The document summarizes information about the Yellow-bellied Sea Snake (Pelamis platura). It discusses the snake's classification, distribution throughout tropical oceans worldwide except for some regions, and habitat in the upper layers of open ocean waters. The snake preys on small fish, using an ambush technique and potent venom. It can hold its breath for extended periods while diving and surfaces to breathe every few hours, demonstrating adaptations for its fully aquatic pelagic lifestyle.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the Australian zoogeographical region. It includes:
1) A definition of the region and its subregions which encompass Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania and surrounding islands.
2) Descriptions of 3-4 representative species from major vertebrate groups found in the region, including the Queensland lungfish, emu, tuatara, and saltwater crocodile.
3) An overview of the region's biomes which are dominated by deserts and forests, and a note that the fauna is highly endemic and primitive compared to other regions.
This document describes a new genus and species of soft coral found off the coast of Western Australia. Notodysiferus dhondtae is described based on specimens collected from King George Sound. It is an encrusting, zooxanthellate coral with dimorphic polyps. Both siphonozooids and autozooids are present on the lobes, but only siphonozooids are found on the basal regions and between lobes. Sclerites are 8-radiate capstans up to 0.12 mm long. This represents the first record of such an encrusting coral species in these waters.
This document summarizes the key characteristics of insular fauna for several islands, including Continental islands like Britain and Ancient continental islands like Madagascar and New Zealand. It notes that Continental islands were connected to mainland during ice ages, so their fauna is similar to the mainland. Oceanic islands like Galapagos and St. Helena never had land connections and thus have unique fauna, often with flightless birds and reptiles adapted to the island environment. Specific details are then provided on the fauna of Galapagos, St. Helena, Madagascar, New Zealand, and Britain.
This document discusses barriers to animal dispersal in various environments. It defines barriers as any physical, climatic, or ecological factor that restricts an animal's distribution. Barriers are classified into four main categories: physiological, ecological, behavioral, and artificial. Physiological barriers include inhospitable climates, high salinity levels, and deep ocean pressures. Ecological barriers involve lack of food or incompatible ecosystems. Behavioral barriers refer to an animal's unwillingness to cross certain areas. Artificial barriers are caused by human activities. The document then examines barriers specific to marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments, such as landmasses, temperature variations, and mountain ranges. Overall, the effectiveness of a barrier depends on both the
Insular (isolated) fauna is the animal biodiversity of islands. This is a brief outline of the fauna of several islands, spread throughout the world, and divided into three categories: continental islands, oceanic islands, and ancient islands.
There are approximately two dozen species of snakehead fish native to China. Snakeheads are able to breathe air using a primitive lung above their gills, unlike most other fish. The largest snakehead species is the giant snakehead, found in several Southeast Asian countries, which can grow up to 3 feet long and prey on many other fish as an apex predator.
This document provides information on snakehead fish of the family Channidae. It describes their physical features, life history, reproductive strategies, environmental tolerances, distribution, impacts as an invasive species, and recommendations for listing them as aquatic invasive species in Arizona. Snakeheads are found naturally in parts of Asia but have been introduced elsewhere, including parts of the United States, through the live food and aquarium trades. As voracious predators, they pose threats to native wildlife and fisheries if established. The document recommends listing all snakehead species as invasive in Arizona to help prevent and respond to potential introductions.
This document discusses island biogeography and provides examples of continental and oceanic islands. It describes how continental islands like Great Britain and Borneo have fauna more similar to nearby mainland areas due to past connections, while oceanic islands have fauna that arrived by air/water and is often endemic. It discusses species-area relationships and how larger islands support more species due to lower extinction rates. It summarizes Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson's equilibrium theory of island biogeography.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the Australian zoogeographical region. It includes:
1) A definition of the region and its subregions which encompass Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania and surrounding islands.
2) Descriptions of 3-4 representative species from major vertebrate groups found in the region, including the Queensland lungfish, emu, tuatara, and saltwater crocodile.
3) An overview of the region's biomes which are dominated by deserts and forests, and a note that the fauna is highly endemic and primitive compared to other regions.
This document describes a new genus and species of soft coral found off the coast of Western Australia. Notodysiferus dhondtae is described based on specimens collected from King George Sound. It is an encrusting, zooxanthellate coral with dimorphic polyps. Both siphonozooids and autozooids are present on the lobes, but only siphonozooids are found on the basal regions and between lobes. Sclerites are 8-radiate capstans up to 0.12 mm long. This represents the first record of such an encrusting coral species in these waters.
This document summarizes the key characteristics of insular fauna for several islands, including Continental islands like Britain and Ancient continental islands like Madagascar and New Zealand. It notes that Continental islands were connected to mainland during ice ages, so their fauna is similar to the mainland. Oceanic islands like Galapagos and St. Helena never had land connections and thus have unique fauna, often with flightless birds and reptiles adapted to the island environment. Specific details are then provided on the fauna of Galapagos, St. Helena, Madagascar, New Zealand, and Britain.
This document discusses barriers to animal dispersal in various environments. It defines barriers as any physical, climatic, or ecological factor that restricts an animal's distribution. Barriers are classified into four main categories: physiological, ecological, behavioral, and artificial. Physiological barriers include inhospitable climates, high salinity levels, and deep ocean pressures. Ecological barriers involve lack of food or incompatible ecosystems. Behavioral barriers refer to an animal's unwillingness to cross certain areas. Artificial barriers are caused by human activities. The document then examines barriers specific to marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments, such as landmasses, temperature variations, and mountain ranges. Overall, the effectiveness of a barrier depends on both the
Insular (isolated) fauna is the animal biodiversity of islands. This is a brief outline of the fauna of several islands, spread throughout the world, and divided into three categories: continental islands, oceanic islands, and ancient islands.
There are approximately two dozen species of snakehead fish native to China. Snakeheads are able to breathe air using a primitive lung above their gills, unlike most other fish. The largest snakehead species is the giant snakehead, found in several Southeast Asian countries, which can grow up to 3 feet long and prey on many other fish as an apex predator.
This document provides information on snakehead fish of the family Channidae. It describes their physical features, life history, reproductive strategies, environmental tolerances, distribution, impacts as an invasive species, and recommendations for listing them as aquatic invasive species in Arizona. Snakeheads are found naturally in parts of Asia but have been introduced elsewhere, including parts of the United States, through the live food and aquarium trades. As voracious predators, they pose threats to native wildlife and fisheries if established. The document recommends listing all snakehead species as invasive in Arizona to help prevent and respond to potential introductions.
