú
1293>pøaEsl³EpñkknÞyrbs;Es<ma:tUsUGItra:b;rgbMlas;TI.
ú u
1294>pUlIKul³CaTMrg;manragdUcfg; ekItBIRsTab;ekasikapUlIKl B½T§CuMvijGUvUsut. CYnkalmanEt k nig
u : I
manRbehagpÞúkFaturav.
1295>pUlIKuledIm³CapUlIKulkñgdMNak;kalTI1énkarlUtlas; vaCaGUvU:suItTI1 EdlB½T§
ú
CMuvijedayekasikapUlIKul 3-4 bue: NÑaH.
RtUvdwg³ GUv:sItTI1 enHRtUvKaMgtaMgBIvKÁTI 11 énemy:Us. Ggát;p©wt 30mIRkUEm:t.
U u
1296>pUlIKulTI1³ CapUlIKul zitenAkñúgdMNak;kalTI2 énkarlUtlas;. vamanlkçN sMKal;
edaymanekasikapUlIKul 2-3 RsTab;B½T§CMuvijGUvUsut 1. : I
RtUvdwg³ cMeBaHmnusSRsImanGgát;p©wt 50 mIRkUEm:t. pUlIKulTI1enHcab;bnþlUtlas; enA 4-5
ExmundMeNIrGUvl. u
1297>pUlIKulTI2³CapUlIKulEdlzitenAkñgdMNak;kalTI3 énkarlUtlas;.
ú
vamanekasikapUlIKuleRcInRsTab;B½T§CMuvij GUvUsIt 1 RBmTaMgmanEtkxagkñúg nigEtkxag eRkA.
: u
RtUvdwg³ pUlIKlTI2 manGgát;p©wt 100 mIRkUEm:t É GUvU:suItRbEhl 60 mIRkUEm:t.
u
RsTab;ekasikapUlIKulrbs;vabegáItCaRkanuyLÚsaEdlcab;epþmbegátRbehagmYy.
I I

1298> pUlIKulTI rW pUlIKulRbehag³ pUlIKulzitkñgdMNak;kalTI4 énkarlUtlas;.
ú
vamanlkçNsMKal;edaykarkekItRbehagd¾FM 1 kñgRkanuyLÚsa¬sMNueM kasika¦
ú
ehIyEdlenAkñúgenaHmanGUv:UsIutTI1. pUlIKulTI3kMnt;eday Etkkñg nigEtkeRkA.
ú
cMNaM³ ÉksarxøHfapUlIKulTI1/2/3 zitenAkñgdMNak;kallUtlas;TI 1/2/3/.
ú
1299>epNUTIb³CasMnuMlkçNrbs;sarBagÁkay.
1300>eprU:mU:n³CasarFatuKImI¬Gal;kul÷GasItxøaj;¦ EdlbeBa©jedaystVkñgbrimaNtic
u ú
tYcmkmCÆdæanxageRkAedIm,ITak;Taj édKUkñgpøvePT [mantMnbbMBak;Kña karbeBa©jGUvul nigEs<ma:tUsUGIt.
ú Ú u
1301>epNulGuksuIdas³CaGg;suImCYyCMurujRbtikmµKImIénkarsMeyaKTIr:suIn[eTACa emLanin
U
EdlCasarFatu pûl;CatiBN’dl;Es,k sk;>>>>.
1302>pakUsuItUs³CasmtßPaBénkarbMpøajemeraKedayeKalika¬ma:RkUpas b¤NWRtUPl¦ I
ehIyvaeFVImantMnbsaMminyfaRbePT.
u
1304>pakUsuIt³CaekasikaTaMgLayEdl eFVpakUsIutUs¬mUNUsuIt ma:RkUpas NWRtUPIl>>>¦.
I :
1305>páa³Rbdab;bnþBUCénrukçCatimYycMnYn. vamanpÞksrIragÁbnþBUCeQµal ¬eksreQµal¦nigsrIragÁbnþBUC
ú
jI¬eksrjI¦.
1306>BgsVas³RkeBjePT ¬RkeBjbnþBUC ¦eQµalsMrab;begátkaEm:t eQµal nigGrmU:n ePTeQµal
I
etsþeÚ sþr:n.
U
1307>Bhuekasika³CasPaBsarBagÁkayEdlekIteLIgBIekasikaeRcIn.
]³emtasUEG‘rCasarBagÁkayBhuekasika.
1308>BiPBGsrIragÁ³CaBIPBKµanCIvt. i
1309>BiPBsrIragÁ³ CaBIPBmanCIvit.
1310>Bt’manesenTic³CasMnuéntMnlMdab;nuyekøGUTItkñgEsnEdlmantYnaTI Cabøg;sMrab;sagsg;lkçN
M ú
nigkarlUtlas; rbs;Pavrs;.
1311>eBlrdUv³CalMnaMénkardac;RCuHPñasesIms,ÚnedaykarrmYldac;srés GakETtUc³
bNþal[manQamhUrtamTVarmas.
1312>BnüarkMeNIt³ CaGMeBIEdleRbIviFIepSg² sMrab;Tb;sÔat;min[manKk’ eBlrYmePT.
1313>BhuGaELl³CasPaBénEsnmYyEdlmanGaELleRcInEtRtYtBinitülkçNmYy.

1314>BhuEsn³ CasMNuEM snmYyRkumEdldwknaMRtYtBinitülkçNEtmYy. EsnnImYy²én
RkumEsnenHmanLÚKusxus²KñaenAelIRkUmUsUm. :
1314>Pavrs;³CaPavEdlmanCIvitmanTMrg; Caekasika ehIyGaceFVI smankmµnig GsmankmµrIkcMerIn)an.
1315>Pavrs; rW sarBagÁkay sV½yCIB³sarBagÁkayEdlciBa©wmCIvteday sMeyaKnUv i
sarFatusrIragÁxniC nigfamBl RBHGaTitü rWKImI.
1316> Pavrs; rW sarBagÁkay brCIB³ sarBagÁkayEdlciBa©wmCIvt edaysarFatu srIragÁ
i
EdlmanenAkñgGahar rW kñgsarBagÁkaydéT.
ú ú
1317>PILam:g;³ CaFatuEdlragEvg² ehIyqµa².
1318>ePT³CalkçN³ 2ya:gEdlxusKñaedaylkçN ragvITüa nigsrIrviTüa edIm,IsMKal; lkçN eQµal rW jI.
1319>ePOk³CaPaB)at;bg;CatiBN’edaysarGvtûmanemLaTIn BIkMeNIt enAkÜgEs,k sk; eram nigEPÜk>>>.
ù
vakMnt;eLIgedayEsnGn; enAelIRkUmsUm Fmµta ehIysMEdgecj kalNa CaGUmUsukUtGn;.
U: : I
1320>PñasbgákMeNIt³PñasEdlekIteLIgenAEpñkxageRkayén tMbn;eb:luysut eRkay I
BImanRbtikmµbeBa©jsarFatu rbs;RKab;tUc² EdlenACMvij sutU)øasén GUvU:sut 2.
u I I
PñasenHkarBarkarcUlénEs<ma:tUsUGItmYyepSgeTot.
u
1321>PñassuItU)øas³ CaPñasB½T§CMuvijsutU)øasedayx½NÐekasikaBImCÄdæaneRkA. PñassutU
I I
)øasekItBIRsTab;RbUetGIun 2 RsTab; RsTab;kNþal KW lIBIt. vamannaTIbNþÚrsarFatu rvagGI y:aLÚ)øasnig
mCÄdæaneRkA.
1322>PñaseRKag-PñasbiuctUEsluyLÚs³ CaPñaseRkAénekasikarukçCatirwg Rkas;
bgáeLIgedayEsluyLÚs nigbuicTIn. vamanmuxgarRTRTg; ragBhuekaNénekasika nigbNþrÚ sarFatu.
cMNaM³ eKeRcInehAPñaseRKagfaCaPñasEsluyLÚs.
1323>Pñasesøsµs,Ún-PñasesIms,Ún³ CalikaeGBIetlüÚmEdlbegát CaesøsµRkal I
BasépÞénRbehags,Ún . enAvtþluyetGic PñasetGic PñasenHeLIgpñtxøaMgdUceFµjrNa
u u ;
ehIyRtUvRCuHdac;layLMnwgQambegátCardUvenAcugvdþrdUv.
I
1324>PaBsaMu¬emeraK¦³CasmtßPaBEdlGacFn;RTaM GackMrit)an nUvkarlUtlas;Gac
kMcat;)ancMeBaHCMgWGVEI dlekItedaykarratt,aténmIRkUsarBagÁkay.
1325>PIRb‘ÍNUEsn ³CaRbUetGInsrÙsEdlmanenAkÜgQam. eRkamGMeBIÙnRtub‘Én vabMElgCaPIRb‘Én.
u ù M

1326>PIRb‘Ín³CaRbUetGInEdl)anBIPRI b‘ÉNUEsneRkamGMeBIÙnRtuMb‘Én. vabegÔtCabNûaj
u I
srésqµaEdlminrlay sMrab;begátCakMnkQameBlmanrbYs.
I
1327>EPñksV½ytMeLIgeTV³ CakEnøgEdlRcvak; ADN epþmEbkedIm,IsVytMeLIgeTV. EPñk
I ½
nImYy²mancMBaménkarsV½ytMeLIgeTV2 EdlmanTisedApÜyKña. ú
1328>PñWmU:kUk³Ca)ak;etrIEdlbgá[manCMgWrlaksYt.
1329>mrtktMnBUC-mrtkesenTic³CasMNueM sNUTIb rW ADN
EdlmanenAkñgekasikasMrab;kMnt;lkçNtBUC énsarBagÁkay nImYy².
ú
1330>ma:l;tUs³DIGUsut rW DIsakarIt EdlekItBIkarsMeyaKénKøykUs2 mU:elKul ¬ C H O ¦.
I ú 12 22 11

1331>ma:RkUPas³CaeKalikasEdlekItBIkarbMElgénmUNUsuIt. vaCaekasikaeFVIpakUsuItUs.
:
1332>ma:RkUelKul³ CamUe: lKulFM²EdlekItBIbnSMénmUe: lKultUc² CaeRcIn.
KYrdwg³ ma:RkUmUe: lKulCabU:lIEmr EdlmanTMgn;meU: lKulcenøaH BI 10000 eTA 1000000
dal;tugEdlekItBIbNþMú énmUNUEmr.
:
1333>mIRkUsarBagÁkay³Pavrs;tUcbMputGacemIlEtkñúgmIRkUTsSn_. vabgáeLIgedayekasikaEtmYyKt;.
]³ )ak;etrI sarayÈkekasika RbUtUsUEG‘r>>>>>.
1334>mIRkub³mIRkUsarBagÁkayEdlbgáCMgW. ]³ )ak;etrI vIrus>>.
1335>mItUs³ CacMEnkrbs;ekasikaGWkarIy:tEdlCakarbnþBUCdUcénekasikaeday ra:b;rg nUvcMnYn nigrUbrag
U
RkUmsUm[enAdEdlkñúgekasikakUn.
U:
1336>mIRkUBIl³Carn§tUcmYyrbs;GUvulEdlsMrab;[RKab;lMGgcUl.
1337>mIeslüÚm³CasrIragÁlUtlas;rbs;pSitEdlekIteLIgBIsrésqµar ¬Gub¦ EbkExñg. I
CaTUeTAmanBN’s.
1338>mIRkUs,:³ s,:EdlduHBnøkCaRbUtal;eQaµlrMCakaEmtUPiteQaµl.
1339>mItUkugRDI³FatuekasikaEdlbgáeLIgedayPñas2RsTab; . PañskñgbegáItCapñt;bt;cuHeLIg .
ú
vaCamCÄmNþldegðImya:gsMxan;edaypþl;nUvfamBlATP .
1340³mIjU:)aøs³ekasikasac;dMunUvx©IzitenAeRkamPñassItUpøasrbs;ekasika.
ú
1340³mIRkUs,:r;:g³CasrIragplitmIRkUs,:.

1342³emCalika³CatMbn;ekasikarukçCatiEdlnigRtUveFVmItUsya:gskmµedIm,Ira:b;rgnUvkMnsrIragfµI.
I
cMNaM³ emCalikaman³
-emCalikakMBUl³ enAk,alrws rWkMBUledImra:b;rg karlUtlas; EpñkkMBs; ¬beNþay¦rukçCati.
-emCalika zitsßtenAsMbkEpñkkNþalénedIm ra:b;rgkalUtlas;EpñkkMras;énsrIragrukçCati.
i
1343³emkas,:-ma:RkUs,:r:g³CasrIragEdlbegátma:RkUs,:.
I
1344³emtapas³vKÁTI2énmItUssMKal;eday RkUmUsUmeRbHbeNþaymkpþMúKñaenARtg;eGkaV
T½rbegátCabnÞHeGkaVTr½ .
I
1345³emtapasI³vKÁT2cMENkTI1énemyUssMKal;edayetRtatTaMgGs;mkpþúMKñaRtg;tM
I
bn;eGkaVT½redaybegáICabnÞHeGkaVT½r.
1345³emtapasII³vkÁT2cMENkTI2énemyUman n RkUmUsUmEdleRbHbeNþaypMþúRtg;bøg;eGkaVT½r.
I
1346³emyU:s³CasarFatuénCatiB½Netñatcas;sMrab;pþl;B½Ndl; Es,k sk; eram RbRsIEPñk>>>.
emLanInekitBIRbtikmµénGasItGamIen TIrUsIn eRkamGnþraKmn¾énGg;sIumepNulGuksIdas.
u : u u
1347³emtaBbUlIs³CasMnMRu btikmµKImIedayGnþraKmn¾BIGg;sImEdlRbRBåteTAenAkñg
u ú
ekasikaénsarBagkay.
cMNaM³emtabUlIsEckecjCa kataBbUlIs nigGaNabUlIs .
1348³emtabUlIt³mUelKulénsarFatuciBa©åmEdl)anBIRbtikmµmtabUlIs.
1349³muytg;³CasarBagÁkayrwlkçN³ rw Esn¬dMbUgbg¥s;¦
EdlmanlkçN³fµeI lcecjBIsarfatumuytasüúg.
1350³muytasüúg³kMEnERbtMnlMdab;nuyekøGUTItén ADN rwCaTUeTAkMEnERb
sMPar³esnUTc. vaGacbBa©ÚnrTAsNþaneRkamkrNIelIekasikabnþrBUC EtvamintBUCeT
u
krNIekItkñgekasikalUtlas;.
ú
1351³muytasüúgsUma:³CakMEnERbEdlb:HBal;eTAnig ADN
ekasikalUtlas;.EsnrgkMEnERbenHbBa©ÚneTAeGayekasikaepSg²énsrIragÁ tammItUsEtmin
GacbBa©ÚneTAsNþaneRkayeT.]
1352³muytasüúgxø³kMEnERbEdlb:HBal;eTAnågADNénekasikaeTP b¤ ekasikabnþrBUC
.EsnkMEnERbenHsNþaneRkay.

1353³muytaEsn³CaPñak;garrUb-KImIEdleFIVeGaymuytasüúg.
1354³muytasüúgRkUmUsUm³CakMEnERbsMPar³tMnBUCEdlbegátenAelIRkUmsUmTaMgmUl
I U:
rå enAelIEpñkmYyénRkUm:UsUmehIyEdleKGacemIleXIjenAkñgkarIyUTbl.
ú I
1354³muytasüúgTMrg;RkUmUsUm³kMEnERbTMrg;RkUmUsUm edaykardac;Ggát;mYy)at; rw
edaykareRCotGgát;mUycUl rw cMras;tMnlMdab;Esn rw benÞrGgát;RkUmUsUmmYy eTACab;nig
RkUmsUmEdlminEmnCaRkUmUsUmGUmULknugKañ.
uU U
1356³muytasüúgcMnYnRkUmUsUm³CakMenERbcMnYnRkUmUsUmkñúgKUrGUmULUkNamYy rw
kñgKUrGUmULUkTaMgGs;EdlbNaþlBI mItUs w emy:Us minFmµta.
ú
1357³mYytasüúgEsn³kMENERbrbs;Esn1edaykaCMnYsrwkar)at;bg;rwkarbEnßmnuyekøGUTIt1enAkñúgEsnrw
karRtLb;nuyekøóGUTItenAkñgRtIFatuT1.
ú I
1358³muykUvIsIudYs³¬emIlBaküCMgwmuykUvIsIudYs¦.
1359³m:UNUEm³CabNþMúFatuKImIEdlbegátCaÉktaénFatubgárbs;b:lIEmr.
I U
1360³m:UNUsUmI³CasPaekasika¬rw sarBagÁkay¦EdlGvtþmanRkUmUsUmkñgKUrGUmULÚkNamYy.
ú
1361³mUNUGIuRb‘ÍDIs³Cakarbgáte; m)arxusKñaedaylkçNHEtmü:ag.
1363³m:Urul-m:rulLa³CaGMRb‘ÉyugEdlzitkÜùgdMNak;kalTI2ÙnkarlUtlas;. vaekiteLigBI
kasikarab;ryducv²Kañ¬KwminTan;rgbMElgÉkeTs¦.
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1367>mharIk³CadMnuHdMnaledaytRBMEdnénekasika EdlbegátCadMuBkdMbUgehIycak;cUl
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1368>mCÄmNÐlRbsaT³CakEnøgTTYlBt’man enAkÜgRbB½n§RbsaT rYmmanxYrk,al nig xYrq¥wgxÜg.
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1369>yfaRbePTPaBénRbUetGIun³CaPaBCak;lak; nigmanmuxgarc,as;las;énRbePT RbUetGInnImYy².
u

1370>eyanI³CasrIragÁRbehagkNþal EdlP¢ab;mçageTAks,Ún mçageTotP¢ab;eTATVarmas.
vaCasrIragÁbnþBUCrbs;Rsþ>I
1371>rsµIsMeyaK³CadMenIrsMeyaKsarFatusrIragÁ BIsarFatuxniC
nigBIfamBlRBHGaTitü.sMeyaKenHRbRBwtþeTAenAelIrukçCatimankør:PIl.
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1372>rdUv³KWCaQam nigPñasesIms,ÚnEdldac;RCuHkñgry³28éf¶mþg énvdþrdUv.
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1373>er:s‘us³emIlBakúktûaers‘s. u
1374>ragviTüa³CaviTüasaRsþsikSaBIrUbrag énsarBagÁkay.
1375>rIbUsUm³CaFatuekasikamanmaDtUc²ekItBIRbUetGIn nig ARNr.
u
vaCaTIsMrab;sMeyaKRbUetGIn.u
1376>rIbUnuyekøGUTIt³CaÉktaénFatubgárbs;ARN .vaekItBIGasIutpUsVricmYym:UelKul
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1377>rIbUnuyekøGas³Gg;sImCYyGnþraKmn_kñgGIRdUlIsm:UelKulARN.
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1378>rIbUs³CasárEdlmankabUn5¬sárb:g;tUs¦.vaCaFatubgáénnuyekøGUTtrbs;ARN edaymanrUbmnþ
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5 10 5

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1381>rUbFaturs;-sarFaturs;³sarFatucMruHEdlmanTMrg;epSgKña vaCasmasFatuénPavrs;TaMgLay.
1382>sarFAtuxniC³emIlBaküsarFatuxniC.
1383>rUbFatusrIragÁ³emIlBaküsarFatusrIragÁ.
1384>rUbFatutMnBUC-sMPar³esenTic-sMPartMnBUC³m:UelKulADN¬rWRkUmsUm¦ U:
EdlpÒùkBt’manesenTic sMrab;sMeyaKRbUTIt edIm,IkMnt;lkØNsarBagÀkay.
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kñgkarcUleTAkan;s,Ún.
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sMEb:tpþMúCaesr.vaCYyGnþraKmn_kñgdMnwknaMRbUetGInEdlsMeyaKehIy nigsMeyaKsmas
ú u
FatulIBIt.
1387>er:RtUvIrus³vIrusmansMPar³esenTicCaARNEdlGaccMlgeTACaADNedaysarGg;sIum
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I
1388>er:pøic³skmµPaBGqnÞ³ nigGBaØaNEdlekIteLIgedaykarePJacénsrIragÁviBaØaN.
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1390>lkçNmuytg;³¬emIlBakümuytg;¦.
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kñgkrNIbgátem)aeQµalBUCsuT§xusKñaedaylkçNmü:ag rWeRcIny:ag.lkçNGn;kMnt;eday edayGaELlGn;.
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1395>lkçNePT³CalkçNragviTüa nigsrIrviTüaEdlGacEjkdac;rvagPav³jI nigeQµaH.
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1397>lkçNePTbnÞab;bnSM³CasMNMlkçNEdlxusKñarvagmaD m:assac;dMu sMelg
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ePT.
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1399>ligÁ³CasrIragÁePTrbs;mnusSRbus sMrab;bBa©ÚlEs<m:atUsUGIuteTAkñgmnusSRsIenA
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eBlrYmePT.
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1402>lIkas³emIlBaküGg;sImkat;.
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1406>viFIekasika³sikSaBIekasika edayBinitüBITMrg; mIRkUTsSn_rbs;RkUmsUmkñúgekasika énsarBagÁkay.
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1409>vdþekasika³ CadMNak;epSg² énbMErbMrYlEdlekItmancMeBaH ekasika kñgdMNak; kalcenøaHvKÁ
ú
nigvKÁTaMg4 énmItUs.
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cab;taMgBIeBleBjv½yrhUtdl;Gs;rdUv.
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enAeBldMeNIrGUvul.
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enHekasikapulIKulénpUlIKulEdlpÞúHEbkkøayCaGgÁelOg. vKÁenHmanry³eBlefr ¬14éf¶¦.

1415>vKÁ¬vdþ¦DIbUpas=vKÁDIbøÚGIut ³dMnak;kalénCIvitrbs;sarBagÁkay1 EdléNVy:U
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1416>vKÁ¬vdþ¦GabøÚ:pas=vKÁGabøÚ:GIut³ dMNak;kalénCIvitsarBagÁkaymYyEdléNVy:U énekasikaman
Gin RkUmUsUm.
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1417>vKÁdMNuHdMNal³CadMNak;EdlEs<ma:tUkUnIBUC eFVImItUsedaypþl;CaEs<ma:tUkUnI rWGUvUkanI.
1418>vKÁkMenIn³CadMNak;EdlEs<ma:tUkUnI rW GUvUkUnI ekInmaDkøayCaEs<ma:tUsIutTI1 b¤ GUvsutTI1.
U I
1419>vKÁTMnuM³dMNak;EdlEs<ma:tUsutTI1 rM GUvUsuIt1 eFVIwemy:Us.
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1420>vKÁbMElgÉkeTs³CadMNak;EdlEs<ma:TItpøas;bþrÚ RTg;RTayeTACaEs<ma:tsUGIut. U
1421>vIrusIIIV³CavIruEdleFVI[RbB½n§saMru bs;mnusScuHexSay . IIIVvaylukeTAelI LaMpUsuIt
T rbs;RbB½n§saM.
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1424>vak;saMg³CasUluysüúgEdlerobcMeLIgBImIRkUsarBagÁkayedaybnßyT§Blva i
sMrab;cak;bBa©ÚleTA[mnusS rWstV edIm,IbnSaueM TA nwgCMgW.
1425>evC¢viC¢aBüakr³ EpñkmYyénevC¢saRsþEdleFVI[dwgmunnUvkarelceLIgénCMgW
esenTicmYycab;taMgBIdMnak;GMRb‘Éy:g.
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1426>srIrviTüa³CaviTüasaRsþsikSaBIdMeNIrRbRBwtþeTArbs;sarBagÁkay.
1427>srIragÁ³sMNuénCalikaEdlmanTMrg;nig muxgarkñgsarBagÁkay ehIybNþMúénsrIragÁ
M ú
NaEdlmanmuxgardUcKña nig begátCaRbdab;.
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famBlpÞal;xønrbs;sarBagÁkay.
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1429>smasFatupUsVat³ CasarFatusrIragÁekItBI H PO ¬3 rW 3 rW 1 mUe: lKul¦ sárrIbUs1mUe: lKul
3 4

nigGaednIn mYymU:elKul.
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RBmTaMgFatubnÞab;bnSM dUcCa s<an;F½r pUsV½r>>.
vaCasarFatubegáItedayPavrs; nigeFVI[Pavrs;lUtlas;)an.
1431>sarFatuxniC =sarFatusrIragÁ³CamUe: lKultUc² EdlKµankabUn pþMúeTAnwgGIRu dUEsneT.
sarFatuxniCdUcCa H O. CO , CO ...vaminbegáIt)anCaPavrs;eT bu:EnþPavrs;RtUvkarcaM)ac;.
2 2 3

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1434>saLat;smuRT³CasarayébtgsmuRTEdlCasarBagÁkaymanTMrg; gaybMput .
vamanvdþCIvitCakaEm:ttUPIt nigs,:r:PIt.
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1435>sarBagÁkayrYmePT rWeTVePT³ CasarBagÁkayEdlsrIragÁbnþBUC jInig eQµal enACamYyKña
¬KWmanRBmKñanUvlkçNePT jI nigeQµal¦.
1436>sarBagÁkayÉkePT³CasarBagÁkayEdlmanEtsrIragÁbnþBUC jI rWmanEtsrIragÁ bnþBUCeQµal.
1437>sarBagÁkayÉkekasika³CaPavrs;EdlkekIteLIgBI ekasikaEtmYyKt;. ]³ RbUtUEG‘r
CaPavrs;Ékekasika.
1438>srésb:Ul³CasrésRty:UgGaRkUma:TicEdlekIteLIg eBlcMENkekasikaehIyP¢ab;
BIb:lmYyeTAb:lmYyedayKñanRkUm:sUmmketagP¢ab;eT.
U U U
1439>srésRkUm:UsUm³ CasrésRtyU:gGaRkUmaTicEdlekIteLIgeBlcMEnkekasika sMrab;
P¢ab;sg;RtUEmrrbs;RkUm:UsUm nigrMkileTAb:lsgxag.
U
1440>srIragÁviBaØaN³CasrIragÀEdlTTYlBt’manBImCÁd×anxageRkA edayktûarUbKImI bBa¢neTAxYrq¥wg
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u
sn§wgBIPñaséNVy:U eTAPñasekasika.

1442>suIkUt³CaekasikaDIbøÚ:GuItEdlCalT§plénkarrlaycUlKñarvagkaEm:t jI nigeQµal. vamanRkUm:sUm
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2Gin.
1443>suItUsuIn³ CaRbePTmYyén)asGasUtEdlCaFatubgárrbs;nuyekøGTItén ADN nig ARN
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.vaCa)asP©ab;edaysm<½n§GuIRdUEsn 3 eTAnwg kanIn.
1444>suIda³ CaGkSrkat;énPasa)araMgsMKal;nUveraKsBaØaEdlbNþalmkBIPaBcuHexSay
rbs;rbB½n§saMeu meraK. karbMpaøjLaMpUsIutT4énRbB½n§saMeu nHbNþalmkBIvIrusIIIV
EdleFVIeGaysarBagÁkayekItCMgw¬»kasniym¦CaeRcInrhUtdl;)at;bg;CIvit.
1445>sIuNab;sIus³CacMNucénRkUmUsUmGUmULksMrab;pþúMCaKU².
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1446>sIumNUEs<m³CarukçCatimansrésnaMmanpáa EtGUvlnnl u
KwRKab;vaminkarBaredayEpødUcGg;süÚEs<meT.
1447>sIuEnsIut³CaekasikarukØCatiEdlzitenAEk,rGUGUEsVr‘ . CaTUeTAsIuEnsIutRtUv)at;bg;eTAvijeRkay b¤
munkarbgÔkMenIt rbs;GUGUEsV‘ .
b:uEnþCUnkalvaGacbgákMenItEdlkñúgkrNIya:gkMrEdlmanEs<ma:tsUGIutelIsBI2cUl.
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1448>sib,iuystV³saxaénstVtq¥ågkg manRKgq¥genAeRkAxøn mansMbkCatikMe)ar
å Ü
¬xüg yIhw RKM>>>¦.
1449>suk³CasrIragÀEdlekItBICalikaÙnKk’ nig PaÜsesImÙns,Ðnrbs;mûay. varab;
rgbNûrÐ rUbFaturvagmûay nig Kk’.
1450>esmInIEPr³¬emIlBakü bMBg;esmInIEPr¦.
1451>esenTicekasika³CaesenTicsikSalMGitBITMrgRkUmUsUmenAkñúgekasikaEdlCabuBV
:
ehtuénCMgw.
1452>esenTic³CaviTüasaRsþmUyEpñkénCIvTüa EdlsikSaBIsMPar³tMnBUC.
i
1453³esenTicmnusS-esenTicevC¢viTüa³CaviTüasaRsþsikSaBICMgwtBUC rbs;
mnusSEdlGacBnül;karBarnigBüa)alCMgwBUCmUycMnYn.
1454>esnIesenTic³CasMnMbec©keTsEdlGacepÞrEsnEbøkmYyeTAkñgekasikabNþHú én
u ú
CalikastVrw rukçCatiedIm,IeGayvaTTUllkçN³fIrµ bs;EsnbenÞrenH.
1455>esNUm³CasMnMusMPar³esenTic¬ADN¦kñgekasikaPavrs;.
ú

1456>esNUTib³CasMnMuEsnTaMgGs;kñgekasikalUtlas;énsarBagÁkay.
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1458>EsnTMrg;³Esnrab;rg;nUvkarsMeyaKARNedIm,IsMeyaKRbUTIt.
1459>EsnRbtibtþikar³CAEsnsBaØaskmµPaBEsnTMrg; kñgkarsMeyaKRbUTIt.
ú
1460>EsntMrUv rw RtYtBinitü³CaEsnTTYlsBaaØBImCÄdaænsMrab;das; rw bg¥ak; EsnRbtibtþkar.
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¬dUcGaElllub¦
1462>EsnGn;³CaEsnEdlminGackMnt;lkçNH rbs;xøÜÞn)anenAcMeBaHvtþmanEsnlub.
¬dUcGaEllGn;¦
1463Esnlb;mineBjelj³CaEsnmansmtßPaBesµIrKñaminlubelIKñaTaMgRsugeT.karbgáat;em)aEdlm
anEsnlub mineBjeljrvagKañpþl;kUnCalkçNHkNþalrvagem)a. ¬rw CaEsnEdlmanlkçNHesµIrKña
vtþmanénEsnGaElllubmineBjelj enAkñgÉktþ³ú
GIRu b‘Itpûl;nUvepNUTbCalkØNHkNûalÙnlkØNHEsnlubmineBjeljTaMgBIr¦
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1464>EsnGaEll-GaEll³CaEsn¬tMnlMdab;nuyekøGUTIt¦
EdlzitenAcMnucTl;muxKñaén RkUmsUmGUmULÚk.vaGacmanTMrg;dUcKañ rwxusKañkñgEsndUcKñamYy.
U: ú
1465>EsnCab;dac;xat³CaEsnsßitenAelIRkUmUsUmEdlmYyCab;KañCanic©edayminrg cMlas;EsneT.
1466>sm<½nCab;mindac;xat¬sm<½n§mineBjelj rw EtmYyPaK¦³
sm<n§rvagEsnEdlzitenAelIRkUmUsUmEtmYy.vaCab;mindac;xatKwrgnUv)atuPUtcMlak;Esn
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¬RkUsIujGUv¦.
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1467>EsluyLÚs³Cab:UlIEmrénKøykUs¬C H O ¦.vabgá)anCaPñasénekasika
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: U
1469>Es<ma:tUkUnIBUC³CaekasikaePTedIm eQµal EdlmanRkUmUsUm2Gin. vamanenA
:
kñgBgsVasehIyeFVImItUsedIm,Ipþl;CaEs<ma:tUkUnI.
ú
1470>Es<ma:tUkUnI³CaekasikaePT eQµalmanRkUmsUm2Gin. vaCalT§plénmItUsCa
U:
bnþbnÞab;rbs;ekasikaBUC eQµal kñgdMNak;dMNuHdal.
ú

1471>Es<ma:tUsUGIut³ekasikabnþBUC eQµal Gin EdlCalT§plcugeRkayénemy:s nigrgbMElgÉkeTs.
U
1472>Es<ma:tUsuIt³CaekasikaePTeQµal EdlmanRkUmUsUm 2Gin b¤ Gin. vaekItmankñgkMnkaEm:t.
: ú
1473>Es<ma:tUsuIt1³ CaekasikaePTeQµalmanRkUmUsUm2Gin . vaekItBIEs<ma:tUkUnI ekInmaD.
:
1474>Es<ma:TIt³CaekasikaePTeQµalEdlmanGin RkUm:sUmvaCalT§pléncMEnkTI 2 énemyUs
U :
ehIynwgTTYlrgbMElgÉkeTsCaEs<ma:tUsUGIut.
1475>sMB½n§GuIRdUEsn³CasMB½n§exSayEdlP¢ab;Rcvak;nuyekøGTItTaMg2 rbs;ADN Rtg; )asGasUt.
U
KYrdwg³vaCasMB½n§eGLicRtUsþaTicexSaymanenAcenøaHGatUmGIRu dUEsnmYy nigGuksuEI snmYy .
vaminRtwmEtP¢ab;Rtg;)asGasUténRcvak;nuyekøGUTIt ADN eTvaEfmTaMgcUlrYmkñgkar RTRTg;TMrg;TI II nig
ú
III énRbUetGIneTotpg.
u
1476>sMB½n§KImI¬cMeBaH AN¦ ³ CasMB½n§kUva:Lg;EdlcgP¢ab;rvagGasutpUsVric rbs; nuyekøTtmYyeTA
I I
nwgsárb:g;tUsénnuyekøGUTIt mYyeTotkñgRcva:k;nuyekøGUTIt.
ú
1477>sMB½n§buibTIt³CasMB½n§KImIEdlP¢ab;BIbNþúMGasuItrbs;GasutGamIenmYyeTA
I
bNÞMÚGamIenrbs;GasuItGamIenmYyeTot edaybM)at;ecalmYymU:elKulTwk.
1478>sg;RtUEmr³CasNþcénRkUmUsUmEdlCakEnøgsMrab;P¢ab;RkUm:aTItTaMg2 énRkUmsUm
Ü : U:
mYyehIyCakEnøgsMrab;P¢ab; nigrMkilelIRty:UgGaRkUma:TceBlekasikaeFVIcMEnk.
i
1479>sg;RtUsUm³CaFatuekasikazitenAEk,rÙNVy:rU agEsVr‘ enAcMkNûalmansg;RTIy:l2 EkgKÜa.U
naTI³begáItGaEsÞrnigRty:gGaRkUma:TIc enAeBlcMEnkekasika ehIyeFVI[manclna pøaEsl¬Es<ma:tUsUGut¦
U I
nigclnaeramxøIrbs;ekasikaxøH²¬)a:raemsu¦.I
1480>sg;RTIy:Ul³CaFatuekasikabgáeLIgBI)ac;bMBg;tUc²EdlbegátCasuLaMg2
I I
kat;EkgKñaenAkNþalsg;RtUsUm.
sMKal;³sg;RtUsUmKWCasg;RTIy:l2EkgKñadUecñHnaTIrbs;vaKWdUcKña.
U
1481>eRsamGUvul³CaTMrg;EdlekIteLIgBItMbn; eb:luysut lMhCMvu ijmYy nigPñas)øasµic ¬PñassutU)øas¦
I I
EdlB½T§CMvijGUvsut 2.
u U I
1482>eRsamGnam½y³CaeRsamekAsU‘ múa:gesûIgTn; sMrab;Bak;ligÀmuneBlrYmePT edIm,IkarBarCMgWqøg
tampøÚvePT nigedIm,IkarBarkarbgákMeNIt.

