This document is a letter from the Government of Pakistan to the President of the UN Security Council requesting an immediate meeting to discuss the situation in Jammu and Kashmir. It summarizes recent actions by the Government of India that violate UN resolutions protecting the special autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir, including changing titles of government positions, appointing more Hindu ministers, and purging Muslim officers. The letter argues these actions are part of India's plan to annex Jammu and Kashmir against the will of the people and in violation of their right to self-determination as affirmed in UN resolutions.
Government of India has withdrawn the special status of J&K by invoking the Article 370 which had been seen as firewalling the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir.
The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019, has extended all provisions of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir, including the chapter on Fundamental Rights.
This is the first time that Article 370 has been used to amend Article 367 (which deals with Interpretation) in respect of Jammu and Kashmir, and this amendment has then been used to amend Article 370 itself.
The document is the response from the Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs of India to an unstarred question in the Lok Sabha regarding the rehabilitation of Rohingya Muslims in India. The key points are:
1) The government views illegal migrants, including Rohingyas, as a threat to national security due to some reports of Rohingyas engaging in illegal activities.
2) India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and all foreign nationals, including refugees, are governed by Indian laws regarding foreigners.
3) While India has signed the UN Convention Against Torture and acceded to the ICCPR, it has not ratified the Convention Against Tort
The document discusses Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian constitution which grant special autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Article 370 allows Jammu and Kashmir to have its own constitution and decision-making powers over all matters except defense, communications and foreign affairs. It also bars outsiders from buying property in the state. Article 35A grants special rights and privileges to permanent residents of Jammu and Kashmir, including exclusive rights to government jobs and property. However, these articles have been controversial as they discriminate against women who marry non-permanent residents and refugees who settled in Jammu and Kashmir. The document also briefly discusses other special provisions for various other states under Article 371 of the Indian constitution.
The National Emergency of 1975 imposed by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is one of the most controversial periods in India's history. Gandhi declared a state of emergency on June 25, 1975 citing growing political unrest and protests against her government. During the 21 month emergency period, fundamental rights of citizens were suspended and thousands of opposition politicians were imprisoned. The emergency was lifted in 1977 after the Janata Party defeated Gandhi in national elections.
Revocation of Special Status of Jammu & Kashmir
Background
Provisions of Article 370
Deadlock in removing Article 370 for Parliament
Timeline of Events
The document discusses changes made to India's constitution regarding the declaration of national emergencies. It notes that in 1975 the president could declare emergency on the advice of the prime minister alone, but this was amended in 1977 to require advice from the full council of ministers. The approval process in parliament was also strengthened, requiring a special majority rather than simple majority. Additionally, the 1977 amendments ensured certain fundamental rights could not be curtailed during internal emergencies and gave parliament a role in revoking emergencies passed by simple majority.
The document discusses different types of emergencies that can be declared in India - national emergency, financial emergency, and state emergency. It provides details on the national emergencies declared in 1962 during the India-China war and in 1971 during the India-Pakistan war. The emergency declared by Indira Gandhi from 1975-1977 is analyzed in depth, including the reasons for its imposition like electoral fraud allegations and protests, its effects on civil liberties and opposition leaders, and the role and censorship of the press during that time.
The document discusses the three types of emergencies that can be declared in India according to the Constitution: National Emergency, State Emergency, and Financial Emergency. It provides details on the three occasions that National Emergency was proclaimed, for external aggression from China and Pakistan, and for internal disturbance. The emergency declared in 1975 imposed censorship and detained political opponents. While it had some economic benefits, it severely restricted civil liberties. The Constitution was amended post-1977 to put more restrictions on declaring emergency and increase parliamentary oversight.
Government of India has withdrawn the special status of J&K by invoking the Article 370 which had been seen as firewalling the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir.
The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019, has extended all provisions of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir, including the chapter on Fundamental Rights.
This is the first time that Article 370 has been used to amend Article 367 (which deals with Interpretation) in respect of Jammu and Kashmir, and this amendment has then been used to amend Article 370 itself.
The document is the response from the Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs of India to an unstarred question in the Lok Sabha regarding the rehabilitation of Rohingya Muslims in India. The key points are:
1) The government views illegal migrants, including Rohingyas, as a threat to national security due to some reports of Rohingyas engaging in illegal activities.
2) India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and all foreign nationals, including refugees, are governed by Indian laws regarding foreigners.
3) While India has signed the UN Convention Against Torture and acceded to the ICCPR, it has not ratified the Convention Against Tort
The document discusses Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian constitution which grant special autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Article 370 allows Jammu and Kashmir to have its own constitution and decision-making powers over all matters except defense, communications and foreign affairs. It also bars outsiders from buying property in the state. Article 35A grants special rights and privileges to permanent residents of Jammu and Kashmir, including exclusive rights to government jobs and property. However, these articles have been controversial as they discriminate against women who marry non-permanent residents and refugees who settled in Jammu and Kashmir. The document also briefly discusses other special provisions for various other states under Article 371 of the Indian constitution.
The National Emergency of 1975 imposed by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is one of the most controversial periods in India's history. Gandhi declared a state of emergency on June 25, 1975 citing growing political unrest and protests against her government. During the 21 month emergency period, fundamental rights of citizens were suspended and thousands of opposition politicians were imprisoned. The emergency was lifted in 1977 after the Janata Party defeated Gandhi in national elections.