This document discusses island biogeography and provides examples of continental and oceanic islands. It describes how continental islands like Great Britain and Borneo have fauna more similar to nearby mainland areas due to past connections, while oceanic islands have fauna that arrived by air/water and is often endemic. It discusses species-area relationships and how larger islands support more species due to lower extinction rates. It summarizes Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson's equilibrium theory of island biogeography.
This document discusses various types of barriers to animal dispersal. It categorizes barriers into physiological, ecological, behavioral, and artificial barriers. For marine environments, key barriers include land masses, temperature, salt concentration, and pressure. In freshwater, land masses and salt concentration pose barriers. Terrestrial barriers include mountains, deserts, large rivers, rainfall regions, oceans, and human developments like urbanization and agriculture. The effectiveness of barriers depends on both the challenges they present and characteristics of attempting to cross organisms.
This document discusses the feeding habits and biology of Labeo rohita, an important freshwater fish species in India. It finds that L. rohita exhibits ontogenetic shifts in diet, starting as an omnivore feeding mainly on zooplankton in early life stages. As it grows, it feeds more on phytoplankton and becomes an herbivorous column feeder that sieves water using modified gill rakers. Studies of its gut contents in different seasons found it feeds most after the monsoon spawning season, when it compensates for energy lost during breeding. Overall, L. rohita displays adaptable feeding as an omnivore-planktophage in youth
This document provides information on two protected plant species found only in the Maltese Islands:
1. Helichrysum melitense, known as the Maltese everlasting, is a critically endangered shrub found only on cliffs in Gozo and Malta. It is threatened by habitat loss from quarrying and development as well as invasive alien plants. Conservation efforts include legal protections and promoting its cultivation.
2. Palaeocyanus crassifolius, the Maltese rock-centuary, is a rare endemic shrub found on southern and western cliffs in Malta and Gozo. It has been the national plant of Malta since 1971 and is legally protected. While threatened by habitat loss, conservation
This document summarizes information about the spotted snakehead (Channa punctata), including its:
1) Native range which extends from Afghanistan to southern Nepal, Bangladesh, northeastern India and Sri Lanka.
2) Habitat preferences including stagnant waters, muddy streams, ponds with swampy bottoms or aquatic vegetation.
3) Reproductive habits such as building circular nests guarded by both parents, spawning throughout the year but peaking during monsoon months.
The document provides information about the Australian region, including its boundaries, climate, biomes, and vertebrate fauna. It notes that the region includes Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, and surrounding islands. Several subregions are identified: Australian, Austro-Malayan, Polynesian, and New Zealand. The diverse climate and biomes within the region are described, including deserts, forests, and grasslands. The document highlights the region's large number of endemic and primitive vertebrate species, providing examples of unique freshwater fish, amphibians, and reptiles found within the Australian region.
A zoogeographical region/realm is a sub-division of the Earth having a unique fauna, i.e. species that are found only in that area. Alfred Russel Wallace introduced six zoogeographical realms: Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. This is a brief overview of each.
The presentation discusses the biology of the rohu fish (Labeo rohita). Key points:
- Rohu is a commercially important species in Bangladesh and other parts of Asia.
- It is an omnivorous, column feeding fish found in rivers, ponds, and floodplains.
- The fish reaches sexual maturity at 3 years and breeds during the monsoon season, laying hundreds of thousands of eggs.
- Rohu plays an important role ecologically and is also a highly valued food fish, though its populations have declined from overfishing in rivers. It remains widely cultured in aquaculture.
- The document provides information on several different protected animal species found in Malta and Europe, including the lesser horseshoe bat, grey long-eared bat, pipistrelle bat, Maltese freshwater crab, and painted frog.
- It describes the physical characteristics, habitats, behaviors, diets, and conservation status of these various species.
- Several of the species described such as the lesser horseshoe bat and Maltese freshwater crab are considered threatened or vulnerable due to habitat loss and other human impacts.
“Humankind has not woven the web of life. We are but one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. All things are bound together … all things connect.” — Chief Seattle
This document provides information about two topics: Labeo rohita and Bufo. For Labeo rohita, it discusses its systematic position, distribution, habitat and feeding behavior, physical structure, and economic and ecological importance. For Bufo, it describes its systematic position, distribution across different genera now, habitat in dry and moist places, external and internal physical structure, and importance in ecosystems as predators/prey and for pest control and medicine.
Several Spanish animal species are in danger of extinction, including the salamander, Mediterranean tortoise, and Samarugo fish. Habitat destruction from development, pollution, and invasive species has negatively impacted these animals' populations. Conservation efforts like controlled breeding programs and habitat regeneration have helped some species recover. Other threatened Spanish animals discussed are the Iberian wolf, red squirrel, giant lizard of El Hierro, and Malvasía duck, which face pressures from habitat loss, hunting, and hybridization.
1. The document discusses the distribution of various geographical regions from a zoogeographical perspective, beginning with the first distribution by Dr. P.L. Sclater in 1857 and subsequent distributions by Huxley in 1868 and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1876.
2. It provides details on the faunal composition and characteristics of key regions including the Palaearctic, Oriental, Ethiopian, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. Each region is defined by its physical features, climate, and unique endemic families of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and other fauna.
3. The document analyzes similarities and differences in fauna between regions, with the Australian region noted as
Zoogeography and factors affecting animal distributionKankana Choudhury
This document discusses zoogeography and the factors affecting animal distribution. It begins by defining zoogeography and describing the three levels at which distribution can be studied. It then outlines the six main zoogeographic regions identified by Sclater and Wallace: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian. For each region, it provides details on location, climate, vegetation, fauna, and subdivisions. It also discusses patterns of animal distribution and the barriers and means of dispersal that influence distribution patterns.
1) Rohu, or Labeo rohita, is a species of ray-finned fish found widely in South Asia that is important to aquaculture.
2) It is in the order Cypriniformes and family Cyprinidae.
3) In its early life stages it eats zooplankton and phytoplankton, but as a juvenile and adult it is primarily herbivorous and eats algae and aquatic plants.
This document provides information on four families of reef fish: Butterflyfishes, Grunts, Cutlassfishes, and Emperors. It describes the key characteristics of each family, including their geographic distribution, physical features, feeding behaviors, and importance as food fish. Examples are given of commonly occurring species within each family through images and species names. References used in compiling the information on each fish family are cited at the end.
