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![The Vector
[265.0 259.98 266.89 262.22 ...]
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-8-320.jpg)
![The Vector
(mean [265.0 259.98 266.89 262.22 ...])
➜
263.697
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-9-320.jpg)
![The Vector
(apply min [265.0 259.98 266.89 262.22 ...])
➜
257.21
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-10-320.jpg)
![The Vector
(apply max [265.0 259.98 266.89 262.22 ...])
➜
269.75
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-11-320.jpg)
![The Vector
(sd [265.0 259.98 266.89 262.22 ...])
➜
3.815
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-12-320.jpg)
![The Vector
(quantile [265.0 259.98 266.89 262.22 ...])
➜
[257.21 260.105 264.27 266.175 269.75]
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-13-320.jpg)
![The Vector
[265.0 259.98 266.89 262.22 ...]
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-14-320.jpg)
![The Vector
(histogram [265.0 259.98 266.89 262.22 ...])
➜
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-15-320.jpg)
![The Vector
[265.0 259.98 266.89 262.22 ...]
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-16-320.jpg)
![The Vector
(line-chart [265.0 259.98 266.89 262.22 ...])
➜
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-17-320.jpg)
![Key-Value Pairs
{ "IBM" [205.18 203.79 202.79 201.02 ...],
"MSFT" [27.93 27.44 27.5 27.34 ...],
"AMZN" [265.0 259.98 266.89 262.22 ...]}
Using Key-Value pairs can organize multiple data
units (such as trials, customers, etc.) or collect
parameter data
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-22-320.jpg)
![Implementing ddply
(ns split-apply-combine.ply
"Implementation of the split-apply-combine functions, similar to R's plyr library."
(:use [incanter.core :only [$data col-names conj-rows dataset]])
(:require [split-apply-combine.core :as sac]))
(defn fast-conj-rows
"A simple version of conj-rows that runs much faster"
[& datasets]
(when (seq datasets)
(dataset (col-names (first datasets))
(mapcat :rows datasets))))
(defn expr-to-fn
[expr]
(let [row-param (gensym "row-")
kw-map (sac/build-keyword-map expr)]
`(fn [~row-param]
(let [~@(apply concat
(for [[kw sym] kw-map]
[sym `(get ~row-param ~kw ~kw)]))]
~(sac/convert-keywords expr kw-map)))))
(defn exprs-to-fns
[group-by]
(if (coll? group-by)
(vec (for [item group-by]
(if (and (coll? item)
(coll? (second item))
(not (#{'fn 'fn*} (first (second item)))))
[(first item) (expr-to-fn (second item))]
item)))
group-by))
(defn split-ds
"Perform a split operation on data, which must be a dataset, using the group-by-fns
to choose bins. group-by-fns can either be a single function or a collection of
functions. In the latter case, the results will be combined to create a key for
the bin. Returns a map of the group-by-fns results to datasets including all
the rows that had the given result.
Note that keyword column names are the most common functions to use for the
group-by."
[group-by-fns data]
(let [cols (col-names data)
group-by-fn (if (= 1 (count group-by-fns))
(first group-by-fns)
(apply juxt group-by-fns))]
(loop [cur (:rows data) row-groups {}]
(if (empty? cur)
(for [[group rows] row-groups] [group (dataset cols rows)])
(recur (next cur)
(let [row (first cur)
k (group-by-fn row)
a (row-groups k)]
(assoc row-groups k (if a (conj a row) [row]))))))))
(defn apply-ds
"Apply fun to each group in grouped-data returning a sequence of pairs of the
original group-keys and the result of applying the function the dataset. See
split-ds for information on the grouped-data data structure."
[fun grouped-data]
(for [[group split-data] grouped-data]
[group (fun split-data)]))
(defn combine-ds
"Combine the datasets in grouped-data into a single dataset including the
columns specified in the group-by argument as having the values found in
the keys in the grouped data.
If there are columns that are in both the key and the dataset, the values
in the key have precedence."
[group-by grouped-data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by-filter (complement (set group-by))]
(apply fast-conj-rows
(for [[group data] grouped-data]
(let [grouped-cols (zipmap group-by group)
union-cols (concat group-by
(filter group-by-filter
(col-names data)))]
(dataset union-cols
(map #(merge % grouped-cols)
(:rows data))))))))
(defn ddply*
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that
back into a single dataset.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Examples:
(ddply* :Symbol
(transform :Change = (diff0 :Close))
stock-data)
(ddply* [[:Month #((juxt year month) (:timestamp %)]]
(colwise :Volume sum)
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
(ddply* group-by fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by (for [item group-by]
(if (coll? item) item [item item]))]
(->> data
(split-ds (map second group-by))
(apply-ds fun)
(combine-ds (map first group-by))))))
(defmacro ddply
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. This macro is a wrapper on ddply*
which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by
argument.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that
back into a single dataset.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword key-expr] where the
exression key-expr is tranformed to a function and in expr are expanded to accessors
on rows. The resulting function is applied to each row to generate the key for
that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for
the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Examples:
(ddply :Symbol
(transform :Change = (diff0 :Close))
stock-data)
(ddply [[:Month ((juxt year month) :timestamp]]]
(colwise :Volume sum)
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
`(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
`(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data)))
(defn d_ply*
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of
fun and is used for fun's side effects.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Example:
(d_ply* :Symbol
#(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %))
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
(ddply* group-by fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by (for [item group-by]
(if (coll? item) item [item item]))]
(dorun
(->> data
(split-ds (map second group-by))
(apply-ds fun))))))
(defmacro d_ply
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of
fun and is used for fun's side effects. This macro is a wrapper on d_ply*
which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by
argument.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Example:
(d_ply :Symbol
#(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %))
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
`(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
`(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data)))
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-57-320.jpg)
![Implementing ddply - Split
(ns split-apply-combine.ply
"Implementation of the split-apply-combine functions, similar to R's plyr library."
(:use [incanter.core :only [$data col-names conj-rows dataset]])
(:require [split-apply-combine.core :as sac]))
(defn fast-conj-rows
"A simple version of conj-rows that runs much faster"
[& datasets]
(when (seq datasets)
(dataset (col-names (first datasets))
(mapcat :rows datasets))))
(defn expr-to-fn
[expr]
(let [row-param (gensym "row-")
kw-map (sac/build-keyword-map expr)]
`(fn [~row-param]
(let [~@(apply concat
(for [[kw sym] kw-map]
[sym `(get ~row-param ~kw ~kw)]))]
~(sac/convert-keywords expr kw-map)))))
(defn exprs-to-fns
[group-by]
(if (coll? group-by)
(vec (for [item group-by]
(if (and (coll? item)
(coll? (second item))
(not (#{'fn 'fn*} (first (second item)))))
[(first item) (expr-to-fn (second item))]
item)))
group-by))
(defn split-ds
"Perform a split operation on data, which must be a dataset, using the group-by-fns
to choose bins. group-by-fns can either be a single function or a collection of
functions. In the latter case, the results will be combined to create a key for
the bin. Returns a map of the group-by-fns results to datasets including all
the rows that had the given result.
Note that keyword column names are the most common functions to use for the
group-by."
[group-by-fns data]
(let [cols (col-names data)
group-by-fn (if (= 1 (count group-by-fns))
(first group-by-fns)
(apply juxt group-by-fns))]
(loop [cur (:rows data) row-groups {}]
(if (empty? cur)
(for [[group rows] row-groups] [group (dataset cols rows)])
(recur (next cur)
(let [row (first cur)
k (group-by-fn row)
a (row-groups k)]
(assoc row-groups k (if a (conj a row) [row]))))))))
(defn apply-ds
"Apply fun to each group in grouped-data returning a sequence of pairs of the
original group-keys and the result of applying the function the dataset. See
split-ds for information on the grouped-data data structure."
[fun grouped-data]
(for [[group split-data] grouped-data]
[group (fun split-data)]))
(defn combine-ds
"Combine the datasets in grouped-data into a single dataset including the
columns specified in the group-by argument as having the values found in
the keys in the grouped data.
If there are columns that are in both the key and the dataset, the values
in the key have precedence."