1483>RsþÚma:³CacenøaHEdlhu‘B½T§CMuvijTILakUGIutkÜgkør:)aøs EdlenATIenaHRbtikmµKµanBnøWÙn
¿ ù U
rsµsMeyaKRbRBwtþeLIg.
I
1484>s,Ún³srIragÁ§sac,dMuEdlRbehagkNþalEpñkxagelIP¢ab;eTAéds,ÚnTaMgBIrEpñkxag
eRkamP¢ab;eTAnwgeyanI.vaCakEnøgsMrab;[GMRb‘Éy:ugkac;sMbukniglUtlas;.
1485>sV½ybgákMenIt³CakarrlaycUlKñaénkaEm:tjI eQµalEdlmanRbPBecjBIÉkát³ EtmYy
rWBIpáaEtmYy.
1486>sV½yCIB³CalkçNrbs;Pavrs;EdlsMeyaKsarFatusrIragÁecjBIsarFatuxniC nigfamBl.
KYrdwg ³ famBlenHmanBIry:ag KWfamBlénBnøWRBHGaTitü sMrab;eFVrI sµIsMeyaK
nigfamBlEdl)anBIFatuKImI sMrab;KImIsMeyaK.
1487>es<órkmµ³CakarrMCaes<órrWCaGgÁújénPILam:g;.]Ta>es<órkmµénnuyekøGUPILam:g;.
u
1488>s:,³ekasikaEdlman n RkUmsUm)anmkBIekasikaem 2n RkUm:sUmeFVIemy:Us.
:U U
s,:eFVeI my:sbEnßmmyydgedaypþl;kaEm:tUPIt¬cMeBaHrukçCatimanpáa¦.
U
1489>s:,r:UPIt³CaTMrg;mYyénrukçCatiEdlekItBIsIkUt.ekasikas:,rUPItsuT§EtCaekasikaDIbøÚ
u :
GIt.ekasikamYycMnYnTTYlrgemy:UsbegátCas,:GabøGIt.
u I Úu
1490>s,:r:UsUEG‘r³RkumRbUtUsUEG‘rEdlrs;enACabrasitelIsarBagÀkayFÜÐl.karbnûBUCrbs;
vaRbRBwtþeTAedaykarplits,:.]Ta>)øasµÚdüÚménCMgWRKuncaj;.
1491>Es<m:aPIt³CasaxaénrC¢³rukçCatimanpáa manCalikasrésnaM nigbnþBUCedayRKab;.
1492>sárgay³CaKøysutEdlmankabUn 5rW 6 . vaCaGUsgay dUcCab:g;Ks rW KøúykUs>>.
ú I U
1493>sÞicma:t³CaEpñkkMBUléncugTgeksrjI. vamanPaBs¥tsMrab;CaFñak;énRKab;lMGg.
i
1494>sßanRbB½n§³CashKmn_mYyEdlekIteLIgedayGnþrGMeBIrvagbrisßan FmµCatirUb – KImI
nigBBYkPavrs;. ]³ éRB bwg RsH RtBaMg>>>.
1495>LaMpUsuIt³RbePTmYyéneKalikas Edlmanya:geRcInenAkñg Twkrégnig Qam. LaMpUsuItman2
ú
ya:gKW LaMpUsuIt eb nig et EdlbMeBjmuxgar xus Kña.
1496>LaMpUsuIteb³LaMpUsuIttUc²ekIteLIg nig bMElgÉkeTsenA kñgxYrkq¥g. ú w
vaqøgkat;dMNak;kalbMElgÉkeTsCaeRcIn køayCa)øasµÚsuIt EdlmannaTIbegáItGg;Tkr. vacUlrYmkñgtMnb
I ú
yfaRbePTénRbtikmµbeBa©jGg;TIkr.

1497>LaMpUsuItet³ CaRbePTmYyénLaMpUsut EdlbMElgkñgTImusehIyzitenAkñgsrIragÁ Twkrég brimNÐl
I ú ú
nigkñúgQam. vacUlrYmkñúgtMnbyfaRbePT énRbtikmµtMnbekasika nigCYyePJacLaMpUsuIteb
kñgkarplitGg;TIkr.
ú
1498>LaMpUsuIt etlMnwk³vamannaTIrkSalMnwkénkarTTYlsÁal;Gg;TEI snEdlcUleTA
kñgsarBagÁkayCaelIkTI2 eBlenaHLaMpUsuIt et lMnwkeFVIcMEnkehIyRbtikmµsauénekasika
ú M
k¾ekIteLIgya:gelOn nigxøaMgbMput.
1499>LaMpUsuIt et sMlab;³CaLaMpUsuItEdlP¢ab;xøneTAelIPañ sekasikamkBIeRkA . vamanpÞkGg;TEI sn
Ü ú
nigbeBa©j RbUetGunmüa:gsMrab;ecaHPñasekasikamkBIeRkA. ekasikaenHk¾pÞHsøab;.
I ú
1500>LaMpUsuItCMnYy³CaLaMpUsuItEdlkøayBILaMpUsuIt et4 . vamannaTIbeBa©j GaMgETLWKIn
sMrab;das;LaMpUsuIt eb RtYtBinitükareFVIcMEnknig bMElgÉkeTsrbs;LaMpUsuIt CaBiessvaCaekasika suIbénvIrus
HIV.
cMNaM³LaMpUsuIt et nig CMnYymanGtþsBaØaN CD enAelIPañ sEdlRtUvKñaeTAnwg RbUetGunvIrus HIV
4 I
eFVI[vIrus HIV eRCotcUlkñúgLaMpUsIut T ya:ggay.
4

1501>LaMpUKIn ³CabuibTItEdlplitnigbeBa©jedayLaMpUsuIt T skmµ. LaMpUKInmanGaMETKIn
nigGaMgETepr:Un.
1502>LÚKUs³CaTItaMgénEsnGaEllenAelIRkUmsUm. U:
1503>Gsmakmµ³CadMeNIrbMEbksarFaturs;rbs;sarBagÁkay edaybeBa©jfamBlcaM)ac; énCIvit nig
beBa©jsMnl;.
1504>GrmU:n³CasarFatuplitBIRkeBj Gg;dURKIn. vadwknaMtamQamnig manGMeBIeTAelIdMeNIr
RbRBwtþénCalika rW srIragÁ.

1505>GrmU:nePT³CasarFatuplitBIRkeBjePT.vamannaTIkMnt; lkçNePT nigmanT§BlelIsrIragÁbnþBUC
i
RBmTaMgkMnkaEm:t.
1506>GrmU:nbuibTIt³CaGrmU:nekItBIGasutGamIen.GrmU:nenHmanTIr:suIn GaMgsuylIn GuksuKUsuIn>>>.
I U ‘ I
1507>GrmU:nes<rU:GuIt³CaGrmU:nlIBIt sMeyaKecjBIkUeles<r:l. GrmUnenHmanGWRsþEÚ sn RbUesesþrUn
U : :
etsþeÚ s<rUn>>.
:

1508>GnþrGMeBIénEsnminGaEll³CaGMeBIrYmKñaeTAvij eTAmk rvagEsnTaMgLayEdlmin
EmnCaGaEllnwg KñaeTAelI lkçNEtmüa:g rMrvagEsn GaEllmYyKU eTAelIlkçNeRcInya:g.
1509>GtþsBaØaNénPñas³CamUe: lKulEdlmanenAelIépÞénPañsekasikamYy ehIyEdlkMnt;lkçNBIess
énekasikaenaH. GtþsBaØaNénPñasman³ Gg;TIEsnén CMH Gg;TEI snénRkumQam CD>>>.
1510>GtþsBaØaN CD ³ CaRbUetGInEdlmanenAelIPñasénLaMpUsuIt et4.
4 u
RbUetGInEdlenAelIeRsamrbs;vIrus HIV )anP¢ab;ya:gxøaMgeTAnwgmU:elKul CD enHedIm,IeRCot LaMpUsuIt T .
u 4 4

1>Gar³CasPaBEdlrukçCati rW stVKµankUn.
2>GaElllb;³CaGaEllEdlsMEdgecjCanic©nUvepNUTb cMeBaHvtþmanGaEllGn;.
I
eKtagGaElllb;edayGkSrFM¬dUcBaküEsnlb;¦.
3>GaEllGn;³CaGaEllminsMEdgecjnUvepNUTIbrbs;xøneT cMeBaHvtþmanGaElllb;.
Ü
eKtagGaEllGn;edayGkSrtUc¬dUcBaküEsnGn;¦.
3>GaElllb;mineBjelj³emIlBaküEsnlb;mineBjedayRKan;EtCMnYsBaküEsn edayGaEllvij¦.
4>GaRkUsUm³Cafg;EdlzitenAelIéNVy:EU pñkxagelIk,alEs<ma:tUsUGut .vapÞkGg;suImEdl
I ú
GacrMlayPñasGUv:UsuIt.
5>GaNabUlIs³CaRbtikmµsMeyaKCamUe: lKulfµeI dayeRbIR)as;famBl ATP Edl)anBIRbtikmµkatabUlIs.
6>GamIdal³CasrIragÁTkrégbrimNÐl1KU EdlzitenAsgxagPñas énbMBg;sMeLg ¬RkeLIt¦.
w
7>GasuItxøaj;³CaGasutsrIragÁEdlekIteLIgBIExSkabUnEvgmYy. vamanrUbmnþTeU TA
I
CH (C H )COOH.Gasutxøaj; nigGal;kulpþl;CalIBIt nigTwk.
3 x 2n I
8>GamIb³CaRbUTIsÉkekasikaEdlmanrUbragminkMnt;. karbnþBUCRbRBwtþeTAedaykarEckxøn CaBIrénekasika.
Ü
vapøas;TIedayeCIgbeBaäat. vars;enAkñúg bwg RtBaMg>>>rW GacCabrasit.
9>GasuItnuyekøGuic³ CasarFatusrIragÁenAkñgekasikaEdlman ADN nigARN .
ú
mUNUEmrrbs;vaCanuyekøGUTIt. vacUlrYmkñgsMeyaKRbUetGIun.
: ú
10>GasuItedGuksuIrWbUnuyekøGuic³CabU:lIEmrén edGuksurI IbUnuyekøGUTItEdlman2ExS. varuMB½T§
RbUetGunGusþÚnbegátCanuyekøGUPILam:g; EdlrYjRkas; begátCaRkUmUsUm. ADNCaTMr KImIÙnBt’manesenTic.
I I I I :

11>GasIutrIbUnuyekøGiuc³vaCabU:lIEmrénrIbUnuyekøGUTItEdlCaRcvak;mYyExS.
ekItBIkarcMlgecjBIiRcv:ak;mçagénEsn. vamannaTIkñgkarsMeyaKRbUTt edayman 3RbePT KW³ ARN ARN
ú I m t

ARN .r

12>GasIutrIbUnuyekøGiucnaMsar¬ARNm¦³CaRcv:ak;rIbUnuyekøGUTIteTalEdlekItBIkar
cMlgecjnUvdMNlMdab;BIRcv:ak;mØagrbs;Esn ehIyvamannaTIbBa¨ÐnBt’manesenTicBIÙNVy:UeTA
kan;rIbUsUmedIm,IbkERbRkm.
13>GasIutrIbUnuyekøGiucdwknaM¬ARNt¦³CaRcv:ak;rIbUnuyekøGTIteTalEdlEdlenAcugmçagmanGg;TkUdug
U I
ehIyenAcugmçageTot sMrab;P¢ab;eTA nwgGasIutGamIen.vamannaTIdwknaM GasIut
GamIenyfaRbePTeTAkan;rIbUsUmedIm,IsMeyaKRbUTIt.
14>GasIutrIbUnuyekøGiucrIbUsUm¬ARNr¦³CaRcv:ak;rIbUnuyekøGTIteTal.vacUlrYmCamYy
U
RbUetGInedaybeegátCarIbUsUmEdlCakEnøgsMeyaKRbUTIt.
u I
15>GasIutGamIen³Cam:eU lKulEdlekItBIFatusMxan;4y:agKWC H O N nigFatubnÞab;bnSMdUc Ca S
P.....vamannaTI2y:agKWnaTIGamIn¬-NH ¦nignaTIGasIut¬-COOH¦edaymanrUbmnþ
2

R-CH-COOH .vaCaÉktaénFatubgárbs;RbUTIt.
NH2
16>GaedNUsIun³nuyekøGUsItEdlman)asGasUtGaednIn¬sárrIbUs¦.
u
17>GaednIn³RbePTmYyén)asGasUt vacUlrYmCamYyrIbUs¬rWedGuksIurIbUs¦nigGasItpUsVric
u
begát)anCanuyekøGUTItEdlCaFatubgárbs; ADN rWARN.
I
18>GaedNUsIunRTIpUsVat¬ATP¦³CanuyekøGUTItEdlpþl;famBly:agsMxan;kñgekasika.ú
vaekIteLIgBIGaednIn1m:eU lKul sárrIbUs1m:eU lKul GasIutpUsVric3m:eU lKul.
19>GaedNUsIunDIpUsVat¬ADP¦³ CanuyekøGUTItEdlpþl;famBlkñúgekasika.
vaekIteLIgBIGaednIn1m:eU lKul sárrIbUs1m:eU lKul GasIutpUsVric2m:eU lKul.
20>GaedNUsIunm:UNUpUsVat¬AMP¦³CanuyekøGUTIt EdlekItBI GaednIn1m:eU lKul sárrIbUs1m:eU lKul
GasItpUsVric1m:eU lKul.
u
sMKal; ³ kalNa ATP pþac;pUsVat1 vaeTACa ADP.
kalNa ADP pþac;pUsVat1 vaeTACa AMP.
karpþac;sMB½n§RkumpUsVatecjmYym:UelKulvapþl;famBl 29KJ .

21>GaNapas³CavKÀTI3ÙnmItUs Edlsg;RtUEm‘rÙnRkUmsUmRtUvEbkCaBIreFVI[RkUm:aTItpûac;
:U
ecjBIKñabegáItCaRkUm:sUmkUnBIrRkumrt;eTArkb:lerogxøn.
U U Ü
22>GaNpasI ³CavKÁTI3 cMENkTI1 énemy:sKWRkUmsUmGUmLÚkEdleRbHbeNþaypþac;
U :U :U
ecjBIKÜaeTArkb:ULerog²xÑn edayKµaneFVIcMEnksg;RtUEm‘reT dUcenHvaCavKÀbnÓyRkUm:sUmBI 2n eTAn.
ø U
23>GaNapasII³CavKÀT3 cMENKTI2 Ùnemy:Us.sg;RtUEm‘rÙnRkUmsUmmYy²EckecjCa
I :U
BIreFVI[RkUm:aTItpþac;ecjBIKña begáItCaRkUm:sUmkUnBIrRkumdUcKñart;eLIgb:Ul. vaCavKÁrkSaRkUm:sUm [enA n
U U
dEdl.
24>GamILÚ)aøs³CaFatuekasikarbs;rukçCati pÞkGamIdug.
ú
25>GamINUGasIul-ARNt saMgettas³CaGg;sImP¢ab;GasItGamIeneTAnwg ARNt. u
26>GaNIbøÚGIDI³CasPaBekasika rWsarBagÁkay EdlmanRkUm:sUmelIs1 rWxVH1kñgKUNa1.U ú
27>GabøÚGIut³CasarBagÁkay rWekasikaEdlmanRkUmsUmEtmYyKt; kñgcMenamRkUm:sUmGUm:LÚk mYyKU
:U ú U U
KWmanEtBak;kNþaléncMnYnRkUm:sUmDIbøÚGIt.
U U
28>GabøÚpas³emIlBaküGabøÚpas.s
29>GamIdug³CasarFatusrIragÀmú:agEdlCab:UlIEm‘rÙnKøykUs¬C H O ¦.vamanenAkñg
6 10ù 5 ú
ekasikarukçCatidUcCaGgár dMLÚg eck>>>>>>>.
30>eGEsÞr³CasMnMuénsg;RTIy:lEkgKñaBIr²edayrMB½T§eTAedayExSrkaM ehIybMlas;TIeTA
U u
b:UlTaMgsgxagénRty:UgGaRkUm:aTic eBlekasikaeFVcMEnk. I
31>Gas³Cafg;ragRTEvgekItBIpSitmYycMnYn.vapÞúkGasás:,¬s:,¦8EdlekItBIsIkUteFVIemy:UsehIybnþedaymItU
Ú u
s1dg.
32>GasáÚs:,³Cas:,plitedaypSitmYycMnYn
KWvaekItkñgsrIragÁmü:agehAfaGas.Gasás:,ekItBIemy:sdUcenHvaCaekasikaGabøÚGIut.
ú Ú U
33>GaKøúyTINUEsn³CaGg;TIEsnekItBIGg;KøIkURbUetGIn.vazitenAelIépÞ énPñasRKab;Qam
u
EdlGacmanGMeBICayfaehtuCamYyGak;KøúyTInIn¬Gg;Tkr¦. I
34>GaEllmuytg;³emIlBakümuytg;.
35>Gakar³tUeN³emIlBakütUeN.

36>GaKøúyeTnIn³Gg;TIkrenAkñgQam manlT§PaBP¢ab;s¥iteTAnwgGaKøyTINUEsnQam.
ú ú
37>Gakar³KøINWEtlfI¬XXY¦³emIlBaküKøNWEPlef.
I
38>Gakar³RTIbøÚ¬XXX¦³emIlBakü RTIbøÚ.
39>GakRtUb:Ut³CasaxaénrC¢stVEdlmaneRcInRbePTNas;.vaCastVtq¥gkg maneRKag q¥wgenAeRkAxøn
w Ü
CatiKITIn Gvyv³Casnøak;kg;² ehIyGacsk)an.]>BIgBag kþam kMBws>>>>.
40>Gak;sUn³CaBnøyy:agEvgénsIutU)aøsecjBItYekasikaénNWrUnmYy.vamannaTICBa¢n Ú
Bt’manecjBItYekasika.
41>GaMgs‘uylIn³CaGrm:nRbUetGIunEdlsMeyaKecjBIekasikalMEBg. vabgá[man
U
GIb:UKøIesmI¬GRtaKøykUscuH¦.
u ú
42>GaMgETepr:ug¬epr:Un¦³RbePTRbUetGInEdlplitecjBIekasikabgáeraKedayvIrus.vaman
u
naTITb;sáat;kMu[vIruscUleTAkñgekasikaepSgeTot Tb;sáat;karrIkcMerInénekasikadMuBk begánskmµPaBm:aRkUpas
ú I
nigePJacLaMpUsIutsItUtuksiuc.
u
43>GaMgETLWKIn³CaRbePTRbUetGInEdlplitecjBIekasikaepSg²énRbB½n§saM¬m:aRkUpas
u u
LapUsIut>>>¦ehIyvamanGMeBIelIekasikaepSg²eToténRbB½n§saMuedaydas;RtYtBinitü kareFVVcMEnk
I
nigbMElgÉkeTsLaMpUsIut.
44>GaMgPøúcRbsaT³Casar¬Bt’man¦EdlCarcl;dwknaMtambeNûayPIbRbsaT.
45>GIuRb‘Ít³CakUnkat;EdlekIteLIgkarbgáat;em)a BUCsuT§EdlmanlkçN b¤BUC b¤RbePTepSg Kña.
RtUvdwg ³-GIRu b‘ÉtEdlekIteLIgBIem)aRbePTepSgKÜaGarCanic¨.¬]>muyel>>>¦
-cMeBaHesenTic GIRu b‘ÉtsMKal;elIÈktû³eGetr:UsIukUt.
46>GIuRb‘Ítkmµ³Cakarbgáat;em)aBUCsuT§EdlmanlkØNBUC rWRbePTxusKÜaedIm,I[)anCaGIRu b‘Ét
47>GIuRb‘ÍtcenøaH³CakUnkat;EdlmanlkçNkNþalrvagem)aCalkçNlubmineBjelj.
48>GIuRdUlIs³CaRbtikmµbMEbkm:eU lKulFM²[eTACam:eU lKultUc²edaysarTwk nigGg;sIum.
49>GIuy:aLÚ)aøs³CasarFatuGn§ilføa latsn§gBIPñasekasika eTAPñaséNVy:.
w U
kñgGIy:aLÚ)aøsmanpÞúkekasikaepSg².
ú u
sMKal; ³ GIuy:aLÚ)aøs 1Fatuekasika =sIutU)aøs
50>GIusþÚn³CaRbePTRbUetGIunEdlmanenAkñgENVy:.enAelIRbUetGInenHmanm:eU lKul ADN
ú U u

EdlrMuB½T§BIr²CMbegáIt)anCanuyekøGUsUm.
u
51>GIub:UPIs³RkeBjGg;dURKInzitenAEpñkxageRkaménxYrk,al nigenAeRkamGIb:UtaLamus.
u
vamannaTIplitGrm:neRcInRbePTedIm,IRtYtBinitümuxgarCaeRcIn.
U
52>GIub:UtaLamus³CaRkeBjNWr:Gg;dURKInehIyCamCÄmNÐlRbsaT.vazitenAEpñkxag
U
eRkaménxYrk,al.vabeBa©jnUvNWr:UnGrm:nedIm,ItMrUvmCÄdæankñgsarBagÁkay nigRtYtBinitükar
U ú
beBa©jrbs;GIb:UPIs.
u
53>GIub³CasrésqµarmYy² EdlbNþúMrbs;vabegáItCamIeslüÚm.
54>GiucsURKIn³emIlBaküRkeBjGicsURKIn.u
55>GIkUlI³CaRbePT)ak;etrIEdleKEtgeRbIkñgmnÞrI BiesaF.vaCaRbUkarIy:tEdlmanrUbFatutMn BUCCaRkUm:sUm
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wú
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kñgeKhdæanKWmanTwksMrab;pwk e)akKk; daMsø nig TwksMrab;lagsMGat . enAtamTIRkugnig
ú
TIRbCuCnxøHénRbeTskm<Ca RbCaCneRbITwkma:suIn bu:EnþRbCaCnPaKeRcIn eRbIR)as;TwkGNþÚg Tenø bwg sÞg GUr
M ú w
nigTwkRsH. raCFanIPñeM BjmanRbB½n§ pÁt;pÁg;TksMrab; EckcayCUnRbCaCn
w
eRbIR)as;kgTIRkugedaykñúgmYyéf¶sßanIyplitTwk)ancMnYn 75000Em:tKUb. cMeBaHkarpÁt;pÁg;TkenAtamCnbT
ñú w
raCrdæaPi)al)anRbKl;Parkic©[ RksYg
GPivDÆn_CnbTCaGµkTTYlxusRtUvedaymanCMnYyshkarBIGgÁkarGnþrCati nigGgÁkar eRkA
rdæaPi)alCaeRcIneTot.
x> bMerIbMras;TwksMrab;ksikmµ
karpÁt;pÁg;TkmanT§Blya:gxøaMgdl;RbB½n§ksikmµ. RbB½n§ksikmµEdlmannirnþrPaB nig
w i
eCaKC½y)ank¾GaRs½yeTAelIlT§PaBénkarpÁt;pÁg;TwkEdr. cMeBaHksikmµkm<CaeyIgBuMTan;man nirnþrPaB
ú
nigeCaKC½yenAeLIyeT edaykarpÁt;pÁg;TwkeRcInBwgEpñkelIFmµCati . enAkñúgGMLg stvtSTI20
ú
tMrUvkarTwksMrab;eRsacRsBdMnaM)anekIneLIgCalMdab;. bc©úb,nñenAelIBiPBelak

TwksMrab;eRsacRsBdMnaMmanRbmaN 70° énbrimaNTwksabeRbIR)as;srub ehIyenARbeTs
xøHtYRbeTsxøHtYelxenHmanelIsBI 90° eTAeTot.
K>bMerIbMras;Tk]sSahkmµPaKeRcIn GaRs½yelIlT§PaBpÁt;pÁg;Twk. enAkñúg]sSahkmµtMrUvkar
w
TwkCarUbFatuedIm sMrab;lagsMGatnigeFVI [ma:suInRtCak; rWsMrab; beBa©jsMNl;ecal-l-.
enARbeTskm<CamaneragcRk]sSahkmµmYycMnYnmanTItaMgenA CitRbPBTwk
ú
KWgayykRbPBTwksMrab;eRbIR)as;kgeragcRk dUcCaeragcRkmYycMnYn sg;Cab; nwgTenøemKgÁEtmþg.
ñú
X>bMerIbMras;Tk sMrab;TajykfamBl
w
famBlTwkhUr rW TwkFøak;GacykeTAeRbIR)as;edIm,IplitGKÁsnI ehAfafamBl varIGKÁIsnI.
I
munrbkKMehIjpUsuIlnÞn³ famBlTwkmansar³sMxan;bMput. bc©úb,nñedaysartMrUvkar GKÁIsnI
ekIneLIgehIykarbMBuledaypUsulnÞn³ køayeTACabBaðacMbg eFVI[eKcat;TukfamBlvarI
I
GKÁsnICaRbPBfamBlCMnYsmYy. rlksmuRTEdlmanPµeM Pøgskmµ TwkkñgdIEdl b:HnwgRsTab;
I I ú
silaekþARtUv)aneKykmkeRbIR)as;sMrab;plitfamBlkMedAkñgdI edIm,ITajyk famBlGKÁsnI.
ú I
g> bMerIbMras;TksMrab;KmnaKmn_
w
pøvTwkCaKmnaKmn_mYyya:gsMxan;sMrab;dwkCBa¢Ðn TMnij)aneRcIneTAkan;tMbn;q¶ay² ehIycMnayesah‘uytic.
Ð
navaFM²dwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijenABaseBjBiPBelak edayqøgkat; smuRT nigmhasmuRTnana.
enARbeTskm<CaKmnaKmn_ pøvTwktamTenøsab nigTenøemKgÁ mansar³ sMxan;Nas;kgkardwkCBa¢ÚnGñkdMenIr
ú Ú ñú
nigTMnijkñgnigeRkARbeTs.
ú
c>bMerIbMras;TwksMrab;eTcrN_
bwgnanakEnøgTwkFøak; nigeqñrsmuRT CatMbn;Tak;TajePJoveTscrN_ RKb;v½y. enAkm<Ca bwgTenøsab
ú
manskþanuBlPaBFMeFgsMrab;vis½yeTscrN_ eRBaHCakEnøgsMbYrbkSa bkSI mcäaCati RBmTaMgtYbwg
manesaP½NPaBKY[KyKn;. eRkABIenaHRbeTskm<CaenAmantMbn; eTscrN_ TwkFøak;eTot¬ TwkQU bUkeKa
ú
KIrIrmü PñKUeln>>>¦nigCaBiesstMbn; eqñrsmuRTenARkug RBHsIhnu nigRkugEkb.
M
TwkCaFnFanFmµCatimYyEdlmansar³sMxan;bMputsMrab;CIvtmnusSstV nigrukçCati.
i
lkçNénFnFanTwkCavtßúkñgPabrUbrav ehIykekItvijtamry³vdþTwk.
ú
TwksabmanRbPBmkBITwkelIépÞdInigTwkkñgdI. RbPBTwksabTaMgBIr enHRtUv)aneKTajykmk
ú
eRbIR)as;eTAtamtMrUvkarepSg²dUcCa bMerIbMras;TwksMrab;lMenAdæan ksikmµ KmnaKmn_ TMnajyk famBl
eragcRk]sSahkmµ nigsMrab;eTscrN_.
emeronTI2 karbMBulnig karRKb;RKgTwk

eyIgRtUvykcitþTukdak;EfrkSaKuNPabTwkeRbIR)as;eTaHbITwkCaFnFanekIteLIgvij k¾eday.
enAtMbn;CaeRcInelIBiPBelak FnFanTwksabRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;hYskMrit ehIykMBugrgkar
bMBuledaysMnl;]sSahkmµ TwklUsMGuy sMnl;KImI sarFatuciBa©wm éndI ¬bNþalmkBIlMhUr
ksikmµ¦nigl,ab;m:dæ ¬edaysarsMnwkdI¦ .sarFatubMBulTaMgenH)anhUrcUlkñgTwkTenø sÞg bwg
ú w
nigGacRCabcUleTAkñúgdIehIybnÞab;mkk¾qøgcUleTAkñgxønmnusS stV nigrukçCati. enAelIBiPB
ú Ü
elakRKb;RbeTsTaMgGs;kMBugTb;sáat;bBaðakarbMBulTwksab edIm,I Ef rkSaTwks¥atsMrab; CaRbeyaCn_
dl;suxPaBrbs;RbCaCn.
1/RbPBénkarbMBulTwk
RbPBénkarbMBulTwkRtUv)aneKEckecjCaBIrRbePTKW RbPBcMnuc nigRbPBray)a:y.
RbPBcMnuc KWCaRbPB EdlbeBa©jsMnl;cUleTAkñgbrisßantamry³bMBg;bgðrÚ lU rW RbLay BITItaMgRbPBEtmYy
ú
dUcCaeragcRk]sSahkmµ rW eragcRkRbRBwtþkmµsMnl;ravCaedIm. karbMBul EtmYykEnøgKW manlkçN³
gayRsYldak;kMritedIm,IRtYtBinitü nigEklMGeLIgvij.
RbPBray)a:y KWCaRbPBEdlbgá[mankarbMBuledaysarFatu bMBulBIdIeRcInkEnøg
ehIyhUrFøak;cUleTAkñgTwkelIépÞ dIéntMbn;d¾FMmYy. RbPBray)a:yrYmman lMhUrksikmµ sMnl;ecjBIlMenAdæan
ú
sMnl;GaCIvkmµEr: nigkMeTc kMn BIkardæansMng;CaedIm. bBaðaenHGac
edaHRsay)anGaRs½yelIkaryl;dwgkñúgkMrit x<s;bMputrbs;shKmn_.
enARbeTskm<Ca RbPBénkarbMBulTwkPaKeRcIn ecjmkBIRbPBray)a:y BIeRBaHkar RKb;RKg sMnl;
ú
ravenAraCFanIPñeM BjnigenA TIrYmextþdéTeTotmanPaBxSt;exSay. PaKeRcIn énTwklUsMGuynig TwkePøog
RtUv)aneKbgðrÚ ecjtamRblaycMh rYccUleTAkñúgRsH rWbwgEdlsßit enAEk,rlMenAdæanRbCaCn
dUcCaTIRkugPñMeBjnig enAextþ)at;dMbg eKeRbIRbB½n§bgðrÚ rYmKña rvagTwksMGuy nig TwkePøog eBalKWTaMgTwkePøog
nigTwklURtUv )aneKbgðrÚ ecjtamRbB½n§ EtmYy. RbB½n§lU)anP¢ab;eTAnwgkarbgðrÚ ecjBIlMenAdæannana
rbs;RbCaCn EdlmansMnl;rav ecjBIbgÁn; pÞH)ayCaedIm. lUbgðrÚ enaHmin)anhUrcUleTAkñgRbB½n§sMGateT
ú
KW)anhUrcUl eTAkñgRbB½n§pøÚvTwk rWRbPBTwknana dUcCaTenøemKgÁEdlCaRbPB TwkeRbIR)as;sMrab;pwk gUt
ú
EhlkMsanþ nigsMrab;eRsac RsB.
cMeBaHkarbMBulBIRbPBcMnuc RbeTskm<úCak¾manbBaðaEdrdUcCa enATIRkugPñMeBjmaneragcRk nig sib,kmµCaeRcIn
)antaMgenACab;nwgmat;TenøehIy)anbeBa©jecalkaksMnl;rbs;xøÜncUleTA kñgRbB½n§ TenøemKgÁ. rIÉrgÁsal
ú
ePaCnIydæan pÞHTwk nigsNæaKarEdltaMgtamRcaMgTenø)an rYmcMEnkkñgkareFVI[xUc KuNPaBTwkEdr.
ú
2>sarFatubMBulTwk