Scientists from the Census of Marine Life have cataloged species found in various ocean regions globally. They documented over 25,000 species, with Australian and Japanese waters being the most biodiverse. The study combined historical records with new data to create an inventory of species distributions across biologically diverse areas from the Antarctic to the Arctic.
Palaeogeography or paleogeography is the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes (visible features of an area of land). This is a brief overview of four famous paleogeographic theories: the permanence of continents, land bridges, continental drift, and plate tectonics.
This document summarizes information about the bird order Apodiformes, which includes swifts and hummingbirds. It discusses their origins in the late Cretaceous period, classification into families including Apodidae, Hemiprocnidae, and Trochilidae. It provides details on the geographic ranges, habitats, ecosystem roles, conservation status and threats to specific swift species such as the Guam swiftlet and Chimney swift. Management strategies are also mentioned.
El documento proporciona instrucciones en 5 pasos para crear un blog en Blogger.com. Estos pasos incluyen hacer clic en el botón "Nuevo blog", completar los campos de título y dirección URL, seleccionar un diseño de plantilla, y hacer clic en "Crear blog". Una vez creado, los usuarios pueden agregar nuevas entradas editando el título, texto, imágenes y enlaces usando las herramientas del editor.
Adobe Captivate Prime is a modern learning management system (LMS) that allows users to easily setup, deliver, and track learning. It offers a unique fluidic player to seamlessly play all types of content and allows note-taking. The LMS also provides gamification, mobile learning, offline access, and powerful reporting capabilities to measure learning impact and establish a learning culture. Administrators can create customized learning programs and plans to help employees develop skills and achieve training objectives.
This document discusses various types of barriers to animal dispersal. It categorizes barriers into physiological, ecological, behavioral, and artificial barriers. For marine environments, key barriers include land masses, temperature, salt concentration, and pressure. In freshwater, land masses and salt concentration pose barriers. Terrestrial barriers include mountains, deserts, large rivers, rainfall regions, oceans, and human developments like urbanization and agriculture. The effectiveness of barriers depends on both the challenges they present and characteristics of attempting to cross organisms.
This document discusses the feeding habits and biology of Labeo rohita, an important freshwater fish species in India. It finds that L. rohita exhibits ontogenetic shifts in diet, starting as an omnivore feeding mainly on zooplankton in early life stages. As it grows, it feeds more on phytoplankton and becomes an herbivorous column feeder that sieves water using modified gill rakers. Studies of its gut contents in different seasons found it feeds most after the monsoon spawning season, when it compensates for energy lost during breeding. Overall, L. rohita displays adaptable feeding as an omnivore-planktophage in youth
This document provides information on two protected plant species found only in the Maltese Islands:
1. Helichrysum melitense, known as the Maltese everlasting, is a critically endangered shrub found only on cliffs in Gozo and Malta. It is threatened by habitat loss from quarrying and development as well as invasive alien plants. Conservation efforts include legal protections and promoting its cultivation.
2. Palaeocyanus crassifolius, the Maltese rock-centuary, is a rare endemic shrub found on southern and western cliffs in Malta and Gozo. It has been the national plant of Malta since 1971 and is legally protected. While threatened by habitat loss, conservation
This document summarizes information about the spotted snakehead (Channa punctata), including its:
1) Native range which extends from Afghanistan to southern Nepal, Bangladesh, northeastern India and Sri Lanka.
2) Habitat preferences including stagnant waters, muddy streams, ponds with swampy bottoms or aquatic vegetation.
3) Reproductive habits such as building circular nests guarded by both parents, spawning throughout the year but peaking during monsoon months.
The document provides information about the Australian region, including its boundaries, climate, biomes, and vertebrate fauna. It notes that the region includes Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, and surrounding islands. Several subregions are identified: Australian, Austro-Malayan, Polynesian, and New Zealand. The diverse climate and biomes within the region are described, including deserts, forests, and grasslands. The document highlights the region's large number of endemic and primitive vertebrate species, providing examples of unique freshwater fish, amphibians, and reptiles found within the Australian region.
A zoogeographical region/realm is a sub-division of the Earth having a unique fauna, i.e. species that are found only in that area. Alfred Russel Wallace introduced six zoogeographical realms: Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. This is a brief overview of each.
The presentation discusses the biology of the rohu fish (Labeo rohita). Key points:
- Rohu is a commercially important species in Bangladesh and other parts of Asia.
- It is an omnivorous, column feeding fish found in rivers, ponds, and floodplains.
- The fish reaches sexual maturity at 3 years and breeds during the monsoon season, laying hundreds of thousands of eggs.
- Rohu plays an important role ecologically and is also a highly valued food fish, though its populations have declined from overfishing in rivers. It remains widely cultured in aquaculture.
- The document provides information on several different protected animal species found in Malta and Europe, including the lesser horseshoe bat, grey long-eared bat, pipistrelle bat, Maltese freshwater crab, and painted frog.
- It describes the physical characteristics, habitats, behaviors, diets, and conservation status of these various species.
- Several of the species described such as the lesser horseshoe bat and Maltese freshwater crab are considered threatened or vulnerable due to habitat loss and other human impacts.
“Humankind has not woven the web of life. We are but one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. All things are bound together … all things connect.” — Chief Seattle
This document provides information about two topics: Labeo rohita and Bufo. For Labeo rohita, it discusses its systematic position, distribution, habitat and feeding behavior, physical structure, and economic and ecological importance. For Bufo, it describes its systematic position, distribution across different genera now, habitat in dry and moist places, external and internal physical structure, and importance in ecosystems as predators/prey and for pest control and medicine.
Several Spanish animal species are in danger of extinction, including the salamander, Mediterranean tortoise, and Samarugo fish. Habitat destruction from development, pollution, and invasive species has negatively impacted these animals' populations. Conservation efforts like controlled breeding programs and habitat regeneration have helped some species recover. Other threatened Spanish animals discussed are the Iberian wolf, red squirrel, giant lizard of El Hierro, and Malvasía duck, which face pressures from habitat loss, hunting, and hybridization.
1. The document discusses the distribution of various geographical regions from a zoogeographical perspective, beginning with the first distribution by Dr. P.L. Sclater in 1857 and subsequent distributions by Huxley in 1868 and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1876.
2. It provides details on the faunal composition and characteristics of key regions including the Palaearctic, Oriental, Ethiopian, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. Each region is defined by its physical features, climate, and unique endemic families of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and other fauna.