[group-by grouped-data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by-filter (complement (set group-by))]
(apply fast-conj-rows
(for [[group data] grouped-data]
(let [grouped-cols (zipmap group-by group)
union-cols (concat group-by
(filter group-by-filter
(col-names data)))]
(dataset union-cols
(map #(merge % grouped-cols)
(:rows data))))))))
(defn ddply*
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that
back into a single dataset.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Examples:
(ddply* :Symbol
(transform :Change = (diff0 :Close))
stock-data)
(ddply* [[:Month #((juxt year month) (:timestamp %)]]
(colwise :Volume sum)
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
(ddply* group-by fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by (for [item group-by]
(if (coll? item) item [item item]))]
(->> data
(split-ds (map second group-by))
(apply-ds fun)
(combine-ds (map first group-by))))))
(defmacro ddply
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. This macro is a wrapper on ddply*
which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by
argument.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that
back into a single dataset.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword key-expr] where the
exression key-expr is tranformed to a function and in expr are expanded to accessors
on rows. The resulting function is applied to each row to generate the key for
that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for
the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Examples:
(ddply :Symbol
(transform :Change = (diff0 :Close))
stock-data)
(ddply [[:Month ((juxt year month) :timestamp]]]
(colwise :Volume sum)
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
`(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
`(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data)))
(defn d_ply*
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of
fun and is used for fun's side effects.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Example:
(d_ply* :Symbol
#(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %))
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
(ddply* group-by fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by (for [item group-by]
(if (coll? item) item [item item]))]
(dorun
(->> data
(split-ds (map second group-by))
(apply-ds fun))))))
(defmacro d_ply
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of
fun and is used for fun's side effects. This macro is a wrapper on d_ply*
which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by
argument.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Example:
(d_ply :Symbol
#(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %))
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
`(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
`(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data)))
(defn split-ds
[group-by-fns data]
(let [cols (col-names data)
group-by-fn (if (= 1 (count group-by-fns))
(first group-by-fns)
(apply juxt group-by-fns))]
(loop [cur (:rows data) row-groups {}]
(if (empty? cur)
(for [[group rows] row-groups] [group (dataset cols rows)])
(recur (next cur)
(let [row (first cur)
k (group-by-fn row)
a (row-groups k)]
(assoc row-groups k (if a (conj a row) [row]))))))))
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-58-320.jpg)
![Implementing ddply - Apply
(ns split-apply-combine.ply
"Implementation of the split-apply-combine functions, similar to R's plyr library."
(:use [incanter.core :only [$data col-names conj-rows dataset]])
(:require [split-apply-combine.core :as sac]))
(defn fast-conj-rows
"A simple version of conj-rows that runs much faster"
[& datasets]
(when (seq datasets)
(dataset (col-names (first datasets))
(mapcat :rows datasets))))
(defn expr-to-fn
[expr]
(let [row-param (gensym "row-")
kw-map (sac/build-keyword-map expr)]
`(fn [~row-param]
(let [~@(apply concat
(for [[kw sym] kw-map]
[sym `(get ~row-param ~kw ~kw)]))]
~(sac/convert-keywords expr kw-map)))))
(defn exprs-to-fns
[group-by]
(if (coll? group-by)
(vec (for [item group-by]
(if (and (coll? item)
(coll? (second item))
(not (#{'fn 'fn*} (first (second item)))))
[(first item) (expr-to-fn (second item))]
item)))
group-by))
(defn split-ds
"Perform a split operation on data, which must be a dataset, using the group-by-fns
to choose bins. group-by-fns can either be a single function or a collection of
functions. In the latter case, the results will be combined to create a key for
the bin. Returns a map of the group-by-fns results to datasets including all
the rows that had the given result.
Note that keyword column names are the most common functions to use for the
group-by."
[group-by-fns data]
(let [cols (col-names data)
group-by-fn (if (= 1 (count group-by-fns))
(first group-by-fns)
(apply juxt group-by-fns))]
(loop [cur (:rows data) row-groups {}]
(if (empty? cur)
(for [[group rows] row-groups] [group (dataset cols rows)])
(recur (next cur)
(let [row (first cur)
k (group-by-fn row)
a (row-groups k)]
(assoc row-groups k (if a (conj a row) [row]))))))))
(defn apply-ds
"Apply fun to each group in grouped-data returning a sequence of pairs of the
original group-keys and the result of applying the function the dataset. See
split-ds for information on the grouped-data data structure."
[fun grouped-data]
(for [[group split-data] grouped-data]
[group (fun split-data)]))
(defn combine-ds
"Combine the datasets in grouped-data into a single dataset including the
columns specified in the group-by argument as having the values found in
the keys in the grouped data.
If there are columns that are in both the key and the dataset, the values
in the key have precedence."
[group-by grouped-data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by-filter (complement (set group-by))]
(apply fast-conj-rows
(for [[group data] grouped-data]
(let [grouped-cols (zipmap group-by group)
union-cols (concat group-by
(filter group-by-filter
(col-names data)))]
(dataset union-cols
(map #(merge % grouped-cols)
(:rows data))))))))
(defn ddply*
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that
back into a single dataset.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Examples:
(ddply* :Symbol
(transform :Change = (diff0 :Close))
stock-data)
(ddply* [[:Month #((juxt year month) (:timestamp %)]]
(colwise :Volume sum)
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
(ddply* group-by fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by (for [item group-by]
(if (coll? item) item [item item]))]
(->> data
(split-ds (map second group-by))
(apply-ds fun)
(combine-ds (map first group-by))))))
(defmacro ddply
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. This macro is a wrapper on ddply*
which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by
argument.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that
back into a single dataset.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword key-expr] where the
exression key-expr is tranformed to a function and in expr are expanded to accessors
on rows. The resulting function is applied to each row to generate the key for
that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for
the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Examples:
(ddply :Symbol
(transform :Change = (diff0 :Close))
stock-data)
(ddply [[:Month ((juxt year month) :timestamp]]]
(colwise :Volume sum)
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
`(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
`(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data)))
(defn d_ply*
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of
fun and is used for fun's side effects.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Example:
(d_ply* :Symbol
#(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %))
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
(ddply* group-by fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by (for [item group-by]
(if (coll? item) item [item item]))]
(dorun
(->> data
(split-ds (map second group-by))
(apply-ds fun))))))
(defmacro d_ply
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of
fun and is used for fun's side effects. This macro is a wrapper on d_ply*
which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by
argument.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Example:
(d_ply :Symbol
#(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %))
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
`(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
`(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data)))
(defn apply-ds
[fun grouped-data]
(for [[group split-data] grouped-data]
[group (fun split-data)]))
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-59-320.jpg)
![Implementing ddply - Combine
(ns split-apply-combine.ply
"Implementation of the split-apply-combine functions, similar to R's plyr library."
(:use [incanter.core :only [$data col-names conj-rows dataset]])
(:require [split-apply-combine.core :as sac]))
(defn fast-conj-rows
"A simple version of conj-rows that runs much faster"
[& datasets]
(when (seq datasets)
(dataset (col-names (first datasets))
(mapcat :rows datasets))))
(defn expr-to-fn
[expr]
(let [row-param (gensym "row-")
kw-map (sac/build-keyword-map expr)]
`(fn [~row-param]
(let [~@(apply concat
(for [[kw sym] kw-map]
[sym `(get ~row-param ~kw ~kw)]))]
~(sac/convert-keywords expr kw-map)))))
(defn exprs-to-fns
[group-by]
(if (coll? group-by)
(vec (for [item group-by]
(if (and (coll? item)
(coll? (second item))
(not (#{'fn 'fn*} (first (second item)))))
[(first item) (expr-to-fn (second item))]
item)))
group-by))
(defn split-ds
"Perform a split operation on data, which must be a dataset, using the group-by-fns
to choose bins. group-by-fns can either be a single function or a collection of
functions. In the latter case, the results will be combined to create a key for
the bin. Returns a map of the group-by-fns results to datasets including all
the rows that had the given result.
Note that keyword column names are the most common functions to use for the
group-by."
[group-by-fns data]
(let [cols (col-names data)
group-by-fn (if (= 1 (count group-by-fns))
(first group-by-fns)
(apply juxt group-by-fns))]
(loop [cur (:rows data) row-groups {}]
(if (empty? cur)
(for [[group rows] row-groups] [group (dataset cols rows)])
(recur (next cur)
(let [row (first cur)
k (group-by-fn row)
a (row-groups k)]
(assoc row-groups k (if a (conj a row) [row]))))))))
(defn apply-ds
"Apply fun to each group in grouped-data returning a sequence of pairs of the
original group-keys and the result of applying the function the dataset. See
split-ds for information on the grouped-data data structure."