Revocation of Special Status of Jammu & Kashmir
Background
Provisions of Article 370
Deadlock in removing Article 370 for Parliament
Timeline of Events
The document discusses changes made to India's constitution regarding the declaration of national emergencies. It notes that in 1975 the president could declare emergency on the advice of the prime minister alone, but this was amended in 1977 to require advice from the full council of ministers. The approval process in parliament was also strengthened, requiring a special majority rather than simple majority. Additionally, the 1977 amendments ensured certain fundamental rights could not be curtailed during internal emergencies and gave parliament a role in revoking emergencies passed by simple majority.
The document discusses different types of emergencies that can be declared in India - national emergency, financial emergency, and state emergency. It provides details on the national emergencies declared in 1962 during the India-China war and in 1971 during the India-Pakistan war. The emergency declared by Indira Gandhi from 1975-1977 is analyzed in depth, including the reasons for its imposition like electoral fraud allegations and protests, its effects on civil liberties and opposition leaders, and the role and censorship of the press during that time.
The document discusses the three types of emergencies that can be declared in India according to the Constitution: National Emergency, State Emergency, and Financial Emergency. It provides details on the three occasions that National Emergency was proclaimed, for external aggression from China and Pakistan, and for internal disturbance. The emergency declared in 1975 imposed censorship and detained political opponents. While it had some economic benefits, it severely restricted civil liberties. The Constitution was amended post-1977 to put more restrictions on declaring emergency and increase parliamentary oversight.
Constitutional Development of Pakistan since 1947 to the Present !Mah Noor
Pakistan adopted an interim constitution based on the Government of India Act of 1935 after its creation in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to establish a permanent constitution but faced many challenges. The Objectives Resolution of 1949 established Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic. The Constitution of 1956 established Pakistan as an Islamic republic with a parliamentary system. However, it was abrogated in 1958. Subsequent constitutions in 1962 and 1973 established different systems of government and amended Islamic provisions, but the 1973 constitution remains in place today despite several amendments.
The document discusses proposed amendments to the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 in India. It invites suggestions from the general public on the proposed amendments within 30 days of publication.
The key points are:
1) The Government of India is proposing amendments to simplify various sections of the existing Registration of Births and Deaths Act of 1969 and make it more user-friendly.
2) A copy of the proposed amendments is provided for reference, with the existing sections in one column and proposed amendments in another.
3) The public is invited to provide their suggestions or comments on the proposed amendments in the third column, along with justifications, and submit within 30 days via email.
1. The document lists important cases related to Constitutional Law from the LLB 1st semester syllabus, organized by topic including Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Equality, Personal Liberty, Freedom of Speech, Secularism and the Judiciary.
2. Key cases discussed include AK Gopalan which dealt with preventive detention, Kharak Singh regarding right to privacy, and Menaka Gandhi which established that life and personal liberty can only be deprived according to a fair procedure established by law.
3. Cases involving freedom of speech such as Romesh Thaper, and secularism cases including SR Bommai which established secularism as a basic feature of the constitution, are
Pakistan adopted the Government of India Act of 1935 as an interim constitution after independence in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to frame a comprehensive constitution but faced difficulties due to other pressing issues. The first constituent assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949, outlining Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic. After several amendments and martial laws, the Constitution of 1973 was approved, establishing a parliamentary system. It has since faced multiple amendments that have altered the balance of power between civilian and military institutions.
Emergency Provisions are contained in Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India. The President has the power to impose emergency in all part of India if any security fails.
This document discusses emergency provisions in the Indian Constitution from Articles 352 to 360. It defines national emergency, state emergency, and financial emergency. During a national emergency, the President can assume extra powers, suspend fundamental rights, and extend the term of the Lok Sabha. A state emergency allows the President to take over state administration. During a financial emergency, the President can issue financial directives and reduce salaries. The document provides examples of past emergencies in India and explains the impact of the 44th Constitutional amendment on emergency powers.
This document summarizes the Foreign Investment Act of 1997 passed by the Federated States of Micronesia. The act establishes a new chapter on foreign investment that encourages foreign investment while protecting citizens' interests. It defines key terms like foreign investment and investor. It requires all foreign investors to obtain a Foreign Investment Permit and establishes a system to categorize economic sectors, with some sectors on a "National Red List" closed to foreign investment and others on an "National Amber List" subject to national regulation.
This document summarizes the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908 in India. The act aimed to provide for more speedy trials of certain offenses and prohibit associations dangerous to public peace. It established that associations that encourage violence or whose members commit violent acts could be declared unlawful by state governments. The act gave powers to state governments to notify places being used by unlawful associations and allow authorities to take possession of such places and belongings found within. It established penalties for membership in unlawful associations or assisting their operations. Several state governments have since amended sections of the act.
1) Smt. Maneka Gandhi challenged the impounding of her passport by the government without being provided reasons under Section 10(3)(c) of the Passport Act of 1967.
2) The Supreme Court ruled that Section 10(3)(c) was unconstitutional for granting vague powers without oversight and for not providing individuals a chance to defend themselves before decisions are made.
3) The Court established new standards for restrictions on fundamental rights and expanded the scope of Article 19 rights like free speech to apply abroad as well.
mine lawas mineral excavation in indiaVadde Ramesh
The document summarizes mine laws in India. It discusses that mine laws are classified into two categories - regulation and development, and safety and welfare of miners. The key acts governing mines are the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act of 1957 and the Mines Act of 1952. Minerals are classified as major or minor. Major minerals require approval from central government for concessions, while states regulate minor minerals. The document outlines procedures for obtaining prospecting licenses and mining leases, restrictions on area concessions, royalty rates, and important mine legislation in India.
- In 1940, the Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution demanding an independent Muslim state of Pakistan. This came after the failure of negotiations between the Congress and the British over granting independence to India.
- The Mountbatten Plan of 1947 provided for the partition of British India into two independent dominions - India and Pakistan. It set June 30th, 1947 as the deadline for the transfer of power and established boundary commissions to divide the provinces of Bengal and Punjab between the two new states.