3. The document analyzes similarities and differences in fauna between regions, with the Australian region noted as
Zoogeography and factors affecting animal distributionKankana Choudhury
This document discusses zoogeography and the factors affecting animal distribution. It begins by defining zoogeography and describing the three levels at which distribution can be studied. It then outlines the six main zoogeographic regions identified by Sclater and Wallace: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian. For each region, it provides details on location, climate, vegetation, fauna, and subdivisions. It also discusses patterns of animal distribution and the barriers and means of dispersal that influence distribution patterns.
1) Rohu, or Labeo rohita, is a species of ray-finned fish found widely in South Asia that is important to aquaculture.
2) It is in the order Cypriniformes and family Cyprinidae.
3) In its early life stages it eats zooplankton and phytoplankton, but as a juvenile and adult it is primarily herbivorous and eats algae and aquatic plants.
This document provides information on four families of reef fish: Butterflyfishes, Grunts, Cutlassfishes, and Emperors. It describes the key characteristics of each family, including their geographic distribution, physical features, feeding behaviors, and importance as food fish. Examples are given of commonly occurring species within each family through images and species names. References used in compiling the information on each fish family are cited at the end.
Scientists from the Census of Marine Life have cataloged species found in various ocean regions globally. They documented over 25,000 species, with Australian and Japanese waters being the most biodiverse. The study combined historical records with new data to create an inventory of species distributions across biologically diverse areas from the Antarctic to the Arctic.
Palaeogeography or paleogeography is the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes (visible features of an area of land). This is a brief overview of four famous paleogeographic theories: the permanence of continents, land bridges, continental drift, and plate tectonics.
This document summarizes information about the bird order Apodiformes, which includes swifts and hummingbirds. It discusses their origins in the late Cretaceous period, classification into families including Apodidae, Hemiprocnidae, and Trochilidae. It provides details on the geographic ranges, habitats, ecosystem roles, conservation status and threats to specific swift species such as the Guam swiftlet and Chimney swift. Management strategies are also mentioned.
El documento proporciona instrucciones en 5 pasos para crear un blog en Blogger.com. Estos pasos incluyen hacer clic en el botón "Nuevo blog", completar los campos de título y dirección URL, seleccionar un diseño de plantilla, y hacer clic en "Crear blog". Una vez creado, los usuarios pueden agregar nuevas entradas editando el título, texto, imágenes y enlaces usando las herramientas del editor.
Adobe Captivate Prime is a modern learning management system (LMS) that allows users to easily setup, deliver, and track learning. It offers a unique fluidic player to seamlessly play all types of content and allows note-taking. The LMS also provides gamification, mobile learning, offline access, and powerful reporting capabilities to measure learning impact and establish a learning culture. Administrators can create customized learning programs and plans to help employees develop skills and achieve training objectives.
The document provides information about School Attendance Review Boards (SARBs) in California and their role in addressing chronic absenteeism. It discusses how SARBs lead a three-tiered approach to reduce chronic absence rates through community awareness campaigns, student and administrator recognition programs, and targeted interventions for at-risk students. SARBs analyze chronic absence data to identify focus areas and set goals. The SARB process involves prevention, intervention, directives for non-compliant families, and follow-up to monitor progress. Model SARBs that demonstrate success through data are recognized.
On February 17, 2017 ICLR conducted a Friday Forum workshop entitled 'Canadian wildland fire interface maps: Tools for wildland fire protection of our communities, industries, and infrastructure' with Lynn Johnston of the Canadian Forest Service. Wildland fires have the potential to destroy communities, industrial buildings, and critical infrastructure and they also put human lives at risk. Wildland firefighting aims to prevent these destructive events, but not all fires can be controlled. Two recent wildfire events, Slave Lake in 2011 and Fort McMurray in 2016, resulted in significant destruction with direct costs of over $1 billion (Slave Lake) and $4 billion (Fort McMurray). In this webinar, Lynn Johnston reviewed wildland fire as a threat to Canadians and provided details of recent research into mapping locations across the country where communities, industry, or infrastructure have the potential to be at risk from wildland fire (known as “interface” areas).
Lynn Johnston is a Forest Fire Research Specialist with the Canadian Forest Service at the Great Lakes Forestry Centre in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. She has worked with the CFS since 2007 on a variety of wildland fire topics, including fire behaviour, fire risk, and fire and climate change. Lynn recently completed her MSc. at the University of Alberta in Forest Biology and Management, focusing on wildland fires. Her thesis research provided a first national map of interface areas in Canada (i.e. where human-built structures and potentially burnable land meet.
The document lists and describes 10 new features coming to FIFA 17. Some of the key features include The Journey, a new story mode; downward headers, which allow players to direct headers along the ground; and revolutionized set pieces with new aiming and mechanics for penalties and throw-ins. Managers will also be visible on the touchline during matches for an improved realism. FIFA 17 will also include Japan's professional soccer league and run on the Frostbite game engine for enhanced graphics. The game is scheduled for worldwide release on September 29, 2016.
The location risk assessment form summarizes the shoot details for a scene involving an assault between two characters, Rachel and Phoebe, in Burn Valley Park in Hartlepool on March 21st. The location is isolated which allows the altercation to occur without interference. The crew of 8 people will be on site to film the scene. Hazards checked off on the form include restricted access/egress, manual handling, night operations, noise, unstable set materials, scaffolds/platforms, stunts, and weather changes.
Este documento resume um capítulo do romance "Os Maias" de Eça de Queirós. O capítulo descreve um sarau no Teatro da Trindade que teve como objetivo arrecadar fundos para vítimas de cheias no Ribatejo. O evento foi importante para o desenvolvimento do enredo porque Ega encontrou o tio de Dâmaso, que lhe entregou um cofre contendo revelações sobre a verdadeira identidade de Maria Eduarda. O documento também analisa as críticas sociais feitas por Eça no romance, que ainda são relevantes hoje em dia.
Las abejas son GRANDES PRODUCTORAS, una sola colonia puede elaborar alrededor de 27 kilos de miel y para hacerlo deberán visitar más de dos millones de flores.
