Spiritualism (from lat. spiritualis "spiritual") is a philosophical doctrine, in contrast to materialism, which considers the beginning or substance of things not matter, but spirit. The term was introduced at the end of the 17th century by Leibniz. Spiritualism is distinguished as psychological and metaphysical teaching. In psychology, spiritualism affirms the existence of the human spirit as the substance of mental phenomena; in metaphysics, he assumes that the basis of the physical world is a substance or substance similar to the human spirit. Representatives of spiritualism are G. V. Leibniz, J. Berkeley, Main de Biran, V. Cousin, R. G. Lotze, G. Teichmüller, A. Bergson, in Russia - L. M. Lopatin, A. A. Kozlov, E. A. Bobrov , S. A. Askoldov and others.
Spiritualism is close to such teachings as personalism and panpsychism, and these terms can be used as a synonym for it. Thinkers ranked among the supporters of spiritualism called their doctrines differently: G. Teichmüller - "personalism", A. A. Kozlov - "panpsychism", L. M. Lopatin - "concrete spiritualism", E. A. Bobrov - " critical individualism, etc. All these doctrines are united by the recognition of the spirit as a primary, non-derivative reality, irreducible to either material or ideal principles. Spiritualism should be distinguished from other forms of idealism, which place the beginning of things in abstract ideas. According to the supporters of spiritualism, the spirit is not an idea, but a living force or a being that acts and interacts with other beings.
Philosophical spiritualism should not be confused with spiritualism, an occult doctrine that believes in communication with the spirits of the dead and is also sometimes called spiritualism. The greatest philosophers-spiritualists did not express sympathy for spiritualism, and some of them, for example, A. A. Kozlov and G. Teichmüller, treated it negatively. Kozlov, in particular, believed that the ideas of spiritists about the soul are of a grossly materialistic nature.
Time management, time management, and time management ( English time management ) is a technology for organizing time and increasing the efficiency of its use.
Time management is the act or process of exercising conscious control over the time spent on specific activities in order to specifically increase efficiency and productivity. Time management can help you develop a range of skills, tools, and techniques to help you complete specific tasks, projects, and goals. This set includes a wide range of activities, namely: planning, allocation, goal setting, delegation, time analysis, monitoring, organizing, listing and prioritization. Governance was originally attributed only to business or labour activity, but over time the term has expanded to include personal activity with the same justification. A time management system is a combination of processes, tools, techniques and methods.
UNICEF works to improve the health and nutrition of children in Europe and Central Asia. Together with our partners, we are strengthening health systems, expanding immunization coverage, supporting health programs and funding
The Europe and Central Asia region has outperformed the rest of the world in the rate of decline in child mortality, with deaths of children under five and infants more than halved since the 1990s. As the situation of the poorest households improves, the difference in the health status of the richest and poorest populations decreases.
However, persistent inequalities reflect a failure to effectively invest in child-centred universal health systems. For example, in South-Eastern Europe, the mortality of Roma children is two to three times higher than the national average.
Mandatory requirements for food additives are established in the technical regulation of the Customs Union "Safety requirements for food additives, flavours and technological aids" (TR TS 029/2012). There is also a list of permitted food additives, in which types of products they can be used and in what concentration.
A food additive is any substance (or a mixture of substances) that has or does not have its own nutritional value, is not usually consumed directly in food, and is intentionally used in the production of food products for the technological purpose to ensure manufacturing, transportation and storage processes, which leads or may lead to to the fact that the given substance or the products of its transformations become components of food products.
A food additive can perform several technological functions:
obtaining a taste or aroma;
giving colour;
formation of consistency;
increase in storage time;
preservation of certain qualities of the product.
According to this classification, food additives are divided into several main groups:
E100-199 - dyes - designed to give, enhance or restore the colour of food products;
E200-299 - preservatives - designed to increase the shelf life of food products by protecting against the growth of microorganisms.
E300-399 - antioxidants - designed to slow down the oxidation process and increase shelf life.
E400-499 - stabilizers - designed to provide aggregative stability and maintain a uniform dispersion of immiscible ingredients.
E500-599 - emulsifiers - designed to create and maintain a homogeneous mixture of immiscible phases in a food product.
E600-699 - flavour enhancers (aroma) - designed to enhance the taste or modify the natural taste and aroma of products.
E700-899 - spare numbers.
E900 and beyond: defoamers, glazing agents, enzyme preparations, anti-caking agents (anti-caking agents), flour treatment agents, water-retaining agents, gelling agents, thickeners, acids, fillers, carriers, sweeteners, propellants, leavening agents, acidity regulators, stabilizers, packaging gases, sealants, fixatives (stabilizers) of colouring.
A dietary supplement is intended to provide nutrients that could not otherwise be consumed in sufficient amounts with normal nutrition.
Dietary supplements include vitamins, minerals, fibre, fatty acids or amino acids.
US authorities define dietary supplements as food, while elsewhere they may be classified as drugs or other products.
These products are not intended to prevent or cure any disease and, in some cases, are dangerous, according to the National Institutes of Health.
For those who cannot have a balanced diet, the National Institute of Health says that supplements are "of value" in people's lives.
According to the United States and specifically the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), dietary supplements are products that are not drugs, food additives such as spices or preservatives, or conventional foods and that meet one of the following criteria:
The product is intended to supplement a person's diet, although it cannot be used as a meal replacement.
The product is or contains a vitamin, a dietary element, a plant used for phytotherapy or used as a medicinal plant; amino acids or any other substance that contributes to filling the shortage of food.
The product is labelled as a dietary supplement.
It is up to the manufacturer to verify and ensure the safety of dietary supplements.
The basics of service marketing include being able to group and characterize our service so that we can place it on the market. In this way, we can carry out more effective marketing activities than our competitors.
The service provider usually receives money for the service, but there are also services that are, for example, included in the price of a product. This could be, for example, the warranty repair of an electronic device (washing machine), the maintenance of a car or a replacement service.
The service sector (tertiary sector) is one of the three most important economic sectors of developed economies. Services are essentially the summary name of activities performed to satisfy needs.
Seminar (from lat. seminarium - nursery, greenhouse) - a form of educational and practical classes, in which students (students, interns) discuss messages, reports and abstracts made by them based on the results of educational or scientific research under the guidance of a teacher.
Definition
According to the TSB, a seminar is a type of educational practical training, consisting of the discussion by students of messages, reports, and abstracts made by them based on the results of educational research under the guidance of teachers; an independent form of thematic training sessions not related to lecture courses.
The teacher in this case is the coordinator of discussions on the topic of the seminar, preparation for which is mandatory. Therefore, the topic of the seminar and the main sources of discussion are presented before the discussion for detailed acquaintance, and study. The objectives of the discussions are aimed at developing the skills of professional debate and consolidating the material under discussion. Seminars are an effective form of training engineering and scientific-pedagogical personnel in universities.
Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrinological disease, in which carbohydrate metabolism is disturbed mainly. The consequences of this disease can be tragic if you do not start treatment on time and ignore the special menu for diabetes.
Nutrition plays an important role in the treatment of this disease. Currently, diabetes is a chronic condition, but with the right diet, its devastating effects on the body can be minimal.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus requires an individual menu selection, so if you have this disease, be sure to consult a doctor. The menu below for diabetes is indicative.
The basic principles of the menu for type 2 diabetes:
It is necessary to exclude or sharply reduce the number of simple carbohydrates in food - sugar, honey, jam, chocolate, cakes, cookies, marmalade, semolina and rice cereal. Only occasionally can you use these products. Also, these products may be necessary for the relief of a hypoglycemic state.
The diet of patients should contain mainly complex carbohydrates, sources - grain or bran bread, cereals, vegetables, fruits and berries.
All fruits and vegetables are divided into 3 groups:
Group 1 - these are products containing up to 5 g of carbohydrates per 100 g of product. This group includes cucumbers, tomatoes, white cabbage and cauliflower, zucchini, eggplant, lettuce, sorrel, spinach, rhubarb, radish, mushrooms, pumpkin, cranberries, lemons, sea buckthorn, apples and sour plums. These products can be consumed up to 600-800 g per day.
Products of the 2nd group containing from 5 to 10 g of carbohydrates per 100 g. This group includes carrots, beets, onions, rutabaga, celery, sweet peppers, beans, tangerines, oranges, grapefruit, apricots, cherry plum, watermelon, melon, pear, peaches, cranberries, wild strawberries, raspberries, currants, blueberries, sweet apples and plums. They should be consumed no more than 200 g per day.
And finally, group 3. These are foods containing more than 10 g of carbohydrates per 100 g. It includes potatoes, green peas, sweet potatoes, pineapples, bananas, pomegranates, cherries, figs, dates, persimmons, cherries, grapes, raisins, dried apricots, and prunes. Their use in the menu for diabetes is not recommended, or it is extremely rare to do so. Potatoes are allowed in the amount of 200-300 g per day, taking into account the total amount of carbohydrates.
Proper nutrition for weight loss_ a menu for every day.pdfdar i arqam
The diet for weight loss according to the system of proper nutrition (PP) can be treated differently. You can criticize and find flaws in it or fanatically adhere to it all your life, enjoying your appearance. But the fact that the PP system is effective and has helped thousands of fat people who have dropped their hands is a fact proven by time and confirmed by nutritionists.
Proper nutrition is not only cabbage salads and steamed fish. Under the PP system, millions of recipes for breakfast, lunch and dinner have been created, many of which satisfy the needs of the body and deserve to be included in the plan for proper nutrition of every person!
PP program
Focus on the "food pyramid", according to which 40% of the dishes on your table should contain complex carbohydrates (these include whole grain bread, all types of cereals except semolina, as well as cereals), 35% are fresh and steamed or baked vegetables and fruits, and 20% are healthy proteins (lean meat, any kind of poultry and fish, sour-milk and dairy products). The remaining 5% can be fat and sugar.
Combine meat with vegetables and fruits.
If you really want it, then you can have a little sweet. But do not exceed the allowable rate of sugar-containing products per day - 5 teaspoons. Better yet, replace the sugar with honey. All desserts can be consumed only in the first half of the day in order to have time to burn the calories received before the evening.
Make sure that your body receives a sufficient amount of protein (a person needs at least 100-150 g per day). Protein is a building material that renews cells and maintains muscle performance. If you have given up meat and poultry, you should eat vegetable proteins, which are present in large quantities in legumes, nuts and soy.
Avoid convenience foods, fast food and sauces, as well as canned food. Sugar and salt are added in large quantities even to ketchup.
Time management, time management, and time management ( English time management ) is a technology for organizing time and increasing the efficiency of its use.
Time management is the act or process of exercising conscious control over the time spent on specific activities in order to specifically increase efficiency and productivity. Time management can help you develop a range of skills, tools, and techniques to help you complete specific tasks, projects, and goals. This set includes a wide range of activities, namely: planning, allocation, goal setting, delegation, time analysis, monitoring, organizing, listing and prioritization. Governance was originally attributed only to business or labour activity, but over time the term has expanded to include personal activity with the same justification. A time management system is a combination of processes, tools, techniques and methods.
UNICEF works to improve the health and nutrition of children in Europe and Central Asia. Together with our partners, we are strengthening health systems, expanding immunization coverage, supporting health programs and funding
The Europe and Central Asia region has outperformed the rest of the world in the rate of decline in child mortality, with deaths of children under five and infants more than halved since the 1990s. As the situation of the poorest households improves, the difference in the health status of the richest and poorest populations decreases.
However, persistent inequalities reflect a failure to effectively invest in child-centred universal health systems. For example, in South-Eastern Europe, the mortality of Roma children is two to three times higher than the national average.
Mandatory requirements for food additives are established in the technical regulation of the Customs Union "Safety requirements for food additives, flavours and technological aids" (TR TS 029/2012). There is also a list of permitted food additives, in which types of products they can be used and in what concentration.
A food additive is any substance (or a mixture of substances) that has or does not have its own nutritional value, is not usually consumed directly in food, and is intentionally used in the production of food products for the technological purpose to ensure manufacturing, transportation and storage processes, which leads or may lead to to the fact that the given substance or the products of its transformations become components of food products.
A food additive can perform several technological functions:
obtaining a taste or aroma;
giving colour;
formation of consistency;
increase in storage time;
preservation of certain qualities of the product.
According to this classification, food additives are divided into several main groups:
E100-199 - dyes - designed to give, enhance or restore the colour of food products;
E200-299 - preservatives - designed to increase the shelf life of food products by protecting against the growth of microorganisms.
E300-399 - antioxidants - designed to slow down the oxidation process and increase shelf life.
E400-499 - stabilizers - designed to provide aggregative stability and maintain a uniform dispersion of immiscible ingredients.
E500-599 - emulsifiers - designed to create and maintain a homogeneous mixture of immiscible phases in a food product.
E600-699 - flavour enhancers (aroma) - designed to enhance the taste or modify the natural taste and aroma of products.
E700-899 - spare numbers.
E900 and beyond: defoamers, glazing agents, enzyme preparations, anti-caking agents (anti-caking agents), flour treatment agents, water-retaining agents, gelling agents, thickeners, acids, fillers, carriers, sweeteners, propellants, leavening agents, acidity regulators, stabilizers, packaging gases, sealants, fixatives (stabilizers) of colouring.
A dietary supplement is intended to provide nutrients that could not otherwise be consumed in sufficient amounts with normal nutrition.
Dietary supplements include vitamins, minerals, fibre, fatty acids or amino acids.
US authorities define dietary supplements as food, while elsewhere they may be classified as drugs or other products.
These products are not intended to prevent or cure any disease and, in some cases, are dangerous, according to the National Institutes of Health.
For those who cannot have a balanced diet, the National Institute of Health says that supplements are "of value" in people's lives.