- The Indian Independence Act, passed in July 1947, formally implemented the partition. It established the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan within the British Commonwealth and specified that the governments would be led by governors general until new constit
This document discusses the Indian legal perspective on COVID-19. It outlines the legal definitions and frameworks for terms like lockdown, curfew, and quarantine. It discusses the Epidemic Diseases Act of 1897, the Disaster Management Act of 2005, and the Essential Commodities Act of 1955 - all of which provide the legal basis for containment measures taken in response to COVID-19. Key powers under these acts include restricting movement and gatherings, requisitioning supplies, and imposing penalties for violating orders. The Prime Minister's lockdown announcement finds basis in the Epidemic Diseases Act.
This resolution by the UN Security Council:
1) Endorses the formation of Iraq's interim sovereign government and the end of the US-led coalition's occupation by June 30, 2004.
2) Welcomes a proposed timeline for Iraq's political transition, including democratic elections by January 2005.
3) Authorizes the multinational force in Iraq to help maintain security and stability to enable the UN and Iraqis to complete political transition and reconstruction.
This document summarizes the Workmen's Compensation Act of 1923 in India. The key points are:
1) The Act provides for payment of compensation by certain classes of employers to their workmen for injuries suffered from workplace accidents.
2) It defines important terms like "employer", "workman", and "compensation". Employers must pay compensation to workmen for injuries arising out of or in the course of employment.
3) Contracting certain specified occupational diseases will also be treated as employment injuries entitling workmen to compensation. State governments can add diseases and occupations to the schedule through notifications.
The conservation of foreign exchange and prevention of smuggling activities a...Leo Lukose
This document is the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act of 1974. Some key points:
- It allows for preventative detention of persons to conserve foreign exchange and prevent smuggling activities that negatively impact the national economy and security.
- Detention orders can be issued by central or state governments if satisfied a person's actions are prejudicial to exchange/smuggling prevention. Detentions can occur anywhere in India.
- Detainees are subject to conditions set by the appropriate government and can be moved between places of detention.
- Advisory boards must review detentions and report within 11 weeks, except some smuggling-related cases can be detained up to 6 months without review.
1) Pakistan faced many difficulties after its creation in 1947, including framing a comprehensive constitution. Quaid-e-Azam began this process but had to delay due to other issues.
2) The first constituent assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949, outlining Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic.
3) Pakistan's first constitution was passed in 1956, establishing a parliamentary republic. However, it was abrogated in 1958 after just two years.
4) Subsequent constitutions were passed in 1962 and 1973, with the latter establishing the current parliamentary system of government. It has since undergone several amendments.
Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014)Tallat Satti
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1947-56)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1957-72)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1973-88)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1989-2000)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan(2001-2014)
Polity governance UGC-NET PAPER-1 AS PER NEW UPDATED SYLLABUS DIwakar Rajput
The document provides an overview of the Constitution of India, including:
1. It describes the Constitution as the longest written constitution in the world, outlining its framework and history of development.
2. It summarizes some key features of the Constitution like its federal structure, parliamentary system of government, fundamental rights and duties, and emergency provisions.
3. It explains the structure of the Constitution including its preamble, parts, articles, schedules, and amendments.
This document contains the full text of a speech delivered by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto before the United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee on October 25, 1957 regarding defining the concept of aggression. In the speech, Bhutto argues that:
1) Defining aggression is an immensely complex task that requires caution given the delicate nature of the issue.
2) While early UN resolutions assumed defining aggression would ensure peace, further study revealed the definition's connection to peace is complicated and more analysis is needed.
3) Given the current state of international law and lack of centralized enforcement, precisely defining aggression in a way that could not be abused or distorted may not be possible.
1) The author is awakened in the middle of the night by his son, who tells him that armed men have climbed onto their roof. When the author goes to investigate, he finds soldiers pointing rifles at him from the balcony.
2) The soldiers inform the author that they are there to arrest him, not shoot him. They take the author away without letting him bring any personal belongings.
3) The author is transported along with other politicians to an office building, where they realize the military has staged a coup, though it is still unclear who is leading it or where Prime Minister Bhutto is.
This document discusses the controversy surrounding the death of former Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. There is debate around whether Bhutto was tortured and killed before his official hanging on April 4, 1979, as ordered by then military ruler General Zia-ul-Haq. Reports from journalists and eyewitnesses at the time stated that Bhutto showed no signs of hanging and may have been beaten to death in his cell. Bhutto's daughter Benazir also believed he did not die from judicial hanging. However, Zia's regime claimed he was hanged as ordered. The circumstances and cause of Bhutto's death have remained controversial and debated in Pakistan.
This document is a table of contents for speeches and statements made by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the President of Pakistan, between October 1, 1972 and December 31, 1972. It lists 105 individual speeches, statements, messages, addresses and interviews given by Bhutto during that time period covering various occasions and addressing different audiences and leaders. The topics ranged from congratulatory and condolence messages to other heads of state, to addresses given to students, workers, military personnel and citizens in different parts of Pakistan.
Constitutional Development of Pakistan since 1947 to the Present !Mah Noor
Pakistan adopted an interim constitution based on the Government of India Act of 1935 after its creation in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to establish a permanent constitution but faced many challenges. The Objectives Resolution of 1949 established Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic. The Constitution of 1956 established Pakistan as an Islamic republic with a parliamentary system. However, it was abrogated in 1958. Subsequent constitutions in 1962 and 1973 established different systems of government and amended Islamic provisions, but the 1973 constitution remains in place today despite several amendments.