Los animales ,clasificasion y Beneficioslalacarlos
Este documento describe las características generales de los animales. Explica que los animales son organismos pluricelulares que se alimentan de sustancias elaboradas por otros seres vivos, y que generalmente tienen capacidad de movimiento y órganos sensoriales. También describe las principales funciones de los animales como la alimentación, respiración, circulación, excreción, respuesta, movimiento y reproducción. Finalmente, explica algunas de las características usadas para clasificar a los animales como la alimentación, reproducción, estructura ó
This presentation deals with radiographic imaging of three important phases of implant placement; PHASE 1: PRE-PROSTHETIC IMPLANT IMAGING
PHASE 2: SURGICAL AND INTERVENTIONAL IMPLANT IMAGING
PHASE 3: POST-PROSTHETIC IMPLANT IMAGING
1. O documento apresenta 20 questões sobre arte indígena, africana e movimentos artísticos modernos como o Cubismo. 2. As questões abordam tópicos como a pintura corporal indígena, a arte plumária, a arte africana e suas influências na cultura brasileira, além de movimentos como Cubismo, Fauvismo e Expressionismo. 3. O documento serve como banco de questões para um professor de arte analisar diferentes aspectos culturais e artísticos.
Este documento presenta un ejemplo de planificación anual para el sexto grado de primaria. Incluye los propósitos de aprendizaje organizados por áreas curriculares, la distribución del tiempo en trimestres y las unidades didácticas. También presenta los enfoques transversales que se abordarán y la organización de la tutoría y orientación educativa a lo largo del año escolar.
This document discusses potential filming locations for scenes involving teens. It analyzes four locations: Bournville Park, Jess' House, a photography room, and Niamh's House. For each location, it describes how the setting would convey realism and relatability for teen characters and scenes. Bournville Park is praised for its natural setting and ability to portray where teens hang out. Jess' House contains conventionally untidy rooms that would enhance relatability. The photography room offers controllable lighting suitable for an intense kidnapping scene. Niamh's pink room and typical street scene are seen as reinforcing the image of everyday teen life.
Este documento presenta una unidad didáctica para el primer grado de primaria. La unidad se titula "Nos conocemos y ambientamos nuestra aula" y tiene como propósito que los estudiantes organicen y ambienten su aula de manera colaborativa. La unidad propone actividades comunicativas y matemáticas orientadas a que los estudiantes expresen cómo mejorar su ambiente escolar y asuman responsabilidades compartidas.
1. The document describes a visit to the Santa Fe River and Ginny Springs area to identify vertebrate species. Methods included using a net and camera to observe and photograph animals.
2. Several fish species were observed including Suwannee Bass, Bluegill, Redbreast Sunfish, Shellcracker, Dollar Sunfish. Details are provided on appearance, habitat, breeding behaviors, conservation status.
3. Other species mentioned include American Alligator and Yellow-bellied Slider turtle. Background is given on alligator tumors, size records, and conservation listing. Slider shell asymmetry increases with age.
This presentation is on Endangerd species of marine mammals and marine birds. Explain about bioligy,habitat,reproduction,threats and conservations of the animals.
Aquatic animals live either fully or partially in water and breathe through gills or directly through their skin. They can be found in both freshwater and saltwater environments. Aquatic animals, especially those in freshwater, are of special concern to conservationists due to the fragility of their habitats and pressures from threats like overfishing, pollution, and climate change. Some examples of aquatic animals discussed are seahorses, which live in shallow tropical and temperate waters; octopuses, which are intelligent molluscs with eight arms and no shell; and whales, the largest creatures ever, which are fully adapted to life in the ocean.
This document summarizes the fish populations present in the Biosphere 2 Ocean habitat. It describes several species of reef fish from the surgeonfish, tang, angelfish, and damselfish families that inhabit different depths. Yellow tangs are the most numerous and prefer deeper areas, while sergeant majors live in the shallow lagoon. All fish follow a daily feeding routine and seek shelter at night. Although corals are no longer living, the fish have survived on algae that coats the rock structures.
The document discusses the preservation of endangered marine plants and animals. It provides information on 9 endangered species studied by a group of students, including the Galapagos kelp, Asian surfgrass, waterwheel plant, Johnson's seagrass, gharial, gray whale, loggerhead sea turtle, finless porpoise, and bluefin tuna. For each species, it summarizes their habitat, threats facing the species, and conservation importance. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of the Endangered Species Act in preventing extinctions that could have far-reaching impacts on ecosystems.
The document discusses three types of aquatic animals: sea snakes, freshwater snake-eels, and aquatic birds. Sea snakes are a subfamily of venomous snakes that live in marine environments, with most being fully aquatic except the genus laticauda. Freshwater snake-eels are tropical freshwater eels found in parts of Asia and Oceania. The document then discusses various aquatic bird species, including their adaptations for living in water, such as webbed feet and the ability to hold their breath underwater.
This document discusses different types of fish migration. It describes potamodromous migration within freshwater systems, oceanodromous migration within marine systems, and diadromous migration between freshwater and marine systems. Diadromous migration includes catadromous migration patterns like eels that live in freshwater but spawn in the ocean, and anadromous patterns like salmon that live in the ocean but spawn in freshwater rivers and streams. The document provides details on the life cycles and migration routes of eels and salmon.
Would you like to know more about the seacreaturespiyastre
The document provides information about several sea creatures including dolphins, jellyfish, crabs, seals, herring, porpoises, turtles, salmon, mussels, starfish, and mackerel. For each creature, details are given about their physical characteristics, habitat, diet, behavior, and other interesting facts. The document aims to educate readers about the diversity of life in the oceans and seas.
Running head EVOLUTION IN THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS1EVOLUTION I.docxcowinhelen
Running head: EVOLUTION IN THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
1
EVOLUTION IN THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
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Evolution In The Galapagos Islands
Melissa Vaccaro
D’Youville College
Galapagos Islands are situated in Southern America, in the Pacific Ocean, 1046.07 kilometers from the coast of Ecuador. The Galapagos Islands are cut off from all other groups of islands or land form. There are four different reasons as to why the Galapagos Islands are very important. First, the Galapagos Islands are very isolated; they are home for dozens of animal and plant species that can never be found in any other part of the world (Larson, 2001). For instance, the largest reptile in the world, which has a longer lifespan than all animals in the world is the Galapagos Tortoise found in the Galapagos Islands.
According to Larson (2001) the second, history of the development natural selection started in Galapagos Islands in 1835 on the HMS Beagle when Darwin visited Galapagos for five weeks. Initially, Charles had a belief that every species was created by God. Nevertheless, he reasoned accurately after seeing and studying differences among same species from different islands, that a natural process made more sense. Nonetheless, he ultimately came up with a new ideas and questions that needed many answers by thinking that almost all species emerged through a natural procedure via a natural selection. Currently, Darwin’s Finches is still being used as an example in different fields of science (Larson, 2001).
