The document discusses subsea pipeline connectors, detailing historical advancements and current technologies used in connections, such as welded, flanged, and elastomeric methods. It emphasizes the significance of choosing appropriate connector types based on various factors like pressure, installation, and material, while noting the ongoing evolution and development in the market. A literature review highlights the progress since 1976 and compares different connection methodologies, concluding with insights into the reliability of horizontal hydraulic flange connections.

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“Subsea pipelines connectors”
Subsea pipeline are very popular around the world. Almost
every water body has a pipeline, whether it is to transport
distilled or spring water, or for gas, or for crude oil. Pipeline
with great lengths are broken into segments, and has a
connector between each segment; such a methodology are used
to control damage and makes it easier for manufacturing and
maintenance. However, theses devices are not perfect, and have
different aspects that need to be considered when choosing one.
Aspects are such as: pressure drop, installment, repair, and
material used.
Different types of subsea pipeline connectors are being
developed and used everyday in different parts of the world.
Manufacturers are racing to be ahead of the technological
advancement and rule the market. Starting with a fundamental
article about the advancement and the market availability of
subsea pipeline connectors back in 1976 to the current
technology, this paper will review the literature materials of the
present solutions of subsea pipeline connectors. Connectors
technology in 1976
This fundamental article written by H. Mohr discusses the
available subsea pipe connectors back in 1976[1]. The article
offers solution that is applicable for a specific period of time,
but when the technology of its time period is expired and new
solutions are offered the article would hardly be discussed

3. anymore, which actually made it impossible to find online or in
nearby library. However, in general, the solutions offered and
the way there were discussed are actually very relatable to this
paper.
The paper lays on the three major methods of connections,
then goes on to examine the current commercial product at that
time. Three methods mentioned are the basic welding,
elastomeric connectors, and advanced engineered horizontal
systems. H. Mohr then moves to the market demand of the three
methods, and two methods only were discussed, welding and
mechanical connectors.
“Much emphasis had been placed on welded subsea connections
in recent years, but properly designed and installed mechanical
connections will always have an application, because of the
trend towards deeper water operations” [1]
It was not mentioned where elastomeric connectors were placed
in the business market on that time. The articles carry on
discussing only horizontal hydraulic flanges connectors that
were on their late stage of development on that time. This early
focus on this type of connectors, build up a big number of
various systems on the market this day. Academic Comparison
A section from an academic handbook on subsea engineering
written by B. Yong and Q. Baitakes a deeper look on the types
of subsea connectors [2]. Among other technical topics, this
chapter discusses the two main categories, vertical tie-in and
horizontal tie-in, and specifies the connections into four types:
welded, flanged, clam hub, and mechanical connectors. Then, it
takes each type and assesses its advantage and disadvantage,
and its suitable working fluid and environment. For example the
paper recommend the use of welding technique as a seal but
only for very shallow water. Furthermore, a comparison table
between the horizontal and the vertical tie-in, the authors
classifies the installment of vertical connections as easy and
takes shorts time in contrast of horizontal tie-in which is
difficult and takes longer time. However, the book suggests that
vertical tie-in is not durable for all weather conditions.

4. Example Of A Commercially Available Vertical Tie-In
Connector
This document from FMC technologies presenting their subsea
vertical tie-in connector also suggests that their system is more
efficient when it comes to installment[3]. The company claims
that this design will make the installation process more efficient
by not requiring a pull-in capability, thus simplifying the tool
function, as well as reducing the length of rigid spools. Rigid
spools are temporary pipes that have been fabricated to L shape
or z shape. It used in subsea to replaced part of a system that is
under construction or maintenance. The unique design aspect of
the connector is its pipes’ alignment. The product connects two
pipes vertically, making it different than the horizontal
conventional method.
The document also shows the company’s successful history of
previous installations, but fail to present detailed information of
the projects; such as, locations, length, time period, and cost.
Also, in the specification tables some of the data were labeled
as “positive” and “high” instead of giving an actual numbers.
Example Of A Commercially Horizontal Tie-In Connector
The more popular solution of subsea pipeline connectors, due to
its history of engineering, is the horizontal subsea connectors.
This brochure illustrates Oceaneering Hydraulic Smart Flange,
HSF, a subsea pipeline connectors[4]. The design was inspired
by other successful technologies the company offers. The
company recommends using the product in a double
arrangement to form a seal type connector, or using a
GRAYLOC male hup flange, which is a product the company
currently owns after acquiring GRAYLOC. The product uses a
remotely operated vehicle, well known for subsea operations, to
apply pressure allowing the connectors to be sealed to the pipe.
Then, a series of axial-positioned pistons are used to test and
grip the pipe, and a series of springs are used radially to prevent
any possible leakage.
The product are designed upon customer requirements of sizes