According to the United States and specifically the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), dietary supplements are products that are not drugs, food additives such as spices or preservatives, or conventional foods and that meet one of the following criteria:
The product is intended to supplement a person's diet, although it cannot be used as a meal replacement.
The product is or contains a vitamin, a dietary element, a plant used for phytotherapy or used as a medicinal plant; amino acids or any other substance that contributes to filling the shortage of food.
The product is labelled as a dietary supplement.
It is up to the manufacturer to verify and ensure the safety of dietary supplements.
The basics of service marketing include being able to group and characterize our service so that we can place it on the market. In this way, we can carry out more effective marketing activities than our competitors.
The service provider usually receives money for the service, but there are also services that are, for example, included in the price of a product. This could be, for example, the warranty repair of an electronic device (washing machine), the maintenance of a car or a replacement service.
The service sector (tertiary sector) is one of the three most important economic sectors of developed economies. Services are essentially the summary name of activities performed to satisfy needs.
Seminar (from lat. seminarium - nursery, greenhouse) - a form of educational and practical classes, in which students (students, interns) discuss messages, reports and abstracts made by them based on the results of educational or scientific research under the guidance of a teacher.
Definition
According to the TSB, a seminar is a type of educational practical training, consisting of the discussion by students of messages, reports, and abstracts made by them based on the results of educational research under the guidance of teachers; an independent form of thematic training sessions not related to lecture courses.
The teacher in this case is the coordinator of discussions on the topic of the seminar, preparation for which is mandatory. Therefore, the topic of the seminar and the main sources of discussion are presented before the discussion for detailed acquaintance, and study. The objectives of the discussions are aimed at developing the skills of professional debate and consolidating the material under discussion. Seminars are an effective form of training engineering and scientific-pedagogical personnel in universities.
Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrinological disease, in which carbohydrate metabolism is disturbed mainly. The consequences of this disease can be tragic if you do not start treatment on time and ignore the special menu for diabetes.
Nutrition plays an important role in the treatment of this disease. Currently, diabetes is a chronic condition, but with the right diet, its devastating effects on the body can be minimal.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus requires an individual menu selection, so if you have this disease, be sure to consult a doctor. The menu below for diabetes is indicative.
The basic principles of the menu for type 2 diabetes:
It is necessary to exclude or sharply reduce the number of simple carbohydrates in food - sugar, honey, jam, chocolate, cakes, cookies, marmalade, semolina and rice cereal. Only occasionally can you use these products. Also, these products may be necessary for the relief of a hypoglycemic state.
The diet of patients should contain mainly complex carbohydrates, sources - grain or bran bread, cereals, vegetables, fruits and berries.
All fruits and vegetables are divided into 3 groups:
Group 1 - these are products containing up to 5 g of carbohydrates per 100 g of product. This group includes cucumbers, tomatoes, white cabbage and cauliflower, zucchini, eggplant, lettuce, sorrel, spinach, rhubarb, radish, mushrooms, pumpkin, cranberries, lemons, sea buckthorn, apples and sour plums. These products can be consumed up to 600-800 g per day.
Products of the 2nd group containing from 5 to 10 g of carbohydrates per 100 g. This group includes carrots, beets, onions, rutabaga, celery, sweet peppers, beans, tangerines, oranges, grapefruit, apricots, cherry plum, watermelon, melon, pear, peaches, cranberries, wild strawberries, raspberries, currants, blueberries, sweet apples and plums. They should be consumed no more than 200 g per day.
And finally, group 3. These are foods containing more than 10 g of carbohydrates per 100 g. It includes potatoes, green peas, sweet potatoes, pineapples, bananas, pomegranates, cherries, figs, dates, persimmons, cherries, grapes, raisins, dried apricots, and prunes. Their use in the menu for diabetes is not recommended, or it is extremely rare to do so. Potatoes are allowed in the amount of 200-300 g per day, taking into account the total amount of carbohydrates.
Proper nutrition for weight loss_ a menu for every day.pdfdar i arqam
The diet for weight loss according to the system of proper nutrition (PP) can be treated differently. You can criticize and find flaws in it or fanatically adhere to it all your life, enjoying your appearance. But the fact that the PP system is effective and has helped thousands of fat people who have dropped their hands is a fact proven by time and confirmed by nutritionists.
Proper nutrition is not only cabbage salads and steamed fish. Under the PP system, millions of recipes for breakfast, lunch and dinner have been created, many of which satisfy the needs of the body and deserve to be included in the plan for proper nutrition of every person!
PP program
Focus on the "food pyramid", according to which 40% of the dishes on your table should contain complex carbohydrates (these include whole grain bread, all types of cereals except semolina, as well as cereals), 35% are fresh and steamed or baked vegetables and fruits, and 20% are healthy proteins (lean meat, any kind of poultry and fish, sour-milk and dairy products). The remaining 5% can be fat and sugar.
Combine meat with vegetables and fruits.
If you really want it, then you can have a little sweet. But do not exceed the allowable rate of sugar-containing products per day - 5 teaspoons. Better yet, replace the sugar with honey. All desserts can be consumed only in the first half of the day in order to have time to burn the calories received before the evening.
Make sure that your body receives a sufficient amount of protein (a person needs at least 100-150 g per day). Protein is a building material that renews cells and maintains muscle performance. If you have given up meat and poultry, you should eat vegetable proteins, which are present in large quantities in legumes, nuts and soy.
Avoid convenience foods, fast food and sauces, as well as canned food. Sugar and salt are added in large quantities even to ketchup.
Trade is a branch of the economy and a type of economic activity aimed at the purchase and sale, exchange of goods, as well as related processes: direct customer service, delivery of goods, storage and preparation for sale.
In a narrow sense, trade is called the negotiation process of coming to an agreement on the essential terms of the transaction.
Trade exchange is usually carried out with the help of money, but there is also non-monetary trade - a direct exchange of goods, and barter.
Trade is a significant source of tax revenues for the budget of a country or region.
Trade as an activity refers to intermediary services, it is considered an auxiliary link in the movement of goods from producers to buyers.
The separation of trade into a separate branch of the economy is associated with the social division of labour and the allocation of commercial capital as part of industrial capital, which is due to the desire for more efficient use of available resources.
A sharp surge of interest in spiritualism was caused by the First World War. “The tragedy of my family only increased the desire to share my observations and conclusions with others,” wrote Sir Oliver Lodge, author of the sensational book “Raymond” (which told about his communication with his dead son). “Now I will do it, relying on the sad experience of my own experiences, and not resorting to the experience of others.”
Death, touching almost every family with its cold breath, suddenly aroused interest in the issues of life after death. People not only wondered: “If a person dies, can he come to life again?”, But they also passionately desired to establish a connection with the souls of loved ones and loved ones who had so tragically left the earthly world. They longed for "the touch of their native hand and the sound of a painfully familiar voice." Thousands of people took up research, but, as in the early period of the development of the movement, the first discoveries were often made by those who had already left this world. Newspapers and the press could not resist the pressure of public opinion: stories about the return of dead soldiers and, deeper, the problem of life after death received wide coverage in the press.