Third reason Galapagos Islands are very important is that the Galapagos Islands are volcanic just like Islands of Hawaii. Deep in the earth’s crust, below the pacific tectonic, where the magma flows to the surface, there is a geological hotspot that does not move. Nonetheless, new volcanic islands start to emerge beneath the sea up to when they are finally poke at the top of the surface to develop a new Galapagos islands as the Pacific plate shifts from west to east (Larson, 2001). The westernmost island is the island of Fernandina, is the youngest of the islands. Geologically, it is approximated to be more than 750,100 years old. The first islands to be formed off to the east are approximated to be more than 2.5 million years old.
Walsh & Mena (2013) assert that the last reason, which makes the Galapagos Islands to be more significant is that its climate is affected by two major ocean currents. To start with, the Humboldt Current from Antarctica which comes from the south and the second; from the western side comes a deep-water current. This cold deep water winds comes with a huge distribution of minerals and nutrients, which feed the bottom of the food chain upon reaching the islands. This is therefore, the reason as to why the western waters of the Galapagos are different from those of other marine life.
According to Walsh & Mena (2013), all people who visit the Galapagos Islands cannot but help wonder how different creatures came into existence, and they ...
This document provides information about aquatic mammals and their distribution. It discusses four main groups of aquatic mammals: cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions and walruses), sirenians (manatees and dugongs), and polar bears and sea otters. It describes characteristics of aquatic mammals and provides examples of different species found in various marine environments around the world. The document also discusses the habitats and behaviors that allow aquatic mammals to survive in water.
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Biodiversity - About Walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus) 海象老大Nekumi Kida
The walrus is a large flippered marine mammal found in Arctic coastal waters. It has thick blubber and skin, small eyes and ears, and long whiskers. Males have long tusks used for defense, breaking ice, and hauling out of water. Walruses live in herds and feed on bottom-dwelling invertebrates. Their population was severely reduced by overhunting but has rebounded in some areas. Continued threats include loss of sea ice from climate change and human disturbance of habitat. Conservation efforts include bans on commercial hunting.
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Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) has colossal normal blessing of freshwater assets. Its spouting waterways, singing streams and crisp water lakes have an extensive variety of local and extraordinary fish species. The frosty and crisp waters of GB are known to have 20 unique types of freshwater angle, including 17 locals and three exotics while four species are endemic to GB area. some of the fishes found in GB are Trouts (including brown, snow and rainbow trout), goldfish, crap fish and cat fish.
This study analyzed data on the abundance of white shrimp, brown shrimp, spotted seatrout, red drum, and southern flounder in Texas coastal bays from 1987 to 2014 to investigate potential predator-prey interactions between these species. Catch per unit effort data were obtained from fishery surveys and analyzed using co-integration and linear regression methods. The preliminary results found a statistically significant interaction between white shrimp and southern flounder abundance, suggesting white shrimp serve as an important forage species for southern flounder and their population dynamics may be linked. Further analysis is still needed to quantify the direction and strength of these interactions.
Whale Shark The largest of all sharks and the largest living fish, the whale shark is one of the most dramatic views of the ocean. Its large size, distinctive patterns and its enormous mouth make it instantly recognizable and can be commonly seen wandering near the surface in tropical and subtropical waters around the world. Their diet is based mainly on plankton, but also regularly feed on small schooling fish and squid. Unlike basking sharks, which simply filter vast amounts of water as they swim, whale sharks actively suck their prey before filtering efficiently and are sometimes seen in groups, feeding on high concentrations of food. Regularly appear in the same places at specific times of the year, probably to capitalize on plankton blooms and events such as coral spawning.
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Animal migration is the movement of animals, usually on a seasonal basis, between different habitats. It occurs in birds, fish, insects, mammals and other animal groups. Migrations can be seasonal, in response to temperature changes or food availability, or circadian/daily in response to day length. Tracking methods include tags, radio collars, GPS and satellite transmitters to monitor animal movements and routes.
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This document provides information about different types of sea animals. It begins by defining sea animals and noting there are estimated to be 1.4-1.6 million marine species. It then discusses the three main groups of ocean life: plankton, nekton, and benthos. Plankton float, nekton swim, and benthos live on the ocean floor. Examples are provided for each group, including whales, sharks, fish for nekton and organisms living in or near the bottom for benthos. Specific details are then given about whale sharks, sailfish, and queen angelfish populations and characteristics.
1. The Yellow-bellied Sea Snake (Pelamis platura)
Alyssa C. Albro
Biology Department, Frostburg State University
CLASSIFICATION
The most widely-used common name of this species is the yellow-bellied sea snake,
scientific name being Pelamis platura (Linnӕus 1766). The scientific name Pelamis platurus
was introduced by Ferdinand Stolička in 1872, and is still widely accepted by herpetologists
today in spite of the grammatically incorrect use of the noun ending in –us rather than –a, as a
feminine noun requires.
Other common names which the snake may be referred to by include pelagic sea snake,
yellowbelly sea snake, serpent marin jaune (French), and serpiente marina amarilla (Spanish).
Note that French and Spanish names literally translate to: “yellow sea snake”. The species got
the name “yellow-bellied sea snake” due to the bright yellow belly it sports in contrast to the
(usually dark) top half of its body, though there are some color morphs (as many as seven listed
(Smith, 1926)) of the species, one of which is almost entirely yellow. The “pelagic sea snake”
name was received due to the fact individuals are born, live, and die at sea – they are entirely
pelagic, unlike other sea snakes which come to land periodically.
Pelamis platura belongs to the family Elapidae (meaning “sea-fish”; venomous snakes in
tropical and subtropical regions of the world), subfamily Hydrophiinae (including coral reef
snakes and sea snakes; venomous Elapid snakes inhabiting marine environments), genus Pelamis
(meaning “tunny fish” in Ancient Greek, species platura (meaning “flat tail” in Ancient Greek;
platys meaning “flat”, and oura meaning “tail”).
DISTRIBUTION
P. platura is the world’s most widely-distributed sea snake, as it is found in almost all coastal
waters, the only exceptions being North America’s east coast (the Atlantic Ocean and the
Caribbean Sea), and the Red Sea. Among the entirety of its distribution, the snake is most
commonly found in the coastal waters of the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf specifically, but is
also a frequent sight in the waters of Southeast Asia.
This species is the only sea snake to reach the Hawaiian Islands (Liptow, 1999), and has also
been reported around the shores of New Zealand, in the Agulhas Current around South Africa
(Branch & Branch, 1981), though it is important to note that snakes do not migrate around the tip
of South Africa, instead staying on either side of it.
