Regular exercise provides significant health benefits: 1) It reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and strokes by strengthening the heart and improving blood flow and cholesterol levels. 2) Exercise prevents atherosclerosis by lowering LDL cholesterol and blood coagulants while increasing protective HDL cholesterol. 3) A stronger heart from exercise is better able to handle stress and recovers faster from exertion, reducing the risk of sudden cardiac death.

1. Benefits and Risk
Associated with Exercise
SPS451/FSR UiTM
Adopted from YM Raja Mohammed Firhad B.
Raja Azidin
Faculty of Sport Science & Recreation
MARA University of Technology (MALAYSIA)

2. Facts about the Benefits of Exercise
and Disease Prevention.
• Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
– Coronary occlusion (heart attack), Atherosclerosis,
angina pectoris (chest pain), hypertension, stroke,
peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure
– Surgeon General’s report on PA and Health
concluded that “physical inactivity is linked to CVD”
SPS451/FSR UiTM

3. Facts about Exercise
and Healthy Heart
• Through regular exercise, the heart muscle gets
stronger, contracts more forcefully and
therefore pump more blood with each minutes
• Result in lower HR and more efficiency.
• Fit heart has open, clear arteries free of
atherosclerosis.
SPS451/FSR UiTM

4. Facts about Exercise
and Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis can contribute to heart attack,
stroke, hypertension, angina pectoris and PVD.
– Deposits on the walls of arteries restrict BF and
oxygen supply to the tissue
– If arteries become narrow – blood supply to the
heart diminished – angina pectoris may occur.
– Increase the risk of heart attack
SPS451/FSR UiTM

8. How Regular Exercise Help
Prevent Atherosclerosis
• Lipid Deposit Theory
– LDL – major culprit
– Exercise reduce LDL
• Protective Protein Theory
– HDL – pick up cholesterol
– Exercise increase HDL
SPS451/FSR UiTM

9. How Regular Exercise Help
Prevent Atherosclerosis
• Blood Coagulant (Fibrin and Platelet)
Theory
– Exercise reduce level of fibrin in blood
– Reduce platelet adhesiveness &
concentration in the blood
• The Immune System Theory
– Protecting the lining of the artery
SPS451/FSR UiTM

10. Facts about Exercise and
Heart Attack
• HA occurs when a coronary artery is blocked –
reduce or cutting off BF & oxygen to heart muscle
• Blocked coronary artery supplies major portion –
death
• Occlusions of lesser arteries may result in angina
pectoris
• Exercise reduce the risk – less atherosclerosis,
greater diameter of arteries & less chance of a clot
forming
SPS451/FSR UiTM

11. Facts about Exercise and
Heart Attack
• Healthy arteries supply blood to any region of the
heart.
• Active people have greater blood carrying capacity –
vessels are larger and more elastic
• More profuse distribution of arteries – greater BF
• Promote extra blood vessels – coronary collateral
circulation
SPS451/FSR UiTM

12. Exercise & Efficient Heart
• Increase PNS dominance – reduce HR
• HR return to normal faster
• Strengthen heart muscle – handle emotional storm
better
• Reduce SNS – associated with hormonal effect on the
heart, less altered heart contractility & circulatory
problem
• Reduce the risk of sudden death from ventricular
fibrillation (arrhythmic heart beat)
SPS451/FSR UiTM

13. The Facts about Exercise
& Other CV Diseases
• Hypertension (HBP)
– Normal 120/80
– Stage 1 140/90
– Exercise reduce the risk of HBP
• Stroke
– People with HBP and atherosclerosis – stroke
• Peripheral Vascular Diseases
– Poor circulation to the extremities
– Exercise can prevent PVD
SPS451/FSR UiTM

14. The Facts about Exercise
& Other Hypokinetic Conditions
• Cancer
– Colon, rectal (male)
• Exercise – faster intestinal transit time
– Breast (female)
• Exercise in youth – delay the onset of
menstruation & reduce the lifelong exposure to
estrogen
SPS451/FSR UiTM

15. The Facts about Exercise
& Other Hypokinetic Conditions
• Diabetes
– Body does not make enough insulin or when the body
is not able to use insulin effectively
– Exercise – reduce body fatness, decreases insulin
resistance, improve insulin sensitivity
• Osteoporosis
– Exercise – increases peak bone mass, maintain bone
density.
SPS451/FSR UiTM

16. The Facts about Exercise
& Other Hypokinetic Conditions
• Back pain & other musculoskeletal problems
– Exercise – improve muscle strength & endurance,
flexibility
• Obesity
– Exercise – lower % body fat
• Mental (emotional state)
– Reduce depression, anxiety
– Insomnia - promote better sleep
– Increase self esteem
SPS451/FSR UiTM

17. The Facts about Exercise
& Non-Hypokinetic Conditions
• Arthritis
– Carefully prescribed exercise reduce the symptoms
• Asthma
– Reduce airway reactivity & medication use
• Infections
– Exercise - Improve immune function
• Premenstrual syndrome PMS)
– Exercise relieving PMS symptom
SPS451/FSR UiTM

18. Hypokinetic Disease
Risk Factors
Factors can be altered
• Bodyfatness
• Diet
• Diseases
• Regular exercise
• Smoking
• Stress
Factors can’t be altered
• Age
• Heredity
• Gender
SPS451/FSR UiTM

19. Risk Associated with
Vigorous Exercise
• Hyperkinetic Conditions
– Overuse injury to muscles, connective tissue and
bones
– Anorexia nervosa and body neurosis
• Incidence of CV complications
SPS451/FSR UiTM