Types of games and their role in the development of preschool children.pdfdar i arqam
Types of games and their role in the development of preschool children.
Game management for preschoolers.
Games differ in content, characteristics, the place they occupy in the lives of children, and in their upbringing and education.
Role-playing games are created by the children themselves with some guidance from the teacher. Their basis is children's amateur performance. Sometimes such games are called creative plot-role-playing, emphasizing that children do not just copy certain phenomena, but creatively comprehend and reproduce them in the created images, and game actions. A variety of role-playing games are dramatization and construction games.
In the practice of education, games with rules are also used, created for children by adults. Games with rules include didactic, outdoor, and fun games. They are based on well-defined program content, didactic tasks, and the purposefulness of training. In this case, children's independent activity is not excluded, but it is to a greater extent combined with the guidance of the educator. When mastering the experience of the game, and developing the ability for self-organization, children also play these games on their own.
Software Developer vs Software Engineer.pdfdar i arqam
Software developers versus software engineers
Personally, it pains me. Every time I see an article on this topic, my emotional bank account is robbed. They are all about THIS. Irrelevant keywords are squeezed into tiny sentences just to get better rankings. Not intended to entertain or enlighten the reader at all. Sometimes, such articles can be completely wrong.
The general programmer-developer-engineer transition goes as follows:
A programmer is someone who knows code, understands algorithms and can follow instructions. However, it will not go further in terms of duties.
TO DEVELOPER is someone better than the programmer. In addition to coding, they also do design, architecture, and technical documentation of the software component they are building. They may be called leaders, but they may not be.
Finally, the engineer means that you are the real deal. You have graduated with a degree, you have some technical knowledge and the best knowledge… and you are able to design a software system ( a combination of software components built by your peons, the programmers ). You sound like a supervisor. You can see the bigger picture. And it's up to you to clearly explain that picture to your team.
A computer programmer, sometimes called a software developer, programmer, or more recently coder (especially in more informal contexts), is a person who creates computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computing or to a generalist who writes code for many types of software.
A programmer's commonly used computer language (eg, Assembly, COBOL, C, C++, C#, JavaScript, Lisp, Python ) may be prefixed to the term programmer. Some who work with web programming languages also prefix their titles with web .
Proactive thinking (or behaviour) involves acting on a problem situation rather than simply reacting. It means taking responsibility for yourself and your life, rather than passively watching what happens. People with this type of thinking do not need outside guidance, they themselves know what and how to do.
The external factors of the surrounding world act as stimuli to which we respond. Between the stimulus and the response to it is something very important - the ability to choose a response. And the one who does it right compares favourably with those who avoid personal responsibility and immediately begin to look for someone to shift it to.
Being proactive is difficult because it takes time to consider different options, weigh alternatives and make your own decisions. The opposite of this is reactive thinking when a person is influenced by the environment and external forces.
You decide whether to constantly respond to problems or anticipate them. Let's take a few minutes to take a critical look at our actions during stressful situations.
Personal development, growth and development of the individual is the most general concept that describes all positive changes in the personality as a result of internal processes and external influences. This is all that unfolds in a person with age itself, which is formed under the influence of the outside, which develops in joint activity with others and develops in oneself by the person himself.
It is not always clear what happened to a person - whether it was growth itself, whether it was development, transformation or formation, but in some cases, it can be said: personal development has occurred. This means that there has been a strengthening of the core and an increase in the potential of the individual, the ability of a person to live inwardly richer and better manage his life.
"What is personal growth? If a person has more: - interests, and with it, incentives to live - the meaning of life, - the ability to analyze - to distinguish one from the other, - the ability to synthesize - to see the connections of events and phenomena, - the understanding of people (oneself including), and with that the ability to forgive, - inner freedom and independence, - responsibility assumed voluntarily, - love for the world and people (including oneself), this means that a person grows personally.
The teacher is the professional title given to the person in charge of providing education and training to individuals in line with the educational goals of society. Teaching, which is defined as 'one whose job is to teach information in the dictionary of the Turkish Language Institution, is a profession that can be acquired after processes such as field education and pedagogical formation.Provide opportunities for students to access information and technological resources to solve problems.
To implement the entire curriculum determined on time,
Engaging students in active, hands-on, creative problem-based learning,
Adjusting instruction to students' differences in development, learning styles, strengths and needs.
Planning and implementing effective classroom management practices,
PlanningProvide opportunities for students to access information and technological resources to solve problems.
To implement the entire curriculum determined on time,
Engaging students in active, hands-on, creative problem-based learning,
Adjusting instruction to students' differences in development, learning styles, strengths and needs.
Planning and implementing effective classroom management practices,
Planning
Electronic business ( Eng. Electronic Business ), E-business, I-business, e-Business, Internet business - a business model in which business processes, business information exchange and commercial transactions are automated using information systems. A significant part of the solutions uses Internet technologies to transfer data and provide Web services. The term was first used in a speech by former IBM CEO Louis Gerstner. Also, it is any kind of commercial or non-commercial transaction that involves the exchange of information over the Internet. Trade is the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals and can be considered one of the main activities of any business. E-commerce focuses on the use of ICT to facilitate external activities and business relationships with individuals, groups and other businesses, while e-business refers to business using the Internet. The term "e-business" was coined by the IBM Marketing and Internet team in 1996. E-business is a collective concept for a variety of IP classes that automate the commercial work of an enterprise. Apart from commerce focused on interaction with the consumer in the field of sales, and supports the entire value chain of the enterprise.
Basic concepts of Home gardens are going far away for a thousand years. The home garden consists of annual, biennial and perennial crops. Sometimes they may consist of livestock production, Beekeeping, and Biogas production too. Home gardens have plants with different canopy layers and mostly lower layers are daily used. Mixed garden, Compound farm, Household home garden, and Kitchen garden are some of the synonym names for the home garden. Garden is the surrounding environment that we are living in. Garden converts to the home garden with the positive changes we have done to the garden in a sustainable manner. The home garden covers the production of vegetables for family use."It is an important but inexperienced way of providing a continuous supply of fresh vegetables for the family table. Yields from the home garden contribute to the family nutrition and may even provide additional income."The following are the important characteristics of a home garden.
Situated near the residence.
Consist of a high diversity of plants.
Production is supplementary rather than the main source of family consumption and income.
Sustainable way of production.
A production system that the poor can easily enter at virtually no economic resources, using locally available planting materials, natural manures and indigenous methods of pest control.
FASHION INDUSTRY (fashion industry) - the sector of the service sector, engaged in the formation of the image of "fashionable" products among buyers, their production and sale. Fashion is a social phenomenon. The main purpose of fashion items is to satisfy aesthetic needs and signal the social status of their owner.