sarFatubMBulTwkeFVI[maneRKaHfñak;bMputdl;GkeRbIR)as;Twk nigeRKaHfñak;dl; sarBagÁkay
ñ
nanaEdlrs;kgTwkpgEdr. karbMBulTwk)anbBa©ÚlnUvsarFatuBulnana eTAkñg TwkEdleFVI[ TwkxUcKuNPaB.
ñú ú
enAkñúgRbeTseCOnkarbeBa©jsarFatubMBulBIeragcRk]sSahkmµ nigksikmµ
EdlBMu)anRtYtBinitüBIrdæaPi)alBuRM tUv)anGnuBaØateLIy. ]³ bNÐtviTüasaRsþrbs; RbeTsbU:LÚj)anraykarN_
i
[dwgfaTwk enARbeTsbU:LÚjCagBak;kNþalmanPaB kxVk; ya:g xøaMgedaysarsMnl;én]sSahkmµ. mkRtwmqñaM
2000 eK)a:n;sµanfaenARbeTsbU:LÚjRbEhlCaxVHxatTwkpwk ya:geRcIn. bBaðasMxan;KW bNþalmkBI
skmµPaBeRbIR)as;Tkrbs;mhaCn edayBu)anKitBIkarEfrkSaTwks¥at. karbMBulTwktam RbPBray)a:y
w M
)anERbkøayTwkeRbIR)as;eTACaTwkkxVk;.
RbePTénsarFatubMBul
÷mIRkubbgáeraK ³ sarBagÁkayEdlbgáeGaymanCMgW dUcCa)ak;etrICaedIm. PaBkxVk;
rWkarbMBulekIteLIgenA eBlEdllUTwk sMGuymin)aneFVIRbRBwtþkmµ rYchUrcUleTAkñgTwk.ú
÷GgÁFatusrIragÁ³sMnl;Edl)anbMEbkFatuCIvrbs;stV nirukçCati RBmTaMglamkstVpg.
;
eRkABIenaHmanGgÁFatupSMBIkabUn GuIRdUEsn GuksuEI sn GasUt s<an;F½r>>. PaKeRcInénGgÁFatu
TaMgenHecjBIRbPBray)a:y manfñaMkMcat;stVl¥tcéRg CIKImI )øasÞic eRbgsaMg eRbgrMGl
i i
ehIynigrUbFatudéTeTot EdlekIteLIgBIpUsuIlnÞn³ dUcCaeRbgkatCaedIm.
÷GgÁFatuGsrIragÁ ³ manGasuIt GMbil elah³ F¶n; ¬sMn )art kat;mJm¦ CasarFatuKmIEdl
Ú I
manCatiBuleTAelIPav³ manCIvt ehIyecjmkBIeragcRk]sSahkmµ nigmanenA tamlMenAdæanpgEdr.
i
sarFatuenHecjmkBIRbPBray)a:y nigRbPBcMnuc.
÷sMnl;viTüúskmµ ³ sMnl;ecjBIeragcRkGKÀsnI nigsMnl;famBlnuyekøEG‘r.
I
3> T§BlénkarbMBul
i
karbMBulTwkKWkarbBa©ÚlsarFatubMBulepSg²cUleTAkñgTwkdUcCa mIRkubbgáeraK GgÁFatu srIragÁ
ú
nigsMnl;vTüúskmµ EdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;bMerIbMras;Twk nigsarBagÁkay nana enAkñg TwkenaH.
i ú
sarFatubMBulTaMgenHmanT§Bldl;TksabsMrab;eRbIR)as; nigmanT§Bldl;Twk smuRTpgEdr.
i w i
k> T§BlénkarbMBuleTAelITksab
i w
FnFanTwksabmantictYcbunenaH EdleKGacTajykmkeRbIR)as;)an . buE: nþsBVéf¶FnFan
:
TwksabTaMgGs;kMBugTTYlrgkarBulBIRbePT énsarFatubMBulnana ehIy)anCHT§Bl dl;mnusSstV nigrukçCati
i
EdleRbIR)as; TwkehIyCaBiesssarBagÁkayenAkñg TwkEtmþg. enA
ú

bNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_dUcCaRbeTskm<úCa sarFatubMBulTwksab)an bgÁeRKaHfñak;ya:gxøaMg
KWmanBBYksarBagÁkaybgáemeraK ¬)ak;etrI vIrus nigbrasit¦ Edl)anbgáCMgWdl;RbCaCnya:g F¶n;F¶rtamry³Twk
dUcCaCMgWRKuneBaHevon GasnñeraK rakmYl rlakeBaHevon nig CMgWefømCaedIm.
I
CaTUeTAskmµPaBmnusS)anbnSl;TuknUvGgÁFatusrIragÁ GgÁFatuGsrIragÁ nig sMnl;vTüúskmµi
)anbgðrÚ CatiBuleTAkñúglUTwksMGy rWbgðrÚ tamry³ pøÚvTwknana cUleTAkñg Tenø sÞg rWk¾RCabcUl eTATwkkñgdI.
u ú w ú
karbMBulTwkEbbenHk¾GacbgákarxUcxat sßanRbB½n§enA tam beNþayTenø sÞg rW ERBk EdlTwkBulenaHhUrkat;
w
ehIyeFVI[Pav³rs;enAkñgTwksøab;nig GaceRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaBmnusSpgEdr.
ú
müa:geTotT§BlmYyEdlekIteLIgedaysarkarCIk ykEr: karlagxSac; RkYsenAtamTenø sÞwg nig
i
sMnwkdIepSgeTot enAtamTenø )aneFVI[Twkl¥k; ehIyRbmUlsarFatuBulFøak;cUlkñg)at bwg Tenø rW sÞg w
bNþal[Pav³rs;nig RbePTstVmYy cMnYnenAkñúgTwkTTYleRKaHfñak;. enARbeTskm<úCakarbMBulTwksabEbbenH
k¾manxøHEdr dUcCakar cak;ecal sMnl;viTüúskmµenARkugRBHsIhnu karbgðrÚ Twkl¥k; énkarCIkykEr:enA éb:lin
)anFøak;cUleTAkñgsÞgsEgá extþ)at;dMbg rYchUrcUleTAkñgbwgTenøsab.
ú w ú
karbMBulTwkeRkamdIk¾CabBaðamYyEdleyIgKitfa vakMBugEtRbQmmuxCamYynwgeRKaH
fñak;F¶n;F¶rdl;brisßanrbs;eyIg. RbPBsMxan;²énkarbMBulTwkeRkamdIman³
-RCabTIlUTwk sMGuyeRkamdI nigbMBg;bgðrÚ eRbg rW]sµneRkamdI.
½
-RCabBIGagsûkeRbgsaMg ma:sU‘t.
ù
-RCabBIkEnøgcak;kaksMnl;Bul nigsMnl;epSg²eTot.
-RCabBIGagTTYlTwklUsMGuytampÞH.
-RCabecjBIsMnl;stV.
-RCabecjBICIKImI nigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥tcéRg.
i
-RCabecjBIkarehorkMBb;eRbg.
x>T§BlénkarbMBuleTAelITksmuRT
i w
enAeBlsarFatuBul)anRCabcUleTAkñgTenø sÞwg kñgrUbPaBlMhUrenaH TwkTenø sÞgenaHGac
ú ú w
naMykTwkBuleTAkan;smuRT eFV[TwksmuRTTTYlrgsarFatuBulEdr. ya:gehacNas;mancMnYn 80°
I
énsarFatuBulsmuRTEdl)anmkBITVb. eRkABIenH sarFatuBulepSg² eTot)anTTYlrg
I
skmµPaBedaypÞal;enAkñgmhasmuRTEtmþg. ]³navasmuRT)ancak;ecalsMnl;rav nigsMram cUleTAkñgsmuRT
ú ú
rYmTaMg]b,tþei htunana énkarehorkMBb;eRbgEdlbgá[TwksmuRTkxVk;Edr.
PaKeRcInénkarbMBuledayeRbgenAkñgsmuRT ekItmaneLIgedaysarkgVH cMnab;GarmµN_ BIGñk ebIkbrnava
ú

dUcCanavadwkeRbgFuntUc² rWk¾navamindwkeRbg k¾EtgEtma]b,tþei htuelcFøay ehorkMBb;eRbgcUleTAkñsmuRT.
ú
karCIkykeRbgenAkñgsmuRT CYnkalk¾mankarelcFøay eRbgpgEdr. )øasÞck¾CavtßFatuBulmYyd¾sMxan;bMput
ú i ú
enAkñúgmhasmuRT eRBaHvamingayBukpuy eLIy.
kalNaeyIge)aHbg;ecalfg;)øasÞceTAkñgmhasmuRTeRcInvabgáCatiBuldl;
i ú
sarBagÁkaynanaenAkñúgsmuRTdUcCa GeNþk smuRT)ansuIfg;)øasÞcføaEdlvaRcLMsµanfaCaExJr smuRT
I i
ehIyvagab;edaysarfb;degðm rWsÞH RbB½n§rMlayGahar.
I
4>karRKb;RKg nigEklMGTwk
TwksabEdleyIgeRbIR)as; mancMnYntictYc ehIykMBugTTYlrgsarFatuBulnana EdleFVI[TwkkxVk;.
dUcenHeyIgRtUvRKb;RKgTwksab[)anl¥ sMrab;plRbeyaCn_ dl;mnusSstV nigrukçCati.edIm,IrkSarKuNPaBTwk
eyIgRtUvsikSaEsVgyl;BIsarFatuBulnana EdlhUrcUleTAkñgTwkelIépÞdI nigcUleTAkñgTwkkñgdI dUcCa³
ú ú
-mIRkubbgáeraK³ TwkeRbIR)as;RtUvBinitüBIkUlI)asu¬RbePT)ak;etrI¦ Camun eRBaHvaCaPñak;gar cMlgCMgW.
I
enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInkareFVIEtsrkcMnYnkUlI)asuI EdlmanenAkñgTwk RtUvPaneKeRbI edIm,IkMnt;KuNPaBTwk
ú
nigerobcMbTdæan.CaRTwsþI enAkñgTwkpwkeKminGnuBaØat[mankUlI)asuIeT.
ú
-rkSabrimaNGuksuEI snkñgTwk ³ brimaNGuksuIEsnrlayenAkñgTwkKWCa snÞsSn_ bgðajBIKuNPaBrbs;Twk
ú ú
nigRbePTénCIvit EdlCamCÄdæanTwkGacRTRTg;)an. kalNakMedA kan;EtxøaMg
brimaNGuksuEI snkñgTwkkan;EtfycuH kalNaTwkRtCak; brimaNGuksuEI snx<s;. brimaNGuksuEI snenAkñgTwk
ú ú
vak¾Tak;TgeTAnwgTwklUsMGuysMnl;eragcRk nigsMnl;epSg² eBlcak;ecaleTAkñgTwk ú
EdlRtUvkarGuksuIEsnedIm,IbMEbkFatuenaH eFV[GuksuEI snrbs;Twk Føak;cuH. TwkRtUvplitGuksuIEsn
I
eLIgvijehIyminRKb;RKan; bgá[sarBagÁkaykñúgTwkfycuH CaBiessBBYkstV
manq¥wgkgnwgRtUvvinassabsUnü.
-kMeTckMndI³ KWCamYlehtuénkarbMBulTwkPaKeRcIn.RbPBcMbgénkMeTckMndI KWekIteLIgBIsMnwk dItMbn;ksikmµ
karkab;bMpøaj éRBeQIenAtamdgTenø tMbn;CMraltammat;bwg kareFVGaCIvkmµ Er: nigkarlagxSac; RkYs. TwkTenø
I
nigsÞg EtgdwkCBa¢ÚnkMeTckMncUleTAkñgbwg rWsmuRT ehIykk rgFøak;eTAépÞ)atbNþal[fycuHTaMgdg;suIet
w ú
bNþaPav nigRbePTstVmYycMnYnEdlmanenA kñgTwk. ú
-sMNl;ravepSg² ³RtUvRKb;RKg[)anRtwnRtUvénkarbMBulecjBIRbPBcMnuc nigecjBIray)a:y
sMnl;ravEdlecjBIRbPBTaMgBIrenHRtUvqøgkat;kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµCamunsineTIbvbgðrÚ TwkcUleTA kñgTenø
ú
sÞg.lT§plénkareFVIRbRBWtþkmµTklUsMGuy eKGacykeTAeRsacRsBdMnaM)an.
w w

karRKb;RKg nigkarEklMGTwkKWCameFüa)ayEtmYKt;EdlGacFanaTaMgbrimaN nigKuN
Y
PaBTwkkñgry³eBlyUrGEgVg.dUcenHPaBcaM)ac;énkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwk RtUvEteFVI[l¥ekIt
ú
eLIgCaerogral;qñaMBIeRBaHtMrUvkarTwkenAkñúgvis½yksikmµ nig]sSahkmµkan;EteRcIneLIgCa
lMdab;.skmµPaBnanaenAkñgkarRKb;RKgTwk nigEklMGrYmman kareFVIvinieyaKelIGNþg RbB½n§ eRsacRsB
ú Ú
RblayTwk TMnb;Twk eragcRkRbRBwtþkmµsMGatsMnl;rav karRKb;RKgtMrUvkarTwk
nigkarelIkTwkcitþmnusS[ecHCYyEfrkSabrisßanTwk nigecHeRbIR)as;snSMsMécTwk.
enARbeTskm<Ca maneragcRkRbRBWtþkmµTklUsMGuymYy)ansagsg;eLIgenAsMerag extþ)at;dMbg
ú w
edIm,IEklMGl½kçx½NÐsuxPaB nigGnam½yenATIrYmextþ)at;dMbg kñúgkarkat;bnßy karbMBulTwksÞwgsEgá
nigpþl;TksMrab;eRsacRsBenArdUvR)aMg.
w
karbMBulTwkecjmkBIRbPBBIrKW RbPBcMnuc nigRbPBray)a:y.karbMBulEdlacjBI RbPBTaMgenH
)anbnSl;TuksarFatubMBulnanaenAkñgTwkdUcCamIRkubbgáeraK GgÁFatuGsrIragÁ
ú
GgÁFatusrIragÁ sMNl;vTüúskµ-l-.sarFatubMBulTaMgenaHmanT§BleTAelITwkeRbIR)as;
i i
¬Twksab¦nigmanT§BleTAelITwksmuRTpgEdr.FnFanTwkkMBugTTYlrgkarbMBul dUcenHeyIg RtUvRKb;RKg
i
nigCYyEfrkSaTwk[l¥s¥at sMrab;mnusSeRbIR)as;k¾dUcCasMrab;sarBagÁkay nanapgEdr.
CMBUkTI 3 ³ famBl
emeronTI 1 ³ bMerIbMras;famBl nigpUsIuln§n³
famBlCatMrUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;RKb;rUbPaBénCIvit dUcCakardaMdMnaM cMGnGahar dMnwkCBa¢Ún kareFVcMnYj
i I
karkMedArWeFVI[RtCak; karplit plitplenAkñúgeragcRk>>>.
1 RbPBfamBl
famBlKWCasmtßPaBEdleFVI[vtßTaMgGs;dMenIrkar rWeFVclna¬kmµnþ¦.ragkayeyIgeFVI
ú I
clnaedaysarfamBlEdl)anBIcMnIGahar.eRKOgm:asInPaKeRcIneRbIR)as;famBl)anBIFüÚg eRbg
u
]sµnFmµCati nigRbPBepSg²eTot.
½
CYnkaleyIgeRbIR)as;famBledaypÞal; dUcCaeBlEdleyIgdut]sµ½nFmµCatiedIm,IcMGin
Gahar.Cajwkjab;FüÚgfµ rWeRbgRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IplitTMrg;famBlepSg²eTotdUcCa
GKÁsnI.famBlGKÁsnIgayRsYldwkCBa¢Úntamry³ExSePøg.GKÁsnIRtYv)anpliteLIgkñgm:asIu nmYyehAfa
i i I i ú
m:asIunePøg¬Cnita¦.m:asInePøgeRbIR)as;famBl)anBIeRbg FüÚgfµ GatUm TwkFøak;
I u I
rW)anBIRbPBepSg²eTotedIm,IÙvbnÒHTYrb‘Én.TYrb‘ÉnbgVlemEdk.enAeBlemEdkvilenAkÜùgrbMEu xS ePøIgFM
i
crnþGKÁsnIk¾kekItmankñgExSePøg EdleKGacbBa©ÚneTAtampÞH salaeron GaKarFM² nigRKb;TIkEnøgEdlRtUvkar.
i ú I

famBleRbIR)as;kñgBiPBelakPaKeRcIn)anmkBIFüÚgfµ eRbg nig]sµ½nFmµCati.FnFan
ú
FmµCatiTaMgGs;enHehAfapUsIuln§n³. pUsIln§n³ekIteLIgBIsMnl;rukçCati
u
nigstVEdlkb;enAkñgsMbkEpndIrab;lanqñaMknøgmkehIy.GñkviTüasaRsþ)a:n;sµanfavanwgGac
ú
eRbIR)as;Gs;kñúgry³eBlbI rWbYnryqñaMeTot.
pUsIln§n³CaFnFanFmµCatiminekIteLIgvij.FnFandéTeTotdUcCaRBHGaTitü xül;
u
eRbIR)as;minecHrIgs¶ÜtCaFnFanFmµCatiekIteLIgvij.
2 bMerIbMras;pUsIuln§n³
pUsIln§n³CaRbPBfamBld¾sMxan;sMrab;CIvPaBrs;enARbcaMéf¶.pUsIln§n³sMxan;² manFüÚgfµ eRbg
u u
nig]sµ½nFmµCati.
k-FüÚgfµ ³
FüÚgfµCapUsIuln§n³rwg kekIteLIgrab;lanqñaMmkehIyenARsTab;dI.FüÚgfµmanbYnRbeP TKWFüÚgtYb
lIjIt b‘ÉTUm nigGg;RtasIut rwg ehIyRsYy nigesÒrI EtCakabUmsuT§.
x-eRbg nig]sµ½nFmµCati ³
eRbgnig]sµ½nFmµCati)ankekIteLIgtaMgBIrab;lanqñaMmun.sarBagÁkayl¥t²søab;ehIy
i
Føak;eTA)atsmuRTrak;² RtUv)anRKbdNþb;edaykMeTckMN.enAeBLkMeTckMNKreRcIneLIgva
eFVIRbtikmµenAkñgsila.sMBaF nigkMedA)anbMElgsMNl;sarBagÁkay[eTACaeRbg nig]sµ½n
ú
FmµCati.enAeBlsMBaFkan;EtekIneLIg eRbg nig]sµnFmµCati)anRCabcUltamsñameRbH nigrn§
½
énsilabegát)anCaGageRbgenAxageRkam.GageRbgeRcInmanenAkñgRsTab;fµERk nigfµPaCn_
I ú
]sµnFmµCatieRcInsßitenACamYyrWEk,rGageRbg.]sµnFmµCatiEdlmaneRcInCageKKWemtan.
½ ½
K-T§BlénbMerIbMras;pUsIuln§n³
i
FüÚgfµ eRbg nig]sµ½nFmµCatiCaRbPBfamBld¾sMxan;sMrab;]sSahkmµ KmnaKmn_ nigeKhdæan>>>.
enAeBLFüÚgfµeqH vabeBa©jkMedA nigEpSgy:agxøaMg.EpSgéncMehHFÜÜügfµman kabUnDIGuksIut nigs<an;F½r
. EpSg)andwknaMkabUnDIGuksut eTAkñúgGakas EdlnaM[mankgVk; nigeFVI[GakasFatuERbRbYl.
I
s<an;F½rGENþteTAkñúgGakaspSMKñaCamYyGuksuIEsnbegáIr)anCa ]sµnBul ¬s<an;F½rGuksuIt¦.
½
cMehHpUsulnÞn³beBa©jsarFatubMBuleRcIneTAkñúgbriyakas.sarFatubMBulGakas PaKeRcInCa]sµ½n
I
dUcCas<an;F½rGuksut GasUtGuksut Gam:jak; nigkabUnDIGuksut. ]sµ½nmYycMnYnEdl)anBIcMehHpUsuIlnÞn³
I I U I
pSMCamYycMhayTwkbegátCaGasuItexSay. enAeBlvaFøak;mkelIEpndIehAfa ePøogGasuIt.
I

ePøogGasuItGaceFV[xUcxatGaKarFM² bMpøajCMvit stV nig rukçCatielIEpndI.
I u
sarFatuEdlekItBIcMehHpUsuIlnÞn³enHk¾GaceFVI[xUc suxPaBrbs;mnusSpgEdr.
3>nÞn³sMeyaK
nÞn³sMeyaKCanÞn³plitecjBIrUbFatuepSg²eTot dUcCaFüÚgfµGacbMElgCa]sµ½n rW
sarFaturavEdleqH)anl¥ nig gaydwkCBa¢ÚnCag. bMElgFüÚgfµCa]sµnehAfa ]sµ½nkmµ FüÚgfµ .
½
bMElgFüÚgfµCa]sµnrW sarFaturav CaRbPBfamBlcMbgmYyEdlmantMélx<s; eRBaHvaRtUvkar GuRI dUEsneRcIn.
½
Twkk¾RtUvkareRcInEdr EtTwkCaFnFankMrNas;enAtMbn;EdlmanFüÚgfµeRcIn.
nÞn³sMeyaKGacTajyk)anBIeRbgfµ PaCn_ . eRbgfµPaCn_ CasilakMeTc kMn Edlman
rUbFatusrIragÁehAfa eRbgeqA. eRbgeqAGacTajyk)anedaykardutfµPaCn_.
bu:EnþkarTajyknÞn³EbbenHmantMélx<s; nigRtUvkarTwkeRcIn.
RbPBénnÞn³sMeyaKmYyeTotKWC½rxSac; . C½rxSac;KWCacMnak;bgÁrxSac; nigdIdælayCamYy TwknigC½r.
C½rGacbMEbkecjBIKMnrl,ayxSac;nigdI dæehIyplitecjCaeRbgeqA. bu:Enþvaman karBi)ak
nigmantMélx<s;kñgkarTajykC½recjBIxSac;.
ú
edaysarvamanbBaðaeRcIn nÞn³sMeyaKminGackøayCaRbPBfamBlcMbgenAeBlGnaKt )aneT.
pUsuIlnÞn³ CaFnFanfamBlminekIteLIgvij. pUsuIlnÞn³ravehAfa eRbg. ]sµ½n
EtgEtenAEk,rGageRbg. eRbg nig ]sµ½nFmµCatigayRsYldwkCBa¢Ún nigplitkMedA)an eRcIn.
FüÚgfµCapUsuIlnÒn³ rWgmanbYnRbePTKW FúÐgtYb lIjIt b‘ÉTUm nigGg;RtasuIt.
cMehHpUsulnÞn³bEnßmsarFatubMBuleRcIndl;briyakas. nÞn³sMeyaKGacplit)anBI FüÚgfµ eRbgfµPaCn_
I
nigC½rxSac;.
emeronTI2 famBlnuyekøEG‘
enATsvtSqÜaM1950 nig1960 famBlnuyekøEG‘ hak;dUcCarlkGnaKtmYyEdleK )anBüakrN_fa
bNûajd¾FMTUlayÙneragcRkGKÀsnI nuyekøEG‘nigpÀt;pÀg; GKÀsnIEdlmantMÙl ya:gefak.
I I
eragcRkGKÀsnInuyekøEG‘ mYycMnYnsÓtenAkÜgKN³kmµkareFVIKMeragenAeLIy. buE: nû enATsvtSTI 70 nigTI 80
I i ù
KMerageragcRkGKÀsnInuyekøEG‘Cit 120 RtUv)anlubecal ehIysMng;eragcRkRbEhl 40
I
RtUv)ane)aHbg;ecalvij. etImanGVIekIteLIg? ehtuGVI)anCaeK minTajykGKÀsnIBIeragcRkGKÀsnI nuyekøEG‘
I I
mkeRbIR)as;[)aneRcIn?
1> karbMEbkfamBlnuyekøEG‘

famBlnuyekøEG‘ CafamBlEdlsÓtenAkÜgGatUm. GnuPaBd¾xøaMgenHCakarcgP¢ab;Kañ én smasPaKsñlGatUm.
i ù Ú
enAeBlEdlPaKl¥ittUc²ÙnsÜlGatUm bMEbkCaEpÜkkÜglMnaMmYy ehAfa karbMEbknuyekøEG‘
Ð ù
enaHbrimaNd¾xøaMgkøaénfamBlRtUv)anPayecj.
]³ mYyÙnkarbMEbknuyekøEG‘ KWkarpÒHRKab;EbkbrmaNU. bnÒHGatUmicCakar Payecj famBljnuyekøEG‘
ù ù
EdlminGacRKb;RKg rW RtYtBinitü)an. RbsinebIkarbMEbk enAEtbnþ RbtikmµmankMritkan;EtxøaMg
ehIyvaGacbBaÁb;)anenAeBlEdl karbMEbknuyekøEG‘ Gs;vtÓFatu edIm.
ù
pÒùy eTAvijRbtikmµnuyekøEG‘enAkÜgeracRkGKÀsnI nuyekøEG‘ekIteLIgCaCMhan² ehIybeBa¨j famBlyWt²
ù I
eRkamkarRtYtBinitüd¾RtwmRtUvmYy. eTaHCadUcenHd¾eday k¾va)anbeBa©jkMedAkñbrimaN mYyya:gFMsMebImEdr.
ú
kMedAenHRtUv)anykeTAeRbIedIm,IdaMTwk kñgsItuNðPaBmYyya:gx<s; edaybegáIt)anCacMhayTwk
ú
mansMBaFx<s;EdlGaceRbIsMrab;Taj CnitaGKÁsnI. I
2> T§iBlènkarbMEbkfamBlnuyekøEG‘
famBlnuyekøEG‘ CaRbPBfamBld¾sMbUrhUrehor GacCMnYspUsuIlnÞn³ )anbu:Enþvak¾manbBaða
eRcInEdlRtUvedaHRsayEdr.
k>GtßRbeyaCn_
GuyrajÐ:m 235 mYyRkamGacpûl;famBl)anya:geRcInesµnwgFúÐgfµ 3/5etan.
‘ I
ma:suInRbtikmµEdlerobcMya:gl¥RtwmRtUvGacdMenIrkar)anrab;qñaM edaymincaM)ac;eRbInÞn³ eLIy.
famBlnuyekøEG‘minplit]sµ½ndUcCakabUn DIGuksut EdlCaRbeyaCn_mYyya:g RbesIr
I
ebIeFobeTAnwgpUsulnÞn³. RbeTsCaeRcInEdlmankMnb;Er:pUsulnÞn³tictYc
I I
EtgBwgEp¥keTAelIeragcRknuyekøEG‘edIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkarfamBlrbs;xøn. Ñ
x> KuNvibtþi
RbtikmµÙnkarbMEbk nuyekøEG‘begÔIt)anCaFatuvTúùskmµEdlmaneRKaHfÜak;ya:gxøaMg .
i
RbsinebIRbtikmµenHsßtenAeRkAkar RtYtBinitü kMedAd¾xøaMgkøaGacbMpøajGaKarma:suInRbtikmµ
i
ehIybeBa¨jFatuviTúùskmµeTAkÜgGakas. eragcRkGKÀsnIEdleRbIfamBlnuyekøEG‘
ù I
suT§EtmankEnøgsMrab;Tukdak;sMnl;CabeNþaHGasnñCanic©.
famBlnuyekøEG‘mantMÙlx<s;Nas;. eragcRkGKÀsnInuyekøEG‘ manTMhMFM nigsµK sµajrYmCamYyRbB½n§
I ù
suvtÓPaBya:gl’il¥n;EdlmantMÙlya:gÙføkÜgkarsagsg;.
i ù
karcMnayTunya:gFMeTAelIfamBlnuyekøEG‘ nigkarRBYy)armÍBI ]b,tûiehtu nuyekøEG‘
)anbNûal[mankarfycuHkÜùgkarsagsg;eragcRkGKÀsnInuyekøEG‘ enAelIBiPBelak.