[fun grouped-data]
(for [[group split-data] grouped-data]
[group (fun split-data)]))
(defn combine-ds
"Combine the datasets in grouped-data into a single dataset including the
columns specified in the group-by argument as having the values found in
the keys in the grouped data.
If there are columns that are in both the key and the dataset, the values
in the key have precedence."
[group-by grouped-data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by-filter (complement (set group-by))]
(apply fast-conj-rows
(for [[group data] grouped-data]
(let [grouped-cols (zipmap group-by group)
union-cols (concat group-by
(filter group-by-filter
(col-names data)))]
(dataset union-cols
(map #(merge % grouped-cols)
(:rows data))))))))
(defn ddply*
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that
back into a single dataset.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Examples:
(ddply* :Symbol
(transform :Change = (diff0 :Close))
stock-data)
(ddply* [[:Month #((juxt year month) (:timestamp %)]]
(colwise :Volume sum)
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
(ddply* group-by fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by (for [item group-by]
(if (coll? item) item [item item]))]
(->> data
(split-ds (map second group-by))
(apply-ds fun)
(combine-ds (map first group-by))))))
(defmacro ddply
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. This macro is a wrapper on ddply*
which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by
argument.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that
back into a single dataset.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword key-expr] where the
exression key-expr is tranformed to a function and in expr are expanded to accessors
on rows. The resulting function is applied to each row to generate the key for
that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for
the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Examples:
(ddply :Symbol
(transform :Change = (diff0 :Close))
stock-data)
(ddply [[:Month ((juxt year month) :timestamp]]]
(colwise :Volume sum)
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
`(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
`(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data)))
(defn d_ply*
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of
fun and is used for fun's side effects.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Example:
(d_ply* :Symbol
#(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %))
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
(ddply* group-by fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by (for [item group-by]
(if (coll? item) item [item item]))]
(dorun
(->> data
(split-ds (map second group-by))
(apply-ds fun))))))
(defmacro d_ply
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of
fun and is used for fun's side effects. This macro is a wrapper on d_ply*
which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by
argument.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Example:
(d_ply :Symbol
#(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %))
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
`(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
`(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data)))
(defn combine-ds
[group-by grouped-data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by-filter (complement (set group-by))]
(apply fast-conj-rows
(for [[group data] grouped-data]
(let [grouped-cols (zipmap group-by group)
union-cols (concat group-by
(filter group-by-filter
(col-names data)))]
(dataset union-cols
(map #(merge % grouped-cols)
(:rows data))))))))
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-60-320.jpg)
![Implementing ddply - Putting it all together
(ns split-apply-combine.ply
"Implementation of the split-apply-combine functions, similar to R's plyr library."
(:use [incanter.core :only [$data col-names conj-rows dataset]])
(:require [split-apply-combine.core :as sac]))
(defn fast-conj-rows
"A simple version of conj-rows that runs much faster"
[& datasets]
(when (seq datasets)
(dataset (col-names (first datasets))
(mapcat :rows datasets))))
(defn expr-to-fn
[expr]
(let [row-param (gensym "row-")
kw-map (sac/build-keyword-map expr)]
`(fn [~row-param]
(let [~@(apply concat
(for [[kw sym] kw-map]
[sym `(get ~row-param ~kw ~kw)]))]
~(sac/convert-keywords expr kw-map)))))
(defn exprs-to-fns
[group-by]
(if (coll? group-by)
(vec (for [item group-by]
(if (and (coll? item)
(coll? (second item))
(not (#{'fn 'fn*} (first (second item)))))
[(first item) (expr-to-fn (second item))]
item)))
group-by))
(defn split-ds
"Perform a split operation on data, which must be a dataset, using the group-by-fns
to choose bins. group-by-fns can either be a single function or a collection of
functions. In the latter case, the results will be combined to create a key for
the bin. Returns a map of the group-by-fns results to datasets including all
the rows that had the given result.
Note that keyword column names are the most common functions to use for the
group-by."
[group-by-fns data]
(let [cols (col-names data)
group-by-fn (if (= 1 (count group-by-fns))
(first group-by-fns)
(apply juxt group-by-fns))]
(loop [cur (:rows data) row-groups {}]
(if (empty? cur)
(for [[group rows] row-groups] [group (dataset cols rows)])
(recur (next cur)
(let [row (first cur)
k (group-by-fn row)
a (row-groups k)]
(assoc row-groups k (if a (conj a row) [row]))))))))
(defn apply-ds
"Apply fun to each group in grouped-data returning a sequence of pairs of the
original group-keys and the result of applying the function the dataset. See
split-ds for information on the grouped-data data structure."
[fun grouped-data]
(for [[group split-data] grouped-data]
[group (fun split-data)]))
(defn combine-ds
"Combine the datasets in grouped-data into a single dataset including the
columns specified in the group-by argument as having the values found in
the keys in the grouped data.
If there are columns that are in both the key and the dataset, the values
in the key have precedence."
[group-by grouped-data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by-filter (complement (set group-by))]
(apply fast-conj-rows
(for [[group data] grouped-data]
(let [grouped-cols (zipmap group-by group)
union-cols (concat group-by
(filter group-by-filter
(col-names data)))]
(dataset union-cols
(map #(merge % grouped-cols)
(:rows data))))))))
(defn ddply*
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that
back into a single dataset.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Examples:
(ddply* :Symbol
(transform :Change = (diff0 :Close))
stock-data)
(ddply* [[:Month #((juxt year month) (:timestamp %)]]
(colwise :Volume sum)
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
(ddply* group-by fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by (for [item group-by]
(if (coll? item) item [item item]))]
(->> data
(split-ds (map second group-by))
(apply-ds fun)
(combine-ds (map first group-by))))))
(defmacro ddply
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. This macro is a wrapper on ddply*
which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by
argument.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that
back into a single dataset.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword key-expr] where the
exression key-expr is tranformed to a function and in expr are expanded to accessors
on rows. The resulting function is applied to each row to generate the key for
that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for
the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Examples:
(ddply :Symbol
(transform :Change = (diff0 :Close))
stock-data)
(ddply [[:Month ((juxt year month) :timestamp]]]
(colwise :Volume sum)
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
`(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
`(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data)))
(defn d_ply*
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of
fun and is used for fun's side effects.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Example:
(d_ply* :Symbol
#(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %))
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
(ddply* group-by fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by (for [item group-by]
(if (coll? item) item [item item]))]
(dorun
(->> data
(split-ds (map second group-by))
(apply-ds fun))))))
(defmacro d_ply
"Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of
fun and is used for fun's side effects. This macro is a wrapper on d_ply*
which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by
argument.
Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument,
applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result.
The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify
the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the
function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When
the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting
column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed.
The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the
original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as
the original, a different number, or a single row.
If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data.
Example:
(d_ply :Symbol
#(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %))
stock-data)"
([group-by fun]
`(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
`(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data)))
(defn ddply*
([group-by fun]
(ddply* group-by fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
(let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by])
group-by (for [item group-by]
(if (coll? item) item [item item]))]
(->> data
(split-ds (map second group-by))
(apply-ds fun)
(combine-ds (map first group-by))))))
(defmacro ddply
([group-by fun]
`(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data))
([group-by fun data]
`(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data)))
Saturday, June 8, 13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/split-apply-combine-20130606-130608023509-phpapp02/85/Implementing-the-Split-Apply-Combine-model-in-Clojure-and-Incanter-61-320.jpg)
Uploaded byTom Faulhaber
Implementing the Split-Apply-Combine model in Clojure and Incanter
The document discusses the split-apply-combine data analysis strategy using Clojure, referencing the original concept by Hadley Wickham in R. It provides examples of data structures and operations, including the use of matrices and key-value pairs for organizing data. The document emphasizes the utility of breaking down large datasets into manageable segments for analysis, highlighting various functions and their applications.