The document discusses proposed amendments to the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 in India. It invites suggestions from the general public on the proposed amendments within 30 days of publication.
The key points are:
1) The Government of India is proposing amendments to simplify various sections of the existing Registration of Births and Deaths Act of 1969 and make it more user-friendly.
2) A copy of the proposed amendments is provided for reference, with the existing sections in one column and proposed amendments in another.
3) The public is invited to provide their suggestions or comments on the proposed amendments in the third column, along with justifications, and submit within 30 days via email.
1. The document lists important cases related to Constitutional Law from the LLB 1st semester syllabus, organized by topic including Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Equality, Personal Liberty, Freedom of Speech, Secularism and the Judiciary.
2. Key cases discussed include AK Gopalan which dealt with preventive detention, Kharak Singh regarding right to privacy, and Menaka Gandhi which established that life and personal liberty can only be deprived according to a fair procedure established by law.
3. Cases involving freedom of speech such as Romesh Thaper, and secularism cases including SR Bommai which established secularism as a basic feature of the constitution, are
Pakistan adopted the Government of India Act of 1935 as an interim constitution after independence in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to frame a comprehensive constitution but faced difficulties due to other pressing issues. The first constituent assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949, outlining Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic. After several amendments and martial laws, the Constitution of 1973 was approved, establishing a parliamentary system. It has since faced multiple amendments that have altered the balance of power between civilian and military institutions.
Emergency Provisions are contained in Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India. The President has the power to impose emergency in all part of India if any security fails.
This document discusses emergency provisions in the Indian Constitution from Articles 352 to 360. It defines national emergency, state emergency, and financial emergency. During a national emergency, the President can assume extra powers, suspend fundamental rights, and extend the term of the Lok Sabha. A state emergency allows the President to take over state administration. During a financial emergency, the President can issue financial directives and reduce salaries. The document provides examples of past emergencies in India and explains the impact of the 44th Constitutional amendment on emergency powers.
This document summarizes the Foreign Investment Act of 1997 passed by the Federated States of Micronesia. The act establishes a new chapter on foreign investment that encourages foreign investment while protecting citizens' interests. It defines key terms like foreign investment and investor. It requires all foreign investors to obtain a Foreign Investment Permit and establishes a system to categorize economic sectors, with some sectors on a "National Red List" closed to foreign investment and others on an "National Amber List" subject to national regulation.
This document summarizes the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908 in India. The act aimed to provide for more speedy trials of certain offenses and prohibit associations dangerous to public peace. It established that associations that encourage violence or whose members commit violent acts could be declared unlawful by state governments. The act gave powers to state governments to notify places being used by unlawful associations and allow authorities to take possession of such places and belongings found within. It established penalties for membership in unlawful associations or assisting their operations. Several state governments have since amended sections of the act.
1) Smt. Maneka Gandhi challenged the impounding of her passport by the government without being provided reasons under Section 10(3)(c) of the Passport Act of 1967.
2) The Supreme Court ruled that Section 10(3)(c) was unconstitutional for granting vague powers without oversight and for not providing individuals a chance to defend themselves before decisions are made.
3) The Court established new standards for restrictions on fundamental rights and expanded the scope of Article 19 rights like free speech to apply abroad as well.
mine lawas mineral excavation in indiaVadde Ramesh
The document summarizes mine laws in India. It discusses that mine laws are classified into two categories - regulation and development, and safety and welfare of miners. The key acts governing mines are the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act of 1957 and the Mines Act of 1952. Minerals are classified as major or minor. Major minerals require approval from central government for concessions, while states regulate minor minerals. The document outlines procedures for obtaining prospecting licenses and mining leases, restrictions on area concessions, royalty rates, and important mine legislation in India.
- In 1940, the Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution demanding an independent Muslim state of Pakistan. This came after the failure of negotiations between the Congress and the British over granting independence to India.
- The Mountbatten Plan of 1947 provided for the partition of British India into two independent dominions - India and Pakistan. It set June 30th, 1947 as the deadline for the transfer of power and established boundary commissions to divide the provinces of Bengal and Punjab between the two new states.
- The Indian Independence Act, passed in July 1947, formally implemented the partition. It established the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan within the British Commonwealth and specified that the governments would be led by governors general until new constit
This document discusses the Indian legal perspective on COVID-19. It outlines the legal definitions and frameworks for terms like lockdown, curfew, and quarantine. It discusses the Epidemic Diseases Act of 1897, the Disaster Management Act of 2005, and the Essential Commodities Act of 1955 - all of which provide the legal basis for containment measures taken in response to COVID-19. Key powers under these acts include restricting movement and gatherings, requisitioning supplies, and imposing penalties for violating orders. The Prime Minister's lockdown announcement finds basis in the Epidemic Diseases Act.
This resolution by the UN Security Council:
1) Endorses the formation of Iraq's interim sovereign government and the end of the US-led coalition's occupation by June 30, 2004.
2) Welcomes a proposed timeline for Iraq's political transition, including democratic elections by January 2005.
3) Authorizes the multinational force in Iraq to help maintain security and stability to enable the UN and Iraqis to complete political transition and reconstruction.
This document summarizes the Workmen's Compensation Act of 1923 in India. The key points are:
1) The Act provides for payment of compensation by certain classes of employers to their workmen for injuries suffered from workplace accidents.
2) It defines important terms like "employer", "workman", and "compensation". Employers must pay compensation to workmen for injuries arising out of or in the course of employment.
3) Contracting certain specified occupational diseases will also be treated as employment injuries entitling workmen to compensation. State governments can add diseases and occupations to the schedule through notifications.