3 karrlayfamBlnuyekøEG‘
karbMEbknuyekøEG‘ KWkarEbkecjCaEpÜk²ÙnsÜÐlGatUmRsal rYmpSMKÜabegÔt)ansÜlGatUm
I Ð
F¶n;mYyedaymanPayecjbrimaNfamBld¾xøaMgkøa. RBHGaTitü nig taradéTeTotplit famBl
tamry³karrlayGuRI dUEsnenAkñgeGlüÚm.
ú :
edIm,IplitfamBledaykarrlayenH sñlGuRI dUEsnnImYy² RtUvEtrYmcUlKña
Ú
bu:EnþGuIRdUEsnmanbnÞkGKÁIsnIdUcKña dUcenHvaRcanKñaecj. edIm,IeFV[sñÚlGuRI dUEsn cUlKñaRtUv
ú I
eRbIkMedAxøaMgEdlmansItuNðPaBrab;lanGgSa ¬RbEhl 100/000/000 GgSaes¦.
edaysarsItuNðPaBx<s;enHBi)akrk nigBi)akdl;suvtßPaBelIEpndI eTIbGñkviTüasaRsþRtUvEt
i
EsVgrkmeFüa)ayedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgRbtikmµkMedA.
enAqñaM 2030 GñkviTüsaRsþsgÇwmfanwgksag)annUvtMélRbsiT§PaBéneragcRkrlaynuy
ekøEG‘.eragcRkrlaynuyekøEG‘ GacnwgmanbBaÛaticCageragcRkbMEbknuyekøEG‘.
TMrg;GuRI dUEsnRtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñgTwksmuRT vaGacnwgRKb;RKan;dUc nÞn³ sMrab;Rbtikmµ
ú
rlay.dUcenHkarpÁt;pÁg;nnÞ³sMrab;karrlayKµanRBMEdnkMnt;. ehIykarrlaayenHplit
sMnl;vTüúskmµtictYcpgEdr.
i
karbMEbknuyekøEG‘ CalMnaMÙnkarpÒHEbkExJksÜlGatUmedIm,IplitfamBl.
ù Ð
karrlaynuyekøEG‘ CakarrYmpSMÙnsÜÐlGatUBI rWeRcIn CagenHedIm,IplitfamBl. famBlnuy
ekøEG‘CafamBlEdlmanlT§PaBGacCMnYspUsuIlnÞn³ )an EtvamanKuNvibtþd¾FMmYyKW sMnl;
i
viTüúskmµd¾eRKaHfñak;.
emeronTI3 FnFanfamBlekIteLIgvij

pUsuIlnÞn³EdleKTajykmkeRbIkMBugEtrelaHbnþicmþg²eTAehIy. enAeBlGnaKtEpndI
rbs;eyIgnwg)at;bg;FnFanFmµCati minekIteLIgvij. GñkviTüasaRsþ)anxitxMRbwgERbg
rkfamBlsMrab;CMnYs[pUsulnÞn³ nigedIm,IpÁt;pÁg;famBlRKb;RKan;sMrab;TaMgGs;Kña.
I
enAeBlNaEdlmanlT§PaBBYk eKnwgrkRbPBfamBlEdlminbgáPaBkgVk;dl;brisßan.
RbPBfamBlfµeI hIyRbesIrbMputenaHKWFnFanfamBlekIteLIgvijEdlmin)at;bg;enAeBl
GnaKt.
1> famBlRBHGaTitü
RbPBfamBlmYyEdlGacCMnYspUsuIlnÒn³ nigfamBl nuyekøEG‘)anKWfamBlRBHGaTitü.

famBlRBHGaTitüCafamBlEdl)anmkBIRBHGaTitü manlkçN³s¥atKµaneRKaHfñak;ekIteLIg vij
ehIyGackat;bnßybMerIbMras;pUsuIlnÞn³)an.
famBlRBHGaTitüRtUv)aneKykmkeRbIR)as;tamviFIbIya:gKW RbB½n§pþl;kMedAtamEbb Gskmµ
RbB½n§pþl;kMedAtamEbbskmµ nigfµBilRBHGaTitü.
k>RbB½b§pþl;kMedARBHGaTitütamEbbGskmµ
RbB½n§enHefakehIysamBaØCageK. eKeRbIBnøRW BHGaTitüedIm,IkMedAGaKar lMenAsßan edaypÞl;
edayKµankarbUm rW bk;eLIy. lMenAsßanEdlmanRbB½n§pþl;kMedaRBHGaTitü tamEbbskmµ
KWmanbg¥cEdleRbIfamBlya:gmanRbsiT§PaBEbrmuxeTArkRBHGaTitü edIm,I [lMenAsßanRsUb
Ü
ykkMedA)anya:geRcIntamlT§PaBBIRBHGaTitü. lMenAsßanEdlsag sg;edayeRbIdæeRcIn rW
cak;ebtugk¾RsUbykkMedA)aneRcInEdr eRBaH sMPar³ TaMgGs;enHGac sþkkMedA Tuk)anl¥RbesIrCageQI.
ú
RbB½n§pþl;kMedAtamEbbskmµenHGackMedApÞHTaMgmUl)aneTaHbIenAkñúgGakasFatuRbCak; Rsibk¾eday.
x>RbB½n§pþl;kMedARBHGaTitütamEbbskmµ
RbB½n§pþl;kMedAtamEbbskmµ man]bkrN_ cab;ykBnøWRBHGaTitüedaybMElg[eTACa kMedA ehAfa
kULcT½rRBHGaTitü.
i
]bkrN_cab;ykBnøWRBHGaTitüenHRtUvbiTCitenAkñgRbGb;GusULg;mYy. épÞxagkñúgRbGb;lab BN_exµA
ú I
nigmanbMBg;GaluymIjÚ:mEdlmanTwkenAkñúgbMBg;enaH. enAelIRbGb;RKbdaykBa©k;føa
edIm,Ibnßykar)at;bg;kMedA. BnøRW BHGaTitü)ankMedATwkenAkñgbMBg;ehIy eFVIclnatambMBg; GaluymIjÚ:menaH.
ú
TwkekþAkñgbMBg;GaceRbIR)as;)anBIrya:g KWsMrab;kMedAGaKar rW lMenAsßan nigedIm,IeFVI[TwkekþA.
ú
K>fµBilRBHGaTitü
fµBilRBHGaTitü )anbMElgfamBlBnøWRBHGaTitüedaypÞal;[eTACaGKÁsnI. buE: nþkarplit
I
fµBilRBHGaTitüCadMenIrkarmYysµKsµaj mantMélx<sSnigmanRbsiT§PaBGKIsnIexSay.
ú Á
bBaðaEdlBak;B½n§CamYyRbB½n§famBlRBHGaTitü KWTamTar[manFatuGakasekþAxøaMg
rWmanBnøRW BHGaTitüRKb;RKan;edIm,IeFVkar. enAelIEpndIeyIgmantMbn;EtmYycMnYntUcbunenaH
I :
EdlGacBwgEp¥keTAelIry³eBld¾EvgénFatuGakasekþAxøaMg. TIkEnøgEdlmanFatuGakas l¥CageKKWval
lMhxSac; rW valrehasßan EdlFmµtasßtenAdac;q¶ayBImnusS.
i
2> famBlxül;
xül;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaRbPBfamBlCaeRcInstvtSmkehIy. kMlaMgxül;GacrujRcan
nava[rsat;tambeNþay mhasmuRT. xül;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;Cama:suInkinRKb;FBaØCati nigma:suInbUmTwk.

xül;GaceRbIR)as;edIm,IplitplfamBlGKÁsnI. eKGaccab;ykfamBl GKÀsnI)anedayeRbICamYyTYrb‘Én
I
EdltP¢ab;eTAnwgCnitaGKÁsnI. I
bec©keTsviTüaCnitaeRbIedaykMlaMgxül;RtUv)anGPivDÄ eLIgya:gl¥RbesIr ehIypþl; GKÁIsnI
kñgtMélmYyefakCagGKÁisnIEdlplitBIfamBldéTeTot. bu:EnþbBaðafamBlxül;enH
ú
KWmantMbn;tictYcNas;Edlmanxül;bk;xøaMg rW manesßrPaB RKb;RKan;edIm,IeFV[CnitaTTYl)an
I
lT§pll¥xagEpñkesdækic©. müa:geTotenAeBlvamanel,OneBjTMhwgvabeBa©jsMelglan; rMBgnigEpøkgðar
rbs;CnitaFM²k¾Gacbgá[mankarrMxandl; RbB½n§KmnaKmn_eRbIrlkFatuGakas tUc²eTotpg.
3>famBlTwk
bc©úb,nñfamBlGKÁsnIBiPBelacMnYn 1PaK4 )anmkBIkMlaMgTwkFøak;. Twkpþl;famBl
I
GKÁsnI)antammeFüa)ayeRcInya:g.
I
TMng;Twksg;kat;TenørW sÞg GacTb;Twk)anrab;lanetan ehIyTwkTaMgenaHRtUv)anbBa¢n eTA
w Ú
eragcRkvarIGKÀsnImYy.enAkÜgeracRk clnaTwkbgVlTYrb‘ÉnkÜgCnitaGKÀIsnI. rgVilxJal;énTYr
ù i ù
b‘ÉnbegÔt)anGKÀsnI. kÜùgmeFúa)ayenHfamBlemkanic ÙnclnaTwk)anbMElgeTACaGKÀsnI.
I I I
sMng;eragcRkvarIGKÁsnI GacCYybnßytMrUvkarpUsuIlnÞn³dUcCaFüÚfµ rWeRbgEtgEtRtUvdutedIm,I
I
plitfamBlGKÁsnI. minEtbunenaHGagTwkEdlenAxageRkayTMnb;varIGKÁIsnI)an pþl;»kas sMrab;kMsanþ
I :
nigpþl;TksMrab;eRbIR)as;eTotpg. bu:Enþvak¾manbBaðaenAeBlksagTMnb;Twk begáIt
w
)anCaGagmYyEdlrMxandl;sßanRbB½n§rbs;sÞwgrWTenø enaH nigBnøiceTAelIsßanRbVn§dIEdlman Rsab;.
½
müa:geTottMélénkarsagsg;Tnb;k¾x<s; Edr.
M
meFüa)ayepSgeTotkñgbMerIbMras;clnaTwkedIm,IplitGKÁsnIKW CMenarTwksmuRT .
ú I
enAtameqñrsmuRTéntMbn;xøHcenøaHkMBs;rvagCMenar niglMnacTwksmuRTGacmandl; 15m.
ebIsinsagsg;eragcRkmYyenAmat;QUgsmuRTrW sÞwgédsmuRT enaHclnaTwkEdl)anBICMenar
smuRTGaceRbIedIm,IbgVilTYrb‘Én)an ehIyTYrb‘ÉnbegÔt)anCaGKÀsnI.
I I
eTaHbICafamBl)anBICMenarsmuRTminEmnCaRbPBfamBlsMxan;k¾eday EtvaGacCYybnßybMerIu
bMras;pUsuIlnÞn³)anEdr.
3> famBlkMedAdI¬ famBlPñeM Pøg¦ I
famBlkMedAdI rWfamBlPñMePøgCafamBlkMedAEdl)anmkBIEpñkxagkñúgénEpndI.
I
cMhayTwkekþAEdlecjBIEpndItamry³TwkekþApusBIdIKWCaRbPBfamBlkMedAdImYyEdr.
TwkekþApusBIdIKWCaTwkekþAecjBIdIEdl)aj;eLIgCacMhay nigTwkekþAeTAkñgGakas.
ú

meFüa)aymYyeTotedIm,ITajykfamBlkMedABIkñgdIehAfaviFIsilas¶t nigekþA. eKTajyk cMhaynig
ú Ü
TwkekþABIkñúgdItamry³karxYgGNþÚg rWreNþAeTAkñgCMerAdI. cMhay nigTwk
ú
ekþA)anbBa¢neTACnitaGKÁsnIkñgeragcRk.
Ú I ú
5>CIvma:s
CIvma:sCarUbFatusrIragÁénstV nigrukçCati. CIvma:sCaRbPBfamBlmYyya:gsMxan;bnÞab;BIfamBlRBHGaTitü.
sarBagÁkaymanCIvit )ancab;yk nigrkSaTukfamBlRBHGaTitüenAkñgekasikarbs;va. bMerIbMras;CIvma:sKWedIm,I
ú
beBa©jfamBlRBHGaTitüEdl)anrkSaTukenaH. meFüa)ayTUeTAmYyénkarTajykfamBl
enHKWkarduteQIedIm,IkMedAplitGKÁsnI.I
eTACay:agNak¾edaycMehHCIvma:s k¾manKuNvibtþipgEdr eRBaH)anplitkabUnDIGuksut I
nigbeBa©jEpSgBuleTAkñúgGakas. müa:geTot eragcRkGKÁsnIEdledIredaykMlaMg cMehHeQI
I
RtUvkardIeRcInedIm,IpÁt;pÁg;eQI)anRKb;RKan;.
bMerIbMras;famBlRBHGaTitüpþl;kMedA nigGKIsnI. Twk xül; nigCIvma:sCaRbPB FnFan
Á
ekIteLIgvijEdlpþl;famBltammeFüa)ayepSg²Kña.Twknigxül;GaceRbIR)as;edIm,IbgVilTYrb‘In
nigplitGKÁsnI. CIvma:sCarUbFatusrIragÁstV nigrukçCatiCaRbPBfamBlsMxan;mYybnÞab; BIfamBlRBHGaTitü.
I
famBlkMedAdIGaceRbIR)as;edaykarcab;ykcMhayBITwkekþA pusBIdI nigedayviFIsilas¶Üt nig ekþA.

CMBUk4 Gakas
emeronTI1 karbMBulGakas
briyakasCaRsTab;]sµnB½T§CuMvujEpndI mannaTICar)aMgkarBarEpndI. briyakasRTRTg;
½
CIvtelIEpndIedaypþl;]sµnkabUnic sMrab;rukçCati nigGuksuIEsn sMrab;dkdegðm. briyakas)an karBar
i ½ I
EpndIBIeRKaHfñak;énlMhxageRkA edayRsUbykkaMrsµeI RKaHfñak;
nigkarBarPavrs;[ecosputBIT§BlkaMrsµITaMgenaHEdr.
i
bu:EnþmnusS)anbeBa©jsarFatubMBulCaeRcIneTAkñbriyakasdUcCa s<an;F½rDIGuksut kabUnmUNUGuksut
ú I : I
GasUtmUNUGuksuIt CaedIm. enAeBlsarFatubMBulpþMúKña)aneRcInkñg briyakas
: ú
vaGacbgáeRKaHfñak;dl;CvitelIEpndI.
I
1>sarFatubMBulGakas nigRbPBénkarbMBul
sarFatubMBulGakasmanT§Bldl;brisßanRtg;kEnøgEdlsarFatuTaMgenHRtUvbeBa©j
i
ecaledaymnusSEdlrs;enAkñúgbrisßanenaH nigeFVI[manbMErbMrYlsmasPaBbriyakas.

karbMBulGakaseFVI[man)atuPtbIya:geTotKW karhinehacRsTab;GUsUn ePøogGasut nigbMErbMrYlGakasFatu.
U I
enAkñúgbriyakaseKrkeXIjsarFatubMBulrab;ryRbePT.
sMxan;²KW³
-kabUnmUNUGuksut CO Ca]sµ½nKµanBN’Kµankøn nigKµanrsCati vaekItBIEpSgma:suIn yanynû
: I i
nitMbn;]sSahkmµmYycMnYn CaBiesskEnøgEdlmancracrN_ rGak;rGYl nigsMbUreday yanynþcas;²
EdlBuMmankarEfTaMl¥dUcenAPñeM BjCaedIm. EpSg)arIk¾manpÞúkkabUnmU:NUGuksut cMnYneRcInEdr.
I
]sµnenHeFVI[QWk,alvilmux niggguyeKg nigvanaM[CMgWebHdUg enAeBlEdl
½
eyIgsßtenAkñgkEnøgEdlman]sµnenHyUr.
i ú ½
-GasUtGuksut CaRbtikmµKmIrvagGasUt nigGuksuEI sn. vaekItBIcMehHnÞn³enAkñúgyanynþ eragcRkGKÁsnI
I I I
nig]sSahkmµeRbIR)as;cMhayTwk. GasUtGuksutrYmmanGasUt mUNUGuksuIt GasUtDIGksuIt
I : u
nigDIGasUtmU:NUGuksut . GasUtGuksuItraraMgdl;karlUtlas;rukçCati nigGac bNþal[manbBaðapøvdegðm
I Ú I
ehIyvacUlrYmkñgkarplit sµÚkpUtUKmI ePøogGasut nigbMErbMrYl GakasFatu.
ú I I
-s<an;F½rDIGksuIt Ca]sµ½nKµanBN’ mineqH nigmankønqYl. vaCaRbtikmµKImIrvags<an;F½r nigGuksuEI sn.
u i
s<an;F½rDIGuksuItekItBIcMehHpUsuIlnÞn³bNþal[manCMgWpøvdegðmCMgWsYt rlak TgsYt nigCMgWebHdUgraMér.
Ú I u
-PaKl¥itmanG½BÞ FUlI epH sMN ERmgePøg nigPaKl¥itepSgeTot)anBIcMehHnÞn³ .
I
PaKl¥itenHekItBIma:suInyanynþEdldutpUsuIlnÞn³cMehHeQI nigFUlI mkBIkardæansMng;
nigksikmµbNþal[manCMgWpøvdegðm nigCMgWEPñk.
Ú I
-GuRI dUkabY CasmasFatusrIragÁ eRcInEbbEdlpSMBIGuRI dUEsn nigkabUn. vaekItBIcMehH nÞn³nig
sarFaturlaydUcCa fÜaMBN’ nigkav. GuIRdUkabYGacbMpøajpøÐvdegÛm nigbNûal[ekItCMgW mharIk
I
ehIyCaGñkplitsµÚkpUtUKImI.
-sµÚkpUKImI CasarFatubMBulGakascMbg EdlekItmanenAkñgTIRkug enAeBlmankarpSM cUlKñaén
ú
EpSgbMBulnanaeRkamGMeBIBnøRW BHGaTitü eRkamGakas¶Üt nigmanvtþmanGuksuténGasUt nigGuIRdUkabY
I
EdsPayecjBIyanynþ. enAeBlmansµÚkeKBMuGacemIleXIjq¶ayehIymnusS Bi)akdkdegðm. I
-sMNPaKeRcIn)anmkBIEpSgma:suIn yanynþEdleRbIeRbgsaMgmansmasFatusMN.
mnusSGacrgT§BlBIsMntamry³ Twkpwk EdlbgðÚrtambMBg;eFVBIsMN rWtamry³karbriePaK
i I
GaharEdlmanCatisMN. sMNenAkñgEpSgyanynþGacPaycUlkñghaglk;TMnij nigma:suIn
ú ú
RtCak;EdlenATab²Cab;pøv manPaBkxVk;ya:ggay.
Ú

sarFatubMBulEdlmanedaypÞal;eTAkñgGakasedaysarskmµPaBrbs;mnusSrW edayFmµCati
ú
ehAfasarFatubMBulbzm dUcCas<an;F½rDIGuksuIt. enAeBlEdlsarFatubMBulbzm GENþteTA
b:HnwgsarFatubMBulbzmdéTeTotrWb:Hnwg sarFatuEdlekIteLIgedayFmµCati dUcCacMhayTwk
nigkarRbRBwtûeLIgÙnRbtikmµKmIehAfa sarFatubMBulbnÒab; . sarFatubMBulbnÒab;dUcCaGasut su‘lpYric
I I
kekIteLIgenAkñgxül; tamry³RbtikmµKImIrvag SO EdlCasarFatubMBulbzm nigcMhayTwk
ú 2

EdlmanRsab;enAkñgxül;.
ú
2>T§BlénkarbMBulGakas
i
karbMBulGakasbegát[manbBaðaF¶n;F¶rCaeRcIneTAelIGakasFatu nigsuxPaBrbs;mnusS.
I
k>T§BleTAelIGakasFatu
i
karbMBulGakasenAtMbn;NamYymanTMnak;TMngya:gCitsñT§CamYynwgFatuGakas. enAeBl éf¶RBHGaTitükMedA
i
EpndInigxül;enAEk,répÞdI. xül;ekþAeFVIclnaeLIgelIkat;RsTab;xül; RtCak; edaynaMykEpSgBIeragcRk
nigsarFatubMBulepSg²eToteTAkñúgRsTab;elIénbriyakas .xül;kxVk;enHGaceLIgeTAelIkMBs;Cag 15K/m
BIépÞdI . bu:EnþCajwkjab; dMenIrbRBa©asén
sItuNðPaBekIteLIgenAeBlEdlmanRsTab;xül;ekþAenARtg;kMBs;NamYyBIépÞdI. enAeBlxül;
eFVIclnaBIépÞEpndIeTAelICYbnwxül;ekþAénRsTab;GaMgEvsüúg vaBuMGaceLIgelIeTot)aneLIy
ehIyenAvilvl;eRkamRsTab;GaMgEvsüúg. dMenIrbRBa©asénsItuNðPaB eRcInekItmanenAeBl yb;
KWenAeBlRBHGaTitülic dI nigRsTab;xül;enAEk,répÞdIcuHRtCak;qab;CagRsTab; xül;xag elI
CaehtubNþal[mandMenIrbRBa©asénsItuNðPaB. dMenIrbRBa©asénsItuNðPaBenH)an
)at;bg;eTAvijenAeBlEdlRBHGaTitükMedAépÞdIenAeBlRBwk. buE: nþenAtMbn;GakasFatuRtCak;
)atuPtenHGacekItmankñgry³eBlyUréf¶.
U ú
x>T§BleTAelImnusS
i
karbMBulGakasGacbgá[manbBaðasuxPaBya:gF¶n;F¶r. kumar mnusScas; nigmnusSEdl
manbBaðaeraKebHdUg rWsYt suT§EtgayrgT§BlBIkarbMBulGakasF¶n;F¶rCageK. kar
i
eRbobeFobsuxPaBrbs;mnusSrs;enAtMbn;EdlmankarbMBulxøaMg CamYynwgsuxPaBmnusS
rs;enAtMbn;EdlmankarbMBultic Gacbgðaj[eXIjBIplb:HBal;eTAelIsuxPaBbNþalBIkare bMBulGakas.
kareRbobeFobenHbgðajBITMnak;TMngya:gCitsñT§rvagkMritbMBul nigkarekItman énCMgWpøvdegðm CMgWmharIk
i Ú I
nigCMgWxYrk,alrbs;kumarenAtMbn;EdleKeRbIR)as;saMgmanFatu sMN.
ktþaEdlkMnt;eRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaBmnusSmaneRcInya:gdUcCa³

-PaBulrbs;sarFatubMBul rWFatuRslayrbs;va
-brimaNsarFatubMBulEdlbeBa©jecal nigkMBs;bMBg;EpSgEdleKbeBa©jecal
-l½kçx½NÐbriyakas
-ry³eBlsMdilRtUvsarFatubMBul
-cMgayBIRbPBsarFatubMBul
-GayunigsßanPaBsuxPaB RBmTaMgskmµPaB nigkEnøgsßtenArbs;mnusS
i
enAeBlEdleKbeBa©jsarFatubMBul.
K> mUlehtunaM[mankMenInkarbMBulGakasenAkm<Caú
enARbeTskm<CakarbMBulGakaskan;EtmanT§iBlGaRkk;eLIgCaRbcaM
ú
¬BiessenARkugPñMeBj¦edaysarktþCaeRcIndUcCa kMenIncracrN_tampøÚvclnayanynþtampøÚv manrfynþ
nigeTacRkyanynþcas;² BumankarEtTaM)anl¥ bMerIbMras;n§n³mins¥at¬saMgEdl manbEnßmCatsMN¦
M
bMerIbMras;eRKOgcRkhYssm½ykñúg]sSahkmµ kMenInbMerIbMras;famBlma:
sunePøgEdlKµanRbsiT§PaBsMrab;plitGKÁsnI KµanbMEngEcktMbn;]sSahkmµc,as;las;nig
I I I
Kµanc,ab;brisßanRKb;RKan;.
3>karkat;bnßykarbMBulGakas
eyIgminGacTajykFatukxVk;ecjBIGakas rWeFVva[s¥atbrisuT§ ehIyykvaeTAeRbIR)as; eLIgvij
I
dUcEdleyIgGacbnSúT§ Twk)anenaHeT bu:EnþeyIgGacRtYtBinitünUvGV² EdleyIg)an beBa©jecaleTAkñgGakas.
I ú
enAeBleyIg)ansÁal;BIsarFatubMBulEdlbNþal[man karbMBul GakaseyIgk¾GacmanviFankar
xøHedIm,ITb;sáat; nigkat;bnßkarbMBul Gakas)anEdr. viFankarkat;bnßykarbMBulGakasKW³
-eRbIR)as;eRbgsaMgEdlKµanCatisMN
-eRbIplitpleRbgkatEdlmankMritCatis<an;F½rTab
-bnßycMnYnyanynþÉkCnenAtampøÚv GPivDÆn_RbB½n§dwkCBa¢ÚnsaFarN³EdlmanRbsiT§PaB
nigelIkTwkcitþRbCaCn[eRbIeTacRkyan rW eFVdMenIredayefµrI eCIg.
I
-lMenAsßan salaeron ePaCnIydæan kEnøgekµgelgkMsanþminRtUvenACab; pøÚvEdlmancracrN_ mmajwk.
-daMedImeQItambeNþaypøvEdlmancracrN_mmajwk eRBaHvaGacRsUbykFUlIkabUn mUNUGuksut
Ú : I
nigkat;bnßysUrs½BÞ.
-TukpøÜvenAkNþalRkugsMrab;GñkefµrI eCIg nigkg;
-tMbn;]sSahkmµ nigkEnøgcak;sMramRtUvenAq¶ayBIRkugnigxageRkamxül;RbsinebIGac.

-sagsg;pøvFM²CamYynwgGaKarTab² eRBaHpøvtUcEdlmanGaKarx<s;² enAsgxag
Ú Ú
Gac[mankarRbmUlpþMúsarFatubMBulkñgkMritx<s;.
ú
-eFVIEpnkarerobcMRkugedayykcitþTkdak;dl;RbCaCnCabzm.
u
-sg;bMBg;EpSgeragcRkedayeRbIbec©kviTüasmRsb ¬dUcCa]bkrN_sMGat¦ edIm,ITajykPaKl¥it
GasUtGuksut nigs<an;F½rGuksut.
I I
-eRbIR)as;]bkrN_bMEbøgkatalIkmµedIm,ICYydl;karRtYtBinitükarbeBa©jsMnl; ]sµnkabUnmUNUGksut
½ : u I
nigGuRI dUkabY.
-GnuvtþkarykBn§ elIkarbeBa©j]sµ½nkabUnDIGuksuIt nigs<an;F½rDIGuksut.
I
sarFatubMBulGakasmanT§BlGakasmanT§Bldl;brisßannigeFVI[xül;manKuNPaB minl¥.
i i
sarFatubMBulsMxan;² man kabUnmUNUGksuIt GasUtGuksut s<an;F½rDIGuksut PaKl¥t GuIRdUkabY sµkpUtUKImI
: u I I i Ú
nigsMN . karbMBulGakaseFVI[man)atuPUtbIya:g KW karhinehac RsTab;GUsUn ePøogGasuIt
nigbMErbMrYlGakasFatu. müa:geTotkarbMBulGakasGacbgá[ manbBaðasuxPaBya:gF¶n;F¶rdl;kumar mnusScas;
nigmnusSEdlmaneraKebHdUg nigsYt.
emeronTI 2 ³ kMnkGakasGasIut
sarFatubMBulenAkñgbriyakaseFVI[manbMErbMrYlsmasPaBbriyakas ehIyeFVI[
ú
GakasminbrisuT§l¥.karbMBulGakasbNþalmkBIskmµPaBmnusS CaBiesskardutpUsIuln§n³ dUcCaFüÚgfµ
eRbgsaMg ]sµnFmµCati ehIyk¾mankarbMBulGakasbNþalmkBIFmµCatiEdrdUcCa ePIgeqHéRB
½ ø
nigkarbMEbkFatuénsarFatusrIragÁCaedIm.karbMBulGakasbegát[man)atuPtbIy:agEdlCa bBaðacMbgKW
I U
karhinehacRsTab;GUsUn kMnkGakasGasIt nigbMErbMrYlGakasFatu.
u
1> kMnkMenItkMnkGakasGasIut
edaysarskmµPaBmnusS Caerogral;qñaMmans<an;FrRbEhl 100lanetancUleTAkñg ú
briyakasénBiPBelak.FüÚgfµ nigeRbgmanpÞks<an;Fr ehIyenAeBlvaeqH s<an;FreFVIRbtikmµ CamYyGuksIEu sn
ú
begát)anCas<an;FrDIGuksIt.s<an;FrDIGuksIteFVIRbtikmµCamYysMenImkñg
I u i u ú
GakasbegáIt)anCakMnkGasIts‘ulricl¥ttUc².GasItenHlayCamYydMnk;TkkÜgGakas
u i u w ù
rYcenAeBlFøak;mkelIépÞEpndIeKehAfa kMnkGakasGasIt rWePøógGasIut.
u
]sµnBulepSgeTotKWGasUtGuksIt.enAkñúgsItNðPaBFmµtaGasUt nigGuksIEu sn
½ u u
mineFVIRbtikmµCamYy]sµ½nepSgeToteT.b:uEnþenAkñúgkMritsItuNðPaBx<s;GasUt nigGuksIuEsnpSM
cUlKña)anCaTMrg;GasUtGuksIt.]sµ½nenHekIteLIgenAkñúgm:asInyanynþ rYcPaytamry³EpSg yanynþ
u u

GENþtkñgbriyakas.bnÞab;mksarFatuenH)aneFVIRbtikmµCamYyGuksIEu snbnþeTot enAkñgbriyakas
ú ú
begát)anCasarFatuGasUtDIGuksIt.enAkñúgbriyakasGasUtDIGksIuteFVI RbtikmµCamYysMeNImkñgbriyakas
I u u ú
begát)anCakMnkGakasGasItnIRTicl¥iuttUc².enAeBl
I u
kMnkGakasGasItenHFøak;mkelIépÞEpndIvabegát)anCaePøógGasIut dUcKñaeTAnwgkMnkGakas
u I
GasIts‘ulpYricEdr.
u
karbeBa©jsMnl;]sµnBIskmµPaBeragcRk]sSahkmµ nigcMehHpUsIln§n³Ca RbPBén
½ u
]sµnEdlbgá)anCakMnkGakasGasIt.RbPBén]sµnTaMgenaHmans<an;FrDIGuksIt nigGasUt m:NUGasIt
½ u ½ u U u
)AnrgGuksIutkmµbegáIt)anCakMnkGakasGasItehIyFøak;cuHmképÞEpndIkñgTMrg;Ca TwkePøóg rWRBil-l-
u ú
.tMbn;EdlmanePøógGasIut vaminRtwmEtekItmanenAtMbn;EdlmanRbPB ]sµ½nenaHeT
KWvaGacekItmanePøógGasItenAtMbn;q¶ayBIRbPBén]sµnBulenHEdredaysar
u ½
crnþxül;bk;.bBaðaenHedaysarm:asxül;Edl)anbk;naMkMnkGakasGasItecjeTAq¶ayBItMbn;énRbPBbeBa©j]
u
sµnBul ehIybk;q¶ayrhUtdl;rab;Ban;KILÚEm:t.
½
2>T§BlénkMnkGakasGasIut ³
i
enAeBlkMnkGakasGasItFøak;mkelIépÞdI vabgá[manplb:HBal;y:agxøaMgmkelIPav³
u
manCIvt.kMnkGakasGasIutGacsMlab;Pav³rs;)an ehIyk¾GacbMpøajsßaRbB½n§TaMgmUlenA
i
tMbn;NamYy)anEdr.
ePøÝgGasIuteFVI[søwkeQIexøaceralkøayeTACaBN’elOgehIygab;.ebIvaekItmanenA tMbn;ÙRBNamYy
vaGaceFI[éRBeQI nigCIvtdéTeTotEdlrs;enAkñúgéRBenaHvinashinehac TaMgGs;
V i
ehIyvak¾bMpøajPav³rs;enAkñgsßanRbB½n§déTeToteTdUcCa bwg sÞwg Tenø CaedIm.
ú
ePøógGasIut)anrMedaHGaluymIj:ÚmBIkñúgdI eFVI[sarFatuepSg²eTotfycuHdUcCa m:aejsüÚm
nigkal;süÚmCaedIm.GaluymIj:ÚmGaccUleTAkñgbwg sÞwg Tenø KrpþúMenAkñgRskIRtI
ú ú
EdleFIv[raMgsÞHdl;dMnkdegðmRtI . RtImYycMnYnnwgfb;degðImbnþcmþg² edaysarkark¾ekIt
I i
eLIgénsaFaGayumIj:ÚmenH vakGaccUreTAkñgxønmnusStamryHTwkpwkpgEdr. ePøogGasIt Føak;cuHmk
ú Ü u
)aneRcaHykkal;süÚmecjBIdI eFIV[)at;bg;brimaNkal;süÚmsMrab;rukçCatiRsUbyk ehIystVxügtUc²
EdlsIurukçCatik¾eTACa xVHCatikal;süÚm.stVxügTaMgenHCaRbPBkal;süÚm sMrab;stVcab
ehIycabk¾xVHCatikal;süÚm bNþal[Bgrbs;vamansMbkxusBIRbRktI.
ePøógGasIut)aneFVIRbtikmµCamYysMPar³sMNg;dUcCa fµkMe)ar nigfµEkg¬m:ab¦CaedIm.
Y
rUbFatuTaMgBIrenHmanEr:kal;süÚmkabUNat Edl)ancULeFVIRbtikmµCamYyePøógGasIut.Ca lT§pl GaKar

nigsMNg;epSg² EdlmanrUbFatuTaMgenH RtUvTTYlrgkMNUt ehIybnÞab;mk )ak;EbkxUcxat
RbsinebIKµanviFankarTb;sáat;eTenaH.
3-viFankarkat;bnßykMNkGakasGasIt u
karkat;bnßykMNkGakasEdlmanCatiGasItenH bBaðacMbgRtUvkat;bnßyskmµPaBna
u
narbs;mnusSkñúgkarbMBulGakas EdlbNþalmkBIkarbeBa©jEpSgBulBIeragcRk]sSahkmµBI rfynþ
eragcRkcMraj;eRbg nigktþaePøIgeqHéRBCaedIm.EpSgTaMgenHsuT§EtmansarFatuKImIBul TaMgGs;dUcCa
s<an;FrDIGuksIt nigGasUtGuksIt EdlCasarFatubgá[mankMnkGakasGasIt.
u u u
edIm,IriHrkviFankarkat;bnßynUvsarFatuKImIBulxül;TaMgenH eyIgRtUvrYmshkarKñaenAbNþa
RbeTsCaeRcInenAelIBiPBelak.enAqñaM1985 eyagtamesckþRI bkasrbs; GgÁkarshRbCaCati
)andak;kMritsMu[RbeTsTaMgLayeFVIkarkat;bnßykarbeBa©ajecalnUvsarFatus<an;FrDIGuksIt RtWm
u
30°PaKry kñrú y³eBl10qñaM.b:uEnþesckþIRbkasenHBMmanRbeTsmhaGMNacFM²cUlrYm cuHhtßelxaeT
u
dUcCashrdæGaemricCaedIm.karcuHhtßelxaelIesckþIRbkasrbs; GgÁkarshRbCaCati
)andak;kMritsMu[RbeTsTaMgLayeFIvkarkat;bnßykarbeBa©jecalnUvsaFatus<an;F½rDIGuksItRtwm30PaKry
u
kñgrYeBl10qñaM . b:Eu nþesckþRI bkasenH BMumanRbeTsRbkasrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM 1985
ú
manRbeTscUlrYmCMNyN18 RbeTsb:unenH .mkdl;qñaM 1988 manRbeTscMnYn27
)ancuHhtþelxaelIBiFIkar rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatienATIRkugsUhVya: EdltMrUv[kat;bnßykarbeBa©j
I
ecalénsaFatuGasUtGuksIt .eBlenaHmanRbeTsmhaGMnacmYycMnYn)anyl;RBmcuH
u
htßelxaelIBiFIkarenHdUcCa shrdæGaemric)anyl;RBmcuHhtßelxaenAqñaM 1989.
eRkaymkbNþaRbeTsenAkñúgshKmn_GWrub)anrYbrYmKñadak;bTbBa¢a[RbeTsNaEdlman eragcRkcMraj;eRbg
:
sUmkat;bnÔysarFatus<an;F½rDIGuksutEdlmanenAkÜgeRbgma:sU‘t [)aneRcInCag 30° RtwmqÜaM 1994
I ù
ehIyQaneTAdl; 80° eTotRtwmqñaM 1996.
eTaHbImankic©RBmeRBogCalkçN³ GnþrCatik¾eday vacaM)ac;RtUvEtTamTarkarRtYtBinitü
bBaðakMnkGakasGasutenHCaRbcaMpgEdr edIm,IEfrkSabrisßankñgPBEpndITaMgmUl.
I ú
kMnkGakasGasutekItecjBIRbPBcMbgéncMehHFüÚgfµnigpUsuIlnÞn³ EdlbeBa©j sarFatus<an;F½rDIGuksut
I I
¬SO ) GasUt (N) rWGasUtmUNUGuksut (NO). enAeBlsarFatu TaMgenHcUleTAkñgbriyakas
2 : I ú
vaeFVIRbtikmµCamYyGuksuIEsn nigTwk begÔt)anCakMnkGakas Gasut ¬manGasutsulpYric nig GasutnIRTic¦ .
I I I ‘ I
enAeBlkMnkGakasGasutFøak;mkelItépÞ EpndIkñgTMrg;CaePøogRBil ePøoglayRBil rWTwkkk
I ú
vabgáeRKaHfñak;dl;dI Twk nigPav³rs;nana TaMgGs;rs;enAkñúgTwk nigelIeKak.