Implementing the Split-Apply-Combine model in Clojure and Incanter
- 1. Using Split-Apply-Combine forData Analysis in Clojure Bay Area Clojure Group June 6, 2013 Tom Faulhaber twitter: @tomfaulhaber github: tomfaulhaber Saturday, June 8, 13
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7. Data Structures forData Analysis Saturday, June 8, 13
- 8. The Vector [265.0259.98 266.89 262.22 ...] Saturday, June 8, 13
- 9. The Vector (mean [265.0259.98 266.89 262.22 ...]) ➜ 263.697 Saturday, June 8, 13
- 10. The Vector (apply min [265.0259.98 266.89 262.22 ...]) ➜ 257.21 Saturday, June 8, 13
- 11. The Vector (apply max [265.0259.98 266.89 262.22 ...]) ➜ 269.75 Saturday, June 8, 13
- 12. The Vector (sd [265.0259.98 266.89 262.22 ...]) ➜ 3.815 Saturday, June 8, 13
- 13. The Vector (quantile [265.0259.98 266.89 262.22 ...]) ➜ [257.21 260.105 264.27 266.175 269.75] Saturday, June 8, 13
- 14. The Vector [265.0259.98 266.89 262.22 ...] Saturday, June 8, 13
- 15. The Vector (histogram [265.0 259.98266.89 262.22 ...]) ➜ Saturday, June 8, 13
- 16. The Vector [265.0259.98 266.89 262.22 ...] Saturday, June 8, 13
- 17. The Vector (line-chart [265.0259.98 266.89 262.22 ...]) ➜ Saturday, June 8, 13
- 18.
- 19. The Matrix 1 Dimension 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 01 2 3 4 Saturday, June 8, 13
- 20. The Matrix 1 Dimension 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 01 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 Dimensions Saturday, June 8, 13
- 21. The Matrix 1 Dimension 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 01 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 Dimensions 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 3 Dimensions Saturday, June 8, 13
- 22. Key-Value Pairs { "IBM" [205.18 203.79 202.79 201.02 ...], "MSFT" [27.93 27.44 27.5 27.34 ...], "AMZN" [265.0 259.98 266.89 262.22 ...]} Using Key-Value pairs can organize multiple data units (such as trials, customers, etc.) or collect parameter data Saturday, June 8, 13
- 23. The Dataset 2013-02-05 2013-02-01 Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 261.46 266.89268.03AMZN4012900262.00 266.89 MSFT 27.4427.87 50540000 27.0328.02 27.42 203.57205.02 201.99IBM 204.19 3188800203.79 AMZN 259.98264.68 259.98 3723600259.07262.78 27.93 27.51MSFT 28.05 5556590027.5527.67 204.65 203.37IBM 203.84 3370700205.35 205.18 265.00268.93 6115000AMZN 268.93 262.80 265.00 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol ... Saturday, June 8, 13
- 24. The Dataset 2013-02-05 2013-02-01 Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 261.46 266.89268.03AMZN4012900262.00 266.89 MSFT 27.4427.87 50540000 27.0328.02 27.42 203.57205.02 201.99IBM 204.19 3188800203.79 AMZN 259.98264.68 259.98 3723600259.07262.78 27.93 27.51MSFT 28.05 5556590027.5527.67 204.65 203.37IBM 203.84 3370700205.35 205.18 265.00268.93 6115000AMZN 268.93 262.80 265.00 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol ... Items in column have same type Saturday, June 8, 13
- 25. The Dataset 2013-02-05 2013-02-01 Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 261.46 266.89268.03AMZN4012900262.00 266.89 MSFT 27.4427.87 50540000 27.0328.02 27.42 203.57205.02 201.99IBM 204.19 3188800203.79 AMZN 259.98264.68 259.98 3723600259.07262.78 27.93 27.51MSFT 28.05 5556590027.5527.67 204.65 203.37IBM 203.84 3370700205.35 205.18 265.00268.93 6115000AMZN 268.93 262.80 265.00 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol ... Across a row, there may be different types Saturday, June 8, 13
- 26. The Dataset 2013-02-05 2013-02-01 Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 261.46 266.89268.03AMZN4012900262.00 266.89 MSFT 27.4427.87 50540000 27.0328.02 27.42 203.57205.02 201.99IBM 204.19 3188800203.79 AMZN 259.98264.68 259.98 3723600259.07262.78 27.93 27.51MSFT 28.05 5556590027.5527.67 204.65 203.37IBM 203.84 3370700205.35 205.18 265.00268.93 6115000AMZN 268.93 262.80 265.00 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol ... Saturday, June 8, 13
- 27. The Dataset 2013-02-05 2013-02-01 Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 261.46 266.89268.03AMZN4012900262.00 266.89 MSFT 27.4427.87 50540000 27.0328.02 27.42 203.57205.02 201.99IBM 204.19 3188800203.79 AMZN 259.98264.68 259.98 3723600259.07262.78 27.93 27.51MSFT 28.05 5556590027.5527.67 204.65 203.37IBM 203.84 3370700205.35 205.18 265.00268.93 6115000AMZN 268.93 262.80 265.00 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol ... Identifiers Saturday, June 8, 13
- 28. The Dataset 2013-02-05 2013-02-01 Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 261.46 266.89268.03AMZN4012900262.00 266.89 MSFT 27.4427.87 50540000 27.0328.02 27.42 203.57205.02 201.99IBM 204.19 3188800203.79 AMZN 259.98264.68 259.98 3723600259.07262.78 27.93 27.51MSFT 28.05 5556590027.5527.67 204.65 203.37IBM 203.84 3370700205.35 205.18 265.00268.93 6115000AMZN 268.93 262.80 265.00 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol ... Identifiers Measurements Saturday, June 8, 13
- 29.
- 30. Split-Apply-Combine Pattern described byHadley Wickham and implemented in the plyr library for R. Home page: http://plyr.had.co.nz JSS Journal of Statistical Software April 2011, Volume 40, Issue 1. http://www.jstatsoft.org/ The Split-Apply-Combine Strategy for Data Analysis Hadley Wickham Rice University Abstract Many data analysis problems involve the application of a split-apply-combine strategy, where you break up a big problem into manageable pieces, operate on each piece inde- pendently and then put all the pieces back together. This insight gives rise to a new R package that allows you to smoothly apply this strategy, without having to worry about the type of structure in which your data is stored. The paper includes two case studies showing how these insights make it easier to work with batting records for veteran baseball players and a large 3d array of spatio-temporal ozone measurements. Keywords: R, apply, split, data analysis. 1. Introduction What do we do when we analyze data? What are common actions and what are common mistakes? Given the importance of this activity in statistics, there is remarkably little research on how data analysis happens. This paper attempts to remedy a very small part of that lack by describing one common data analysis pattern: Split-apply-combine. You see the split-apply- combine strategy whenever you break up a big problem into manageable pieces, operate on each piece independently and then put all the pieces back together. This crops up in all stages of an analysis: During data preparation, when performing group-wise ranking, standardization, or nor- malization, or in general when creating new variables that are most easily calculated on a per-group basis. When creating summaries for display or analysis, for example, when calculating marginal means, or conditioning a table of counts by dividing out group sums. Saturday, June 8, 13
- 31.