The conservation of foreign exchange and prevention of smuggling activities a...Leo Lukose
This document is the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act of 1974. Some key points:
- It allows for preventative detention of persons to conserve foreign exchange and prevent smuggling activities that negatively impact the national economy and security.
- Detention orders can be issued by central or state governments if satisfied a person's actions are prejudicial to exchange/smuggling prevention. Detentions can occur anywhere in India.
- Detainees are subject to conditions set by the appropriate government and can be moved between places of detention.
- Advisory boards must review detentions and report within 11 weeks, except some smuggling-related cases can be detained up to 6 months without review.
1) Pakistan faced many difficulties after its creation in 1947, including framing a comprehensive constitution. Quaid-e-Azam began this process but had to delay due to other issues.
2) The first constituent assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949, outlining Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic.
3) Pakistan's first constitution was passed in 1956, establishing a parliamentary republic. However, it was abrogated in 1958 after just two years.
4) Subsequent constitutions were passed in 1962 and 1973, with the latter establishing the current parliamentary system of government. It has since undergone several amendments.
Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014)Tallat Satti
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1947-56)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1957-72)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1973-88)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1989-2000)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan(2001-2014)
Polity governance UGC-NET PAPER-1 AS PER NEW UPDATED SYLLABUS DIwakar Rajput
The document provides an overview of the Constitution of India, including:
1. It describes the Constitution as the longest written constitution in the world, outlining its framework and history of development.
2. It summarizes some key features of the Constitution like its federal structure, parliamentary system of government, fundamental rights and duties, and emergency provisions.
3. It explains the structure of the Constitution including its preamble, parts, articles, schedules, and amendments.
This document contains the full text of a speech delivered by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto before the United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee on October 25, 1957 regarding defining the concept of aggression. In the speech, Bhutto argues that:
1) Defining aggression is an immensely complex task that requires caution given the delicate nature of the issue.
2) While early UN resolutions assumed defining aggression would ensure peace, further study revealed the definition's connection to peace is complicated and more analysis is needed.
3) Given the current state of international law and lack of centralized enforcement, precisely defining aggression in a way that could not be abused or distorted may not be possible.
1) The author is awakened in the middle of the night by his son, who tells him that armed men have climbed onto their roof. When the author goes to investigate, he finds soldiers pointing rifles at him from the balcony.
2) The soldiers inform the author that they are there to arrest him, not shoot him. They take the author away without letting him bring any personal belongings.
3) The author is transported along with other politicians to an office building, where they realize the military has staged a coup, though it is still unclear who is leading it or where Prime Minister Bhutto is.
This document discusses the controversy surrounding the death of former Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. There is debate around whether Bhutto was tortured and killed before his official hanging on April 4, 1979, as ordered by then military ruler General Zia-ul-Haq. Reports from journalists and eyewitnesses at the time stated that Bhutto showed no signs of hanging and may have been beaten to death in his cell. Bhutto's daughter Benazir also believed he did not die from judicial hanging. However, Zia's regime claimed he was hanged as ordered. The circumstances and cause of Bhutto's death have remained controversial and debated in Pakistan.
This document is a table of contents for speeches and statements made by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the President of Pakistan, between October 1, 1972 and December 31, 1972. It lists 105 individual speeches, statements, messages, addresses and interviews given by Bhutto during that time period covering various occasions and addressing different audiences and leaders. The topics ranged from congratulatory and condolence messages to other heads of state, to addresses given to students, workers, military personnel and citizens in different parts of Pakistan.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the President of Pakistan, addressed a large public meeting in Karachi to discuss whether Pakistan should recognize Bangladesh. While some in the crowd reacted negatively to the idea, Bhutto said he would not recognize Bangladesh without the consent of the Pakistani people. He warned that not recognizing Bangladesh could increase costs and hurt the economy due to debt payments, but ultimately left the decision up to the people and their elected representatives. Bhutto also noted that other countries were pressuring Pakistan to recognize Bangladesh in order to facilitate the return of prisoners of war.
This document provides a summary of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's accomplishments as the leader of Pakistan in the aftermath of its defeat in the 1971 war and the loss of East Pakistan. It describes how Bhutto took charge of a demoralized and unstable nation in crisis and worked to restore stability and self-confidence. Through ambitious political, economic, and social reforms, he established the foundations for the new state of Pakistan and saved it from total ruin. However, he faced significant opposition from entrenched feudal interests and reactionary forces attempting to undermine his progressive agenda. Despite immense challenges, the document credits Bhutto with successfully guiding Pakistan towards democracy, social justice, and economic prosperity through his leadership and vision.
Pakistan has had 4 constitutions since its independence in 1947. The interim constitution was the Government of India Act of 1935. The constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973 were later adopted but all faced amendments or abrogation. The 1973 constitution remains in effect today but has faced numerous amendments over controversial issues like the powers of the Prime Minister and President. Pakistan's constitutional development has been impacted by political instability, martial laws, the language issue, and the distribution of powers between federal and provincial governments.
The document provides background information on citizenship laws and policies in India since independence in 1947. It discusses various acts, agreements and executive orders related to citizenship and foreigners. It notes that religious minorities from Pakistan and Bangladesh have faced persecution and migrated to India in large numbers, and India has historically adopted a relaxed visa policy for these groups in recognition of their circumstances. The document also references parliamentary debates and reports acknowledging religious persecution of minorities in the neighboring countries.
The Indian Independence Act of 1947 officially declared independence for India and partitioned British India into two separate independent dominions - India and Pakistan. The Act established the dominions with legislative supremacy and freedom from British rule. It took effect on August 15, 1947, bringing the British period in India to an end after over 300 years and establishing India's status as an independent and sovereign republic within the Commonwealth.