edIm,Ikat;bnßykMnkGakasGasuItenAkñgbriyakas bNþaRbeTsTaMgGs;elIBiPBelak
ú
RtUvrYmKñakat;bnßykarbeBa©jecalsarFatubMBulkñúgxül; dUcCas<an;F½rDIGuksut GasUt mUNUGuksuItBIeragcRk
I :
]sSahkmµ eragcRkcMraj;eRbg EpSgrfynþ nigyanynþCaedIm.
emeronTI 3 GUsUnrbs;EpndI

GUsUnCa]sµ½nsßtkñgmNÐlGakass¶b;énbriyakas¬ RbEhl 90°¦ EdlekIteLIgBI FmµCati
i ú
edaysarGMeBIénBnøWRBHGaTitüeTAelImeU: lKulGuksuEI sn. mUe: lKulGUsUnpSMeLIgeday mUe: lKulGuksuEI sncMnYn
bI¬ O ). enAkñgmNÐlGakasrcl;k¾man]sµnGUsUnEdr¬cMnYn RbEhl 10°¦ . GUsUnCa]sµ½nBul
3 ú ½
bu:Enþvapþl;KuNsm,tþdl;CIvitenAelIEpndI. etIGUsUn pþl;sarRbeyaCn_dUcemþcxøHenAkñgbriyakasEpndI?
i ú
1 plRbeyaCn_GUsUn
GUsUnenAkñúgmNÐlGakass¶b;mansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;EpndI. eTaHbIGUsUnCasarFatu bMBulk¾eday
k¾GsUnCar)aMgkarBar rsµIsVayG‘lRtaÙnBnøWRBHGaTitú d¾maneRKaHfÜak; )anGs; mYyPaKFM.
U u
kaMrsµsVayGulRtamaneRKaHfÜak;xøaMgNas;cMeBaHPav³manCIvtenAelIEpndI eRBaHva eFV[xUcxat
I ‘ i I
rWbMpøajmUe: lKulCIv³d¾sMxan;dUcCa ADN CaedIm. Pav³manCIvtenAelIEpndIRtUv karBnøWRBHGaTitücMnYnEt 40°
i
eTA 50° bu:nenaH. kaMrsµsVayGulRtaÙnBnøWRBHGaTitúEdl caMgmkelIEpndIcMnYn 100°
I ‘
enaHRtUv]sµ½nGUsUncab;ykGs;cMnYn 20°. dUcenHGUsUneKcat; TukCaExl mYyénEpndI.
ebIKµanGUsUnCIvitenAelIEpndInwgrgkarxUcxatya:gF¶n;F¶r. enAkñgGMLúgTsvtSqñaM 1970
ú
RkumGñkviTüsaRsþ)ancab;epþmRBYy)armÖBIskmµPaB mnusS Edl)anplitCatiKImIeQµaH kørUPøyGr:UkabUn
I :ú
¬CFC ¦ EdlCasmasFatuKImIpSMBIFatu kabUn nigFatuGaLÚEsnmYyrWeRcIn ¬PøyGr kør RbÚm rW GuIy:t¦.
s ú U
sarFatuKImIenH bNþal[maneRKaH fñak;dl;]sµ½nGUsUn. CaeRcInqñaMmkehIy kørUPøyGrU:kabUnRtUveKKitfa
:ú
vaCaplitplKImImüa:g RbkbedayGPUtehtueTAvij. plitplenHvaminBuleT ehIyk¾mineqH nigminsuIsarFatu
elah³Edr. va)ankøayeTACaplitpld¾manRbeyaCn_mYynigCaTIeBjniymbMputdUcCaykmk
eFVICaemRtCak;enAkñgTUTwkkk nigenAkñgma:suInRtCak;. müa:geTotplitplenHRtUveKykeTA
ú ú
eRbIkñúgbMBg;)aj;epSg²dUcCa bMBg;)aj;bM)at;kønGaRkk;énxønmnusS bMBg;)aj;fñaMkMcat; stVl¥t céRg rW
i Ü i
kMbug)aj;fñaMCaedIm. dUcenHplitplKImIenH RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;eRcInNas;enAelIBiPB elak.
:
etIkørUPøyGrU:kabUnvamanRbtikmµCamYyGUsUntamviFINa?
:ú
enAkñgmNÐlGakasrcl;énEpndI kørUPøyGrUkabUn manlkçN³efrmanlMnwg tamsarFatu KImIrbs;va
ú :ú :
edayKµanRbtikmµKImICamYyplitplKImIepSg² eToteLIy. buE: nþmeU: lKul kørUPøyGrU:kabUn
:ú

GacGENþtx<s;cUleTAkñgmNÐlGakass¶b; ehIyRtUvrgbMEbkFatueRkam GMeBIkaMrsµIRBHGaTitübegát)anCa
ú I
GatUmkør EdlvaCaktalikrkñúgkarbMpøajGUsUn. GatUmkør
eFVIRbtikmµCamYymUe: lKulGUsUnedIm,Ibegát)anCamUe: lKulGuksuEI sn nigmU:elKulkørmUNU GuksuIt ¬CLO¦.
I :
bnÞab;mkmUe: lKulkørmU:NUGuksutenaHeFVIRbtikmµCamYymU:elKulGUsUn déTeTot edaybegáIr)anCa
I
2mUe: lKulGuksuEI sn nigmYyGatUmkør. skmµPaBbnþGatUmkøenaH )aneFVIRbtikmµCamYymU:elKulGUsUnbnþeTot.
enHCavdþénRbtikmµKmIkørCamYyGUsUn.
I
CL + O3 CLO+ O2
CLO+ O3 CL+2O2
tamrUbmnþKmI mYymUe: lKulkør:PøyGrU:kabUnvamanpÞúkGatUmkørBImYyeTAbYn ehIyeK)an)a:n;sµan
I Uú
faGatUmkørmYyGatUmGacbMpøajmUe: lKulGUsUn)anrhUtdl; 100000 ÉenaH.
eRkABIkør:PøyGrUkabUnCaGñkbMpøajGUsUn enAman]sµnGasUtmUNUGuksuItk¾)anrYmcMEnkkñúgkar
Uú : ½ :
bMpøajGUsUnenAkñúgmNÐlGakass¶b;Edr.GasUtmU:NUGuksuItesÞIrEtTaMgGs;EdlCaplitpl
rbs;skmµPaBmnusSPaycUlkñúgbriyakastamry³cMehHpUsuIln§n³ . enAeBlvaman RbtikmµCamYy O 3

vabegát)anCaGasUtDIGuksut nigGuksuEI sn.
I I
NO+ O3 NO2 + O2
bu:EnþT§BlGasUtmUNUGuksuteTAelIRsTab;GUsUn vaBuMsUvxøaMgkøadUcsarFatukør:PøyGrU:kabUneT
i : I Uú
edaymUe: lKulGasUtmUNUGuksutmYyGacbMpøajmU:elKulGUsUn)anEtmYybu:nenaH.
: I
edaysarplitplénkør:PøyGrU:kabUn enAelIEpndIkan;EtmaneRcin eFV[mUe: lKulrbs;va eTA
Uú I
bMpøajGUsUnenAkñúgmNÐlGakass¶b;énbriyakasEpndI. karfycuHénGUsUnenHeK)an[ eQµaHfa{
RbehagGUsUn}. Cak;Esþgmkdl;TsvtSqñaM 1970 GñkviTüasaRsþ )an[dwgfa
kMritGUsUnkñgmNÐlGakass¶b;sßtenABIelIbUlxagt,ÚgkMBugfycuHya:gxøaMg . rhUtdl;sBVéf¶
ú i :
enHGñkviTüasaRsþ)ankMnt;sMKal;famanRbehagGUsUnenAelIGDÆeKalxageCIgpgEdr.
3>karEfrkSaGUsUn
TnÒwmeBlEdlbrimaNGUsUnenAkÜgmNÊlGakass¶b;fycuH eFV[kaMrsµsVayGulRtaCaeRcIn
ù I I ‘
manlT§PaBqøgkat;mNÐlGakass¶b;mkb:HnwgépÞEpndI karvivtþn_CIvtenAelIEpndI RtUvbnSaMxøn
i Ü
eTAnwgrMPaykaMrsµsVayGu‘lRtakÜgkMritFmµta. bu:EnûebIkaMrsµsVayGulRtaelIsBIkMritenaH
I ù I ‘
bNþal[manbBaðaeRcInya:gEdlKMramkMEhgdl;CIvitrbs;RbePTCaeRcIndUcCa rukçCati nigdMnaM GaharepSg²
RtUvRCuHsøk bNþal[mantMhycuHénkareFVIsµIsMeyaK nigsMrUbykTwk.
w
CarYmkarhinehac]sµnGUsUnGacbnßynUvplitpldMnaMsMxan;²eRcInmuxenAelIBiPBelak
½
EdleFVI[xVHGaharpÁtpÁgdl;mnusSelak.
;

-bMpøajmIRkUrukçCati ¬rukçCatibøg;tug¦ EdlCaRKiHénExSGaharsmuRTeFVI[brimaNRtIfycuH
ya:geRcInenAelIBiPBelak.
-RbCaCnPaKeRcInenAelIBiPBelakGacnwgTTYleRKaHfñak;edayekItCMgWmharIkEs,k.
-GacERbRbÜl rWbMpøajEsnbnþBUC¬ADN).
CaTUeTAkalNa]sµ½nGUsUnkan;EtfycuH enaHkMenInkaMrsµsVayGulRtacaMgmkelIÙpÒdIkan; Et
I ‘
xøaMgeBalKWkMenInsItuNðPaBEpndIkan;EteLIgx<s;eFVI[CIvtmnusSstV nigrukçCatiQaneTArkkar
i
vinassabsUnü.etIeyIgRtUveFVdUcemþckñgkarEfrkSaRsTab;GUsUn edIm,ITb;sáat;T§BlkaMrsµI
I ú i
sVayGulRtaEdlvaRbqaMgnwgCIvitrs;enAelIEpndI?
‘
enAqñaM1987 tMnagmkBIRbeTsmYycMnYn)anCYbRbCuKñaenATIRkugmu:ger:Gal;énRbeTs kaNada
M
edIm,IcuHhtßelxaelIBiFIkar muger:Gal; EdlCakic©RBmeRBogkñúgkarkat;bnßykar
:
plitsarFatukørUPøyGr:UkabUncMnYn 50° RtwmqñaM 1998. fVeI bImankarkat;bnßyplitkmµsar
:ú
FatuenHya:gNakþIk¾karCYsCulExlGUsUnGacRtUvBnüareBledaysarkarplit nigkarrt;Bn§
GnþrCatixusc,ab;nUvsarFatukørUPøyGrU:kabUnenHenAmaneRcInenAeLIy ehIyCaBiessBiFIkar
:ú
muger:Gal;enAGnuBaØat[rbeTskMBugGPivDÆplitnigeRbIR)as;sarFatuenHkñgeBlmYyTsvtS eTot.
: ú
dUcCaenARbeTskm<úCasarFatukørUPøyGrUkabUnenAmaneRbIsMrab;emRtCak; kñgTUTwkkk nigma:suInRtCak;.
:ú : ú
bu:EnþenAqñaM 1992 mansnñisITmYysþBIbBaðaenHEdr ehIy)anR)arB§eFVeI LIg enATIRkug kUeb:nhak
I
kñgRbeTsdaNWma:k EdlmanRbeTscMnYn 93 )anyl;RBmnigQaneTA dl;kic©RBmeRBogdUcteTA³
ú
- RkumRbeTs]sSahkmµ)anyl;RBmbM)at; kørUPøyGrU:kabUnTaMgRsugenARtwmqñaM 1995. buE: nþshrdæGaemric
:ú
)ansnüadak;sMram[RtwmqñaM 2000 edIm,IbBaÄb;karplitnUvsarFatuTaMg Gs;
Edlbgá[manbBaðadl;ExlGUsUn.
- -RkumRbeTs]sSahkmµk¾)anyl;RBmbegátmUlniFimYyedIm,ICYybNaþRbeTskMBug GPivDÆn_[bþÚr
I
nigdak;CMnYskareRbIR)as; kørUPøyGrU:kabUnenH.
:ú
- sarFatud¾éTeTotEdlbMpøajExlGUsUn k¾mandak;kñúgbMraménsnñisITenHpgEdr.
sarFatuEdldak;CMnYskørUPøyGrUkabUnenAeBlenHGñkviTüasaRsþkMBugRsavRCav erobcMkar GPivDÆn_eLIg.
:ú :
bu:EnþkarbMpøcbMpøjExlGUsUn nwgekIneLIgkñgeBlbc©úb,nñenH.
i ú
dUcenHCasMNUmBrdMbUgeyIgRtUvkat;bnßybrimaNkørUPøyGrU:kabUnEdlPayecjeTAkñg
:ú ú
briyakasdUcCakarEfTaMma:suInRtCak;kñgrfynþ nig kñgpÞH karEfTaMTUTkkkkM[mankar
ú ú w u
FøúHFøaynigrbs;rbrTaMgenHeRbIR)as; ElgekIt eKRtUvykvaeTAe)aHecalkEnøgNaEdl mansuvtßPaBbMput.
i

ExlGUsUnCaRsTab;]sµnmYyénbriyakasEpndIehIymansarRbeyaCn_ cMeBaHCIvit enAelIEpndI
½
eRBaHvaCar)aMgkarBarkaMrsµsVayG‘lRtaÙnBnøWRBHGaTitú)anmYycMnYn.
I u
bc©úb,nñExlGUsUnkMBugTTYlrgkarbMpøcbMpøajBIskmµPaBrbs;mnusSeyIg edaybMerI
i
bMras;sarFatukørUPøyGrU:kabUn.ebIExlGUsUnRbehag rWFøHFøayenaHCIvtenAelIEpndInw TTYlrgeRKaHfñak;.
:ú ú i
dUcenHedIm,IEfrkSaExlGUsUn k¾dUcCakarTb;sáat;T§BlÙnkaMrsµI sVayGulRtaeTAelICIvitenAelIEpndI
i ‘
RKb;RbeTsTaMgGs;kgelakRtUvrYmKñakat;bnßy bMerIbMras;sarFatu KImIkørUPøyGrUkabUnnigsarFatuKImIepSg²
ñú :ú :
eTotman GasUtmUNUGuksutCaedIm.
: I
emeronTI 4 pÞHkBa©k;rbs;EpndI
EpndImanlkçNRsedogKñaebHbiTeTAnwgpÞHkBa©k;dUcenaHEdr.eyIgrs;enAkñúgpÞH
kBa¨k;EpndIdUcKÜaeTAnwgrukØCatiEdlhu‘B½T§ edayPaBRtCak;eRsbdUcTwkkkÙnbriyakas xageRkA.
¿
briyakasEpndImandMenIrkardUcenAkñúgpÞHkBa©k;dUcenaHEdr.
1>>plpÞHkBa©k;
muneBlBnøWRBHGaTitüeFVdMenIrmkdl;épÞEpndI RtUvqøgkat;RsTab;briyakassin.
I
RbEhlBak;kNþalénkMedARBHGaTitüRtUv)anRsUbcUleTAkñgdI ehIykMedAenHRtUvpøat
ú
Rtlb;eTAbriyakaskñgTMrg;CarsµRI khmGaMgR)a EdlminGacemIleXIj. kaMrsµRI khm
ú
GaMgR)aPaKeRcInEdlPayecjBIEpndIminGacqøgkat;briyakasvij)aneT vaRtUv)anRsUb
ykedaycMhayTwk nigkabUnDIGuksutEdlenAkñúgRsTab;briyakaseRkam. ]sµnTaMgenH
I ½
sÞak;ykkMedAehIyrkSakMedATukEk,répÞEpndI. karsÞak;ykkMedAEbbenHehAfa { plpÞHkBa©k;}.
BBkk¾manT§BlkñgkarrkSakMedA[EpndIEdr. BBkbegáInplpÞHkBa©k;edayRsUbyk
i ú
kaMrsµRI khmGaMgR)amYycMnYnEdlEtgEt)at;bg;kñgbriyakasehIybeBa©jkMedAeTA[Epn dIvij.
ú
RbsinebIBuMmanplpÞHkBa©k;eT BnøWRBHGaTitüGackMedAEpndI)anRbEhl 10GgSa eRkamsUnü bu:nenaH.
bu:EnþedaymancMhayTwk nigkabUnDIGuksutenAkñgbriyakasEpndI
I ú
GacmankMedARKb;RKan;sMrab;[CIvitrs;ran)an.
2>]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;
enAeBlEdl]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;cab;ykkMedAenAEk,répÞEpndI GñkviTüasaRsþCaeRcInKitfa
]sµnpÞHkBa©k;CaeRcInenAkñgbriyakasnwgeFVI[EpndIeLIgkMedA. ]sµnpÞHkBa©k;sMxan;² mankabUnDIGuksut
½ ú ½ I
¬CO ¦ emtan ¬ CH ¦ GasUtGuksuIt ¬NO ¦ nigkørUPøyGrU:kabUn ¬CFC ¦.
2 4 x :ú s

kabUnDIGuksut Ca]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;sMxan;CageK. vamansmtßPaRsUbkMedAexSay Cag]sµ½n pÞHkBa©k;déTeTot
I
bu:Enþeday]sµ½nepSgeTotmanbrimaNtic T§Blrbs;vak¾tctYcEdr.
i i
eKsnñdæanfaT§BlrYmKñarbs;]sµnTaMgenHmankMritRbhak;RbEhlnwgT§Blén eRbgkat FüÚgfñ
i i ½ i
]sµnFmµCati nigeQIpþl;famBlcaM)ac;sMrab;dMenIrkaryanynþcMGin Gahar nig eragcRkGKÁsnI.
½ I
n§n³TaMgenHpSMedaysmasFatukabUn ehIycMehHrbs;vabegátCa kabUnDIGuksut. taMgBITsvtSqñaM 1800
I I
karbeBa©jecalkabUnDIGuksutekIneLIgCabnþ bnÞab;.
I
pUsuIln§n³ + O
2 kMedA + H O + CO
2 2

karCIkykEkécñ dwkCBa¢ÚnnigkarEckcaypUsuln§n³ k¾manbeBa©jkabUnDIGuksut Edr.
I I
CYnkalkarPayekIteLIgedayectnaedaykarbeBa©j]sµ½nFmµCati BIGNþgeRbg CYnkal Ca]beTÞvehtu
Ú
edaykarelcFøaybMBg; EdlbNþalmkBIkarEfTaMmin)anRKb;RKan; CaedIm.
kar)at;bg;éRBeQImanT§BledaypÞal;elIGRtakabUnDIGuksutkñúgmNÐlGakasrcl;.
i I
søkeQIeFVrI sµsMeyaK nigRsUbykkabUnDIGuksuIt BImNÐlGakasrcl;.
w I
vtþmanéRBeQItictYcelIEpndInaM[mansMrYbkabUnDIGuksuttictYcbunenaH BImNÐlGakas rcl;.
I :
karbeBa©jkabUnmU:NUGuksut CaRbPBmYyeToténkabUnDIGuksuIt. ma:suIncMehHCa
I
RbPBbzménkarbeBa©jkabUnmUNUGksuItkñgbriyakas. GayukalkabUnmUNUGuksut
: u ú : I
kñgmNÐlGakasrcl;manry³eBl RbEhl 4Ex ehIyCaTUeTAva)at;bg;BIbriyakas
ú
edaysarRbtikmµCamYyra:DIkal; GuIRdUsut¬HO ¦.
I-

CO+HO- CO2+H+
RbtikmµenHeKmincg;[ekItmaneLIy eRBaHvaminRtwmEtbegánkMhab;kabUnDIGuksuteT
I I
EfmTaMgeFVI[)at;ra:DIkal;GuRI duksutEdlCaPñak;garsMGat briyakas d¾sMxan;eTotpg.
I
÷emtanCa]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;sMxan;TIBIrEdlekIteLIgedaysarskmµPaBrbs;mnusS.
karciBa©wmstVctub,aT¬eKa RkbI ecom BEB>>¦ beBa©jemtanRbEhl 20° énemtan
srubEdlbeBa©jedayskmµPaBmnusS. GaharPaKeRcInsMrab;stVTMBareGog minGac
rlay)aneTmuneBlvaeLIgCUr. dMenIreLIgCUrenHnaM[mankarbeBa©j]sµ½nemtan BIstV
cUleTAkñgbriyakas.
ú
kareFVIERsbeBa©jemtanRbEhl 17° ¬RbEhl 60lanetan kñúgmYyqñaM¦ énkar
beBa©jemtansrubedayskmµPaBmnusS. karbeBa©jemtanekIneLIgenAeBlsarFatu
srIragÁrukçCatikgERsrlYyeRkamGMeBIrbs;)ak;etrI.
ñú
sMnl;rukçCati + H O
2 4CH + plitplepSgeTot

emtanRtUv)annaMecjBIdIERseTAkñgbriyakastamry³edIm,RsUv.edImnigsøkRsUvman
ú w
naTIdUcCabMBg;]sµnBIdIeTAkñgbriyakas.
½ ú
TIkEnøgcak;sMnl;k¾CaRbPBbeBa©jemtanEdr. dMenIrrlYysarFatusrIragÁdUcCasMnl; GaharrukçCati stV
)anbeBa©jemtaneTAkñúgbriyakas.
3 kMenInplpÞHkBa©k;
ebIkMhab;]sµ½n pÞHkBa©k;enAkñúgmNÐlGakasrcl;kan;EtekIneLIg kaMrsµIRkhmGaMgR)a
EdlPayecjBIEpndIRtlb;eTAkan;lMhvijk¾kan;EtticCamunEdr. )atuPUtenHeFV[man I
kMenInsItuNðPaBkñúgbNÐlrcl; CaehtunaM[sItuNðPaBépÞEpndI ekIneLIgEdr. eKehA)atuPtenHfa U
kMenInplpÞHkBa©k;.
GRtaénkarbMBulxül;ekIneLIgesÞIrEtRKb;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ TIRkug cracrelIpøv fñl;kan;;Etmmajwk
Ú
bMerIbMras;nÞn³ mansarFatubMBul kMenInénbMerIbMras;famBl karRbkYt
RbECgxagbMerIbMras;sMPar³[)aneRcIn rYmnwgGvtþmanc,ab;brisßansuT§swgCa ktþarYmcMEnkkñgkarbegán]sµ½n
ú I
pÞHkBa©k;kñgmNÐlGakasrcl;[ elIsBIkMritFmµCati.
ú
bBaðaenHnaM[mankarfycuHrMPaykaMrsµRI khmGaMgR)aecjBImNÐlGakasrcl; CaehtunaM
[mankMenInkMedAelIBiPBelak¬RbEhl 0/3 eTA 0/6 GgSa kñgGMLúgeBlénstvtS knøgeTA¦.
ú
RbsinebIkarbeBa©j]sµ½n pÞHkBa©k;BIskmµPaBmnusSkñúgmNÐlGakasrcl; enAEtbnþeTot
enaHkMenInkMedAelIBiPBelak nwgrwtEtekIneLIgkñúgGRtax<s;
nigQaneTAdl;kMritkMedAmYyEdlminFøab;mankñgRbvtþisaRsþmnusSCati. bc©úb,nñkMhab; ]sµ½n
ú
pÞHkBa©k;BIrEbb)anekIneLIgelIsBIkMritEdlFøab;manBImunKW kabUnmUNUGuksut nigemtan.
: I
4 plvi)akénkMenInpl pÞHkBa©k;
karkt;RtatamdanviTüasaRsþ)an[dwgfa sItuNðPaBmFümelIBiPBelak)anekIneLIg RbmaN 0/3eTA
0/6 GgSa kñgry³eBlmYyTsvtSmun. GñkviTüasaRsþenAminTan;Gac snñidæanfa
ú
kMenInkMedAenHekIteLIgBIkMenInplpÞHkBa©k; rWk¾edaysar bMErbMrYleday FmµCatienAeLIy.
bu:EnþPsþtagénTMnak;TMngrva]sµ½n pÞHkBa©k; nigbMErbMrYlGakasFatu kan;Etelcc,as;eLIg.
ú
k> kMenInnIvuTwksmuRT
:
eK)an)a:n;sµanfa nIvUTwksmuRTnwg eLIgkan;Etx<s;edaysarTwkmhasmuRT elIBiPBelak
:
kan;EtrIkFM.RbkarenH ekIteLIgedaysartMbn;bU:eLIgkMedA pÒaMg[ Es,‘Gacdac;ecjBIpÒaMg
Twkkkb:leRcIneLIg² ehIyrlayenAkñúgsmuRT nigedaysarkarrlayTwkkkenA
U

tMbn;Pñ.tMbn;EdlgayrgeRKaHBIkMenInnIv:smuRTKW PUmiPaKTab² EdlKµanr)aMgkarBarenA
M U
nigtamtMbn;eqñrTUTaMgBiPBelak. kMenInnIvUTwksmuRTmanT§Bl dl;rbbTwktamBam smuRT
: i
sÞgnigtMbn;dIesImtameqñrsmuRTCaehtunaM[éRBekagkag nigtMbn;dIesIm Rtg;
w
cenøaHTwkeCargayrgeRKaHedaysarkMenInsMnwgdI nigkMrit CatiéRb. ekaHtUc²CaeRcIn nig
eqñrxSac;sMrab;eTscrN_GacnwgRtUvliclg;pgEdr.
x> plb:HBal;elIrbbFatuGakas
kMenInkMedAEtbu:nµanGgSaGacmanT§BlF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHGakasFatu. eTACasItuNðPaBtMbn;
i
Ek,reGkVaT½rGacERbRbYlEtbniþcbnþckþI EtsItuNðPaBenAtamtMbn;ry³TTwgq¶ayBIeGkVTr½
Ü
nigtMbn;Ek,rbU:lGacekIneLIgxøaMg. kMenInkMedAelIBiPBelakeFVI[GRtarMhYtTwkBI épÞEpn
dIeTAbriyakasekIneLIg. T§BlF¶n;F¶rbMputnwgGacekItmanenArdUvrgar. rdUvRtCak;Gac
i
xøCagmunEtrdUcekþAkan;EtEvg. enAtMbn;ry³ TTwgq¶ayBIweGkVT½rnwgmanPaBs¶ÜtCagFmµta
I
.enAtMbn;RtUBicGacmanePøogFøak;eRcInCagmun ehIyTwkePøogGacfycuHenAtMbn;Ek,r RtUBic.
kMenInrMhYtTwkGaceFV[tMbn;CaeRcIns¶ÜtCagmun.
i
K>T§BlelIksikmµ
i
kMenInsItNðPaB nigbMErbMrYlrbbTwkePøogGacnwgeFVI[plitkmµRsUvRtUv fycuH.
u
eRkABIkar)at;bg;dIdaMdMnaMbNþalBITwklic TinñpléndIdMnaMEdlenAsl;GacfycuH eRBaH
lT§PaBdaMdMnaMBIrdgkñgmYyqñaMRtUv)at;bg;edaysar³
ú
-tMrUvkarTwksMrab;eRsacRsBhYskMritpÁt;pÁg;
-kMenInsItuNðPaB Edlkat;bnßyeBlevla sMrab;dMnaMTMu
-kMenInTwkePøogFøak;EdlnaM[mansMnwk nigcMeraHdICaehtueFV[)at;bg;dImanCICatisMrab; plitkmµRsUv.
I
X>T§BlelIsuxPaBmnusSnig sgÁm
i
plb:HBal;edayelIsuxPaBmnusSrYmman kMenIntwgEtgGarmµN_ edaysarkMedA kMenIn CMgWRbdab;degðm I
RbtikmµnwgFatunana nigCMgWqøgtamxül;. bNþaCMgWtMbn;RtUBicdUcCa RKuncaj; nigRKunQam
RbEhlCaratt,atedaysarkMenInTICrM ksMrab;mUs nigPñak;gar
cMlgeraKenAeBlmankMenInsItuNðPaBenAbNþaRbeTsRtCak;bgÁÜr . T§BledayRbeyal
i
GacbNþalBIPaBraMgs¶Üt TwkCMnn;nigdMenIrrGak;rGYlénesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©.
ksikrnigGñkensaTCaeRcInenAGasuGaeKñy_ kMBguRbQmnwgkar lM)akkñúg karrs;enARbcaMéf¶
I
ehIyBYkeKBuMmansl;FnFansMrab;bnSaMnwgkarrs;enAkñgl½kçx½NÐén bMErbMrYlGakasFatu
u ú

rWsMrab;pøas;bþrÚ TIlMenAeLIy. CIvPaBrbs;eKRtUvbMpøajedaysar tMhyFnFanTwk kar)at;bg;KNPaBdI
u
karercriléRBeQI nigkEnøgensaT.
plb:HBal;edaysarbMErbMrYlGakasFatuRbEhlCaGacnwgeFVI[kMritPaBRkIRk nigeRKaHTurPikS
elIBiPBelakkan;EtF¶n;F¶rEfmeTo. RbCaCnRkIRk nwgTTYlrgeRKaH F¶n;
CageKeRBaHBYkeKGacmanCMerIstictYcbu:nenaHsMrab;eqøytbnwgbMErbMrYlGakasFatu.
I
4> karbnßyel,OnénbMErbMrYlsItuNðPaB
etImanGVIxøHeTAEdleKGacbnßyel,OnénkareLIgkMedAEpndI)an? karkat;bnßy
bMerIbMras;pUsuIln§n³GaceFVI[kabUnDIGuksutEdlPayecjeTAkñgbriyakaskan;EtfyticeTA ²Edr.
I ú
müa:geTotRtUvkarBaréRBeQIEdlmanRsab;enAelIEpndInigdaMedImeQIbEnßmeTot [)an eRcIn
eRBaHedImeQIGacTajykkabUnDIGuksutecjBIkñúgbriyakas. edImeQI 100 lanedIm
I
GacTajykkabUn)anRbEhl 18lanetan kñgTMrg;CakabUnDIGuksutecjBIkñbriyakas.
ú I ú
kaMrsµIRkhmGaMgR)aEdlPayecjBIEpndIminGacqøgkat;briyakaseTAkñglMhvij
ú
)aneT.kabUnDIGuksutnig]sµnepSg²eTotkñúgbriyakas)anRsUbykkaMrsµRI khmGaMgR)abegát
I ½ I
)anCakMedAB½TCMvijEpndI. lMnaMenHehAfa plpÞHkBa©k;. ]sµnpÞHkBa©k;sMxan;² mankabUnDI GuksuItemtan
§u ½
GasUtGuksut nigkørUPøyGrUkabUn. cMehHpUsuln§n³nigkarkab;bMpøajéRBeQI CamUlehtu
I :ú : I
bgá[mankMenInya:gqab;rh½sénkabUnDIGuksuIt.
GñkviTüasaRsþCaeRcIn)anBüakrN_faRbkarenHnwgmankMenInplpÞHkBa©k; ehIybgá[manbMEr
bMrYlGakasFatuenAelIBiPBelakeTotpg.