A scientific explanation of fashion as a social phenomenon was first given in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. American economist Thorstein Veblen and German sociologist Georg Simmel, creators of the "trickle-down" theory. In their opinion, fashion is created in elite social groups to emphasize their difference from ordinary people. In an effort to imitate the elite, the middle and lower strata are gradually adopting fashionable “novelties”. When fashion "seeps" down, it loses its novelty, and becomes mass and "vulgar". In order not to lose social distance, the elite reinvents something new and original. This cycle of prestigious consumption is repeated over and over again. In the 20th century, with the erasure of class polarization, fashion still serves to emphasize social differences, but not so much "higher" and "lower", but simply different social groups. For example, youth fashion emphasizes the differences between people of different ages. In addition, the personal selection of fashionable goods is a means of self-expression, emphasizing one's individuality.
Thus, goods of purely industrial consumption (turbines, machine tools, etc.) certainly cannot be fashionable products. For personal consumption goods, as a rule, they do not include those that cannot be conspicuously consumed (men's underwear, etc.)
Educational organizations are divided into types in accordance with educational programs, the implementation of which is the main goal of their activities.The following types of educational organizations that implement basic educational programs:
1. Pre-school educational organization - an educational organization that, as the main goal of its activities, carries out educational activities in educational programs of pre-school education, childcare and care.
2. General educational organization - an educational organization that, as the main goal of its activities, carries out educational activities in educational programs of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education.
3. Professional educational organization - an educational organization that, as the main goal of its activities, carries out educational activities in educational programs of secondary vocational education and (or) in vocational training programs.
4. Educational organization of higher education - an educational organization that, as the main goal of its activities, carries out educational activities in educational programs of higher education and scientific activities.
Email is one of the oldest forms of digital communication—but it’s also one of the most effective digital marketing strategies out there.
Sure, there are newer methods of communicating with your audience and customers like social media and live chat. However, with a user base of over 4.5 billion people, email is the king of marketing channels.
Types of love What are they and what do they depend on.pdfdar i arqam
Types of love What are they and what do they depend on?
When we fall in love, the intense emotions and passion that surround us affect our minds and body.When we fall in love and meet that special person, our lives change completely: we perceive reality in a different way, we make different decisions than usual, we reorganize our priorities, we change our relationships with others, etc. For this reason, both psychologists, sociologists and even doctors have tried to understand it from its different aspects and establish the different types of romantic love .
Classical music
We use the definition of "classical" in the sense of "serious" or "academic music". More specifically, these are symphonies, concertos, quartets, trios, sonatas, and cantata-oratorio genres.
Most of the Novosibirsk Philharmonic ensembles and soloists perform similar music - great works from Bach to Shostakovich.
Jazz
"Weather" in this genre is determined by two bands: Vladimir Tolkachev's Big Band and Siberian Dixieland. The Chamber Choir, Pavel Sharomov's Vocal Ensemble and other groups turn to jazz style.
As part of the Jazz Club, Novosibirsk and touring musicians perform on the stage of the Philharmonic. Finally, it is worth recalling the grandiose International Festival SibJazzFest, which brings together truly legendary jazz masters from Europe, America and Asia under its wing.
Retro
Music for those who are seized by a slight nostalgia for the melodies of past years. Literally, “retro” (lat. Retro) means “back”, and “turned to the past”. For each of us in the past there are so many dear, beloved, unforgettable! Songs by Vertinsky and Utyosov, melodies by ABBA or the Beatles, and hits from the repertoire of Muslim Magomayev and Anna German. In other words, light music has stood the test of time.
Dog training is a very complex job that demands a lot of patience. It requires dedication, patience and much work. The results do not come immediately and it takes time for your dog to understand what you want him to do. Dogs differ in learning, as well as people, some will understand faster and some slower.
Basic training involves the socialization of a dog, its adapting to the owner, space and other dogs. It is based on the fact that a dog learns to perform a certain action on the given command. Adopting the commands is accomplished by numerous repeating.
Trade is a branch of the economy and a type of economic activity aimed at the purchase and sale, exchange of goods, as well as related processes: direct customer service, delivery of goods, storage and preparation for sale.
In a narrow sense, trade is called the negotiation process of coming to an agreement on the essential terms of the transaction.
Trade exchange is usually carried out with the help of money, but there is also non-monetary trade - a direct exchange of goods, and barter.
Trade is a significant source of tax revenues for the budget of a country or region.
Trade as an activity refers to intermediary services, it is considered an auxiliary link in the movement of goods from producers to buyers.
The separation of trade into a separate branch of the economy is associated with the social division of labour and the allocation of commercial capital as part of industrial capital, which is due to the desire for more efficient use of available resources.
A sharp surge of interest in spiritualism was caused by the First World War. “The tragedy of my family only increased the desire to share my observations and conclusions with others,” wrote Sir Oliver Lodge, author of the sensational book “Raymond” (which told about his communication with his dead son). “Now I will do it, relying on the sad experience of my own experiences, and not resorting to the experience of others.”
Death, touching almost every family with its cold breath, suddenly aroused interest in the issues of life after death. People not only wondered: “If a person dies, can he come to life again?”, But they also passionately desired to establish a connection with the souls of loved ones and loved ones who had so tragically left the earthly world. They longed for "the touch of their native hand and the sound of a painfully familiar voice." Thousands of people took up research, but, as in the early period of the development of the movement, the first discoveries were often made by those who had already left this world. Newspapers and the press could not resist the pressure of public opinion: stories about the return of dead soldiers and, deeper, the problem of life after death received wide coverage in the press.
Types of games and their role in the development of preschool children.pdfdar i arqam
Types of games and their role in the development of preschool children.
Game management for preschoolers.
Games differ in content, characteristics, the place they occupy in the lives of children, and in their upbringing and education.
Role-playing games are created by the children themselves with some guidance from the teacher. Their basis is children's amateur performance. Sometimes such games are called creative plot-role-playing, emphasizing that children do not just copy certain phenomena, but creatively comprehend and reproduce them in the created images, and game actions. A variety of role-playing games are dramatization and construction games.
In the practice of education, games with rules are also used, created for children by adults. Games with rules include didactic, outdoor, and fun games. They are based on well-defined program content, didactic tasks, and the purposefulness of training. In this case, children's independent activity is not excluded, but it is to a greater extent combined with the guidance of the educator. When mastering the experience of the game, and developing the ability for self-organization, children also play these games on their own.
Software Developer vs Software Engineer.pdfdar i arqam
Software developers versus software engineers
Personally, it pains me. Every time I see an article on this topic, my emotional bank account is robbed. They are all about THIS. Irrelevant keywords are squeezed into tiny sentences just to get better rankings. Not intended to entertain or enlighten the reader at all. Sometimes, such articles can be completely wrong.
The general programmer-developer-engineer transition goes as follows:
A programmer is someone who knows code, understands algorithms and can follow instructions. However, it will not go further in terms of duties.