Salient feature of 1973 constitution of pakistanEHSAN KHAN
Salient feature of 1973 constitution of Pakistan
Constitution is the set of law and principals that determines the nature, functions and limits of the government and other institutions.
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution grants special status to Jammu and Kashmir. It allows the state its own constitution and decision-making rights over all matters except defence, communications and foreign affairs. Over time, several presidential orders have diluted some of the special provisions of Article 370. There is ongoing debate and disagreement between political parties over retaining, diluting or fully abrogating Article 370.
Constitutional Development of Pakistan.pptxsufyyan1125
The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan:
- Established Pakistan as an Islamic republic made up of four provinces.
- Adopted a parliamentary system with an elected prime minister having most power and a ceremonial president.
- Guaranteed fundamental rights to citizens and made Islam the state religion.
- Created a bicameral parliament and outlined powers of the federal and provincial governments.
- Remained in effect until 1977 when General Zia-ul-Haq suspended it and imposed martial law.
Pakistan has had four constitutions since its independence in 1947. The 1956 constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic and parliamentary democracy. Martial law was imposed in 1958, replacing the 1956 constitution with General Ayub Khan's 1962 constitution, which established a presidential system. The 1973 constitution restored parliamentary democracy but was amended under Zia-ul-Haq to strengthen Islamization. It has since faced multiple amendments affecting the balance of power between civilian and military institutions.
Constitutional development of Pakistan since 1947Shahzaib Chadhar
Pakistan has had four constitutions since its independence in 1947. The 1956 constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic and parliamentary democracy. Martial law was imposed in 1958, replacing the 1956 constitution with General Ayub Khan's 1962 constitution, which established a presidential system. The 1973 constitution restored parliamentary democracy but was amended under Zia-ul-Haq to strengthen Islamization. It has since faced multiple amendments altering the balance of power between civilian and military institutions.
The document discusses the Indian Independence Act of 1947 and the birth of the Indian constitution. It provides context around the history of British rule in India and the process of independence. The Act established two new independent dominions - India and Pakistan - and ended British paramountcy. It also discussed the constitutional positions of princely states and the formation of the constituent assembly to draft the Indian constitution.
Constitution of india a living documentVaasuGupta5
1) The document outlines the key provisions of the Constitution of India. It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic to secure justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for all citizens.
2) It details citizenship rights at the commencement of the Constitution for those born in India or with Indian-born parents/grandparents, and specifies rights for those who migrated from Pakistan.
3) It establishes fundamental rights of equality before law, prohibition of discrimination, equality of opportunity in public employment, abolition of untouchability and titles. The State cannot abridge these rights.
The document summarizes the constitutional development of Pakistan from its inception to the present 1973 constitution. It outlines the key principles and features of Pakistan's constitutions in 1956, 1962, and 1973. The 1956 constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic with a parliamentary system but was never implemented due to martial law. The 1962 constitution established a presidential system that was also abrogated in 1969. The current 1973 constitution returned to a parliamentary democracy and included provisions for fundamental rights and an independent judiciary.
constitution 1973 Islamic republic of Pakistan(2017) pptMalikSayriii
The document summarizes the key aspects of Pakistan's Constitution of 1973, including its origins, salient features, amendments, and provisions related to Islam. It originated after Pakistan gained independence and underwent various interim constitutions until the current 1973 version was unanimously passed. Some key elements include its federal parliamentary system, fundamental rights protections, establishment of an independent judiciary, and the declaration of Islam as the state religion. It has undergone over 20 amendments since its enactment.
The document discusses Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian constitution regarding the special status of Jammu and Kashmir. Article 370 granted Jammu and Kashmir autonomy over internal administration and allowed it to have its own constitution and flag. Article 35A granted special rights and privileges to permanent residents of Jammu and Kashmir. In August 2019, the government revoked Article 370 through a Presidential order and Parliamentary resolution, removing the special status and making Jammu and Kashmir union territories directly ruled by the central government.
- Pakistan adopted the Government of India Act of 1935 as an interim constitution after independence in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to frame a comprehensive constitution but faced delays due to other pressing issues.
- The first constituent assembly appointed Liaquat Ali Khan as Prime Minister. The Objectives Resolution of 1949 established sovereignty over Allah and democracy based on Islamic principles.
- Pakistan's first constitution was introduced in 1956, establishing an Islamic Republic with a parliamentary system. However, it was abrogated in 1958 after just two years. The 1962 constitution introduced a presidential system and 'basic democracy' until the 1973 constitution established the current parliamentary republic.
The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan introduced several new features including establishing Pakistan as an Islamic republic, adopting a parliamentary democracy with a bicameral legislature, guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms to citizens, and establishing a federal system with provinces having autonomy. Some key features included an Islamic ideology, flexibility to amend the constitution with a two-thirds majority, direct elections, independence of the judiciary, national and official languages, and referendums being allowed.
(50 YEARS OF AGE OF Pakistan constitution.pptxlodhisaajjda
34 AMENDMENTS IN PAKISTAN CONSTITUTION 1973 FROM 1973 TO 2023(50 YEARS OF AGE OF Pakistan constitutionThese rights include essential principles such as equality before the law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, and the freedom to practice religion.The Assembly passed the bill on 10th April, 1973 and at last the constitution came into force on 14th August 1973. The present constitution (1973) provides for the protection and preservation of Islamic Concept of life. It also attempts to propagate and implement the basic teachings of Islam.it is not in the public interest to furnish any documents, is
produced.