CMBUk 5 kaksMnl;
emeronTI1 sMnl;rwg
sMnl;CasarFatuTaMgLaysßitkñgrUbPaBrwg rav nig]sµ½n EdlBuMmantMélteTAeTot sMrab;Gñk eRbIR)as;
ú
ehIyRtUveKe)aHbg;ecal. eyIg)ansikSaxøH²ehIyBIT§BlsMnl;rav nig]sµ½nEdl )anbMBul Twk dI
i
nigbriyakas. enAkñgemeronenHeyIgsikSaBIsMnl;rwg nigBIfg;)øasÞic elah³ nigsMnl;vTüúskmµ-l-.
ú i
1>RbPBsMnl;rwg
sMnl;rwgmanRbPBecjBIlMenAsßan TIpSarlk;dUr RKwHsßanBaNiC¢kmµ mNÐlpÁt;pÁg; es,og Rss; rWs¶t sNæaKar
Ü
ePaCnIydæan haglk;Tnij sYnsaFarN³ Gñklk; tampøv mNÐeTscr nigTIkEnøgepSg²eTot .
M Ú

sMnl;TaMgenHmaneRcInmuxNas;rab;taMgBIRkdas fg;)øasÞc sMnl;Gahar kMeTckMTkMnat;sMBt;bEnø EpøeQI
i I
rhUtdl;elah³FatueRbIR)as;epSg²dUcCa kMeTcEdk sMbkkMbug sMbkdb EkvC½r bMBg;bWt .
:
sMnl;rwgmYyEpñkeTot manRbPBBIeragcRknanadUcCaeragcRkplit GaKuy s½gásI fñaMkMcat; stVl¥t i
fÜaMBN’kMbug nigeragcRk plitRkdas-l-. müa:geTotsMnl;rwgk¾manRbPBecjBI mnÞIreBTü ¬sMbkfñaM
:
bg;rurM bYs¦ nigenAtamTIkEnøgstþXatpgEdr. sMnl;rwgEdlecjBIRbPB
TaMgenHmanmYyEpñkCasMnl;rwgBuMsUveRKaHfñak; nigmYyEpñeTotRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;. buE: nþPaK
eRcInsuT§Etbgá[maneRKaHfñak;dl;brisßan . sMnl;rwgEdlbgáeRKaHfñak;ya:gF¶n;F¶r CageKdl; brisßan
enaHCasMnl;EdlmanRbPBmkBIeragcRk]sSahkmµedIreday famBlnuyekøEG‘ .
2>RbePTsMnl;rwg
Epñktamniymn½y nigRbPBsMnl;eKEcksMnl;rwgCaBIrRbePTKW sMnl;rwgBuMsUvman eRKaHfñak;
nigsMnl;rwgRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;. karEckfñak;sMnl;rwgtamRbePTxus²KñaenHmansar³sMxan;
Nas;sMrab;RKb;RKgsMnl;[manRbsiT§PaB. enARbeTskm<CaeyIgmansMnl;rwgTaMgBIrRbePT enHeRcInNas;
ú
CaBiesssMnl;rwgenAkñúgTIRkugnigenAtamTIRbCuMCnnana.
k>sMnl;rwgBuMsUvmaneRKaHfñak;
sMnl;rwgBuMsUvmaneRKaHfñak;CasMnl;rwgGacbMEbkFatuCIv³)an nigsMnl;rwgGacykeTA EkécñeLIgvij.
sMnl;rwgenAtammUldæan rWtamTIsaFarN³dUcCa kMeTckMTeI sµA nigkMeTckMTI rukçCati
CasMNl;EdlbMEbkFatuCIv³.sMnl;rwgEdlecjBIlMenAdæan ¬TIRbCuCnnigTIRkug¦
M
enAtamTIpSarmanmYyPaKk¾CasMnl;EdlGacbMEbkFatuCIvEdr eBalKWCasMnl;rwgBuMsUvman
eRKaHfñak;dl;brisßaneT. CaTUeTARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ sMnl;rwgRbmaN 40° manRbPBmk
BIrukçCatiGacbMEbkFatuBICIv³)anehIy eKGacyksMnl;TaMgenHeTAbMElgeFVCaCIkMbus.
I :
eRkABIsMnl;EdlykeTAeFICaCkMub:usenaH mansMnl;mYyEpñkeTot eKGacykeTAEkécñeLIgvij
V
edayBMub:HBal;dl;brisßandUcCa sMbkkMb:g nigelaHHepSg² eTot .
u
dUcenHsMnl;rwgEdlBMusUvmaneRKaHfñak; KWCasMnl;EdleKbMEbksarFatuCIvH
nigkMEnécñehIyBMmanT§iBlGaRkkb:HBal;dl;brisßaneLIy .
u
2>sMnl;rwgRbkb;edayeRKaHfñak;
sMnl;rwgEdl;Rbkb;edayeRKaHfak;KWsMnl;EdleBaleBjeTAedayCatiBul eRBaHsMnl;TaMgenaHvaminGac )aneT
.sMnl;RbePTenHmankarKMramkMEhgdl;suxPaBmnusS nigbrisßan edayPøam² rWrMlgry³eBlyUr
EdlbNþalmkBIbrimaNkMhab;énlkçN³rUb lkçN³ rbs;vaKW GacqabeqH¬sMnl;]sSahkmµKImI¦ GackUtsuI¬

sMnl;GasuIténGaKuy¦ Gac pÞHrWmanRbtikmµxøaMg¬sMnl;pUsV½r¦
ú
nigGaccMlgeraK¬sMnl;mnÞrI eBTü¦.edaysarT§iBl TaMgenHeKEcksMnl;RbkbedayeRKaHfñak;CasMnl;bgáeraK
sMnl;Bul sMnl;viTüúskmµ nigsMnl; ]sSahkmµ.
- sMnl;bgáeraK³ CasMnl;EdlcMlgeraK rWmanlT§PaBcMlgeraK. ebITukdak;sMnl;TaMgenHBuM )anRtwmRtUv
enaHvabNþal[maneRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaBsaFarN³. sMnl;enHmanRbPBmkBI mnÞIreBTü
mnÞrI BiesaFn_mYycMnYn nigsarFatuxøHeTotEdl RtUvqøg)ak;etrI rW vIrus.
- sMnl;Bul³ CasMnl;EdlmaneRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶rkñgry³eBlxøI nigkñúgry³eBlyUr eTAelI
ú
sarBagÁkaymanCIvit EdlbnþT§BlrhUtdl;kUnecACMnan;eRkay dUcCakareFV[manrmas; k¥t xVak;EPñk
i I Ü
karsøab;nwgCMgwepSg²eTot. T§BlTaMgenHekItmantamry³karb:HBal; edaypÞal; rWedayRbeyal
i
¬dUcCakarbriePaKRtIEdlmanCatiBul¦.
- sMnl;vTüúskmµ³ CasMnl;nanaEdlbeBa©jkaMrsµIemIlmineXIjelIsBIkMritedIm Edlman enAkñgFmµCati.
i ú
RbPBsMnl;viTüúskmµsMxan;ecjmkBIeragcRkGKÁIsnIedIreday famBl brmaNU
]sSahkmµplitGavuFbrmaNU erGak;Tr½ brmaNUeRbIkñgmnÞIrBiesaFn_ kñgnava muCTwknignavabMEbkTwkkk.
ú ú
mkTl;bc©úb,nñenH BuTan;manviFINamYyEdlGacpþl; suvtßi
M
PaBeBjeljkñgkarTukdak;sMnl;viTüúskmµeLIy. viFITukdak;sMnl;viTüúskmµbc©úb,nñ edaykb;kñgdI rW
ú ú
dak;kgFugEdkbiTCit TMlak;kgsmuRTeRCA². eTaHeFVviFIEbbenHkþI k¾man
ñú ñú I
bBaðaKMramkMEhgya:gF¶n;F¶rdl;mnusSCati nigbrisßanEdr.
- sMnl;]sSahkmµ³ sMnl;TaMgLayEdlmanRbPBmkBIskmµPaB]sSahkmµ ehIyGacCa sMnl;rwg
layCamYysMnl;rav nigsMnl;Pk;. sMnl;enHecjBIeragcRknana ehIyk¾sßt i
enAkñúgsMnl;RbkbedayeRKaHfñak;Edr.
3> T§BlsMnl;rwgeTAelIsuxPaB nigbrisßan
i
sMnl;rwgmanT§BlF¶n;F¶reTAelIsuxPaBsaFarN³ nigbrisßan RbsinebIeKsþúk
i
RbmUlnwge)aHbg;ecalminRtwmRtUv. plb:HBal;xøaMgCageK EdlbeNþaymkBIbBaða
TaMgenHKWeFVI[mankarbMBul TwkdI xül; nigkarcMlgCMgWratt,atepSg² dl;mnusS.
müa:geTotkalNaeyIge)aHbg;ecalsMnl;enaHKµan sNþab;Fñab; vaeFVI[TIRkug TIRbCuM
Cn)at;bg;esaP½NPaB nigkxVk; edaysarkøins¥yGaRkk; ehIyb:HBal;dl;suxPaB mnusS stV rukçCati
ú u
nigQaneTArkT§BlGaRkk;dl;esdkic©Cati nigemaTnPaBCati.
i
T§Blrbs;sMnl;rwgenaHKW)anbeBa©jnUvsarFatubMBul RCabcUlkñúgTwkeFVI[kgVk; Twk
i

nigRCabcUleTAkñgdI eFVI[)at;bg;KuNPaBdI nigkgVk;TwkkñgdI. dUcenHedIm,IkarBar suxPaBsaFarN³
ú ú
nigbrisßanTaMgmUleyIgcaM)ac;RtUvRKb;RKgsMnl;rwg[RtwmRtUvl¥ CaTIbMput.
sMnl;rwgCasarFatuTaMgLaykñgrUbPaBrwgEdlBumantMél eTAeTotsMrab;GñkeRbI R)as;ehIyRtUv
ú M
)aneKe)aHbg;ecaleTAkñúgbrisßan. sMnl;enHmanRbPBecjmkBI lMenAdæan TIpSarlk;dUr
RKwHsßanBaNiC¢kmµ . RbPBmYyEpñkeTotecjmkBIeragcRk ]sSahkmµtammnÞrI eBTü
nigTIkEnøgstþXat.
RbePTsMnl;rwgTaMgGs; mYyEpñkCaRbPBsMnl;rwgRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; nigmYy
EpñkeTotCasMnl;rwgBuMsUveRKaHfñak;. sMnl;rwgBuMsUveRKaHfñak;CasMnl;EdlGacbMEbk FatuCIv³ rW Ekécñ
eLIgvij)an ÉsMnl;rwgRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;CasMnl;EdlminGac bMEbkFatuCIv³
)anehIyeBareBjeTAedaysarFatubMBul.
CaTUeTAsMnl;rwgmanT§iBlb:HBal; d¾F¶n;F¶r dl;suxPaB saFarN³nigbrisßan ebI eyIgsþúkRbmUl
nige)aHbg;ecalBu)anRtwmRtUvl¥.
M
emeronTI2 karRKb;RKgsMnl;rwg
karRKb;RKgsMnl;CabBaðad¾FMeFgEdlrdæaPi)alnanaenAelIBiPBelakRtUv RbQmmux.
sMnl;rwgbeBa©jCatiBulEdlmanT§BlGaRkk;eTAelIsuxPaBsaFarN³ nigbrisßan
i
RbsinebIeKsþúkRbmUl nigcak;ecalminRtwmRtUv. plb:HBal;xøaMgCageK
EdlbNþalmkBIkarRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgmin)anl¥ KWkarbMBulxül; Twkpwk nigcMlgCMgW ratt,atdl;mnusS
.müa:geTotvaeFVI[TIRkugkxVk; nig)at;bg;esaP½NPaB.
1>bec©keTs RKb;RKgsMnl;rwg
Cajwkjab; sMnl;rwgRtUveKe)aHbg;ecal rWcak;ecalenAkEnøgcak;sMram edaysar
EteKElgRtUvkarvaeTot. bu:Enþ enATUTaMgBiPBelak bc©úb,nñ sMnl;CaeRcIn RtUveK RbmUl Ekécñ
ehIyeRbIR)as;eLIgvij rWk¾eRbIR)as;kñgeKaledAfµeI Tot.
ú
k>kMEnécñCafµI
bEnßmelIkarkat;bnßysMnl; eyIgRtUvrkviFId¾l¥RbesIredIm,IeRbIR)as;[Gs; lT§PaBelIsMPar³
EdleyIge)aHecal eBalKWRtUvEkécñCafµ[)an eRcIntamlT§ PaB.
I
plitplecjBIrUbFatuEkécñCafµeI nHeFV[mankarsnSMsMéc famBlTwk nigFn FanepSg²eTot.
I

kMEnécñCafµrI YmmankarEjkrUbFatuEdlGaceRbIR)as;Cafµ)an dUcCaelah³ Ekv nigRkdas
I
ecjBIsMnl;rwg. bnÞab;mkrUbFatuEdlGaceRbIR)as;CafµRI tUv)aneKykeTA Ekécñ ehIyRtlb;cUl
eTAkñgvis½yesdækic©vij kñgrUbPaBCaplitpleRbIR)as;.
ú ú
kMEnécñCafµpþl;RbeyaCn_ eRcInya:gdUcCa³
I
-kat;bnßyplb:HBal;brisßan edaymankarfycuHbrimaNkaksMnl;.
-kat;bnßyéføe)aHecalsMnl;edaysarR)ak;cMnUlEdlGac)anBIrUbFatuEkécñ CafµI nigplitplrbs;va.
-BnüareBlGayuénTIkEnøgcak;sMnl; nigelIkMBs;karRKb;RKgkEnøgcak;sMnl;.
-EfrkSaFnFanFmµCati nigsnSMsMécfamBlkñgkarplitvtßeú RbIR)as;.
ú
-begátskmµPaBesdækic© nigkargarfµI².
I
-kat;bnßykarnaMcUlTMnij nigrUbFatuedIm.
CaTUeTA kMEnécñCafµmanenARbeTskMBugGPivDÁÆ nigRbeTsGPivDÆ mYycMnYn. enARbeTskMBugGPivDÆ
I
kargar eFVeI daymnusSpÞal; CaBiesskumarEdlerIseGtcay BIKMnrRbEhl
10°RtUv)aneKykeTAEkécñCafµ. BitEmnEtviFIenHmanRbsiT§PaBkñg
I ú
karkat;bnßysMnl;kvak¾GacnaM[manbBaðasuxPaB nigsuvtßPaB nigsuvtßPaBdl;Gñk
þI i i
erIssMramTaMgenHEdr. karEbgEcksMnl;CamunedayGñkecalsMram tamry³kar eRbIR)as;Fug rW
)avepSgKñasMrab;vtßxus² Kña¬elah³ Rkdas Ekv sMnl;srIragÁ>>>¦ muneBlykeTAcak;ecal
ú
CaviFImYyEdlmansuvtßPaBCagkarerIsenAkEnøgcak; sMram.
i
x> kMb:skmµ
u
kMbuskmµ Tak;TgnwgkarEjksMnl;srIragÁ ¬ Rkdas Gahar rukçCati¦ ecjBIsMnl; GsrIragÁ
:
bnÞab;mkTuk[sMnl;srIragÁ TaMgenaHbMEbkFatueTACaplitpl srIragÁ sMerc
EdleKykeTAeRbIR)as;CaCI sMrab;ksikmµ eRBaHsMbUrsarFatuciBa©wm CYy[ rukçCatiduHlUtlas; )an.
CaTUeTARbEhl 40° énsMnl;rwgenARbeTskMBug GPivDÆ manRbPBBIrukçCati
ehIyGacbMEbkFatu)aneRkamlkçx½NÐGakasFatuekþAehIyesIm.
ebIsinCasMnl;EdlGacbMEbkFatuCIv³)anTaMgenaHRtUvEkécñeFVICaCIkbu:senaHbrimaN sMnl;rwgEdldwk
Mu
CBa¢ÚneTAkan;kEnøgTukdak;sMnl;GacRtUv kat;bnßy)anya:geRcIn ehIyGacbegáItkargarfµ² I
EfmeTot.
K> dMnutsMnl;

dMnutsMnl;KW CakardutsMnl;edaysItuNðPaBx<s;. plitplEdl)anmkBIdMnut RtUv
beBa©jecaleTAkñgbriyakas nigesssl;kñgepH. pléndMnutenHman FUlI ]sµn Gasut
ú ú ½ I
cMhayelah³ nigsarFatuKImIBul EdlsuT§EtGaceFV[xUcbrisßan nigsuxPaB saFarN³.
I
eKGackat;bnßyplitplEdlekItBIdMnutsMnl; edaylagnigTajyksarFatu bMBulxül;
munnwgbeBa©jecaleTAkñgbriyakas. epHEdl)anBIdMnutmanlkçN³ BulxøaMg edaymanelah³
ú
F¶n;kñgkMhab; x<s;. dUcenH )anCaRbeTsCaeRcIn dak;kMrit karcak;epHecalenAkEnøgcak;sMnl;
ú
eTaHbIkEnøgenaHmanRbB½n§RtYtBinitü Twkelcecj d¾manRbsiT§PaBk¾eday.
dMnutsMnl;mantMélx<s;Nas; ehtuenHehIy)anCaviFIenHBMusUvmaneKykmkeRbI
enARbeTskMBugGPivDÆ RbsinebIKµanCMnYyBIGgÁkarBIGgÁkar pþl;CMnYyGnþrCati.
X>kEnøgcak;sMnl;
80° énsMnl;rbs;eyIgRtUvbBa©b;enAkEnøgcak;sMnl;. kEnøgcak;sMnl; CaTIlan sMrab;cak;sMnl;
EdlsMnl;TaMgLayRtUveKcak;eTAelIdI ehIyKreLIgCaRsTab;² erogral;éf¶.
taragTIkEnøgEdlsMramRtUvbeBa©jecal
viFITukdak;sMnl; PaKryénsMnl;tammaD
dak;kñgkEnøgcak;sMnl;
ú 80
kMEnécñCafµI 11
bMElgeTACafamBl 6
dutkñgLdutsMnl;
ú 3
karcak;sMnl;ecalenAkEnøgcak;sMnl; KWCadMenIrkarsamBaØbMput. sMnl;RtUvykeTAcak;enA kEnøgcak;sMram
EdlenATIenaHeKbgðab;vaedayRtak;T½r QUsdI bnÞab;mklubedayRsTab;dI. mYyry³eRkaymk sMnl;srIragÁ
dUcCaRkdasnigsMnl;mðbGahar )anbMEbkFatu ehIplitCa emtan ]sµ½nkabUnic GasutsrIragÁ
Ú Y I
nigsarFatuKImIepSg²eTot. el,OnénkarbMEbkFatuGaRs½y nwgktþaeRcInya:gdUcCasMenIm eb:has; ¬ PH
bU:tg;Esül GuIRdUEsn¦ nigsItuNðPaB. enAeBl mankarbMEbkFatu køns¥yGaRkk;k ¾Payecj
i ú
ehIymaDsMnl;k¾fycuH karcak;sMramk¾Gac RbRBwtþeTACabnþ. sMnl;mYycMnYndUcCa elah³ nigEkv
BuMbMEbkFatueT. CaTUeTA varkSaPaBedIm kñgry³eBlyUr.
ú
bBaðamYysMrab;kEnøgcak;sMnl;KW { Twkelcecj }. Twkelcecj)anBITwk ePøog sMenIm ecjBIsMnl;xnÉg
øÜ
rWekItBIkarbMEbkFatuEdl RCabkat;kEnøgcak;sMnl; cUleTAkñgdI edaynaM TaMgsarFatuKImInana eTACamYypg.
ú

TwkelcecjEtgmanCatiBul ehIyGackøayeTACaBul kan;EtxøaMg
RbsinebIvalayCamYysMnl;RbkbedayeRKaHfñak;. CYnkalTwkelcecjhUr Føak; eTAkñúgkEnøgpÁt;pÁg;TwkkñgdI ú
eFVI[TwkenAEk,rGNþÚgkxVk;.
bBaðamYyeTotenAkEnøgcak;sMnl;KWemtan. enAeBlsMnl;Bukpuy nigrlYy enA)atkEnøg
cak;sMnl;EdlCakEnøgKµanGuksuIEsn enaHvabegát[mansarFatuemtan EdlCa]sµ½nGaceqH )an.
I
emtanGacRCabcuHeTAkñúgdIrhUtdl;CeM rA 300m BIkEnøgTukdak;sMnl;. ebIsinemtanRtUv
beBaäHedaykMeTcpáaePøg enaHvaGacbgá[manbnÞHrhUtdl;maneRKaHfñak;dl;CIvit.
I ú
karcak;sMnl;enAkEnøgcak;sMnl; Gacpþl;eRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶r dl;suxPaBsaFarN nigbNþal[ xUcxatbrisßan.
viFIEdlmanRbsiT§PaBbMput edIm,IecosvagkarxUcxat brisßan KWkarRtYtBinitüTItaMgénkEnøgcak;sMnl; nigbnßy
rWTb;sáat;kare)aHecalsMnl;Bul nigsMnl; RbkbedayeRKaHfñak;enAkEnøgenaH.
2> karRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgenAkm<Ca ú
enARbeTskm<úCa karplitsMnl;BuTan;maneRcInenAeLIyeT edaysarvis½y]sSahkmµ BusUv lUtlas;
M M
nigkMriténkareRbIR)as;enATab;. bu:EnþTIRkugCaeRcIn CYbRbTHnwgbBaðae)aHecalsMnl;ya:gF¶n;F¶r
edaysarkmµviFIRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgenAxSt;exSay.
taragsMnl;rwgplitecjenAkm<Ca
ú
TIRkug¼extþ brimaNsMnl;rwgkñgmYyéf¶
ú
PñeM Bj 464etan
RkugRBHsIhnu 15etan
esomrab 17 etan
bnÞaymanC½y 12Em:tKUb
kMBg;s<W 30 etan
eBaF×sat; 21 Em:tKUb
kMBg;qñaM 10 Em:tKUb
kMBg;cam 15 Em:tKUb
kMBt 16 Em:tKUb
RBHvihar 5 Em:tKUb
Ekb¬kMBt¦ 6 Em:tKUb
sVayerog 1etan

éRBEvg 30-50 Em:tKUb

manktþaCaeRcInEdlbNþal[manPaBTn;exSaykñgkarRKb;RKgsMnl;rwgenAkm<úCa dUcCakgVH xatfvikar
ú
sMPar³ meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún RbmUl nig dwkCBa¢neTAkEnøgcak;sMranenAEtekItman.
Ú
bBaðaTaMgenHbNþal[mansl;sMnl;enAtampøv lUTwk kñgbrimaNeRcIn. karRKb;RKgTinñn½y )anBIRksYgbrisßan
Ú ú
nigKMerag SPEC qñaM 1996 kardwkCBa¢ÚnBu)anl¥naM[mankarRbmUlBuM )ansBVRKb; nigkarehorkMBb;sMran
M
Føak;BIrfynþtampøÚvkñúgRkug edaysar karpÞúkhYskMrit.
x> karcak;ecalsMnl;
sMnl;rwgEdlRbmUl)anBIRkugPñeM BjTaMgGs;RtUvykeTAcak;ecalenAkEnøgcak;sMram sÞwgmanC½y.
kEnøgcak;sMramenHBuMmankarRtYtBinitüBIGñkbrisßan ehIyRtUvcat;fñak;faCa
kEnøgcak;sMnl;KµanGnam½yCamYynwgbec©keTsviTüasaRsþ Tab EdlnaM[maneRKaHfñak; dl;brisßan
nigmnusSedaysarmUlehtu³
-Twkelcecjnig TwkePøog EdlrgkarbMBuledaysarFatu KImIBulBuM)anRbmUl ehIyhUrcUleTA kñúgRbB½n§
TwkkñgdI nigTwkelIépÞdI.
ú
-kIkrdaMdMnaMenAEk,rkEnøgcak;sMram EdlmandIrgkarbMBuledaysarFatuKImIBIkEnøgcak;sMram.
-ePøgeqHkEnøgcak;sMramekItmanCaRbcaM ehIybeBa©j]sµnkabUnic nig]sµ½nepSg²eToteTAkñúg briyakas.
I ½
-BuMmankarRtYtBinitü rWhamXat;karcUleTAkEnøgcak;sMram. mnusSCaeRcInBiess kumaredIr
kaysMramrkrbs;eGtcayEdlGacykeTAlk;)an. eKTaMgenaHTTYlkarKMramkMEhgeday sarFatuKImIBul
sarFatuRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; nigkarqøgCMgWepSg².
-BuMmankarcak;RsTab;dIRKbBIelIsMnl;ehIysMnl;TaMgenaHBumanKMrbEdlGacTb;sáat;min[
M
xül;bk;yksMnl;tc² raraMgePøgeqHnigmin[kNþrú rWEqá cUl.
U I
-mnusSCaeRcInrs;enAkEnøgcak;sMram rgkarKMramkMEhgBIbBaðabrisßan EdlbNþalBIkar
RKb;RKgkEnøgcak;sMrammin)anl¥.
K>kMb:uskmµ
u

eTaHCasMnl;rwgenAkm<úCaPaKeRcInmanRbPBBIrukçCatikþI k¾kMbuskmµBuMmaneFVIenAkñúRTg;RTayFM Edr
:
KWmantictYcRbRBwtþeTAtamRKYsarEtbunenaH. eK)anerobcMEpnkarGPivDÆn_eragcRk
:
eFVIkubu:skmµenAsÞgmanC½yedIm,IeFVCIBIsMnl;srIragÁ EdleKykeTAcak;ecalenAkEnøgcak;sMram.
M w I
3>viFankarkat;bnßysMnl;rwg
skmµPaBrbs;buKÁlmñak;²k¾GacCYyCaviPaKTankñkarkat;bnßybrimaNsMnl;rwgEdr.
ú
kEnøg Edll¥bMputsMrab;buKÁlmñak;² cab;epþmkargarenaHKWenAkñgpÞHrbs;xøÜn eRBaH eKhdæanCakEnøg
I ú
EdlcMnayeBlRbcaMéf¶yUr ehIyCakEnøgEdleyIgGac RtYtBinitü elIskmµ PaBxønÉg)aneRcIn.Ü
xageRkamenHCaviFankarmYycMnYnedIm,Ikat;bnßy sMnl;rwg ³
- ecosvageRbIR)as;plitpl EdlplitsMrameRcIndUcCa Rkdas EkvC½r canC½r EdkekH Biessfg;)øasÞc. i
- bnßybrimaNsMnl;rwgenAeKhdñan tamry³kareRbIR)as;plitpl EdlbnßysMnl;.
- sMnl;lMenAdæanPaKeRcInGacEkécñCafµ)an. enAPñeM BjmnusS PaKeRcInyl; dwgfa
I
sMnl;KWCaFnFanmYyehIyeFVIkarEbgEck rbs;EdleKGacykeTAEkécñ)an.
- kareRbIR)as;eLIgvij KWeRbIR)as;rbs;kñúgeKaledAepSgBIeKaledAedIm. kareRbIR)as;eLIg
vijGacecosvagkarbeBa©jsMnl;ecalTaMgRsug.
- kareFVICIkubu:sBIsMnl;srIragÁ dUcCa sMnl;bEnø EpøeQI sMbkdUg sMbkBgman;CaedIm.
M
kubu:skmµGackat;bnßysMnl;rwg srIragÁEdlRtUvcak;ecal. CIkubu:sEdlplit)anGacyk
M M
eTAeRbIR)as;kñgkardaMdMnaM.
ú
- kueM )aHecal rWdutsMnl;rwgtampøÚvEk,rpÞH.
- TuksMnl;enAcMnucRbmUlpþúMkñgry³eBlxømunkarRbmUl. kareFVIEbbenHGac[sMramenA kñúg KMnr
ú I
minsßtenAray)a:y cUleTAkñgpøv ebITuksMramecalenAKMnr yYr GacTak;TajstV kNþrú
i ú Ú
nigstVcéRgdéTeTot .
CMBUk 6> nirnþPaBbrisßan
emeronTI1 brisßanenAkm<Ca
ú
enARbeTskm<CaebIniyayBIbrisßan eyIsMedAelIBiPBmanCIvit nigKµanCIvitenACMuvijxøn eyIg. mnusS
ú Ü
nigGV²EdlmnusSbegáteLIgk¾CaEpñkmYyénbrisßanEdr. edaysarmnusSCa EpñkmYyénbrisßan dUcenH
I I
skmµPaBrbs;eyIgGacmanT§Blya:gxøaMeTAelIkMEnERbBiPB FmµCati EdleFVI[bH:Bal;dl;brisßan.
i
1 bBaðabrisßan
enAelIBiPBelakbBaðabrisßanCakarRBYy)armÖ cMbgmYyEdlRbCaCn nigrdæaPi)alnana kMBugRbQmmux.