2. Only two specimens have ever been found in Russia, both dead. One was found in southern
Primorskij Territory, and one was near Vladivostok City. However, both were roughly along the
coast of the Sea of Japan (Kharin, 2007).
The range map below was the most accurate available which correlated with information
presented earlier in this section.
(from VAPAGuide, SEA-101. 2006.)
HISTORY OF THE SPECIES
Compared to other species of snake throughout the world, there is little to no information
regarding this species’ history.
Man has had very little interference with P. platura, and most interaction between humans
and this species has been either accidental or for the purpose of research. It is worth note that this
snake would inhabit the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean if the species had moved to that
part of the world through Central America’s waterways prior to the formation of Panama’s land
bridge forming approximately 3 million years ago.
Lastly, there are no known fossils of this species. All members of Hydrophiinae are of recent
origin, arising no earlier than the late Oligocene period.
3. POPULATION NUMBERS
There are no specific population numbers on record on species, though it is assumed to be a
stable species seeing as it is fairly common and widespread, estimated to contain 100,000 to
>1,000,000 individuals, based on collection rates for research in specific areas in years past.
Certain mating, feeding, and hygienic (skin-shedding, parasite-removing) rituals of the species
are cause for hundreds or thousands of individuals to aggregate in a single location (Ernst &
Ernst, 2001).
P. platura is listed as a species of Least Concern based on the ICUN Red List version 3.1 in
2010, and therefore is considered stable.
The species has no status listed under the ESA, CESA, BLM, USDA Forest Service, or
California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Its status under the National Natureserve
Conservation has been listed as both “Not Applicable” and G5-secure.
HABITAT
P. platura, as mentioned earlier, is an entirely pelagic species, living in the uppermost layers
of the ocean for the duration of its life, typically staying above 10m (Cogger, 2007) in depth. It is
found in the open ocean, and is less frequently found around coral reefs and coastlines than its
relative sea snakes. Occasionally, it may wind up in inter-tidal habitats (Minton, 1966) after
being caught in currents.
The species can most commonly be found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific
and Indian Oceans, especially on the east coast of Africa north of the Arabian Gulf, and east of
the Asian coast on the Indo-Pacific border, and northward to Japan. Seeing as it primarily lives in
the tropics, with some variation north and south of tropical waters, survivable temperatures are
recorded in a wide range between 11.7-36°C (Shabnam, 2014), or as narrow a temperature range
as 16-18°C has been recorded as a necessity for long-term survival (Dunson & Ehlert, 1971),
which is why they do not migrate around the southernmost tips of South Africa or South
America – the water gets too cold.
As a whole, the species does not show trends in migration with the changes in season, though
some select populations may do so depending on where they were located prior to migration.
Occasionally, P. platura is washed ashore (dead and alive) with rough weather and currents
forcing it to land. Patterns of distribution appear to be largely clumped (Dunson & Ehlert, 1971),
especially during breeding season.
4. (from Effects of Temperature, Salinity, and Surface Water Flow in Distribution of the Sea
Snake Pelamis (Dunson & Ehlert, 1971))
This snake is incapable of tolerating fresh water (and for this reason they are not found in the
Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea, as individuals would need to cross through the Panama
Canal post-land bridge-formation otherwise), though specimens have been caught by the dozen
per hour at the Pacific entrance of the Canal (Kropach, 1972). In addition, they are incapable of
tolerating high levels of salinity (for this reason, they are not found in the Red Sea), and are not
the only species of sea snake with this intolerance. Research has suggested that there is a
negative correlation between mean annual salinity in oceans and sea snake species richness
(Brischoux et al., 2012).
FOOD AND FEEDING BEHAVIORS
P. platura is an entirely carnivorous species, specifically speaking, they are strictly
piscivorous (fish eaters, preying on small fish). Their diet is not recorded to vary between sexes
or age groups, and individuals typically forage during the day when they do forage. Foraging and
feeding can take place regularly, or even in intervals of weeks at a time (Visser, 1967).
When foraging, massive groups of the species aggregate (Ernst & Ernst, 2001), and the
snakes take part in a behavior called “knotting”. Dozens, or even hundreds, of snakes group up
and intertwine their bodies loosely with others after feeding, interlocking with those surrounding
5. it, and the formation has the rough appearance of a “knot”. Foraging and knotting both occur in
ocean slicks (Kropach, 1975), which is an area where sea currents diverge and debris
accumulates.
P. platura is an ambush predator, lying in wait in these slicks (and giving the appearance of
floating debris) until fish swim by. They do not chase their prey. If a strike misses, they will
resume floating to try again (Ernst & Ernst, 2011). Once the prey is grabbed, the snake swims
backward through the ocean (effectively drowning the fish if the snake has it by the tail), and
may “chew” (without fully letting go) two or three times to sufficiently inject venom, which is a
potent neurotoxin which blocks acetylcholine receptors (Tu, 1991), before swallowing prey
whole headfirst. This species’ fangs are hollow and nonmovable, only located in the back of their
mouth.
As for drinking, this species may wait for months until the next rainy season comes. When it
does, P. platura sits atop the water to drink the freshest rainwater which falls. The fresh
rainwater has a lesser concentration of salt than seawater (Lillywhite et al., 2014). P. platura
cannot drink seawater, either, as their bodies are unable to handle (and sufficiently filter out) the
increased amount of sodium.
BEHAVIORS AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
Although a species of sea snake, P. platura breathe air just like any other species of snake,
having one lung in their bodies instead of gills similar to fish. However, in order to cope with
their lifestyle, the species has developed an adaptation for holding their breath over long periods
of time. In each breath held, the amount of air in the snake’s body is enough to keep it neutrally
buoyant up to 30m (Vogel, 2003). Individuals have been recorded to hold their breath up to 213
minutes, though they typically do not exceed breath holding periods over 90 minutes (Rubinoff
et al., 1986). Toward the end of the breath-holding limit, P. platura gradually begin ascending as
the amount of gases in its lung has decreased. Their natural cycle of breathing, diving, and
resurfacing can take as long as three hours (Graham, 1987b), as indicated by the maximum
amount of time snakes can hold their breath.
The diving pattern of this species is recorded to have four phases, listed in order. The snake
begins its dive with a nearly vertical descent, before slowing down and descending with a more
buoyant bobbing motion every two minutes until the individual reaches a depth where they have
attained neutral buoyancy (neither sinking nor rising), followed by a gradual descent without
bobbing, and lastly a rapid descent (3-4m per minute) concludes the pattern which snakes follow
to dive (up to 10m, as stated earlier) (Priede, 1990). To ascend, the snake rises gradually through
the water, and this surfacing process takes approximately 82% of the time spent between breaths.