(7) Within a period of twenty-four months commencing on the
day of his first detention in pursuance of an order made under a law
providing for preventive detention, no person shall be detained in
pursuance of any such order for more than a total period of eight months
in the case of a person detained for acting in a manner prejudicial to public
order and twelve months in any other case :
Provided that this clause shall not apply to any person who is
employed by, or works for, or acts on instructions received from, the
enemy 1
[, or who is acting or attempting to act in a manner prejudicial to
the integrity, security or defence of Pakistan or any part thereof or who
commits or attempts to commit any act which amounts to an anti-national
activity as defined in a Federal law or is a member of any association
which has for its objects, or which indulges in, any such anti national
activity].
(8) The appropriate Review Board shall determine the place of
detention of the person detained and fix a reasonable subsistence
allowance for his family.
(9) Nothing in this Article shall apply to any person who for
the time being is an enemy alien.
10A. Right to fair trial
2
[10A. For the determination of his civil rights and obligations or
in any criminal charge against him a person shall be entitled to a fair trial
and due process.]
11. Slavery, forced labour, etc., prohibited
The document discusses the history of Jammu and Kashmir's accession to India. It notes that while the accession was incomplete, the 1954 election in which Jammu and Kashmir ratified accession to India has been ignored. It argues that the region of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir is now a center of international terrorism and any solution to deal with terrorism should involve denying terrorists safe havens there.
The document outlines some key provisions in Part I of the Constitution of India regarding the territory of India and establishment of new states. It specifies that India shall be a union of states, lists the current states and territories in the First Schedule, and allows Parliament to admit new states or alter existing states by law. It also provides that any such law shall include amendments to relevant Schedules and may contain supplemental provisions regarding representation in Parliament.
Similar to Speeches before the security council (20)
This document provides background on the author Chakar Ali Junejo's family and their roots in Sindh, Pakistan. It discusses how his ancestors originally migrated from Rajputana (modern Rajasthan in India) and settled in Sindh, developing agricultural land. It focuses particularly on the author's uncle, Jan Muhammad Junejo, who was educated in England and became one of the first Sindhi Muslims to become a barrister-at-law. Jan Muhammad played an active role in the Khilafat Movement and Hijrat Campaign in the early 20th century, leading hundreds of migrants to Kabul, Afghanistan in protest against British rule in India. The author's involvement in politics can be traced back to
This document is the foreword and acknowledgements section of a book titled "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: Recollections and Remembrances". The foreword provides background on the book, which contains recollections and memories from people who knew Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in various capacities. It discusses how Bhutto left an indelible mark on history and different people saw him in different lights. The acknowledgements section thanks those who helped compile the book by collecting material, editing contributions and preparing the manuscript for printing.
This document is an introduction to a book titled "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto - Politics of Charisma" which contains messages, articles, and writings about former Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The introduction provides an overview of the book's three parts: 1) Messages from Benazir Bhutto and others on Bhutto's death anniversaries, 2) Articles from scholars and intellectuals about Bhutto's life and legacy, 3) Bhutto's own writing titled "If I am assassinated." The introduction frames Bhutto as a charismatic leader who transcended death and grew in stature, with his politics of charisma shaping how he is remembered over time.
This document provides a foreword and introduction to a collection of articles by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. In 3 sentences:
The foreword discusses Bhutto's experience as President and Prime Minister of Pakistan, facing myriad problems from a broken country and economic upheaval, which occupied countless hours of discussion. Bhutto wrote the collected articles to formulate principles and an ethic to govern Pakistan's responses to external challenges, to avoid being misunderstood by others and ensure policymakers have a sense of direction. The introduction argues that the developing world needs a conference to reach consensus on rectifying imbalances in the global economic order, as declarations by the UN and Group of 77 have failed to bridge the gulf between rich
The document summarizes the context surrounding former Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's imprisonment by the military junta led by General Mohammad Zia-ul Haq. Bhutto has been sentenced to death for conspiring to murder a political opponent, though the introduction asserts this is pretextual and that the true reason is to eliminate Bhutto for empowering workers and challenging entrenched interests. The introduction outlines Bhutto's reforms that threatened Pakistan's traditional power structures and his commitment to developing Pakistan's economy and nuclear power. It claims a vast international conspiracy involving Kissinger aims to destabilize the region by removing leaders like Bhutto promoting independence and modernization.
This document provides biographical information about Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and an overview of the contents of a three-volume collection of his writings titled "Politics of the People". It describes Bhutto's early involvement in Pakistan's independence movement and his education in law and political science. It then outlines his career in Pakistan's government, including roles as Commerce Minister and Foreign Minister. The document notes the formation of Bhutto's new political party after leaving government in 1966 and his party's victory in 1970 elections. It concludes by listing the contents of the first volume in the collection, titled "Reshaping Foreign Policy", which contains 27 of Bhutto's speeches, articles and statements from 1948 to 1962 related to Pakistan's foreign policy
1. The document discusses Pakistan's foreign policy and alliances from the 1960s. It analyzes Pakistan's shifting relations with major world powers like the US, China, and India under President Ayub Khan.
2. Ayub Khan initially aligned Pakistan closely with the US, but later sought to develop relations with China and others, angering the US. The US then pressured Pakistan to improve ties with India instead in order to undermine Pakistan's relations with China.