k>kMenInRbCaCn
RbCaCnelIBiPBelakekIneLIgya:grh½s BI 2/2 Ban;lanenAqñaM 1950 eTA 5/84 Ban;lan enABak;kNþalqñaM
1997. cMnYnenHRtUv)aneK)a:n;sµanfa nwgekIneLIgdl; 6/894 Ban;lanenA qñaM 2010 nig 8/036Ban;lan
enAqñaM 2025. enAeBlEdlkMenInRbCaCnkan;EtekIn tMrUvkar FnFannana k¾ekIneLIgEdr dUcCa RtI sac;
FBaØCati eQI bEnø >>. edIm,IrkcMnIGahar enHeKRtUv karcaM)ac;dIdaMdMnaMmanCICati valesµA ciBa©wmstV
nigEdnensaT. mnusSCaeRcInRtUvkarGusedIm,I cMGinGaharRtUvkarTwksMrab;pwk lagsMGat eRsacRsBdMnaM
ciBa©wmstV RtUvkarkEnøgsMrab;rs; enA sMPar³sMng; nigFnFanFmµCatisMrab;bMerIesckþRI tUvkarkñúgksikmµBaNiC¢kmµ
nig]sSahkmµ. cMnYnRbCaCnkan;EteRcInbMerIbMras;FnFank¾kan;EtekIn sMnl;BImnusS BIksikmµ nig]sSahkmµ
k¾ekIneRcIneLIgCalMdab;Edr ehIycaM)ac;RtUvrkkEnøgecalsMnl;TaMgenaH. müa:gvijeTot
eKk¾kan;EtBi)akkñgkarRbyuT§nwgCMgW kgVHGahar nigPaBRkIRk BiesskñgkarelIkkMBs;CIvPaB
ú ú
rs;enArbs;RbCaCn. enARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ dUcCaRbeTskm<Ca CaedIm kMenInRbCaCn
ú
CamUlehtunaMmknUvbMErbMrYlkñgkareRbIR)as;dI. enARbeTsGPivDÆkMriténkareRbIR)as;dIsMrab;mnusSmñak;²
ú
)ankøayCakarKMramkMEhgya:gFMdl; brisßanBiPBelakKW dUcKñanwgkMenInRbCaCnEdr.
x>karbMBulGakas
karbMBulxül; CabBaðabrisßanmYykñgcMenambBaðaEdlRtUvelIkykmkBiPakSaeRcIn bMput. kar
ú
bMBulxül;bNþalmkBIskmµPaB]sSahkmµ cMehHpUsuIl nÞn³enAkñgma:suInyanynþRBmTaMg kardutGus.
ú
enAtamTIRkugbBaða suxPaBeRcInekIteLIgmkBIkarbMBulGakas.
cMehHpUsuIlnÞn³enAsßanIyGKÁsnI eragcRk nigma:suInyanynþ bNþal[manePøog Gasut.
I I
TwkePøogenHhUrcUleTAkñg bwg sÞg Tenø eFVI[)at;bg;tulüPaBKImIrbs;Twk ehIyGac
ú w
sMlab;CIvitnanaenAkñgTwk)an. sarFatuKImImYycMnYnEdl)anbeBa©jecaleTAkñgbriyakas
ú ú
eFVI[xUcxatRsTab;GUsUn EdlkarBarCIvtmnusS stV rukØCati BIkaMrsµsVayGulRta.
i I ‘
cMehHpUsuIlnÞn³ nigkarkab;bMpøajéRBeQI)anbEnßm]sµ½n kabUnic cUleTAkñgbriyakas .
ú
enAeBlEdlkMhab;]sµn kabUnic nig]sµ½n mYycMnYneTotekIneLIgkMedA kñúgBiPBelak k¾ekIneLIgEdr.
½
kMenInsItuNðPaB nwgmanT§BleTAelIkMBg;TwkePøog r)ayTwkePøog plitkmµes,og kMenInnIvUsmuRT TwkCMnn;
i :
nigPaBraMgs¶Üt.
K> karTukdak;sMnl;rwg
RbeTsCaeRcIn)anplitsMnl;lMenAdæan nigsMnl;]sSahkmµecjBIeragcRk nigmnÞrI eBTü.
sMnl;TaMgenH)anbMBuldI nigTwk eRBaHRbeTs nigshKmn_PaKeRcInBuMman

meFüa)ayedIm,ITukdak;sMnl;[mansuvtßPaB. eBleKdutsMnl; ]sµnBul)ansayPaycUl eTAkñúgGakas.
i ½
sMnl;RbePTxøHmaneRKaHfñak;xøaMgdl;suxPaBsaFarN³ eRBaHsarFatuGasut I
nigsarFatusrIragÁEdlminGacbMEbk Fatu)anRCabcUleTAkñgdIeFVI[kxVk;Twkpwk nigbMBuldI ksikmµ.
ú
CalT§plsMnl;bNþal[maneRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaB.
X> kar)at;bg;sßanRbB½n§
karbMpøajéRBeQInigCMrknanabNþal[putBUCRbPTstVnig rukçCatirab;ryRbePT.
éRBRtUBickMBugTTYlrgeRKaHxøaMgCageK. éRBRtUBicRKbdNþb;elIépÞdIBiPBelakRbEhl 7° bunenaH :
Etvapþl;CMrkdl;stV nigrukçCati RbmaNBI 50° eTA 70° énRbePTTaMgGs;elIBiPB elak.
enAtMbn;Gasu)a:suIPic éRBRtUBicRKbdNþb;elIépÞdIRbmaN 300lanhicta ehIypþl;
I
nUvplitpleQIRtUBicsMrab;naMecjRbmaN 70° énbrimaNeQIRtUBicnaMecj TaMgGs; enAelI BiPBelak.
bu:Enþbc©úb,nñ éRBRtUBickMBugEt)at;bg;kgGaRtamYyRbkbedayPaBGasnñ.
ñú
CYrpáafµEdlCasßanRbB½n§ d¾sMbUrEbbTIBIr nigmansar³sMxan;dl;RtI nigBBYksib,IstV eRcIn RbePT sMrab;CMrk
nigCaTIsMbUrcMnIGahark¾kMBugrgkarKMramkMEhgya:gF¶n;F¶rEdrenAelI BiPBelak.
tMbn;RtUBicenAGasuI)a:suIPic manstVéRBsMbUrEbbCageKenAelIBiPBelak. mUlehtucMbgén
karputBUCRbePTstVéRBnanabNþalmkBIkarbMpøajCMrkrbs;vaedaypÞal; rW edayRbeyal.
g> karbMBulTwk
karbMBulTwksabnigTwk smuRTCabBaðabrisßand¾sMxan;mYy. sßanRbB½n§ExSTwkeRkamdIenA tMbn;TRI kug
nigkMBg;Ep ]sSahkmµ EtgrgkarbMBulCajwkjab;edaysarEtsMnl;EdlBuM)aneFVI RbRBwtþkmµ rW
eFVIRbRBwtþkmµBuMRtwmRtUv. sMnl;BI lMenAdæanCasarFatubMBulcMbgmYy. GaCIvkmµEr: karbYmPk;
karlagnavadwkeRbg nigkareRKaHfñak;navak¾bNþal[mankarbMBulTwkdUcCa karEklMGGnam½y
nigKuNPaBTwkpwk karsagsg;eragcRkRbRBwtþkmµ karRtYtBinitüEktMrUv ravbgðrÚ ecj nigkardaMedIm
eQIeLIgvijedIm,I bBaÄb;kMnkMeTc.
c>karbMBuledaysUrs½BÞ
karbMBuledaysUrs½BÞCabBaðacMbgenATIRkug eRBaHenATIRkugRbmUlpþMúeTAedayrfynþRKb; RbePT ynþehaH
suEI r:n ma:suInePøg-l-. sUrs½BÞTaMgenHnaM[rMxandl;mnusS eFV[mnusSGs; kMlaMgpøÚvcitþ mYrem:A tb;Rbm:l;
I I
ehvht; nigxUcesatviBaØaN.
q> nKrYbnIykmµ

GRtakMenInRbCaCnTIRkugmanBIrdgx<s;CaGRtakMenInRbCaCnTUeTA. enAeBlmankarrIksay énnKrUbnIykmµ
KuNPaBénkarpÁt;pÁg;Twk nigmeFüa)aybgðÚrTwklUsMGuyEtgfycuH CaTUeTA. bBaðabrisßansMxan;²enATIRkugman
PaBKµanGnam½y bBaðapÁtpÁg;Tk karbMBulxül; karbMBulTwk kgVHxatTIkEnøgsMrak cracrN_ceg¥ot
; w
nigbBaðaTukdak;sMnl;.
PaBRkIRkk¾manT§Bldl;suxPaBmnusS. karpÁt;pÁg;Tkpwk nigeRbIR)as;Bu)ansmRsb
i w M
nigPaBxVHxatbrikçakarBarGnam½y CaktþasMxan;énTMnak;TMngrvagPaBRkIRk nigsuxPaB.
eK)an)a:n;sµanfaRbEhl 80° énCMgWnanaenARbeTskMBugGPivDÆmanmUlehtuTak;TgnwgTwk min
s¥atnigGnam½yminl¥. eRkABITwk GakasBulk¾GacbNþal[manbBaðasuxPaBEdr. kMenInénkarbMBulxül;
naM[ekItCMgWpøvdegðm nigCMgWepSg²eTotCajwkjab;.
Ú I
2> bBaðabrisßanenAkm<úCa
enARbeTskm<úCamanbBaðabrisßan d¾sµKsµajCaeRcIndUcCa kar)at;bg;éRBeQI sMnwkdIkMn l,ab;m:t; mInkb;kñgdI
ú ú
nigfñaMsMlab;ktþacéRg.
k>kar)at;bg;éRBeQI
kar)at;bg;éRBeQIGacCabBaðabrisßand¾F¶n;F¶r EdlRbeTskm<CakMBugEtRbQm muxnaeBl bc©úb,nñ.
ú
kareFVIsareBIP½NÐ éRBeQIenAkm<CanaedImTsvtSqñaM 1960 )anbgðajfa éRBeQIenA km<CaRKbdNþb;RbEhl
ú ú
73° énépÞRbeTs. bc©úb,nñ BuTan;manTinñn½yfµIEdlbBa¢ak;c,as; las;enAeLIyeT.
M
bu:Enþr)aykarN_qñaM1998)anbgðajfaépÞdIRbEhlBI30°63°b:nenaH EdlRKb;dNþb;edayéRBeQI.
u
mUlehtuénkar)at;bg;éRBeQIenAkm<Caman³
ú
kMenIntMrUvkarkñúgRsuk³ ry³eBlsRgÁamBIrTsSvtS pÞHeQIrab;xñgRtUvbMpøaj.karsag
sg;pÞHeLIgvijeFVI[mankMenIntMrUvkareQIkan;Etx<s;.kMenInRbCaCnRbcaMqñaM2/4°eFV[mankMenIntMrUvkareQI
I
nihGusdutEdr.famBlRbEhl97°sMrab;cMGinGahar nigdaMTwkk¾)anmkBIGus Edr.
kMenIntMrUvkarGnþrCati ³ karkab;eQIeFVBaNiC¢kmµenAtMbn;éRBeQI mankMritelIsGRta
I
EdléRBeQIGacpþl;kñglkçNCanirnþrPaB.c,ab;nigkarRtYtBinitüskmµPaBkab;eQIBMuTan;)an
ú
Gnuvtþ[manRbsiT§PaBenAeLIy.GaCIvkmµéRBeQItbn;x<g;rab kMBugmanT§Bly:agxøaMgeTAelI ksikmµ
M i
RbéBNIenAtMbn;TaMgenaH.ksikrenAtMbn;x<g;rab)at;bg;PaBCam©as;elItbn;éRBeQI
M
EdleKFøab;rs;enAy:agsuxsanþrab;stvtSmkehIy.

ksikmµ ³ karkab;qáaréRBedIm,IBRgIkdIksikmµ)anekIneLIgkñgrbbExµrRkhm¬1975-
ú
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dMbUgesdækic©Cbu:nRbmUlpûùMkÜgkNûab;ÙdRkumRKYsarFM² ehAfaÙs)at;sU‘ EdlerobcMtamEbb
ù
Ü
CamYynwgbraC½yenAqñaM 1945 RbeTsCbu:nRtUvsßiteRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;Gaemric ehIy Føak;xønRk
Ü

ú
I
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1/3 eRkayqñaM 1973
ú u
øÜ
I
ú
Ü i
ú M U
RtUvnaMcUlesÞIrTaMgRsug nUvEr:GaluymIjÚ:m Er:Edk 92° m:g;kaENs 93° EdlCarUbFatucaM )ac;sMrab;

Ü M
ú ú
: ú
2>12 ]sSahkmµmUldæand¾rWgmaM
ú :
:
EtgEtCYbvibtþd¾xøaMgeKcminputeLIy bc©úb,nñ plitkmµEdkEfb manEt 100lan etankñgmYyqñaMbunenaH
i ú :
ú
I
I i
karrIkcMerInÙn]sSahkmµrfynû )ancab;epûmCamYynwgeTacRkyanynû ¬hugda suysu‘yKI kava:saKI¦.
I ‘
U
GWrub.
:
2>13 ]sSahkmµbBaØa
ú ú I
u
Ú I
Ú

:
i
ú
ú
: I
µI I
kÜglMnaMcUlplitplGuRI dUkabY manskmµPaBxøaMg BiessBI mCÁimbUBa’. GMnacBaNiC¢kmµ
ù
1>etIeyIgRtUveFVIGVIxøHedIm,IkarBarnigEfrkSa FnFanFmµCati?
cM> edIm,IkarBar nigEfrkSaFnFanFmµCatieKRtUv³
-eRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCatismRsb min[)at;bg;qab;rh½seBk.
-RtUvmanEpnkarhµtct;nigCak;lak; mYyedIm,IsnSMsMécnigGPirkSFnFanFmµCatirbs;eyIg.
;
2>GaCIvkmµEr:pþl;plb:HBal;GIVxøHdl;brisßan ?
cM>GaCIvkmµEr:pþl;plb:HBal;dl;sgÁmdUcteTA ³
-brisßan ³ xUcxatdI bMBulTwk dIxSac; sMnl;rwg sMnl;vTüúskmµ
i
-sgÁm ³ rMxan;edaysUrs½BÞ eRKaHfñak;suxPaB suvtßiPaBkargar karehorkMBb;eRbg

3>edIm,IGPivDÆn_FnFanEr: etIRtUveRbImeFüa)ayGVIxøH? cUrrk]TahrN_mkbBa¢ak;?
cM>meFüa)aysMrab;GPirkSFnFanEr:eKRtUv ³
-rkFnFandéTeTotmkCMnYs
-kMEnécñfµI
-kat;bnßykareRbIR)as;.
]Ta> KMnrrfynþcas;² sMbkkMb:ugeFVIGMBIelah³GacykmkEkécñCafµI CasMPar³eRbIR)as;epSg² eLIgvij.
4>Er:EdlTajyk)anBIkñúgdImketIGaceRbIR)as;)anPøam²b¤eT?
cM>Er:EdleKCIkyk)anBIkñgdImkminGaceRbI)anPøam²eT KWRtUvRbRBwtþkmµEr:enaHsin eTIbGac
ú
ykmkeRbIR)as;CarUbFatuedImsMrab;plitsMPar³eRbiR)as;epSg²)an.
5>ehtuGVI)anCaeKRtUvGPirkSFnFanEr:?
cM>)anCaeKRtUvGPirkSFnFanEr:eRBaHEr:CaFnFanFmµCatiminekIteLIgvij.Er;kekIteLIgyWt²bMputedayeRbIeBlr
ab;lanqñaMedIm,IbegáItBMNUkEr:enAkñgsMbkEpndI.
ú
6>dUcemþcEdlehAfa vdþTwk ?
cM>vdþTk KWCaclnavilcuHeLIgrbs;Tk EpndITTYlBITwkelIépÞdI¬bwg Ten eRCaH GUr>>>>¦nigTwk
w w
smuRT)anhYteLIgeTAelIcUleTAkñúgbriyakasbegátCakMnkGakas.enAeBlkMnkGakasFøak;
I
mkelIépÞdI¬TMrg;CaePøóg ePøóglayRBil RBil>>>¦.enAeBlEpndITTYlkMedARBHGaTitü TwkTaMg
enaHhYteLIgeTAelIbegát)anCakMnkGakasvij.
I
7>etITwkGacTajP¢ab;Kña nigP¢ab;CamYysarFatudéTeTotedaysarGVI?
cM>TwkGacTajP¢ab;Kña nigP¢ab;CamYysarFatudéTetTot)anedaysar m:eU lKulrbs;vaman bnÞúkGKÁsnI
i
nigsarFatudéTeTotEdlvaGacP¢ab;k¾manbnÞkGKÁisnIEdr.
ú
8>etITwkGacbMElgBIPaBrUbraveTACa]sµ½n)anEdrrWeT?
cM>TwkGacbMElgBIPaBrUbraveTACa]sµ½n)anedayeRbIR)as;famBlkMedA ehtuenHeTIbenAkñg
ú
briyakasmancMyahTwkedaysarbMPayEpndI.
9>etItMbn;pÞúkTwkeK[eQµaHGVI?
cM>tMbn;pÞkTwkeK[eQµaHfa GagrgTwkePøóg.
ú
10>k-dUcemþcEdlehAfadegðImTwk ?

x-degðImTwkkñúgdImansmasFatupSMGVIxøH?
K-degðImTwkmanb:unµanRbePT?
cM>k-degðImTwkKWCabrimaNTwkd¾eRcInEdlsþkTukenAkñgRsTab;sila.
ú ú
x-tMbn;degðmTwkkñgdImansmasFatupSMCasilaxSac; nigRKYs edaymanlMhxül;eTotpg
I ú
EdlkñúgenaHTwkGacpþMúKña)an.
K-degðmTwkmanBIrRbePT KW ³
I
-degðmTwkcMh EdlP¢b;CamYyTwkelIépÞdIpÞal;
I
-degðmTwkbiTEdlsßitenAcenøaHsilaminRCabTwkBMumanRckecjehIysßtenAeRkamsMBaFxøaMg.
I i
11>ehtuGVI)anCaeKcat;TukTwkkñúgdICaFnFanminekIteLIgvij?
cM>eKcat;Tuk TwkkñgdI CaFnFanminekIteLIgvij eRBaHPaKeRcInTwkkñgdIkekIteLIgyWtkñgry³ eBlrab;lanqñaM
ú ú ú
ehIykalNaeyIgbUmTwkBIkñgdImkeRbIR)as;hYsBITinñplnirnþrPaBGtibrma rbs;va.
ú
12>etIeKeRbIR)as;FnFanTwksMrab;eFVIGVIxøH?
cM>TwkCaFnFanmansar³sMxan; kñgkareRbIR)as;enAtameKhdæan ksikmµ ]sSahkmµ KmnaKmn_ famBl
ú
eTscrN_ .l.
13>etIPBEpndImanépÞTwkb:unµanPaKry? épÞdITVIbmanb:unµanPaKry?
cM>PBEpndImanépÞTwk 70°. EpndITaMgmUlmanépÞdITVb 30°.
I
14>etITwksabsMrab;eRbIR)as;manb:unµanPaKryénépÞTwkTaMgGs;?
cM>kñúGNþgTwk 70° Twksab;eRbIR)as;manEt 0/003° b:ueNÑaH.
Ú
15>RbePTénsarFatubMBulTwkmanGVIxøH?
cM>RbePTénsarFatubMBulman ³
-mIRkubbgáeraK
-GgÁFatusrIragÁ
-GgÁFatuKmIGsrIragÁ
I
-GgÁFatuKmIsrIragÁ
I
-sMNl;viTüúskmµ .l.
16>ebIeyIgpwkTwkEdlmanmIRkub etIvanwgbgáCMgwGVIxøHdl;eyIg?

cM>ebIeyIgpwkTwkEdlmanmIRkubvanwgbgáCMgwy:agF¶n;F¶rdUcCa ³
-RKuneBaHevon
-GasnñeraK raKmYl
-CMgWeføIm
-rlakeBaHevon
-RtakUm.
17>edIm,IRKb;RKgnigEklMGTwk etIeyIgRtUveFVIdUcemþc?
cM>edIm,IRKb;RKg nigEklMGTwk eyIgRtUv ³
-sikSaEsVgyl;BIsarFatubMBulnanaEdlhUrcUleTAkñgTwkelIépÞdI nigTwkkñgdI
ú ú
-RtYtBinitübgáeraKenAkñúgTwk]
-RtYtBinitü nigEfrkSabrimaNGuksIEu snkñgTwk
ú
-RtYtBinitükMeTckMTIEdlhUrcUlkñúgTwk.
-RtYtBinitüsMnl;ravepSg²EdlhUrcUleTAkñgTwk.
ú
dUcenHkarRKb;RKg nigEklMGTwkKWCa meFüa)ayEtmYyKt;EdlGacFana TaMgbrimaN
nigKuNPaBTwksMrab;eRbIR)as;)anyUrGEgVg.
18>sMNl;ravEdlhUrecjBIlUsMGuy etIeKGacEkécñ)anrWeT
munnwgykeTAeRsacRsBdMnaM? ebI)anetI)anedayviFINa?
cM>sMnl;ravEdlhUrecjBITwklUsMGuy eKGacEkécñ)anmunnwgykTwkenaHeTAeRbIR)as;sMrab; eRsacRsBdMnaM.
viFIEkécñTklUmunnwgykeTAeRbIR)as;KW ykTwklUsMGuyenaHeTAeFVIRbRBwtþkmµsMGatCamun.
w
cMnaM ³ enAextþ)at;dMbg;maneracRkRbRBwtþkmµsMnl;ravmYykEnøg.
19>k-dUcemþcEdlehAfa karbMBulTwk?
x-dUcemþcEdlehAfa TwkBul?
cM>k-karbMBulTwk KWCakareFVI[xUcKuNPaBTwkbNþalmkBIkarbgðrÚ sMnl;nanacUleTAkñgTwk
ú
edaymansmasFatuBul nigmIRkUsarBagÁkaydéTeToteFVI[ERbRbYlKuNPaBTwk dUcCa ³
-)ak;etrI vIrus
-sarFatuciBa©wm ¬b:Utas pUsVas nIRtat¦
-eRbg elah³F¶n;

-sarFatuKmIsMeyaK sarFatuvTüúskmµ
I i
-kMnl,ab; kMedA.
x-TwkBul KWlkçN³srIragÁ CIvsaRsþ rbs;sarFatuKImIénTwkEdlGacpþl;sarBagÁkaymanCIvit
nanaenAeBlEdlRCabcUleTAkñgTwk.
ú
20>etITwkéRbTTYlrgkarbMBuledaymUlehtuGVIxøH?
cM>TwksmuRTrgkarbMBulCaxøaMg.karbMBulTwksmuRT ³
-)anmkedaysarépÞdITVbpþl;[cMnYn 80° KWmann½yfasarFatu)anRCabcUleTAkñgbwg sÞwg Tenø
I ú
rYchUrnaMykTwkBulenaHeTAkan;smuRT.
-karbMBulsmuRTekItmanedaypÞal;enAkñgsmuRTEtmþgdUcCakarcak;ecalsMnl;rav nigsMram ecjBInava
ú
karehorkMBb;eRbgrbs;nava>>>.l.
21>enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa etIRksYgNaxøHEdlmannaTIkñúgkarRKb;RKgTwk?
cM>enAkúgRbeTskm<úCa karRKb;RKgTwkCatYnaTIrbs;RksYg 4 CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvKW ³
ñ
-RksYg]sSahkmµ Er: nigfamBl ³ mantYnaTIpÁt;pÁg;Tk enAtMbn;TIRkug nigTIRbCMCnFM² tamextþ.
w u
-RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT ³ CaGñkCMrujkareRbIR)as;TwkelIépÞdI nig TwkkñgdIsMrab; eRsacRsBdMnaM.
ú
-RksYgGPivDÆCnbT ³ TTYlxusRtUvrYmkñgkarGPivDÆn_ nigRKb;RKgRbB½n§pÁtpÁg;TkenAtamCn bTTUTaMgRbeTs.
ú ; w
-RksYgbrisßan ³ CaTTYlxusRtUvkñgkar EfrkSaKuNPaBTwk
ú
21>erogral;qñaMTivaTwks¥atelIBiPBelakR)arB§eFVIenAéf¶Na? etIenAkñúg RbeTskm<úCa
eKrYmcMEnkR)arB§eFVITivaTwks¥atenHb¤eT?
cM>enAelIBiPBelakeKykcitþTukdak;elIkarCYyEfrkSaTwksabsMrab;kareRbIR)as;TUeTA kñúgenaH
eK)ankMnt;ykéf¶TI22 mina erogral;qñaMeFVICaTivaTwks¥atelIBiPBelak.
enakñgRbeTskm<úCaeKk¾)anrYmcMEnkR)arB§eFVITivaTwks¥atenHCaerogral;qñaMEdr edayRksYgFnFanTwk
ú
nig]tuniymCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv.
22>etIFnFanfamBlkIteLIgvij nigminekIteLIgvijmanGVIxøH?
cM>FnFanfamBlekIteLIgvijman famBlRBHGaTitü Twk xül; kMedAdI CIvma:s>>>.
FnFanfamBlminekIteLIgvijman FüÚgfµ eRbg ]sµ½nFmµCati>>>.
23>bMerIbMras;pUsIuln§n³ pþl;KuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþidUcemþcxøH?

cM>bMerIbMras;pUsIuln§n³man ³
-KuNsm,tþi ³ CaRbPBfamBld¾sMxan;sMrab;CIvPaBrs;enARbcaMéf¶ dUcCakarcMGinGahar dwkCBa¢Ún kMedA
rWeFVI[RtCak; bMerIbMras;enAkñgeragcRk kardaMdMnaM>>>.
ú
-KuNvibtþi ³ beBa©jsarFatuBuleRcIneTAkñgbriyakaskñgTwk bMpøajCIvitstV rukçCati nigeFVI[
ú ú
xUcsuxPaBrbs;mnusS.
24>eKeRbIviFIGVIxøHedIm,Iplitn§n³sMeyaK?
cM>edIm,Iplitn§n³sMeyaKeKeRbIviFI ³
-]sµnkmµFüÚgfµ ³ karbMElgFüÚgfµeTACa]sµ½n b¤sarFaturav¬n§n³rav¦
½
-kardutfµPaCn_ eKTTYl)aneRbgeqA
-karTajykeRbgeqABIC½rxSac;.
25>k-dUcemþcEdlehAfafamBl? []TahrN_?
x-etIfamBlmanRbPBmkBINa?
cM>k-famBl KWCasmtßPaBEdleFVI[vtßúTaMgLaydMeNIrkar rWeFVclna¬kmµnþ¦.
I
]Ta> ragkaymnusSeFVIclna)anedaysarfamBlBIcMnIGahar.
x-famBlmanRbPBmkBI ³
÷FüÚgfµ eRbg ]sµ½nFmµCati
÷kMedARBHGaTitü xül;>>>.
26>dUcemcEdlehAfapUsIuln§n³? ]TahrN_?
cM>pUsIln§n³ KWCasmasPaBkabUkGIRu dUEsn ehAfaGIRu dUkabYFmµCati EdlkekIteLIgBIsMnl; rukçCati
u
nigstVEdlkb;enAkñgsMbkEpndIrab;lanqñaMmkehIy.
ú
]> pUsIuln§n³ rYmman ]sµnFmµCati eRbg FüÚgfµ.
½
27>ehtuGVI)anCaeKcat;TukpUsIuln§n³CaFnFanfamBlminekIteLIgvij?
cM>)anCaeKcat;TukpUsIln§n³CaFnFanFmµCatiminekIteLIgvijeRBaH vaCaFnFanFmµCatiEdl
u
GaceRbIR)as;Gs;TaMgRsug b¤ekItvaekIteLIgvijkñúgry³eBlrab;rylanqñaM.
28>etIFüÚgfµkekIteLIgdUcemþ?

cM>FüÚgfµkekIteLIgBIkarBukpuyénrukçCatikñgtMbn;valPk;l,ab;EdlKµanGuksIEu sn.enAeBlrukçCatigab;
ú
vaeCaKCaMedayTwkehIyliceTa)ateRkamvalPk;l,ab;¬rukçCatiRss;pÞkTwk 80° nigkabUn
ú
20°¦.edaysarskmµPaB)ak;etrI nigpSit)anbMEbkrukçCatiTaMgenaH[Bukpuy.
29>k-eRbg nig ]sµ½nFmµCatiCaGVI? vaeRcInsßitenAkEnøgNa?
x-etIeRbg nig ]s½µnFmµCatiekIteLIgdUcemþc?
cM>k- eRbg nig]sµ½nFmµCati CaGIRu dUkabYd¾sMxan;Edl)anrkeXIjenAtamrn§ nigsñameRbH énRsTab;sila.
GIRu dUkabYrav nig]sµ½nRsal Gacpøas;TikEnøgBIsila kMeTckMneTAenAtamsñameRbH nig
rn§énRsTab;silaEq¥tTwkepSgeTot.vakan;EtekIneLIgenAeRkamRsTab;fµPaCn_ fµERk nigkMeTc kMnminRCabTwk
CaBiessenAkEnøgEdlmanBMenIgpñt; nigbMnak;Rsut.
x- eRbg nig]sµ½nFmµCati ekItmkBIm:eU lKulsrIragÁ énsarBagÁkayl¥t²søab;taMgBIrab;ry lanqñaMmkehIy
i
Føak;eTA)atsmuRTrak;² KrpþMúKñaenAkñgRsTab;kMeTckMn EdlmansMBaF nigkMhab; sItuNðPaBx<s;
ú
ehIybMElg[eTACasmasFatuEdlmanfamBlxøag. M
30>karTajykEr:FüÚgfµ nigcMehHFüÚgfµ bgá[maneRKafñak;GVIxøHdl;brisßan nigmnusS?
cM> karTajykEr:FüÚgfµ nigcMehHFüÚgfµ bgá[maneRKafñak;GVIxøHdl;brisßan nigmnusS ³
÷plvi)akénkarCIkykFüÚgfµ ³
-karCIkykEr: FüÚgfµ vaekþAehIykxVk;
-GNþgEr:eRkamdI RtUvrgkar)ak;Rsut GKIÁP½y nigCakEnøgRbmUlpþú]sµnBul¬kabUn mUNUGuk suIt kabUnDIGuksuIt
Ú M ½ :
emtan GuIRdUEsnsu‘lpY¦.
-karbMBulTwkedaysarFatuxniCEdlrlaykñúgTwk nigs<an;F½r Edl)anhUrecjBIGNþgEr: nig BIBMnUkEr: FüÚgfµ.
Ú
-eFVI[dIKµanKuNPaBsMrab;kareRbIR)as;epSg²eTot.
÷plvi)akBIcMehHFüÚgfµ³
-FüÚgfµenH vabeBa©jkMedAnigEpSgEdlsMbUr CO nigS ¬s<an;F½r¦eTAkñúgGakaseFVI[mankgVk; briyakas
2

nigeFVI[GakasFatuERbRbYl. enAkñgGakass<an;F½rpSMCamYyGuksuIEsn begát)an Ca]sµ½nBul ¬s<an;F½rGuksut¦
ú I I
nigGasUtGuksuIt Gam:jak;.
U
-ePøogGasut eFV[xUcxatGaKarFM² bMpøajCIvtstVnig rukçCati.
I I i
-eFVI[xUcsuxPaBrbs;mnusS.
31>ehtuGVI)anCaeKfaFüÚgfµeRbg nig]sµ½nFmµCati CapUsuIln§n³?

cM> )anCaFüÚgfµ eRbg nig]sµnFmµCati CapUsuIln§n³BIeRBaH³
½
-vakekIteLIgBIkarBukpuy énsMnl;sarBagÁkaymanCIvt Edlsøab;rab;rylanqñaMmkehIy.
i
-vaCasmasFatuEdlmanfamBlxøaMg.
32>etImanGVIekIteLIg enAeBlmankarpÞúHbMEbknuyekøEG‘?
cM> enAeBlmankarpÒùHbMEbknuyekøEG‘ brimaNd¾xøaMgkøaÙnfamBlRtUv)anPayecjCakMedA.
kMedAenHRtUv)anykeTAeRbIedIm,IdaMTwkkñgsItuNðPaBmYyya:gx<s; edaybegáIt)anCacMhayTwk
ú
EdlGaceRbIsMrab;TajCnitaGKÁsnI.
I
33> erobrab;BIPaBxusKñarvagkarpÞúHbMEbknigkarrlaynuyekøEG‘.
cM> PaBxusKñarvag³
karpÞúHbMEbknuyekøEG‘
-KWCaPaKl¥t²tUc²énsñlGatUmbMEbkCaEpñk²ehIybeBa©jbrimaNfamBlya:gxøaMgkøa.
i Ú
karrlaynuyekøEG‘
-KWsñÚlGatUmRsal rYmpSMKña b¤ rlaycUlKña begáIt)anCasñÚlGatUmF¶n;mYyedayPayecj
brimaNfamBlya:gxøaMgkøa.