5. and pressure ratios, with detailed design parameters included;
such as temperature operation range, max and low, working
fluids, and standardized pipes sizes. System designs to work
with the product must also obey a list of design codes provided
by the company, OIE, ASME, and API. The brochure lists
exceptional certificates by ISO and DNV. The product has solid
history, since the company has been awarded several contracts
using this system.
Example Of A Commercially Elastomeric Connector
Even that its methodology was abandoned, elastomeric
connectors returns after almost four decades adopted by the new
material advancements. This document describes in details a
new product to the market introduced by Det Norske Veritas,
DNV, as a solution of subsea tie-in pipeline connections. The
design is simple yet innovative[5]. SliPIPE, the name of the
product, connects two pipe together horizontally and reduce the
axial force exerted at the tie-in by a slide mechanism. The
authors claim that, principally, the design will eliminate
expansions forces by absorbing them using two parts; the slide
mechanism to reduce temperature expansion, and the pressure
chamber to release pressure. The paper gives two options of
installation process. First, by pre-installing the system on a Pipe
Line End Terminal, PLET, then transporting it to the offshore
site. Second, by directly tie-in to the pipe in the site by using
suitable installation guides currently available in the market for
regular pipes tie-in.
Currently, the design is only on paper and it did not reach
manufacturing or awarded any contracts. In fact, the authors
still did not decide yet to whether supply a misalignment flange
that would help in the installation process or not, which might
actually due to that no manufacturing costs have been studied or
determined yet. The design has a rigid range of operation and
temperature and pressure and also has a wide range of supported
pipe diameters, but yet detailed data and test results have not
been released. “Currently, SliPIPE is conceptual and will

6. require refinement and engineering through basic and detailed
design before it can be implemented on an actual project.”[2]
References:
[1] H. Mohr,Subsea pipe line connectors: A look at what's
available, World Oil, November , 1976, p.73 – 73
[2] B. Yong and Q. Bai, Subsea Engineering Handbook.
Waltham, MA: Gulf Professional, 2012.
[3]Vertical Tie-in Systems. FMC Technologies. Available:
www.fmctechnologies.com/~/media/Subsea/Technologies/TieIn
Systems/Colleteral/Vertical%20Tie-
in%20Systems_low.ashx?force=1&track=1
[4]Hydraulic Smart Flange (HSF) Connector. Oceangeering.
Available:
http://www.oceaneering.com/oceandocuments/brochures/subsea
products/PRS%20-
%20Hydraulic%20Smart%20Flange%20(HSF)%20Connector.pdf
[5]C. Yew and A. Venas, “SliPIPE: a new concept to deal with
pipeline expansion”, Journal of Pipeline Engineering, vol. 12,
no. 2, pp. 112-115, 2013.
1
-is the focus in the writer’s v the source?
-is the writer using deductive organization in all sections + key
points?
-is writer introducing / integrating + discussing all quotes?
-are there any logical fallacies?
-Do any points need more support or analysis?
-Is the information + approach / recommendation appropriate
for the audience?
-show need first.
-Check grammar and clarity

7. -Make your ideas focus
-Use research (quotes/data) to support your points
-Introduce/integrate all quotes and sources
-Discuss all quotes
-short and direct sentences
-Abstract
[No new information]
[Connect ideas clearly, shortly and neatly]
-Introduction
[Introduce your topic]
[Context or general background]
[Preview main point]
[State Thesis- recommendation]
· Position
· Current situation
Currently, there is several type of subsea pipeline connections:
welded, flanged, clam hub, and mechanical connectors which
diverged to two type: horizontal and vertical connections.
Elastomeric connectors are a type of connection that is long
forgotten.
Horizontal and vertical hydraulic flange connectors are
sophisticated systems that could be remotely controlled;
different companies provide different specifications of the same
concept. Typical connections are all other connections: welded,
flanged, clam hub, and Elastomeric.
· Popular review
Consulting companies in the past and in present agrees on using
horizontal hydraulic flange connections, in deep-water pipeline,
and typical tie-in for very shallow waters. However, the vertical
connections seems to be absents in their recommendations, and
only being discussed in projects sponsored by companies who

8. manufacture vertical connections.
A comparison table in [subsea engineering] between the
horizontal and the vertical tie-in, the authors classifies the
installment of vertical connections as easy and takes shorter
time in contrast of horizontal tie-in which is difficult and takes
longer time. However, the book suggests that vertical tie-in is
not durable for all weather conditions.
· Insight +why
Vertical tie-in connectors and the design concept are unique;
good engineering has been put on their products for the amount
of pressure they can stand, and their pioneering connection
method, however, more data is needed to make a proper
engineering decision.
On typical horizontal connections,elastomeric connectors
returns after almost four decades adopted by the new material
advancements, SliPIPE a new product introduced by introduced
by Det Norske Veritas, DNV, as a solution of subsea tie-in
pipeline connection. In my opinion, the initial data of connector
and is projected cost is great for being used permanently in a
relatively low pressure and smaller pipe, or temporarily in
higher pressure and bigger pipe. However, I would not risk
using yet in any populated area or critical locations.
At the end, for due to the lack of data points from the
previous two method, I would go with horizontal hydraulic
flange connections. This type of design is well-known in the
industry, and it has been used in different projects for a long
period of time with no accidents, making it reliable.
-Conclusion
[Reiterate thesis]
[Recap keypoints]
[General insights- speculation]

9. Topic: subsea pipeline connectors
Length: around 1600 words
I need an argumentative paper that is based on previous
literature review that I've done. So all the sources are there and
reviewed. Also, I have a short draft for this assignment but it's
really nothing with the prof comments, if you want them. Topic
is about subsea pipeline connectors. As I said I have all the
sources reviewed so it will make it easy.
o Chapter 3 Problem 1 using a Data Tier
Create a multi-tier program using the grid control to display
customer information.
o Chapter 3 Problem 2 using a Data Tier
Create a multi-tier program for the previous exercise to display
the
information from the Employees table in the Northwind
database.
o Chapter 3 Problem 5 Single Tier
· Single Tier - Create a stored procedure that returns
CompanyName, Address, City, and PostalCode from the
Customers table in the Northwind database. Use the stored
procedure to display the information on the form.
· Multi-tier – Modify Chapter 3 Problem 5 to use a data tier.