- 32. Split Apply Combine the object basedon dimension(s) or identifiers (yielding segments of the same type) Saturday, June 8, 13
- 33. Split Apply Combine the object basedon dimension(s) or identifiers (yielding segments of the same type) a function to each segment producing a new segment of the target type. The function can aggregate or transform the segment. Saturday, June 8, 13
- 34. Split Apply Combine the object basedon dimension(s) or identifiers (yielding segments of the same type) a function to each segment producing a new segment of the target type. The function can aggregate or transform the segment. the results into an output type (possibly of higher dimension) Saturday, June 8, 13
- 35. Variations based oninterface Output Input Array Data.Frame List Discarded Array Data.Frame List aaply adply alply a_ply daply ddply dlply d_ply laply ldply llply l_ply From: Wickham, The Split-Apply-Combine Strategy for Data Analysis Saturday, June 8, 13
- 36. Splitting Matrices -2D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Split each element to a scalar Saturday, June 8, 13
- 37. Splitting Matrices -2D Split each column to a vector 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Saturday, June 8, 13
- 38. Splitting Matrices -2D Split each row to a vector 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Saturday, June 8, 13
- 39. Splitting Matrices -2D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Split each element to a scalar Split each column to a vector 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Split each row to a vector 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Saturday, June 8, 13
- 40. Splitting Matrices -3D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 0 0 Split each element to a scalar Saturday, June 8, 13
- 41. Splitting Matrices -3D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Split each row x=c1, y=c2 to a vector Saturday, June 8, 13
- 42. Splitting Matrices -3D Split each row x=c1, z=c2 to a vector 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0 1 2 3 Saturday, June 8, 13
- 43. Splitting Matrices -3D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 0 0 Split each row y=c1, z=c2 to a vector Saturday, June 8, 13
- 44. Splitting Matrices -3D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 Split each slice x=c to a 2D matrix Saturday, June 8, 13
- 45. Splitting Matrices -3D Split each slice y=c to a 2D matrix 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 Saturday, June 8, 13
- 46. Splitting Matrices -3D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 Split each slice z=c to a 2D matrix Saturday, June 8, 13
- 47. Splitting Matrices -3D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 0 0 Split each element to a scalar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Split each row x=c1, y=c2 to a vector Split each row x=c1, z=c2 to a vector 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 0 0 Split each row y=c1, z=c2 to a vector 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 Split each slice x=c to a 2D matrix Split each slice y=c to a 2D matrix 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 Split each slice z=c to a 2D matrix Saturday, June 8, 13
- 48. Splitting a Dataset Splitby Symbol 2013-02-05 2013-02-01 Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 261.46 266.89268.03AMZN 4012900262.00 266.89 MSFT 27.4427.87 50540000 27.0328.02 27.42 203.57205.02 201.99IBM 204.19 3188800203.79 AMZN 259.98264.68 259.98 3723600259.07262.78 27.93 27.51MSFT 28.05 5556590027.5527.67 204.65 203.37IBM 203.84 3370700205.35 205.18 265.00268.93 6115000AMZN 268.93 262.80 265.00 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol ... 2013-02-05 Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-01 261.46 266.89268.03AMZN 4012900262.00 266.89 AMZN 259.98264.68 259.98 3723600259.07262.78 265.00268.93 6115000AMZN 268.93 262.80 265.00 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol 2013-02-01 Date 2013-02-04 203.57205.02 201.99IBM 204.19 3188800203.79 204.65 203.37IBM 203.84 3370700205.35 205.18 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-01 MSFT 27.4427.87 50540000 27.0328.02 27.42 27.93 27.51MSFT 28.05 5556590027.5527.67 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol Saturday, June 8, 13
- 49. Splitting a Dataset Splitby Date ... 2013-02-05 2013-02-01 Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 261.46 266.89268.03AMZN 4012900262.00 266.89 MSFT 27.4427.87 50540000 27.0328.02 27.42 203.57205.02 201.99IBM 204.19 3188800203.79 AMZN 259.98264.68 259.98 3723600259.07262.78 27.93 27.51MSFT 28.05 5556590027.5527.67 204.65 203.37IBM 203.84 3370700205.35 205.18 265.00268.93 6115000AMZN 268.93 262.80 265.00 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol 2013-02-01 Date 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 27.93 27.51MSFT 28.05 5556590027.5527.67 204.65 203.37IBM 203.84 3370700205.35 205.18 265.00268.93 6115000AMZN 268.93 262.80 265.00 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 MSFT 27.4427.87 50540000 27.0328.02 27.42 203.57205.02 201.99IBM 204.19 3188800203.79 AMZN 259.98264.68 259.98 3723600259.07262.78 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol 2013-02-05 Date 261.46 266.89268.03AMZN 4012900262.00 266.89 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol Saturday, June 8, 13
- 50. Splitting a Dataset Splitby Date ... 2013-02-05 2013-02-01 Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 261.46 266.89268.03AMZN 4012900262.00 266.89 MSFT 27.4427.87 50540000 27.0328.02 27.42 203.57205.02 201.99IBM 204.19 3188800203.79 AMZN 259.98264.68 259.98 3723600259.07262.78 27.93 27.51MSFT 28.05 5556590027.5527.67 204.65 203.37IBM 203.84 3370700205.35 205.18 265.00268.93 6115000AMZN 268.93 262.80 265.00 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol 2013-02-01 Date 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 27.93 27.51MSFT 28.05 5556590027.5527.67 204.65 203.37IBM 203.84 3370700205.35 205.18 265.00268.93 6115000AMZN 268.93 262.80 265.00 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol Date 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 2013-02-04 MSFT 27.4427.87 50540000 27.0328.02 27.42 203.57205.02 201.99IBM 204.19 3188800203.79 AMZN 259.98264.68 259.98 3723600259.07262.78 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol 2013-02-05 Date 261.46 266.89268.03AMZN 4012900262.00 266.89 Adj CloseVolumeCloseLowHighOpenSymbol We’ll see more advanced splitting in the case study Saturday, June 8, 13
- 51.
- 52. Apply (func ) 0 0 1 2 3 Saturday,June 8, 13
- 53. Apply (func ) 0 0 1 2 3 ➜ result Saturday, June 8, 13
- 54. Apply (func ) resultmust be appropriate for output type 0 0 1 2 3 ➜ result Saturday, June 8, 13
- 55. Combine Assemble apply resultsinto output 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 Saturday, June 8, 13
- 56. Implementing ddply in Clojure Saturday,June 8, 13
- 57. Implementing ddply (ns split-apply-combine.ply "Implementationof the split-apply-combine functions, similar to R's plyr library." (:use [incanter.core :only [$data col-names conj-rows dataset]]) (:require [split-apply-combine.core :as sac])) (defn fast-conj-rows "A simple version of conj-rows that runs much faster" [& datasets] (when (seq datasets) (dataset (col-names (first datasets)) (mapcat :rows datasets)))) (defn expr-to-fn [expr] (let [row-param (gensym "row-") kw-map (sac/build-keyword-map expr)] `(fn [~row-param] (let [~@(apply concat (for [[kw sym] kw-map] [sym `(get ~row-param ~kw ~kw)]))] ~(sac/convert-keywords expr kw-map))))) (defn exprs-to-fns [group-by] (if (coll? group-by) (vec (for [item group-by] (if (and (coll? item) (coll? (second item)) (not (#{'fn 'fn*} (first (second item))))) [(first item) (expr-to-fn (second item))] item))) group-by)) (defn split-ds "Perform a split operation on data, which must be a dataset, using the group-by-fns to choose bins. group-by-fns can either be a single function or a collection of functions. In the latter case, the results will be combined to create a key for the bin. Returns a map of the group-by-fns results to datasets including all the rows that had the given result. Note that keyword column names are the most common functions to use for the group-by." [group-by-fns data] (let [cols (col-names data) group-by-fn (if (= 1 (count group-by-fns)) (first group-by-fns) (apply juxt group-by-fns))] (loop [cur (:rows data) row-groups {}] (if (empty? cur) (for [[group rows] row-groups] [group (dataset cols rows)]) (recur (next cur) (let [row (first cur) k (group-by-fn row) a (row-groups k)] (assoc row-groups k (if a (conj a row) [row])))))))) (defn apply-ds "Apply fun to each group in grouped-data returning a sequence of pairs of the original group-keys and the result of applying the function the dataset. See split-ds for information on the grouped-data data structure." [fun grouped-data] (for [[group split-data] grouped-data] [group (fun split-data)])) (defn combine-ds "Combine the datasets in grouped-data into a single dataset including the columns specified in the group-by argument as having the values found in the keys in the grouped data. If there are columns that are in both the key and the dataset, the values in the key have precedence." [group-by grouped-data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by-filter (complement (set group-by))] (apply fast-conj-rows (for [[group data] grouped-data] (let [grouped-cols (zipmap group-by group) union-cols (concat group-by (filter group-by-filter (col-names data)))] (dataset union-cols (map #(merge % grouped-cols) (:rows data)))))))) (defn ddply* "Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that back into a single dataset. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Examples: (ddply* :Symbol (transform :Change = (diff0 :Close)) stock-data) (ddply* [[:Month #((juxt year month) (:timestamp %)]] (colwise :Volume sum) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] (ddply* group-by fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by (for [item group-by] (if (coll? item) item [item item]))] (->> data (split-ds (map second group-by)) (apply-ds fun) (combine-ds (map first group-by)))))) (defmacro ddply "Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. This macro is a wrapper on ddply* which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by argument. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that back into a single dataset. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword key-expr] where the exression key-expr is tranformed to a function and in expr are expanded to accessors on rows. The resulting function is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Examples: (ddply :Symbol (transform :Change = (diff0 :Close)) stock-data) (ddply [[:Month ((juxt year month) :timestamp]]] (colwise :Volume sum) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] `(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] `(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data))) (defn d_ply* "Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of fun and is used for fun's side effects. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Example: (d_ply* :Symbol #(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %)) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] (ddply* group-by fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by (for [item group-by] (if (coll? item) item [item item]))] (dorun (->> data (split-ds (map second group-by)) (apply-ds fun)))))) (defmacro d_ply "Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of fun and is used for fun's side effects. This macro is a wrapper on d_ply* which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by argument. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Example: (d_ply :Symbol #(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %)) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] `(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] `(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data))) Saturday, June 8, 13
- 58. Implementing ddply -Split (ns split-apply-combine.ply "Implementation of the split-apply-combine functions, similar to R's plyr library." (:use [incanter.core :only [$data col-names conj-rows dataset]]) (:require [split-apply-combine.core :as sac])) (defn fast-conj-rows "A simple version of conj-rows that runs much faster" [& datasets] (when (seq datasets) (dataset (col-names (first datasets)) (mapcat :rows datasets)))) (defn expr-to-fn [expr] (let [row-param (gensym "row-") kw-map (sac/build-keyword-map expr)] `(fn [~row-param] (let [~@(apply concat (for [[kw sym] kw-map] [sym `(get ~row-param ~kw ~kw)]))] ~(sac/convert-keywords expr kw-map))))) (defn exprs-to-fns [group-by] (if (coll? group-by) (vec (for [item group-by] (if (and (coll? item) (coll? (second item)) (not (#{'fn 'fn*} (first (second item))))) [(first item) (expr-to-fn (second item))] item))) group-by)) (defn split-ds "Perform a split operation on data, which must be a dataset, using the group-by-fns to choose bins. group-by-fns can either be a single function or a collection of functions. In the latter case, the results will be combined to create a key for the bin. Returns a map of the group-by-fns results to datasets including all the rows that had the given result. Note that keyword column names are the most common functions to use for the group-by." [group-by-fns data] (let [cols (col-names data) group-by-fn (if (= 1 (count group-by-fns)) (first group-by-fns) (apply juxt group-by-fns))] (loop [cur (:rows data) row-groups {}] (if (empty? cur) (for [[group rows] row-groups] [group (dataset cols rows)]) (recur (next cur) (let [row (first cur) k (group-by-fn row) a (row-groups k)] (assoc row-groups k (if a (conj a row) [row])))))))) (defn apply-ds "Apply fun to each group in grouped-data returning a sequence of pairs of the original group-keys and the result of applying the function the dataset. See split-ds for information on the grouped-data data structure." [fun grouped-data] (for [[group split-data] grouped-data] [group (fun split-data)])) (defn combine-ds "Combine the datasets in grouped-data into a single dataset including the columns specified in the group-by argument as having the values found in the keys in the grouped data. If there are columns that are in both the key and the dataset, the values in the key have precedence." [group-by grouped-data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by-filter (complement (set group-by))] (apply fast-conj-rows (for [[group data] grouped-data] (let [grouped-cols (zipmap group-by group) union-cols (concat group-by (filter group-by-filter (col-names data)))] (dataset union-cols (map #(merge % grouped-cols) (:rows data)))))))) (defn ddply* "Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that back into a single dataset. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Examples: (ddply* :Symbol (transform :Change = (diff0 :Close)) stock-data) (ddply* [[:Month #((juxt year month) (:timestamp %)]] (colwise :Volume sum) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] (ddply* group-by fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by (for [item group-by] (if (coll? item) item [item item]))] (->> data (split-ds (map second group-by)) (apply-ds fun) (combine-ds (map first group-by)))))) (defmacro ddply "Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. This macro is a wrapper on ddply* which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by argument. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that back into a single dataset. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword key-expr] where the exression key-expr is tranformed to a function and in expr are expanded to accessors on rows. The resulting function is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Examples: (ddply :Symbol (transform :Change = (diff0 :Close)) stock-data) (ddply [[:Month ((juxt year month) :timestamp]]] (colwise :Volume sum) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] `(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] `(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data))) (defn d_ply* "Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of fun and is used for fun's side effects. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Example: (d_ply* :Symbol #(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %)) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] (ddply* group-by fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by (for [item group-by] (if (coll? item) item [item item]))] (dorun (->> data (split-ds (map second group-by)) (apply-ds fun)))))) (defmacro d_ply "Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of fun and is used for fun's side effects. This macro is a wrapper on d_ply* which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by argument. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Example: (d_ply :Symbol #(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %)) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] `(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] `(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data))) (defn split-ds [group-by-fns data] (let [cols (col-names data) group-by-fn (if (= 1 (count group-by-fns)) (first group-by-fns) (apply juxt group-by-fns))] (loop [cur (:rows data) row-groups {}] (if (empty? cur) (for [[group rows] row-groups] [group (dataset cols rows)]) (recur (next cur) (let [row (first cur) k (group-by-fn row) a (row-groups k)] (assoc row-groups k (if a (conj a row) [row])))))))) Saturday, June 8, 13
- 59. Implementing ddply -Apply (ns split-apply-combine.ply "Implementation of the split-apply-combine functions, similar to R's plyr library." (:use [incanter.core :only [$data col-names conj-rows dataset]]) (:require [split-apply-combine.core :as sac])) (defn fast-conj-rows "A simple version of conj-rows that runs much faster" [& datasets] (when (seq datasets) (dataset (col-names (first datasets)) (mapcat :rows datasets)))) (defn expr-to-fn [expr] (let [row-param (gensym "row-") kw-map (sac/build-keyword-map expr)] `(fn [~row-param] (let [~@(apply concat (for [[kw sym] kw-map] [sym `(get ~row-param ~kw ~kw)]))] ~(sac/convert-keywords expr kw-map))))) (defn exprs-to-fns [group-by] (if (coll? group-by) (vec (for [item group-by] (if (and (coll? item) (coll? (second item)) (not (#{'fn 'fn*} (first (second item))))) [(first item) (expr-to-fn (second item))] item))) group-by)) (defn split-ds "Perform a split operation on data, which must be a dataset, using the group-by-fns to choose bins. group-by-fns can either be a single function or a collection of functions. In the latter case, the results will be combined to create a key for the bin. Returns a map of the group-by-fns results to datasets including all the rows that had the given result. Note that keyword column names are the most common functions to use for the group-by." [group-by-fns data] (let [cols (col-names data) group-by-fn (if (= 1 (count group-by-fns)) (first group-by-fns) (apply juxt group-by-fns))] (loop [cur (:rows data) row-groups {}] (if (empty? cur) (for [[group rows] row-groups] [group (dataset cols rows)]) (recur (next cur) (let [row (first cur) k (group-by-fn row) a (row-groups k)] (assoc row-groups k (if a (conj a row) [row])))))))) (defn apply-ds "Apply fun to each group in grouped-data returning a sequence of pairs of the original group-keys and the result of applying the function the dataset. See split-ds for information on the grouped-data data structure." [fun grouped-data] (for [[group split-data] grouped-data] [group (fun split-data)])) (defn combine-ds "Combine the datasets in grouped-data into a single dataset including the columns specified in the group-by argument as having the values found in the keys in the grouped data. If there are columns that are in both the key and the dataset, the values in the key have precedence." [group-by grouped-data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by-filter (complement (set group-by))] (apply fast-conj-rows (for [[group data] grouped-data] (let [grouped-cols (zipmap group-by group) union-cols (concat group-by (filter group-by-filter (col-names data)))] (dataset union-cols (map #(merge % grouped-cols) (:rows data)))))))) (defn ddply* "Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that back into a single dataset. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Examples: (ddply* :Symbol (transform :Change = (diff0 :Close)) stock-data) (ddply* [[:Month #((juxt year month) (:timestamp %)]] (colwise :Volume sum) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] (ddply* group-by fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by (for [item group-by] (if (coll? item) item [item item]))] (->> data (split-ds (map second group-by)) (apply-ds fun) (combine-ds (map first group-by)))))) (defmacro ddply "Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. This macro is a wrapper on ddply* which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by argument. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that back into a single dataset. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword key-expr] where the exression key-expr is tranformed to a function and in expr are expanded to accessors on rows. The resulting function is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Examples: (ddply :Symbol (transform :Change = (diff0 :Close)) stock-data) (ddply [[:Month ((juxt year month) :timestamp]]] (colwise :Volume sum) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] `(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] `(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data))) (defn d_ply* "Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of fun and is used for fun's side effects. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Example: (d_ply* :Symbol #(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %)) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] (ddply* group-by fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by (for [item group-by] (if (coll? item) item [item item]))] (dorun (->> data (split-ds (map second group-by)) (apply-ds fun)))))) (defmacro d_ply "Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of fun and is used for fun's side effects. This macro is a wrapper on d_ply* which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by argument. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Example: (d_ply :Symbol #(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %)) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] `(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] `(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data))) (defn apply-ds [fun grouped-data] (for [[group split-data] grouped-data] [group (fun split-data)])) Saturday, June 8, 13
- 60. Implementing ddply -Combine (ns split-apply-combine.ply "Implementation of the split-apply-combine functions, similar to R's plyr library." (:use [incanter.core :only [$data col-names conj-rows dataset]]) (:require [split-apply-combine.core :as sac])) (defn fast-conj-rows "A simple version of conj-rows that runs much faster" [& datasets] (when (seq datasets) (dataset (col-names (first datasets)) (mapcat :rows datasets)))) (defn expr-to-fn [expr] (let [row-param (gensym "row-") kw-map (sac/build-keyword-map expr)] `(fn [~row-param] (let [~@(apply concat (for [[kw sym] kw-map] [sym `(get ~row-param ~kw ~kw)]))] ~(sac/convert-keywords expr kw-map))))) (defn exprs-to-fns [group-by] (if (coll? group-by) (vec (for [item group-by] (if (and (coll? item) (coll? (second item)) (not (#{'fn 'fn*} (first (second item))))) [(first item) (expr-to-fn (second item))] item))) group-by)) (defn split-ds "Perform a split operation on data, which must be a dataset, using the group-by-fns to choose bins. group-by-fns can either be a single function or a collection of functions. In the latter case, the results will be combined to create a key for the bin. Returns a map of the group-by-fns results to datasets including all the rows that had the given result. Note that keyword column names are the most common functions to use for the group-by." [group-by-fns data] (let [cols (col-names data) group-by-fn (if (= 1 (count group-by-fns)) (first group-by-fns) (apply juxt group-by-fns))] (loop [cur (:rows data) row-groups {}] (if (empty? cur) (for [[group rows] row-groups] [group (dataset cols rows)]) (recur (next cur) (let [row (first cur) k (group-by-fn row) a (row-groups k)] (assoc row-groups k (if a (conj a row) [row])))))))) (defn apply-ds "Apply fun to each group in grouped-data returning a sequence of pairs of the original group-keys and the result of applying the function the dataset. See split-ds for information on the grouped-data data structure." [fun grouped-data] (for [[group split-data] grouped-data] [group (fun split-data)])) (defn combine-ds "Combine the datasets in grouped-data into a single dataset including the columns specified in the group-by argument as having the values found in the keys in the grouped data. If there are columns that are in both the key and the dataset, the values in the key have precedence." [group-by grouped-data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by-filter (complement (set group-by))] (apply fast-conj-rows (for [[group data] grouped-data] (let [grouped-cols (zipmap group-by group) union-cols (concat group-by (filter group-by-filter (col-names data)))] (dataset union-cols (map #(merge % grouped-cols) (:rows data)))))))) (defn ddply* "Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that back into a single dataset. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Examples: (ddply* :Symbol (transform :Change = (diff0 :Close)) stock-data) (ddply* [[:Month #((juxt year month) (:timestamp %)]] (colwise :Volume sum) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] (ddply* group-by fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by (for [item group-by] (if (coll? item) item [item item]))] (->> data (split-ds (map second group-by)) (apply-ds fun) (combine-ds (map first group-by)))))) (defmacro ddply "Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. This macro is a wrapper on ddply* which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by argument. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that back into a single dataset. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword key-expr] where the exression key-expr is tranformed to a function and in expr are expanded to accessors on rows. The resulting function is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Examples: (ddply :Symbol (transform :Change = (diff0 :Close)) stock-data) (ddply [[:Month ((juxt year month) :timestamp]]] (colwise :Volume sum) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] `(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] `(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data))) (defn d_ply* "Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of fun and is used for fun's side effects. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Example: (d_ply* :Symbol #(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %)) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] (ddply* group-by fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by (for [item group-by] (if (coll? item) item [item item]))] (dorun (->> data (split-ds (map second group-by)) (apply-ds fun)))))) (defmacro d_ply "Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of fun and is used for fun's side effects. This macro is a wrapper on d_ply* which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by argument. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Example: (d_ply :Symbol #(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %)) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] `(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] `(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data))) (defn combine-ds [group-by grouped-data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by-filter (complement (set group-by))] (apply fast-conj-rows (for [[group data] grouped-data] (let [grouped-cols (zipmap group-by group) union-cols (concat group-by (filter group-by-filter (col-names data)))] (dataset union-cols (map #(merge % grouped-cols) (:rows data)))))))) Saturday, June 8, 13