TO DEVELOPER is someone better than the programmer. In addition to coding, they also do design, architecture, and technical documentation of the software component they are building. They may be called leaders, but they may not be.
Finally, the engineer means that you are the real deal. You have graduated with a degree, you have some technical knowledge and the best knowledge… and you are able to design a software system ( a combination of software components built by your peons, the programmers ). You sound like a supervisor. You can see the bigger picture. And it's up to you to clearly explain that picture to your team.
A computer programmer, sometimes called a software developer, programmer, or more recently coder (especially in more informal contexts), is a person who creates computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computing or to a generalist who writes code for many types of software.
A programmer's commonly used computer language (eg, Assembly, COBOL, C, C++, C#, JavaScript, Lisp, Python ) may be prefixed to the term programmer. Some who work with web programming languages also prefix their titles with web .
Proactive thinking (or behaviour) involves acting on a problem situation rather than simply reacting. It means taking responsibility for yourself and your life, rather than passively watching what happens. People with this type of thinking do not need outside guidance, they themselves know what and how to do.
The external factors of the surrounding world act as stimuli to which we respond. Between the stimulus and the response to it is something very important - the ability to choose a response. And the one who does it right compares favourably with those who avoid personal responsibility and immediately begin to look for someone to shift it to.
Being proactive is difficult because it takes time to consider different options, weigh alternatives and make your own decisions. The opposite of this is reactive thinking when a person is influenced by the environment and external forces.
You decide whether to constantly respond to problems or anticipate them. Let's take a few minutes to take a critical look at our actions during stressful situations.
Personal development, growth and development of the individual is the most general concept that describes all positive changes in the personality as a result of internal processes and external influences. This is all that unfolds in a person with age itself, which is formed under the influence of the outside, which develops in joint activity with others and develops in oneself by the person himself.
It is not always clear what happened to a person - whether it was growth itself, whether it was development, transformation or formation, but in some cases, it can be said: personal development has occurred. This means that there has been a strengthening of the core and an increase in the potential of the individual, the ability of a person to live inwardly richer and better manage his life.
"What is personal growth? If a person has more: - interests, and with it, incentives to live - the meaning of life, - the ability to analyze - to distinguish one from the other, - the ability to synthesize - to see the connections of events and phenomena, - the understanding of people (oneself including), and with that the ability to forgive, - inner freedom and independence, - responsibility assumed voluntarily, - love for the world and people (including oneself), this means that a person grows personally.
The teacher is the professional title given to the person in charge of providing education and training to individuals in line with the educational goals of society. Teaching, which is defined as 'one whose job is to teach information in the dictionary of the Turkish Language Institution, is a profession that can be acquired after processes such as field education and pedagogical formation.Provide opportunities for students to access information and technological resources to solve problems.
To implement the entire curriculum determined on time,
Engaging students in active, hands-on, creative problem-based learning,
Adjusting instruction to students' differences in development, learning styles, strengths and needs.
Planning and implementing effective classroom management practices,
PlanningProvide opportunities for students to access information and technological resources to solve problems.
To implement the entire curriculum determined on time,
Engaging students in active, hands-on, creative problem-based learning,
Adjusting instruction to students' differences in development, learning styles, strengths and needs.
Planning and implementing effective classroom management practices,
Planning
Electronic business ( Eng. Electronic Business ), E-business, I-business, e-Business, Internet business - a business model in which business processes, business information exchange and commercial transactions are automated using information systems. A significant part of the solutions uses Internet technologies to transfer data and provide Web services. The term was first used in a speech by former IBM CEO Louis Gerstner. Also, it is any kind of commercial or non-commercial transaction that involves the exchange of information over the Internet. Trade is the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals and can be considered one of the main activities of any business. E-commerce focuses on the use of ICT to facilitate external activities and business relationships with individuals, groups and other businesses, while e-business refers to business using the Internet. The term "e-business" was coined by the IBM Marketing and Internet team in 1996. E-business is a collective concept for a variety of IP classes that automate the commercial work of an enterprise. Apart from commerce focused on interaction with the consumer in the field of sales, and supports the entire value chain of the enterprise.
Basic concepts of Home gardens are going far away for a thousand years. The home garden consists of annual, biennial and perennial crops. Sometimes they may consist of livestock production, Beekeeping, and Biogas production too. Home gardens have plants with different canopy layers and mostly lower layers are daily used. Mixed garden, Compound farm, Household home garden, and Kitchen garden are some of the synonym names for the home garden. Garden is the surrounding environment that we are living in. Garden converts to the home garden with the positive changes we have done to the garden in a sustainable manner. The home garden covers the production of vegetables for family use."It is an important but inexperienced way of providing a continuous supply of fresh vegetables for the family table. Yields from the home garden contribute to the family nutrition and may even provide additional income."The following are the important characteristics of a home garden.
Situated near the residence.
Consist of a high diversity of plants.
Production is supplementary rather than the main source of family consumption and income.
Sustainable way of production.
A production system that the poor can easily enter at virtually no economic resources, using locally available planting materials, natural manures and indigenous methods of pest control.
FASHION INDUSTRY (fashion industry) - the sector of the service sector, engaged in the formation of the image of "fashionable" products among buyers, their production and sale. Fashion is a social phenomenon. The main purpose of fashion items is to satisfy aesthetic needs and signal the social status of their owner.
A scientific explanation of fashion as a social phenomenon was first given in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. American economist Thorstein Veblen and German sociologist Georg Simmel, creators of the "trickle-down" theory. In their opinion, fashion is created in elite social groups to emphasize their difference from ordinary people. In an effort to imitate the elite, the middle and lower strata are gradually adopting fashionable “novelties”. When fashion "seeps" down, it loses its novelty, and becomes mass and "vulgar". In order not to lose social distance, the elite reinvents something new and original. This cycle of prestigious consumption is repeated over and over again. In the 20th century, with the erasure of class polarization, fashion still serves to emphasize social differences, but not so much "higher" and "lower", but simply different social groups. For example, youth fashion emphasizes the differences between people of different ages. In addition, the personal selection of fashionable goods is a means of self-expression, emphasizing one's individuality.
Thus, goods of purely industrial consumption (turbines, machine tools, etc.) certainly cannot be fashionable products. For personal consumption goods, as a rule, they do not include those that cannot be conspicuously consumed (men's underwear, etc.)
Educational organizations are divided into types in accordance with educational programs, the implementation of which is the main goal of their activities.The following types of educational organizations that implement basic educational programs:
1. Pre-school educational organization - an educational organization that, as the main goal of its activities, carries out educational activities in educational programs of pre-school education, childcare and care.
2. General educational organization - an educational organization that, as the main goal of its activities, carries out educational activities in educational programs of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education.
3. Professional educational organization - an educational organization that, as the main goal of its activities, carries out educational activities in educational programs of secondary vocational education and (or) in vocational training programs.
4. Educational organization of higher education - an educational organization that, as the main goal of its activities, carries out educational activities in educational programs of higher education and scientific activities.