3. At Tashkent in 1966, Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire with India despite being in a stronger position, losing strategic gains. This was seen as making unnecessary sacrifices to restore relations with the US, which did not improve as hoped
The document discusses the political situation in Pakistan in 1977, focusing on the relationship between Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the military under General Zia-ul-Haq. It describes how Bhutto used the military to quell post-election violence between his PPP party and the opposition PNA alliance. Talks between the two sides broke down, leading the military to take Bhutto into protective custody and impose martial law. General Zia initially said elections would be held under the 1973 constitution, but later detained Bhutto to face trial by a military court.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto dedicated his life to serving Pakistan and empowering its people. As prime minister in the 1970s, he helped rebuild Pakistan after its breakup by establishing peace with India, developing the economy through industrialization and land reform, and creating Pakistan's first constitution. However, his efforts to shift Pakistan away from Western alliances and his advocacy for a New World Economic Order led to his overthrow in a 1977 military coup and eventual execution in 1979 after a controversial trial. Bhutto believed he was assassinated because he refused to compromise Pakistan's interests, and his death left the nation feeling orphaned.
This document is an introduction to a collection of speeches by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 1970-1971 as Pakistan was transitioning from military rule to democracy. The introduction provides background on Ayub Khan resigning as President and handing power to General Yahya Khan. It then summarizes some of Bhutto's key speeches and policies during this time period, including advocating for Islamic socialism, opposing military rule, and campaigning for democracy and economic reforms to help the poor and working classes. Bhutto and his Pakistan People's Party swept elections in West Pakistan due to their message and inclusion of candidates from all classes.
This document summarizes an interview between Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci and Pakistani leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1972. It provides background on Fallaci's career interviewing international leaders. The interview with Bhutto took place over 6 days and covered many topics. Bhutto was a complex figure - educated abroad but still traditional, interested in socialism but with fascists books. He strongly disliked India's Indira Gandhi. Bhutto denied involvement in a recent massacre in Bangladesh but Fallaci questioned this. The interview caused a diplomatic incident when published.
This document provides background on Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the former Prime Minister of Pakistan who was executed in 1979. It discusses the author's history supporting Bhutto in the 1960s-70s through various roles in journalism before becoming disillusioned. However, after Zia ul-Haq took power in a military coup in 1977, the author realized Bhutto had faced significant constraints from powerful status quo forces. The document aims to provide future generations the true facts about Bhutto and determine if he was a demagogue, murderer or martyr for democracy in Pakistan. It explores Bhutto's vision and challenges in bringing change while up against powerful opponents.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Pakistan's foreign policy regarding its relationship with India from 1962-1964. Some key points:
- Pakistan is skeptical of India's offers of a "No War Pact" given India's disregard for UN resolutions on Kashmir and statements by Indian leaders indicating a willingness to use force.
- Pakistan believes settling disputes peacefully in accordance with the UN charter makes additional pacts with India unnecessary. Accepting India's terms could set a harmful precedent.
- While Pakistan seeks peaceful resolutions, India has resorted to force 5 times in 15 years and leaders have made aggressive statements, showing it cannot be trusted. Augmenting India's military will only increase threats to Pakistan and
This document provides an introduction to the topic of religion and politics in Pakistan. It discusses how both modernists and traditionalists have used Islam to further their political objectives. It explores how Islam was incorporated into Pakistan's founding and early governments under Bhutto, and the increased Islamization under Zia. The introduction examines different scholarly perspectives on these issues from authors like Wilfred Cantwell Smith and Keith Callard. It establishes that while Islam played a role in Pakistan's creation, the specific role it would play in the new state was unclear. Both modernists and traditionalists have interpreted Islam differently and sought to influence politics and policy.
This document provides biographical information about Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who later became president of Pakistan. It discusses his early life and education in Pakistan and abroad. It describes his early career in Pakistan, including teaching law and representing Pakistan in the UN. It outlines his rise in politics, holding several ministerial positions before becoming foreign minister in 1963. It then discusses his organizing of a new political party after leaving the government in 1966 and leading this party to victory in the 1970 elections.
This document contains a compilation of interviews given by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the former Prime Minister of Pakistan. It includes over 20 interviews Bhutto gave between 1972 and 1976 to journalists from various countries. The interviews cover a range of topics, including Bhutto's vision for Pakistan in the aftermath of its 1971 war with India and the independence of Bangladesh, his domestic and foreign policies, and geopolitical issues facing Pakistan such as its relationship with India and other countries. The compilation was put together by Nusrat Lashari and includes a foreword from Benazir Bhutto praising her father's leadership during a difficult time for Pakistan.
This document provides an introduction and background on Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a prominent Pakistani political leader. It discusses Bhutto's family history and upbringing, his education abroad, and his early career and political stances in opposition to ideas like "One Unit." It also touches on his appointment as a minister in 1958 under Sikandar Mirza's government. The introduction aims to contextualize Bhutto and his rise politically through an assessment of his background and the socio-political circumstances in Pakistan at the time.
This chapter provides background on the Bhutto family's ancestral home of Sindh province in Pakistan. It describes Sindh as a harsh land dominated by feudal landlords and brutal feudal systems that oppressed tenant farmers. The Bhutto clan originated in this environment and context of Sindh's history, which involved conquest and settlement by various foreign groups, creating a racially diverse population over centuries. The chapter establishes the Bhuttos as part of the local elite and landed gentry that ruled over poor tenant farmers in the Larkana district of Sindh province for generations.
This document is an introduction to a collection of speeches and writings by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 1966-1969. It provides context for Bhutto's rise as a leader opposing the authoritarian rule of Ayub Khan. When Bhutto left the government, crowds turned out to support him as the symbol of national pride. He began leading a movement against Ayub Khan's dictatorship. Despite facing repression from the government, Bhutto succeeded in connecting with ordinary people through speeches around the country. He founded the Pakistan People's Party to give the people a voice and vision for change.
This document discusses management and how to get the best from others. It begins with legal disclaimers and notices, then provides an introduction to management that defines management and its key functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. It then discusses how to build trust and confidence in employees by gaining their trust in the organization and its objectives, and building confidence through competence, consistency, and caring about employees' well-being.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.