- 61. Implementing ddply -Putting it all together (ns split-apply-combine.ply "Implementation of the split-apply-combine functions, similar to R's plyr library." (:use [incanter.core :only [$data col-names conj-rows dataset]]) (:require [split-apply-combine.core :as sac])) (defn fast-conj-rows "A simple version of conj-rows that runs much faster" [& datasets] (when (seq datasets) (dataset (col-names (first datasets)) (mapcat :rows datasets)))) (defn expr-to-fn [expr] (let [row-param (gensym "row-") kw-map (sac/build-keyword-map expr)] `(fn [~row-param] (let [~@(apply concat (for [[kw sym] kw-map] [sym `(get ~row-param ~kw ~kw)]))] ~(sac/convert-keywords expr kw-map))))) (defn exprs-to-fns [group-by] (if (coll? group-by) (vec (for [item group-by] (if (and (coll? item) (coll? (second item)) (not (#{'fn 'fn*} (first (second item))))) [(first item) (expr-to-fn (second item))] item))) group-by)) (defn split-ds "Perform a split operation on data, which must be a dataset, using the group-by-fns to choose bins. group-by-fns can either be a single function or a collection of functions. In the latter case, the results will be combined to create a key for the bin. Returns a map of the group-by-fns results to datasets including all the rows that had the given result. Note that keyword column names are the most common functions to use for the group-by." [group-by-fns data] (let [cols (col-names data) group-by-fn (if (= 1 (count group-by-fns)) (first group-by-fns) (apply juxt group-by-fns))] (loop [cur (:rows data) row-groups {}] (if (empty? cur) (for [[group rows] row-groups] [group (dataset cols rows)]) (recur (next cur) (let [row (first cur) k (group-by-fn row) a (row-groups k)] (assoc row-groups k (if a (conj a row) [row])))))))) (defn apply-ds "Apply fun to each group in grouped-data returning a sequence of pairs of the original group-keys and the result of applying the function the dataset. See split-ds for information on the grouped-data data structure." [fun grouped-data] (for [[group split-data] grouped-data] [group (fun split-data)])) (defn combine-ds "Combine the datasets in grouped-data into a single dataset including the columns specified in the group-by argument as having the values found in the keys in the grouped data. If there are columns that are in both the key and the dataset, the values in the key have precedence." [group-by grouped-data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by-filter (complement (set group-by))] (apply fast-conj-rows (for [[group data] grouped-data] (let [grouped-cols (zipmap group-by group) union-cols (concat group-by (filter group-by-filter (col-names data)))] (dataset union-cols (map #(merge % grouped-cols) (:rows data)))))))) (defn ddply* "Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that back into a single dataset. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Examples: (ddply* :Symbol (transform :Change = (diff0 :Close)) stock-data) (ddply* [[:Month #((juxt year month) (:timestamp %)]] (colwise :Volume sum) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] (ddply* group-by fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by (for [item group-by] (if (coll? item) item [item item]))] (->> data (split-ds (map second group-by)) (apply-ds fun) (combine-ds (map first group-by)))))) (defmacro ddply "Split-apply-combine from datasets to datasets. This macro is a wrapper on ddply* which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by argument. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and combines the result of that back into a single dataset. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword key-expr] where the exression key-expr is tranformed to a function and in expr are expanded to accessors on rows. The resulting function is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Examples: (ddply :Symbol (transform :Change = (diff0 :Close)) stock-data) (ddply [[:Month ((juxt year month) :timestamp]]] (colwise :Volume sum) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] `(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] `(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data))) (defn d_ply* "Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of fun and is used for fun's side effects. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Example: (d_ply* :Symbol #(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %)) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] (ddply* group-by fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by (for [item group-by] (if (coll? item) item [item item]))] (dorun (->> data (split-ds (map second group-by)) (apply-ds fun)))))) (defmacro d_ply "Split-apply-combine from datasets to nothing. This version ignores the output of fun and is used for fun's side effects. This macro is a wrapper on d_ply* which provides translation of simple column-referencing expressions in the group-by argument. Splits data into a the group of datasets as specified by the group-by argument, applies fun to each of the resulting datasets and then drops the result. The group-by argument can be a keyword or collection of keywords which specify the columns to group by. It can also include pairs [keyword keyfn] where the function keyfun is applied to each row to generate the key for that row. When the groups are combined, keyword is used as the column name for the resulting column. The two types of group-by specifications can be mixed. The result of the apply function can contain the same columns names as the original dataset or different ones. It can contain the same number of rows as the original, a different number, or a single row. If data is not specified, it defaults to the currently bound value of $data. Example: (d_ply :Symbol #(view (bar-chart :Date :Volume :data %)) stock-data)" ([group-by fun] `(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] `(d_ply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data))) (defn ddply* ([group-by fun] (ddply* group-by fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] (let [group-by (if (coll? group-by) group-by [group-by]) group-by (for [item group-by] (if (coll? item) item [item item]))] (->> data (split-ds (map second group-by)) (apply-ds fun) (combine-ds (map first group-by)))))) (defmacro ddply ([group-by fun] `(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun $data)) ([group-by fun data] `(ddply* ~(exprs-to-fns group-by) ~fun ~data))) Saturday, June 8, 13
- 62. Support functions -colwise (ddply :Symbol (colwise :num stats/mean) tech-stocks) Saturday, June 8, 13
- 63. Support functions -transform (ddply :Symbol (transform :Change = (diff0 :Close) :Date =* (time-format/parse (time-format/formatters :year-month-day) :Date)) tech-stocks) Saturday, June 8, 13
- 64. A Case Study Saturday,June 8, 13
- 65. A Case Study “SpaceCurvedelivers instantaneous intelligence for location-based services, commodities, defense, emergency services and other markets. The company is developing Big Data solutions that continuously store and immediately analyze massive amounts of multidimensional data.” Performance analysis of large-scale geospatial- temporal ingest and query on the SpaceCurve multidimensional DB Saturday, June 8, 13
- 66. Our Sample Problem cpu23cpu11 cpu22cpu10 cpu09cpu21 cpu20cpu08 cpu15 cpu16 cpu17 cpu14 cpu12 cpu19 cpu13 cpu18 cpu07 cpu06 cpu05 cpu04 cpu03 cpu02 cpu01 cpu00 cpu23cpu11 cpu22cpu10 cpu09 cpu21 cpu20cpu08 cpu15 cpu16 cpu17 cpu14 cpu12 cpu19 cpu13 cpu18 cpu07 cpu06 cpu05 cpu04 cpu03 cpu02 cpu01 cpu00 cpu23cpu11 cpu22cpu10 cpu09 cpu21 cpu20cpu08 cpu15 cpu16 cpu17 cpu14 cpu12 cpu19 cpu13 cpu18 cpu07 cpu06 cpu05 cpu04 cpu03 cpu02 cpu01 cpu00 cpu23cpu11 cpu22cpu10 cpu09 cpu21 cpu20cpu08 cpu15 cpu16 cpu17 cpu14 cpu12 cpu19 cpu13 cpu18 cpu07 cpu06 cpu05 cpu04 cpu03 cpu02 cpu01 cpu00 cpu23cpu11 cpu22cpu10 cpu09 cpu21 cpu20cpu08 cpu15 cpu16 cpu17 cpu14 cpu12 cpu19 cpu13 cpu18 cpu07 cpu06 cpu05 cpu04 cpu03 cpu02 cpu01 cpu00 cpu23cpu11 cpu22cpu10 cpu09 cpu21 cpu20cpu08 cpu15 cpu16 cpu17 cpu14 cpu12 cpu19 cpu13 cpu18 cpu07 cpu06 cpu05 cpu04 cpu03 cpu02 cpu01 cpu00 10GB/s/channel switch External Clients 10.0.1.101 10.0.1.102 10.0.1.107 10.0.1.109 10.0.1.111 10.0.1.112 ‣CPU load data ‣6 systems ‣24 cores/each ‣6 data points ‣1 sample/second ‣~38 minutes run time Total of ~2 million data points Small subset of the overall SpaceCurve analysis Saturday, June 8, 13
- 67. Time to seeit work... Saturday, June 8, 13
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- 70. Where to? • Afull library implementation of Split-Apply-Combine and helpers Saturday, June 8, 13
- 71. Where to? • Afull library implementation of Split-Apply-Combine and helpers • Add to Incanter? Saturday, June 8, 13
- 72. Where to? • Afull library implementation of Split-Apply-Combine and helpers • Add to Incanter? • Performance optimizations (mutable intermediate results, column-oriented datasets) Saturday, June 8, 13
- 73. Where to? • Afull library implementation of Split-Apply-Combine and helpers • Add to Incanter? • Performance optimizations (mutable intermediate results, column-oriented datasets) • Implementation based on reducers and parallelism Saturday, June 8, 13
- 74. Where to? • Afull library implementation of Split-Apply-Combine and helpers • Add to Incanter? • Performance optimizations (mutable intermediate results, column-oriented datasets) • Implementation based on reducers and parallelism • Explore the continuum from data exploration tools (R, Incanter) to large-scale data analysis (Hadoop, Cascalog, SpaceCurve, etc.) Saturday, June 8, 13
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- 76. References • Source forthis presentation: https://www.github.com/tomfaulhaber/split- apply-combine • The R Project: http://www.r-project.org • The plyr home page: http://plyr.had.co.nz • Hadley Wickham, The Split-Apply-Combine Strategy for Data Analysis, Journal of Statistical Software, April 2011, Volume 40, Issue 1 • Incanter project: http://incanter.org • Eric Rochester, The Clojure Data Analysis Cookbook, Packt Publishing, 2013 • Bruce Durling, Quick and Dirty Data Science with Incanter, talk from EuroClojure 2012, http://confreaks.com/videos/2071-euroclojure2012-quick- and-dirty-data-science-with-incanter • Spacecurve: http://www.spacecurve.com Tom Faulhaber twitter: @tomfaulhaber github: tomfaulhaber Saturday, June 8, 13
- 77. Photo Credits • FloridaHome - anoldent on flickr (http://www.flickr.com/photos/anoldent/2405722434/) • Midland Coal Mine - jasonwoodhead23 on flickr (http://www.flickr.com/photos/woodhead/8522679843/) • Paradise - Antti Simonen on flickr (http://www.flickr.com/photos/anttisimonen/6041095682/) • Traders on the Exchange - thetaxhaven on flickr (http://www.flickr.com/photos/83532250@N06/7651028854) • Louvre - dynamosquito on flickr (http://www.flickr.com/photos/25182210@N07/2802458437/) • Construction - Aapo Haapanen on flickr (http://www.flickr.com/photos/decade_null/214247988/) • Server farm - from the Spacecurve website (http://www.spacecurve.com) • Sailboat race - Ryk Van Toronto on flickr (http://www.flickr.com/photos/sydandsaskia/394507351) • Arguing Philosophers - David Schroeter on flickr (http://www.flickr.com/photos/53477785@N00/92134612/) Saturday, June 8, 13