Email is one of the oldest forms of digital communication—but it’s also one of the most effective digital marketing strategies out there.
Sure, there are newer methods of communicating with your audience and customers like social media and live chat. However, with a user base of over 4.5 billion people, email is the king of marketing channels.
Types of love What are they and what do they depend on.pdfdar i arqam
Types of love What are they and what do they depend on?
When we fall in love, the intense emotions and passion that surround us affect our minds and body.When we fall in love and meet that special person, our lives change completely: we perceive reality in a different way, we make different decisions than usual, we reorganize our priorities, we change our relationships with others, etc. For this reason, both psychologists, sociologists and even doctors have tried to understand it from its different aspects and establish the different types of romantic love .
Classical music
We use the definition of "classical" in the sense of "serious" or "academic music". More specifically, these are symphonies, concertos, quartets, trios, sonatas, and cantata-oratorio genres.
Most of the Novosibirsk Philharmonic ensembles and soloists perform similar music - great works from Bach to Shostakovich.
Jazz
"Weather" in this genre is determined by two bands: Vladimir Tolkachev's Big Band and Siberian Dixieland. The Chamber Choir, Pavel Sharomov's Vocal Ensemble and other groups turn to jazz style.
As part of the Jazz Club, Novosibirsk and touring musicians perform on the stage of the Philharmonic. Finally, it is worth recalling the grandiose International Festival SibJazzFest, which brings together truly legendary jazz masters from Europe, America and Asia under its wing.
Retro
Music for those who are seized by a slight nostalgia for the melodies of past years. Literally, “retro” (lat. Retro) means “back”, and “turned to the past”. For each of us in the past there are so many dear, beloved, unforgettable! Songs by Vertinsky and Utyosov, melodies by ABBA or the Beatles, and hits from the repertoire of Muslim Magomayev and Anna German. In other words, light music has stood the test of time.
Dog training is a very complex job that demands a lot of patience. It requires dedication, patience and much work. The results do not come immediately and it takes time for your dog to understand what you want him to do. Dogs differ in learning, as well as people, some will understand faster and some slower.
Basic training involves the socialization of a dog, its adapting to the owner, space and other dogs. It is based on the fact that a dog learns to perform a certain action on the given command. Adopting the commands is accomplished by numerous repeating.
1. Spiritualism (philosophy)
Spiritualism (from lat. spiritualis "spiritual") is a philosophical doctrine, in contrast to
materialism, which considers the beginning or substance of things not matter , but spirit .
The term was introduced at the end of the 17th century by Leibniz. Spiritualism is
distinguished as a psychological and as a metaphysical teaching. In psychology ,
spiritualism affirms the existence of the human spirit as the substance of mental phenomena
; in metaphysics , he assumes that the basis of the physical world is a substance or
substances similar to the human spirit . Representatives of spiritualism are G. V. Leibniz , J.
Berkeley , Main de Biran , V. Cousin , R. G. Lotze , G. Teichmüller , A. Bergson , in Russia -
L. M. Lopatin , A. A. Kozlov , E. A. Bobrov , S. A. Askoldov and others .
Spiritualism is close to such teachings as personalism and panpsychism , and these terms
can be used as a synonym for it. Thinkers ranked among the supporters of spiritualism
called their doctrines differently: G. Teichmüller - "personalism", A. A. Kozlov -
"panpsychism", L. M. Lopatin - "concrete spiritualism", E. A. Bobrov - " critical individualism,
etc. All these doctrines are united by the recognition of the spirit as a primary, non-derivative
reality, irreducible to either material or ideal principles. Spiritualism should be distinguished
from other forms of idealism , which place the beginning of things in abstract ideas.
According to the supporters of spiritualism, the spirit is not an idea, but a living force or a
being that acts and interacts with other beings .
Philosophical spiritualism should not be confused with spiritualism , an occult doctrine that
believes in communication with the spirits of the dead and is also sometimes called
spiritualism . The greatest philosophers-spiritualists did not express sympathy for
2. spiritualism, and some of them, for example, A. A. Kozlov and G. Teichmüller, treated it
negatively . Kozlov, in particular, believed that the ideas of spiritists about the soul are of a
grossly materialistic nature .
History of Spiritualism
Antiquity
Spiritualistic ideas have existed in philosophy since ancient times. Historians of philosophy
find them in Plato , Aristotle , Augustine , Thomas Aquinas and many others. So, already
Socrates said that a person is not a body, but a soul that rules the body; Socrates believed
that the soul is immortal and is related to the deity - the world mind . A student of Socrates,
Plato, developed a whole system of proofs of the immortality of the soul. Plato proceeded
from the belief that the soul is immaterial and is involved in the world of ideas ., and
therefore is not subject to becoming. The soul serves as the beginning of movement and
moves itself, and that which serves as the beginning of movement can neither die nor arise,
since it does not receive movement from outside. The soul gives life to everything that
exists, therefore, it is involved in the idea of
life to such an extent that it cannot die .
According to Plato, not only people and animals, but the entire cosmos has a soul that
controls the movement of heaven and earth and brings order and regularity to everything.
The world soul is immortal and created by God from the same source as the souls of people
. Plato's teaching was developed in the Neoplatonist school and was assimilated by some of
the Church Fathers .. In particular, Blessed Augustine proved the immateriality of the soul by
the absence in it of affinity with material principles. If, he said, the soul came from some of
the material elements, it could not but be aware of its kinship with it. But she recognizes
them as equally alien to herself, therefore, her nature is completely different . However,
developed spiritualistic teachings appeared only in modern times. The impetus for their
creation was the philosophy of Rene Descartes , who based his system on the doctrine of a
thinking substance.
3. Rene Descartes
Some authors classify Descartes as a spiritualist, with the proviso that he was a spiritualist in
psychology, while his metaphysics was of a dualistic nature . The starting point of Descartes'
philosophy was methodical doubt, which demanded to doubt everything that does not have
self-evident certainty. Following this method, Descartes came to the conclusion that the first
certain truth is the existence of a thinking self . In his writings, he wrote that we may doubt
the existence of our body and the corporeal world, since these things may turn out to be a
dream or a hallucination; but we cannot doubt the existence of our spirit, for the moment we
doubt all things we think, and if we think we exist: " Cogito ergo sum " . What is the nature of
our "I" ? According to Descartes, it is not our body, because we can imagine it separately
from any body; and everything that can be conceived separately can also exist separately.
However, we cannot imagine it without it thinking, which means that its nature consists in
thinking. So, our "I" is a thinking substance , which does not need any body for its existence
and therefore is non-material. But the immaterial, thinking substance is identical to what we
call the soul or spirit, and therefore, it is the spirit. To this doctrine of thinking substance
Descartes then added the doctrine of material substance, the essence of which consists in
extension in length, depth and breadth. As a result, the teachings of Descartes acquired the
character of metaphysical dualism , in which the thinking and extended substance exist
independently of each other and are united only by God. This Cartesian dualism then
became the starting point for spiritualistic philosophical systems.