Diffusion gradients in the body of P. platura remove nitrogen gases built up in the bloodstream,
in order to increase oxygen intake (Seymour, 1974). This is an effective method of the snake
avoiding “the bends”, as SCUBA divers may suffer if they ascend from a dive too quickly.
6. Furthermore, the snake’s skin acts as a membrane to filter out carbon dioxide and nitrogen after
it is removed from the blood (Graham, 1987a).
To swim, P. platura undulate its flattened tail, along with its entire body, laterally in order to
propel itself through the water. This species prefers to move by drifting with the current, and it
does not swim actively for long distances. Due to the fact this species is so well-adapted for
ocean life, it is helpless and awkward on land. If washed ashore, individuals can quickly die of
heat exhaustion and/or dehydration if they are unable to squirm back into the water.
Based on observations, P. platura appears to be primarily diurnal, though some nocturnal
activity has been reported (Myers, 1945). This snake often sleeps closer to the ocean floor, only
resurfacing every few hours to breathe.
P. platura appears to be a silent species, with no vocalizations or other sounds, including
hissing.
Hygiene is maintained by shedding its skin by “knotting”. Although the snake is capable of
knotting itself, it is more commonly observed to “knot” with others of its species, typically when
grouped to hunt.
Lastly, the species is often alert to its surroundings, though rarely reacts aggressively when
approached, preferring to swim away rather than engage in conflict. Due to this behavior, they
can easily be caught. Furthermore, it is very reluctant to strike, and often does not inject venom
unless it is hunting.
YEARLY CYCLE AND BREEDING BIOLOGY
Unfortunately, there is little information known about the specifics on breeding biology of P.
platura compared to other species, and further, serious research is needed (Ernst & Ernst, 2011).
From what is known, the most basic information is as follows: the species is ovoviviparous with
internal fertilization, mated pairs practice knotting during their mating ritual, and gestation lasts
roughly six months (Dunson, 1971).
There are 1-10 young per brood, with some correlation between mother length and clutch
size (Vallarino & Weldon, 1996). Young are birthed tail-first or head-first, and no negative
impacts have been reported from either method. Females bear young in tidal pools where there is
no current, with temperatures of 20°C or higher, and even in swamps or brackish estuaries
(Schmidt & Davis, 1941). The offspring are fully developed when born, having the appearance
of miniature adults (22-26cm) with brighter coloration. Outside of the female protecting her
young during their first few days of life, there is no other parental care offered (Rose, 1950).
7. No set “breeding season” has been noted, either, as P. platura seems capable of breeding
throughout the year, though studies have suggested it prefers winter months (Dunson & Ehlert,
1971). Newborn snakes have been observed in waters more than 20°C every month of the year in
certain locations (Gulf of Panama (Kropach, 1975), South Africa, and the Philippines (Visser,
1967)).
Young snakes grow quickly within their first year of life, though male growth rate slows after
the individual reaches roughly 50cm in length. Sexual maturity is reached at this point, while
females reach sexual maturity around 62.5cm (which is roughly 2-3 years of age).
There are only two stages in a male snake’s testicular cycle: germ cell recrudescence and
proliferation, and lumina becoming lined with spermatozoa. Smaller females have been reported
to have inactive ovaries in February, whereas larger females had eggs in her oviduct. By May,
smaller females had eggs in her oviduct, and larger females’ eggs had developed into embryos
(Goldberg, 2004).
MORTALITY AND DISEASE
Most threats to P. platura are from natural occurrences. That said, there are no major threats
to the species listed.
There is only sparse data on parasites which impact the species, and no data on diseases.
Parasites include Torticaecum nipponicum and Paraheterotyphlum austral (both species of
nematodes) (Sprent, 1978), marine invertebrates encrusting the body surface (including, but not
limited to, barnacles and bryozoan ectoprocts). External parasites can negatively impact
swimming ability and courtship behavior, though they can easily be scraped off by knotting,
coiling, or shedding skin. Turbulent seas caused by bad weather often result in snakes being
washed ashore, most of which die.
Threats from humans are not excluded, as there are a handful. Occasionally snakes are
harmed by boating activities, along with bycatch in squid fisheries, ghost fishing nets, and
pollution (Guinea et al., 2010).
Lastly, it should be noted that this species does not do well in captivity, typically only
surviving 2 years, 3 maximum, when wild-caught and moved to aquariums or zoos (Snider &
Bowler, 1992). The cause for this is unsure.
8. MANAGEMENT
There is no species-specific conservation regulations in effect due to the ICUN and CITES
statuses (both of which declare P. platura species of least concern in spite of the potential change
in stability in coming years due to global warming and ocean pollution increasing). This snake is
not considered a nuisance species, either, so no attempts to control it have been made.
Populations are not closely monitored, though as stated they are occasionally bycatch in
fishing operations (Ward, 1996).
Although this snake’s fangs are located in the back of its mouth, there is still some risk to
humans. They are venomous, but no fatalities have ever been reported.
9. LITERATURE CITED
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1776) from Russia. Russian Journal of Herpetology 14: 45-49.
Kropach, C. 1972. Pelamis platurus as a potential colonizer of the Caribbean Sea. Biological Society
of Washington 2: 267-269.
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Dunson (ed.), The Biology of Sea Snakes. University Park Press, USA.
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sea: an online reference available at:
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Minton, S.A. Jr. 1966. A contribution to the herpetology of west Pakistan. Bulletin of the American
Museum of Natural History 134: 76-77.
Myers, G.S. 1945. Noctornal observations on sea=snakes in Bahia Honda, Panama. Herpetologica 3:
22-23.
Priede, M. 1990. The sea snakes are coming. New Scientist 128: 29-33.
Rose, W. 1950. The reptiles and amphibians of South Africa. Maskew Miller, South Africa.
Rubinoff, I., Graham, J.B., and Motta, J. 1986. Diving of the sea snake Pelamis platurus in the Gulf
of Panamá. Marine Biology 91: 181-191.
Seymour, R.S. 1974. How sea snakes may avoid the bends. Nature (London) 250: 489-490.
Shabnam, M. 2014. Pelamis platura: an online reference available at
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Snider, A.T., and Bowler, J.K. 1992. Longevity of reptiles and amphibians in North American
collections. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 21: 1-40.
Sprent, J.F.A. 1978. Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Paraheterophlum. Journal of
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