34> famBlnuyekøEG‘pþl;KuNsm,tþi nig KuNvibtþiGVIxøH?
cM> KuNsm,tþi
famBlnuyekøEG‘CaRbPBfamBld¾sMbUrhUrehor GacCMnYspUsuIln§n³)an.
- Guyra:jÐm 235 mYyRkamGacpûl;famBlya:geRcInesµnwgFúÐgfµ 3/5etan.
‘ I
- minplit]sµ½nkabUnDIGuksut ¬CO ¦ KuNvibtþi
I 2

- RbtikmµÙnkarbMEbknuyekøEG‘ begÔt)anCaFatuviTúùskmµEdlmaneRKaHfÜak;ya:gxøaMg.
I
- kMedAsayPaycUleTAkñúgTwkbwg Tenø b¤ mhasmuRT eFV[)at;bg;lMnwgénCIvit kñgTwk.
I ú
- -cMhayviTüúskmµ GacbMpøajekasika rUbFatuesenTic ¬ ADN) bgá[manCMgWeRKaHd¾F¶n; F¶r
nigbNþal[CIvtsøab;)at;bg;)an.
i
35> k> dUcemþcEdlehAfa famBlnuyekøEG‘?
x> lMnaMEdlsñÚlGatUmRtUvbMEbkecjCaEpñk²ehAfaGVI?

cM> k> famBlnuyekøEG‘ ¬ b¤famBlbrmaNU ¦ CafamBlEdlsÓitenAkÜùgGatUm. enAeBlEdl PaKl¥ittUc²
énsñlGatUmbMEbkenaH brimaNd¾xøaMgkøaénfamBlRtUv)anPayecj.
Ú
x> lMnaMEdlsÜlGatUmRtUvbMEbkecjCaEpÜk²ehAfa karbMEbknuyekøEG‘.
Ð
36>eKeRbImeFüa)ayGVIxøHedIm,ITajykfamBlBIRBHGaTitü?
cM>edIm,ITajykfamBlBIRBHGaTitü eKeRbIR)as;tamviFI 3ya:gKW³
- RbB½n§pþl;kMedAtamEbbGskmµ.
- RbB½n§pþl;kMedAtamEbbskmµ.
- fµBil RBHTitü.
37> BN’nameFüa)ayeRbIR)as;xül;nigTwkedIm,Iplit famBl.
cM> xúl;GaceRbIR)as;edIm,IplitfamBlGKIsnI. eKGaccab;ykfamBlGKIÀsnI)aneday eRbICamYyTYb‘n
À É
EdltP¢ab;eTAnwgCnitaGKÁsnI.bec©kviTüaCnitaeRbIedaykMlaMgxül;RtUv)an GPivDÆeLIgya:gl¥RbesIr.
I
enAeBlxül;manel,Onya:gtic 13K>mkñg 1ema:g ehIyman clnaefrminERbRbYl vanwgbegátGKÁsnI.
ú I I
-Twkpþl;famBl)antammeFüa)ayeRcInya:g dUcCa ³
÷kMlaMgTwkFøak; b¤ TwkFøak;BITMnb;GacbgVlTYb‘Énrbs;Cnita begÔt)anCaGKÀsnI ehAfa varIGKÀsnI.
i I I I
÷CMenarTwksmuRT GaceRbIR)as;sMrab;plitGKÁsnI . enAtameqñrsmuRTéntMbn;xøHcenøaHkMBs; rvagCMenar
I
niglMnacTwksmuRT Gacmandl; 15m. clnaTwkGaceRbIR)as;edIm,IbgVilCnita GKÁIsnI.
÷bMlas;bþrÚ famBlkMedAsmuRTEdlGaceRbIR)as;bMErbMrYlsItuNðPaBTwksmuRT edIm,IbgVl CnitaGKÁIsnI.
i
enAtMbn;RtUBicTwksmuRTenAépÞxagelIekþARKb;RKan;sMrab;kMedAGamUjak;. cMhay
:
Edl)anBIGamUjak;ekþAenHeFV[CnitaGKIÁsnIdMenIrkar)an. bnÞab;mkcMhayGamUjak;
: I :
enHRtUvbgðrÚ tambMBg;eq<aHeTAkñgsmuRTeRCAmanTwkRtCak;eFV[cMhayGam:jak;køayeTACarav vij.
ú I U
38>erobrab;BIviFITajykfamBlBIkñúgEpndI.
cM> eKGacTajykfamBlBIkñgEpndI tamviFIeRcInya:gKW³
ú
-karcab;ykcMhayTwkekþAEdlecjBIEpndItamry³TwkekþApusBIdI.
-tamviFIsilas¶t nigekþACameFüa)aymYyedIm,ITajykfamBlkMedABIdI.
Ü
-eKTajykcMhay nig TwkekþABIkñúgdItamry³karxYgGNþÚg b¤ reNþAeTAkñúgCMerAdI. cMhaynig
TwkekþA)anbBa¢neTACnita GKÁsnIkgeragcRk.
Ú I ñú
39>dUcemþcEdlehAfa pUtUv:ultaGiuc?

cM>pUtUvu:ltaGic b¤fµBilRBHGaTitü Ca]bkrN_BiesssMrab;bMElgBnøWRBHGaTitü[eTACa
u
GKÁsnI.GKisnIGacykmkeRbIR)as; b¤ykeTAsþkTukkñg )atWrI mYysMrab;eRbIR)as;enAeBlKµan BnøWRBHGaTitü.
i Á ú ú
40>etIfamBlkMedAdIbga[manbBaðadl;brisßanEdrrWeT?
cM>famBlkMedAdIk¾bgá[manbBaðadl;brisßanEdr ³
÷TwkekþAeRkamsMBaFrMlay)andwknaMl,ajxniCmYycMnYnmkCamYyEdlecaTCabBaðadUcCa
karbeBa©jsMNl;TwkéRb nigkMnkGMbil.
41>bMerIbMras;CIvm:aspþl;KuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþidUcemþcxøH?
cM>bMerIbMras;CIvm:aspþl; ³
KuNsm,tþi ³ - CaRbPBfamBlmYyy:agsMxan;sMrab;eRbIR)as;
- plitGKisnI.
Á
KuNvibtþi ³ - cMehHCIvm:aspliitkabUnDIGuksIt nigbeBa©jEpSgBul eFV[kgVk;briyakas
u I
-kareRbIsMNl;CIvm:as¬lamk stV¦edIm,ITajykfamBl edaymindak;CIlamk stVeTakñgdI
ú
naM[mankarfycuHplitpldMnaM.
42>mUlehtuGVIxøH EdlnaM[mankMenInkarbMBulGakasenARbeTskm<úCa?
cM>mUlehtuEdlnaM[mankMenInkarbMBulGakasenARbeTskm<Ca man³
ú
-kMenIncracr nigyanynþenAtampøv
Ú
-rfynü eTacRkyanynþcas;²BMumankarEfTaMl¥ eRbIR)as;n§n³mins¥at ¬eRbgsaMgmanCatisMn¦.
-eRbIR)as;eRKOgcRkhYssm½ykñúg]sSahkmµ
-kMenInkareRbIR)as;famBl.
-KµanbMEngEcktMbn;]sSahkmµc,as;las;.
-Kµanc,ab;brisßanRKb;RKg.
43> dUcemþcEdlehAfasµÚkpUtUKImI? vamanRbPBmkBIGVI?
cM>÷sµkpUtUKmI CaG½BÒBN’sekItmanenAeBlGakasFatuekûAmanBnøWÙf¶ nigs¶b;xúl;.vaCakar
Ú I
bMBulxül;EdlCalT§plénRbtikmµKmIrvagsarFatubMBulecjBIRbPBepSg²eRkamGMeBIén BnøRW BHGaTitü.
I
÷sµÚkpUtUKImI manRbPBBIEpSgyanynþ nigEpSgecjeragcRknana EdlpSMBIGasUtGuksIut GIRu dUkabY
nigsmasFatusrUragÁmYycMnYneTot.
44>k-etIsarFatubmBulGakasmanRbPBmkBINaxøH? cUrBnül;.

x-etIkarbMBulGakasbgá[man)atuPUtGVIxøH?
cM>k-sarFatubMBulGakasmanRbPBBIFmµCati nigBIskmµPaBrbs;mnusS.
÷RbPBBIFmµCatidUcCa ³
-PÜeM PøgRBYsepH GasItG½BÒ GIRu dUEsns‘ulPIt nig]sµ½nBulepSg²eTot.
I u
-karBukrlYyrukØCati CaRbPBRbtikmµsarFatus‘upYkÜgGakas.
ù
-ePøgeqHéRBbegáIt)anCaBBkEpSgRKbdNþb;TVb.
I I
-BüúhkñgtMbn;s¶ÜthYtEhgbegáIt)anCaBBkFUlIrab;mWnetandwknaMcUleTakñúgGakas.
ú u
-GMbilPayecjsmuRT sMGgpáa vIrus )ak;etrI s:, GacmaneRKaHfñak;mkBIRbtikmµénkarqøg.
÷RbPBmkBIskmµPaBmnusS ³
-tMbn;]sSahkmµ eragcRkfamBlGKisnI )anbeBa©jsarFatuKImIBuly:ageRcIneTAkñg briyakas
Á ú
-yanynþRKb;RbePT )anbeBa©jEpSg FUlI
-karP¢Ürras;dI KMeragsagag;GaKarFM² nigGaCIvkmµEr:k¾bNþal[manFUlIcUleTAkñgGakasEdr
ú
x- eRkABIeFVI[xUcxatbrisßan nigeFVI[maneRKaHfñak;dl;CvitenAelIEpndI karbMBulGakas man)atuPt 3
I U
y:ageTotKW ³
-karhinehacRsTab;GUsUn
-ePøógGasIt u
-bMErbMrYlGakasFatu
45>etIkMnkGakasGasIutekItBIsarFatubMBulGVIxøH? bgá)an)anCaGasIut GVIxøH?
sresrrUbmnþbBa¢ak;.
cM>÷kMnkGakasGasItekIteLIgBIsarFatus<an;FrDIGuksIt¬SO ¦nigGasUtGuksIt.
u u 2 u
÷s<an;FrDIGuksItbgÔ)anCakMnkGakasGasIts‘ulpYric ³ SO +½ O + H O → H SO
u u 2 2 2 2 4

÷GasUtGuksItbgá)anCaGakasGasItnIRTic ³ 2NO + 3/2 O + H O → 2HNO
u u 2 2 3

46>etIePøógGasIutbgáplb:HBal;GVIxøHdl;Pav³rs;kñúgTwk nigelIeKak?
cM>ePøógGasItbgáplb:HBal;dl;Pav³rs;kñgTwk nigelIeKak dUcCa ³
u ú
-ePøógGasIt)anrMedaHGaluymIj:ÚmBIkñúgdIeFVI[sarFatuepSg²eTotfycuHdUcCa m:aejsüÚm
u
nigkal;süÚmCaedIm.
-GaluymIj:ÚmGaccUleTAkñgTwkbwg sÞwg Tenø rYcpþMúKñaenAkñgRskIRtI EdleFVI[raMgsÞH dl;dMnkdegðmrbs;RtI.
ú ú I

-ePøógGasItFøak;cuHmk)aneRcaHykkal;süÚmecjdI eFV[xVHCatikal;süÚmsMrab;rukçCati ehIystVxügtUc²
u I
EdlsIurukçCati k¾xVHkal;süÚmEdr.
-stVcab;sIxügTaMgenaH naM[xVHCatikal;süÚmEdlCaehtueFVI[Bgrbs;varbs;xusBIRbRktI.
u
47>eyIgRtUvmanviFankarGVIxøHkñúgkarkat;bnßykMnkGakasGasIutenAkñúgbriyakas?
cM>edIm,Ikat;bnßykMnkGakasGasIutenAkñgbriyakas eyIgRtUvmanviFankarN_kat;bnßykar
ú
beBa©jEpSgBuleTAkñúgbriyakasdUcCas<an;FrGuksIt GasUtGuksIt CaedIm.
u u
48>etIGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRbkas[bNþaRbeTscuHhtßelxaelIBiFIkarsþI
BIkarkat;bnßykarbeBa©jecalsarFatu NO enAqñaMNa?
manRbeTsb:unµancUlrYmcuHhtßelxa?
cM>GgÁkarshRbCaCatiRbkas[bNþaRbeTscuHhtßelxaelIBiFIkarsþBIkarkat;bnßyénkarbeBa©jecalsarF
I
atuGasUtGuksIt enAqñaM1988-1989. manRbeTscMnYn 27 )ancUlrYm cuHhtßelxaelIBiFIkarenH.
u
49>etIBIqñaMNadl;qñaMNaEdlbNþashKmn_GWr:ubdak;bBa¢a[kat;bnßy sarFatu SO ? 2

cM>bNþaRbeTsshKmn_GWr:ub )anecjbBa¢a[kat;bnßysarFatus<an;FrDIGksIt BIqñaM1994 dl; 1996
u u
edaykat;bnÓys<an;FrDIGuksItenAkÜgeRbgm:as‘Ut BI 30° dl; 80°.
u ù
50>etI]sµ½nGUsUnsßitenAkñúgmNÐlNaénbriyakas?
cM>]sµ½nGUsUnsßitenAkñgmNÐlGakass¶b;¬ 90° ¦ nigsßitenAkñúg mNÐlGakasrcl;¬10°¦.
ú
51>etIrbs;rbreRbIR)as;GVIxøHEdlpÞúknUvsarFatuKImIbMpøajGUsUn?
cM>rbs;rbreRbIR)as;EdlpÞksarFatuKImIbMpøajRsTab;GUsUnman ³
ú
-m:asIunRtCak; TUrTwkkk
-kMb:g)aj;fÜaMBN’ kMb:ugfÜaMkMcat;stVl¥tcÙRg
u i
-famBlpusIln§n³ .l.
u
52>etIkaMrsµIsVayG‘ulRtarbs;RBHGaTitücaMgmkelIEpndIRtUvEbgEckeTA NaxøH?
cM>kaMrsµsVayG‘lRtarbs;RBHGaTitúcaMgmkelIEpndI 100° ehIyRtUvEbgEckdUcteTA ³
I u
-RsTab;GUsUnRsUbykGs; 20°
-)acsac nigCHRtlb;edayBBk 25°
-CHRtlb;BIépÞdIeLIgeTAelIvj5°
i

-épÞEpndIRsUbykGs;50°
53>ehtuGI)anCapÞHkBa©k;ekþACagGakasenAxageRkA?
cM>)anCapÞHkBa©k;ekþACagGakasenAxageRkA eRBaH ³
-enAeBlBnøWRBHGaTitücaMgcUlkñgpÞHkBa©k;epSg²enAkñgpÞH )anRsUbykBnøWéf¶ ehIybMElgeTAfamBlkMedA.
ú ú
-famBlkMedAenHminGacqøgkat;kBa©k;ecjmkeRkAvijdUcBnøRW BHGaTitü)aneLIy
dUcenHeTIbGakaskñgpÞHkBa©k;ekþACagGakasenAxageRkApÞH.
ú
54>mUlehtusMxan;GVIxøHEdlbgá[mankMenInkabUnDIGuksIutkñúgbriyakas?
cM>kMenInkabUnDIGuksItkñúgbriyakasbgáeLIgedaysar ³
u
-bMerIbMras;eRbgkat FüÚgfµ ]sµnFmµCati nigeQI.n§n³TaMgenHpSMedaysmasFatukabUn
½
ehIycMehHrbs;vabegát)anCakabUnDIGuksIut¬CO ¦ .karbeBa©jecalCO ekIteLIgCabnþ
I 2 2

bnÞab;taMgBITsvtSqñaM1800. n§n³pUsIul + O → kMedA + H O + CO
2 2 2

÷ karCIkykEkécñ dwjCBa¢n nigkarEckcayn§n³pUsIul k¾mankarbeBa©jkabUnDIGuksItEdr
Ú u
bNþalBIman]beTVvehtuelcFøajbMBg;Cajwkjab;edaykarEfTaMminl¥CaedIm.
÷kar)at;bg;éRBeQIk¾manTi§BledaypÞal;elIGRtakabUnDIGuksIutkñgbriyakasEdr.søwkeQIeFVrI sµsMeyaK
ú I
nigRsUbykkabUnDIGuksIutBIbriyakas dUcenHvtßmanéRBeQItctYc naM[
ú i
mansMrUbkabUnDIGuksIttictYcb:nenaHBIbriyakas.
u u
÷m:asIuncMehHkñg CaRbPBbzménkarbeBa©j CO eTAkñúgbriyakas.
ú 2

55>cUrBnül;EpndIeL:IgkMedAeFVI[manTwkCMnn; nigPaBraMgs¶Üt.
cM>kMhab;]sµnpÞHkBa©k;enAkñgmNÐlGakasrcl;kan;EtekIneLIgkaMrsµRI khmGaMgR)a
½ ú
EdlPayecjBIEpndIeTAkan;eTabriyakasvij k¾kan;EtticCagmunEdr.)atuPUtenHnaM[man
kMenInkMedAelIBiPBelak¬RbEhl 0/3 C eTA 0.6 C kñúgstvtSknøgeTA¦.RbsinebIkar
o o

beBa©j]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;BIskmµPaBmnusSeTAkñúgmNÐlGakasrcl; enAEtbnþenaHkMenInkMedA
elIBiPBelaknwgkan;EtekIneLIgkñgGRtamYyx<s;.kMenInkMedAGacCHTiBly:agxøaMgdl;GakasFatu.sItuNðP
ú §
aBEk,rtMbn;eGkVaT½rGacERbRbYlEtbnþicbnþc EtsItuNðPaBenAtMbn;q¶ayBIeGkVaT½r
Ü
nigtMbn;Ek,rb:UlGacekIneLIgxøaMg.GRtarMhYtTwkBIdIeTA kñgbriyakaskan;EtekIneLIg rdUvRtCak;GacxøICagmun
ú
EtrdUvekþAkan;Evg.enAtMbn;q¶ayBI eGkVaT½rnwgmanePøógFøak;eRcIndgFmµtaenAsrTrdUv nigsisirrdUv

b:uEnþehmnþrdUv nigniTaXrdUv manPaBs¶ÜtCagFmµta.enAtMbn;RtUBicGacmanePøógFøak;eRcInCagmun
ehIyGacfycuHenA tMbn;Ek,rRtUBic.kMenInrMhYtTwkGaceFV[tMbn;CaeRcIns¶ÜtCagmun.
I
56>dUcemþcEdlehAfaplpÞHkBa©k;?
cM>kaMrsµRI khmGaMgR)aEdlPayecjBIEpndIminGacqøgkat;briyakaseTAkñglMhvij)an
ú
vaRtUvRsUbykedaycMhayTwk kabUnDIGuksIt nig]sµnepSg²EdlenAkñgRsTab;briyakas
u ½ ú
eRkam.]sµ½nTaMgenHsÞak;ykkMedAehIyrkSakMedATukEk,répÞEpndI.karsÞak;ykkMedAEbbenH ehAfa
plpÞHkBa©k;.
57>k-dUcemþcEdlehAfakMenInplpÞHkBa©k;?
x-etI)atuPUtkMenInplpÞHkBa©k;kan;ETekIneLIgedaysarGVI?
cM>k- vtþmanFmµCatiénkMhab;]sµnpÞHkBa©k;kñgmNÐl;Gakasrcl; CYyrkSa[manlMnwg
½ ú
sItuNðPaBmFüménépÞEpndIenARtwm 16 GgSaes.karrkSakMedATaMgenHsMrab;RTRTg;CIvt i
enAelIépÞEpndI[)anl¥.
pÞúyeTAvij ebI]sµ½nTaMgenaHmancMnYnkan;EteRcInelIsBIkMritFmµCatirbs;va
CaBiess]sµ½nkabUnicenaHépÞEpndIk¾kan;EtekþAxøaMgeLIg²Edr.
)atuPtenHehAfa kMenInplpÞHkBa©k;.
U
x-)atuPUtkMenInplpÞHkBa©k; kan;ekIneLIgedaysar ³
-karekInelIgCalMdab;én]sµnpÞHkBa©k; ³CO CH NO CFC O . CaBiessKWkmenIn]sµ½n
½ 2 3 x 5 3 CO2
-kalNa]sµ½npÞaMgkBa©k;kan;EtekIn =man)atuPUtkMenInplpÞHkBa©k; eRBaHkMedAEdlpÞal;BIépÞ
dIeTABMGacecjeTAkñúgbriyakas RsTabelI)an ehIycaMgxÞatmkEpndIvIj
u
EdlCamUlehtuénkMenInsItuNðPaBkñgbriyakasRsTab;eRkam .
ú
58>sMnl;rwgmanT§iBlGIVxøHdl;bnrisßan ? vaCHT§iBldl;suxPaBmnusS stV
rukçCati tamryHGIVxøH ?
cM> karRKb;RKgsMnl;min)anl¥naMmanglb:HBal;dl;TwkdI nigbrisßan .
karbMBulenHeFI[mnusS stV nigrukçCati TTYlrg;eRKaHfñak;tamryH ³
V
-kareTAeFIVksikmµeTAelIépÞdI pÞal;
-tamryHkMnkdegðm .I
59>etIbrisßanenARbeTskm<úCaCYbRbTHnwgbBaðaGIVxøH ?

cM>enARbeTskm<úCamanbBaðasµúksµajCaeRcInEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgbrisßan dUcCa ³
-karkab;eQIhYsehtu
-sMnwkdI
-TwkCMnn;
-karensaThUsehtu
-karbMBulTwk .
60>etIEpnkarN_brisßanmanRbFanbTb:unµan? GVIxøH ?
cM> EpnkarbrisßanCatimanRbFanbTCaGaTiPaB rUmman³
1>eKalneya)ayéRBeQI
2>vIs½yClpl nigksikmµ enAkñgtMbn;valTMnab licTwknigbwgTenøsab .
ú
3>karRKb;RKgClplsmuRT
4>CIv³cMruH nigtMbn;karBarFmµCati
-karGPivDÆvis½yfamBl nigbrisßan
-karRKb;RKgsMnl;TRI kug.
61>cUrBN_naBIbBaðabrisßanenARbeTskm<úCa ?
cM> bBaðabrisßanenARbeTskm<Caman³
ú
-kar)at;bg;éRBeQI CabBaðabrisßand¾FMmYyenARbeTSkm<Ca .mUlehtuénkar)at;bg;éRBeQI
ú
enAkm<úCaKWbNþamkBI
÷kMenIntMrUvkarkñgRsuknigkMenIntMrUvkarTIpSarGnþrCati
ú
÷ksikmµ karGnuvtþn_ksikmµBencr
÷sRgÁamnigcknaRbCaCnkm<CaRTg;RTayFM
ú
÷kgVHén neya)ayéRBeQIc,as;las; nigkarebþCJacitþ rbs;rdæaPi)alkñgcic©karkarBarRKb;RKgFnFanéRBeQI
ú
nig RtYtBInitü karKMramkMehgéRBeQI enAcugstvtS qñaMTI 90.
-kMnrl,ab;m:t; ³karcak;bgárl,ab;m:t;enAtamsÞgFM² .kMenInkMnl;l,ab;m:t; enAbwgFM²
w
naM[TwkwkþAWdlCamUlehtuénkMnl;kMenIngab;rbs;RtI . kMnl;l,ab;d¾xøaMgenHRbEhlmkBIkar
)at;bg;éRBeQIenAPaKxagelIénépÞxagelIénGagTwkePøog énbwgTensab nigenACMvijbwg RBmTaMGaCIvkmµEr:
u
t,úgenAPAKxaglicextþ)at;dMbg .

-sMnl;dI ³ éRBeQIrkSaTYnaTI rbs;TiCMralkalNaéRBeQI RTUvbMpøajenaH nig manePøogføaø Mg manTwkCMnn;
niglMhUrPk;k¾ekItmaneLIg .
-fñasMlab;ktþacéRg ³ kMenInbMerIbMras;CIksikmµ nigfñaMsMlab;ktþacéRg edayminerIsmux
bNþal[maneRKaHfñak;dl; suxPaB nig brisßan eRBaHksikrkm<CaPaKeRcIneRbIR)as;fñaM
ú
bMBulTaMgenaHedayBM)andwgGMBIPaBBul rbs;va .
u
-minkb;kñgdI ³ enAkm<CadIksikmµRbEhl40° mankb;RKab;mInedaykñgmYyéf¶ manmnusSRbmaN 10
ú ú ú
nak;søab; nig rbYsedaysarmIn . RbeTskm<CaRbEhlCaBMuGace)assMggatmIn [Gs;TaMgRsug)aneT
ú
kñgey³eBl 2 b¤ TsvtSeTot .
ú
63>BMnUkEr:Ca ³ FnFanFmµCatuekIteLIgvij .
64>GgÁFatumYyNaEdlCaFnFanFmµCatiekIteLIgvIj ³ dI .
karrandIelIcMenat b¤ CMralmYy[eTACal,ak; b¤Cafñak;²tamlMdab;ehAfa ³
cMkarl,ak; .
65>GgÁFatumYyNaEdlCaFnFanFmµCatiminekIteLIgvIj ³ füÚgfµ .
66>GgÁFatumanRbeyaCn_EdkmanenAkñúg b¤ elIsMbkEpndIehAfa ³ kMnb;Er: .
67>FnFanEdlminGacCMnYs)anedayFmµCatiehAfa ³ FnFanminekIteLIgvij .
68>edIm,IbMeBjsarFatuciBa©wm [dIksikrRtUvbEnßm ³CI .
69>FnFanFmµCatiekIteLIgvij GacCMnYs)anenAeBleRbIR)as;Gs;. 70>Er:
CaFnFanFmµCatiminekIteLIgvij .
71>dI CaFnFanFmµCatiekIteLIgvij .
72>kMeit pH smRsbeTAtamdMnaMPaKeRcInlUtlas;l¥KW ³ BI6>5eTA7>5 .
73>ksirukçkmµ KWCa³ RbB½n§dMnaMcMruH .
74>sMNwkdIKWCa ³ kaeeRcaHykdIedayTwk .
75>Er:NamYyCaEr:elahH ³ sMN .
76>TwksabeRbIR)as;manRbPBecjmkBI ³ TwkelIépÞdI nigTwkkñúgdI .
77>GagrgTwkePøogTenøemKgákm<úCamanépÞRbmaN ³ 85°énépÞdIRbeTs.

78>kgVk;TwkeRkamdI bNaþmkBI ³ GagTTYltwklUsMGuy .
79> TwksabeRbIR)as;kñúgBIPBelakman ³ 0>003° .
k>FnFanTwkCaFnFanekIteLIgvij . EdlmanclnaCaRbcaMenAkñúgvdþTwk .
x>RbPBénkarbMBulTwkRtUv)aneKEckecjCa BIrRbePT KW RbPBcMnuc
nigRbPBray)a:y .
80>TkenAelIEpndIPaKeRcInCa ³ TwkéRb .
81>TwksabenAelIépÞdICa lT§iplénkMnkGakas .
82>TwkCa ³ FnFanFmµCatiekIteLIgvij .
83>TwkRKbdNþb;eNaelIBIPBelakmancMnYn ³ RbEhl70° .
84>ePøogGasIut Ca ³ TwkePøoglayGasIutsIupUric .
85>510K>mkaer ³ épÞEpndI .
86>361>800>000K>mkaer ³ épÞTwkRKbdNþb;elIBIPBelak .
87>148>300>000K>mkaer ³ épÞTVIb .
 TenøemKgÁmanRbEvg ³ 4200K>meTA 4900K>m .
 TenøemKgÁhUrkat;RbeTs ³ cin GiyaGan Lav éf km<úCa evotNam .
 TivaTwks¥atenAelIBIPBelakR)arBVeFIVeLIgenAéf¶TI ³ 22 mina .
 RbPBénkarbMBulTwkweRkamdImanRbPBmkBI ³ GagsþúkeRbgsaMg ma:sUt .
 tuksiun CasarFatuBulEdlbegáIteLIgeday ³ stV b¤ rukçCati xøH.
 sMnl;viTüúskmµ ³ bMpøajsMPar³esenTib .
 pUsiulT§in³rav ehAfa ³ eRbg .
 famBlEdl)anBIBnøWRBHGaTitü ehAfa ³ famBlRBHGaTitü .
 famBlEdl)anmkkarbMEbk nigkarrlayGatUmehAfa ³ famBl;nuyekøEG‘ .

 pUsiulT§in³ sMxan;²man FüÚgfµ eRbg nig ]sµ½nFmµCati karrlaynuyekøEG‘
CasñÚlGatUmRsalrYmpSMKñabegáIt)anCasñÚlGatUm
F¶n;mYyedayPayecjBIbrimaNfamBlya:gxøaMgkøa .
 RbPBfamBlEdlGacCMnYspUsiulT§in³_)anKW famBlTwk famBlxül;
famBlkMedAdI famBlRBHGaTitü nig CIvma:s .
 FnFanFmµCatiekIteLIgvijman famNlxül; Twk .
 pUsiulT§i³rumman FüÚgfµ eRbg ]sµ½n FmµCati .
 famBlEdl)anBikarrlay niglarbMEbkGatUm famBLnuyekøEG‘.
 karbMEbkGatUmedIm,Ibe¨jfamBLKW bnÞúHbMEbknuyekøEG‘
 lMnaMènkarbMEbkGatUm edIm,IbeBa¨jfamBlehAfa karb:HbMEbknuyekøEG‘ .
 pUsIulT§in³pÞúkeday GIuRdUEsn nigkabUn .
 FüÚgfµ CapUsIulT§in³ rwg.
 Gg;RtasIut Ca ³ FüÚgfµ .
 FüÚgfµman4RbePTKW FüÚgtUb lIjwt b‘ÍTUm nig Gg;RTasIut /
 pUsIulT§in³ekIteLIgBI sMnl;rukçCatinig stV
Edlkb;enAkñúgsMbkEpndIrab;lanqñaMmkehIyv .
 EpSgnigcMehHFüÚgfµman kabUnDIGuksIut nigs<an;F½r .
 Gg;RtasIut pÞúkkarbUnCag90°manBN’etñat .
 b‘ÍTUm RbePTFüÚgfµ EEdlsMbUrCageK .
 lIjwt BN’etñat Tn; nig vayPaBeQI
 FüÚgtUb BN’etñatRkem:AekItBIkarBukpuyènrukçCatisrès .

 ]sµ½nkmµfüÚgfµCalMnaMmYyEdlFüÚgfµRtUvbþÚrrUbragplitplmYyepSg eTot .
 cMehH]sµ½nFüÚgfµs×atCagcMehHFüÚgfµ.
 eRbgeqAykecjBifµPaCn_edaysarkMedAya:gxøaMg .
 FüÚgfµñGacbMElgeTACa]sµ½nb¤ T§in³rav eRkamsItuNðPaB nig sMBaFya:gx<s; .
 NWtRtug bMEbksñÚlGatUmbeBa©jfamBlnigFatumankaMrsµI .
 famBlnuyekøEG‘ famBlsßitenAkñúgGatUm.
 sMNl;viTüúskmµ minbgá[manco2 EtbMpøajFatuesenTic .
 FnFanfamFBlekIteLIgvijman ³ RBHGaTitü .
 RbB½n§pþl;kMedARBhGaTitütamEbbGskmµdUcCa ³ halexaGav .
 famBVlEdl)anBIkMlaMgxül;bk;ehAfa famBlRBHGaTitü .
 sarFatubMBulEdlmanedaypÞal; eTAGakasedayskmµPaBrbs;mnusS b¤
edayFmµCatiehAfa ³ sarFatubmBulbnÞab; .
 skmµPaBmnusS)an bMPays<an;F½r cUrTAkñúgbriyakasénBiPBelakCaerogral;qñaM
RbEhl ³ 100etan .
 esckþIRbkasrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatidak;kMritsMu[RbeTsTaMgLay
eFIVkarkat;bnßykarbeBa©jecalnUvsarFatus<an;F½rDIGuksUit enAqñaM 1985.
 RsTab;GUsUnRsUbykkMedARBHGaTitüGs; 20° .
 karbMBulGasqaseFIV[man)atuPUt3ya:gKWkar5hinehacRsTab; GUsUnePogGasIut
nigbMErbMrYlGakasFatu .
 s<an;F½rDIGuksIuteFIVRbtikmµCamyysMenImkñúgGakasbegáIt)anCa
kMnkGasIuts‘ulpUricl¥ittUc² .

GasIutenHrlayCamYykMnkTwkklñúgGakasrYcenAeBlFøak;mkelI épÞEpndI ehAfa
kMnkGakasGasIut b¤ePøogGasIut .
 tamrUmmnþKImImYym:UelKulkørU:PøúyGrU:kabUnvamanpÞúkGatUmkørmYyGac bMpøaj GUsUn
rhUtdl; 100/000.
 ]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;sMxan;²man kabUnDIGuksIut emtan GasUtGuksIut nig
kørY:PøúyGr:YkabUn.
 GIuRdUkabYplit sµÚkpUtUKImI.
 cMehHpUsIuln§n³ nigkarbMpøajéRBeQInaM[mankMenInplpÞHkBa©k;
 kør:YPøúyGr:YkabUnCaGñkbMpøaj GUsUn.
 sarFatuEdlraraMgRsTab;rukçCatiman NO .3

 s<an;FrDIGuksIut ¬SO ¦Ca]sµ½n KµanBN’mineqH.
2

 GIuRdUkabY¬HC¦ begáIt[manePøógGasIut.
 dMenIrbRBa©as;énsItuNðaPaB ekItmanenAeBlyb;.
 ]sµ½nEdlbegáIt)ankMnkGakasGasIutman H SO nigHNO .
2 4 3

 GUsUnCa]sµ½nBulBN’exovx¨I.
 kaMesµIRkhmGaMgR)aPaKeRcInEdlPayecjBIEpndIminGacqøgkat;briyakasvij)an
eT vaRtUvRsUbeday cMhayTwk nigkabUnDIGuksIut.
 Pav³manCIvitenAelIEpndIRtUvkarBnøWRBHGaTitü EtBI40° eTA 50°
 fg;)øasÞicCasMNl;RbkbedayeRKaHfñak;
 rukçCati Rkdas db kMb:ugGaluymIj:ÚmCasMnl;BMusUvmaneRKaHfñak;.
 sMnl;TaMgLayEdlGacbMEbkFatuCIv³)anman rukçCati.

 enARbeTskMBugGPivDÆsMnl;rwgEdlmanRbPBmkBIrukçCati)AnbMElgeFVICaCIrkMb:usm
an 40°.
88>GaCIvkmµEr:)anCHT§iBleTAelIbrisßanedayRbkarNaxøH?
cM>TiBlénGaCIvkmµEr:eTAelIbrisßanman ³
§
-kare)aHbg;dIecal
-karRsutdI
-karbMBul
-sUrs½BÞ
-famBl
-plb:HBal;elICv³cMruH.
I
89>karbMBulTwkenAkm<úCa RbRBwtþeTAtamrUbPaBNaxøH?cUrBnül;.
cM>karbMBulenAkm<úCamanecjBIRbPBray):aypg nigRbPBcMnucpg.
÷RbBPray):ay ³
PaKeRcInénTwklUsMGuy nigTwkePøógRtUv)anbgðrÚ tamRblaycMhcUleTakñgRsHrW bwgEk,r
ú
lMenAdæanRbCaCn.
RbB½n§lU )anP¢ab;eTAnwgkarbgðrÚ ecjBIlMenAdæannanaEdlmansMnl;ravecjBIbgÁn; rWsMnl;pÞH)ayCaedIm.
lUbgðrÚ TaMgenaHmin)anhUrcUleTAkñúgRbB½n§sMGateT KWhurcUleTAkñúgRbB½n§pøvTwk dUcCa
Ú
TenøemKgÁEdlCaRbPBpþl;TwkdUcCaTenøemKgÁEdlCaRbPBpþl;Tkd¾sMxan;bMputsMrab; RbCaCneRbIR)as;.
w
÷ RbPBcMnuc ³
maneragcRk eragsib,kmµ rgÁsal ePaCnIydæan sNæaKar nigpÞHEdlmanTItaMgEk,r rW elITenø
EtgbeBa©jkaksMnl;eTAkñgRbB½n§TenøemKgÁ EdlCaehtueFV[TwkkxVk;manCatiBul
ú I

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