The fatal problem of Cartesianism was the problem of the interaction of spirit and matter. It
was not clear how these two substances could affect each other, which even had nothing to
4. touch. An attempt to solve this problem was the teaching of the occasionalists , which
consisted in the fact that there is in fact no causal interaction between matter and spirit;
there is only a certain consistency of their states, the sole cause of which is God. The largest
of the occasionalists, N. Malebranche , on this basis, argued that the knowledge of material
things is not given to us directly, but through the ideal prototypes that we contemplate in
God. However, such a doctrine already eliminated any need for an extended substance, so
the thinkers following Malebranche decided to discard it altogether.
Types of Spiritualism
There are several varieties of spiritualism. First of all, one should distinguish
between spiritualism as a psychological and as a metaphysical teaching. In
the field of philosophical psychology, a spiritualist is anyone who recognizes
the existence of the soul as a special non-material substance. In the field of
metaphysics, such a spiritualist can adhere to both spiritualistic and dualistic
views, considering spirit and matter as two independent substances]. A classic
example of such dualism is the teachings of Descartes and the Cartesians. In
addition, a supporter of psychological spiritualism may refrain from
metaphysical judgments, limiting his theoretical activity to the sphere of
psychology, or assuming the ultimate essence of things is unknowable. Such,
in particular, is the teaching of the founder of French spiritualism, Maine de
Biran, who adhered to the empirical theory of knowledge and attributed all
judgments about the essence of things to the field of beliefs.
In turn, spiritualism as a metaphysical doctrine is also divided into several
varieties. The Russian historian of philosophy E. L. Radlov singled out relative
and absolute spiritualism as such varieties . The essence of relative
spiritualism is that it recognizes the objective reality of the physical world,
5. while absolute spiritualism denies it . As an example of relative spiritualism,
one can cite Leibniz's doctrine of monads - unextended spiritual substances
that underlie the physical world. This is a cautious kind of spiritualism
approaching metaphysical dualism. In Russia, the representative of this
direction was L. M. Lopatin. In his article “Spiritualism as a monistic system of
philosophy” Lopatin wrote: “Spiritualism does not abolish physical nature; he
only assumes that in herself she is not what people usually think of her.
According to Lopatin, in physical reality it is necessary to distinguish two
sides: being-for-itself and being-for-another ; and if for an external observer it
appears in its qualities of extension, impenetrability, movement, then inside
itself it has a spiritual nature .
A. A. Kozlov
A more radical form of spiritualism is absolute spiritualism, which denies the
objective reality of the physical world. The Russian philosopher S. A. Levitsky
suggested calling this trend panpsychism , after the name of the teachings of
A. A. Kozlov . We find the extreme form of this teaching in the subjective
idealism of Berkeley, who believed that the existence of things is reduced to
their perceptibility; According to Berkeley, only God and created spirits exist
objectively, and the visible world is embedded by God directly into our
consciousness. A softened form of this doctrine is the panpsychism of A. A.
Kozlov and G. Teichmüller, who believed that the visible world is an
illusiongenerated by the influence of external substances on our
consciousness. Unlike Berkeley, Kozlov's panpsychism recognizes the
existence of some kind of external world, consisting of spiritual substances
and having no resemblance to our perceptions. The impact of these
substances on our soul causes a reaction in it in the form of sensations, which
are ordered by it in space and time and are projected into the external world.
The goal of philosophical knowledge is to understand the illusory nature of this
projection and thus come to the knowledge of the real, that is, spiritual being
6. Criticism of Spiritualism
The usual objection to spiritualism is that it is just as one-sided as materialism. Just as
materialism tries to reduce all reality to matter and its movements, so spiritualism tries to
reduce it to the spirit and its activities. Just as materialism wants to abolish spirit, so
spiritualism wants to abolish matter . However, there are no sufficient grounds for such an
abolition. The material world, given to us in sensations, does not reveal in itself any signs of
spirituality. All phenomena of the physical world are well explained by the movement of
material particles and do not require an assumption about the spirit hiding behind them.
Therefore, the spiritualistic teaching can only be considered as an original hypothesis based
on the analogyand having no evidence in its favor .
Spiritualists reproach the materialists for not being able to explain psychic phenomena. But
the spiritualists themselves, S. A. Levitsky believed, find themselves in the same position,
because it is impossible to explain physical phenomena from the properties of the spirit.
Even if we recognize the material world as a mere illusion, spiritualism cannot explain how
this illusion arises in our mind . Spiritualists believe, writes Professor O. Külpe , that the
actions of the forces of nature become more understandable if we assume that they are
similar to the actions of our will. However, the forces of nature must be understood as they
are, that is, as the causes of movements, for all phenomena of nature can be reduced to
motions. On the contrary, the mental changes that our will produces are not the essence of
movement. If the actions are incomparably different, then their causes must be recognized
as such. So, we have no reason to attribute spiritual essence to the forces of nature .
7. Another objection to spiritualism is based on the denial of the very existence of the human
spirit. An example of such a denial can be found in the writings of the German philosophers
W. Wundt and F. Paulsen. Spiritualists believe that we are well aware from inner experience
of the existence of a spiritual substance in us. Meanwhile, in reality, inner experience reveals
to us only individual mental phenomena, but does not reveal any substance to which they
could belong. The very concept of substance is taken by us from the physical world and
illegally transferred to the world of consciousness. But the world of consciousness is not like
the physical world: it does not consist of substances, but of processes that proceed with
great speed and have nothing invariable at their core. This view, which reduces the human
spirit to a set of mental phenomena, was first expressed by the Scottish skeptic D. Hume
and gained great popularity in the philosophy of the 19th century .
V. S. Solovyov
One of the defenders of this view was the Russian philosopher V. S. Solovyov . In the article
"The First Principle of Theoretical Philosophy", he criticized the Cartesian thesis "Cogito ergo
sum". According to Solovyov, the existence of our "I" , as a special being, is not among the
initial facts of consciousness. In immediate consciousness, we are given only separate
mental phenomena, but no thinking substance is given. Our "I" , to which we attribute all our
states, is only an impersonal logical function that unites many mental phenomena. There is
no reason to conclude from the presence of this function to the existence of a thinking
substance, and the very concept of substance was taken by Descartes from the arsenal of
scholasticphilosophy. In real, present consciousness, we never deal with essences and
substances, and the Cartesian subject of thought is "an impostor without a philosophical
passport".
Solovyov's opinion caused a heated debate on the part of L. M. Lopatin. Objecting to
Solovyov, he wrote that Descartes never considered the existence of a thinking substance
as a direct fact of consciousness, but he proved this thesis in detail on many pages of his
writings. Lopatin himself argued that mental life is never made up of pure, impersonal states,
but is always experienced by some conscious and feeling subject. “It is impossible to
perceive and be aware of the states of the soul without being aware of the soul itself,” wrote
the philosopher
Spiritualism