SPECIAL SECTION ON HEALTHCARE BIG DATA
Received August 16, 2016, accepted September 11, 2016, date of publication September 26, 2016,
date of current version October 15, 2016.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2613278
Mobile Cloud Computing Model and Big Data
Analysis for Healthcare Applications
LO’AI A. TAWALBEH1,2, (Senior Member, IEEE), RASHID MEHMOOD3, (Senior Member, IEEE),
ELHADJ BENKHLIFA4, AND HOUBING SONG5, (Member, IEEE)
1Department of Computer Engineering, Jordan University of science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
2Department of Computer Engineering, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia
3High Performance Computing Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
4Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, U.K.
5Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
Corresponding author: L. A. Tawalbeh ([email protected])
This work was supported by the Long-Term National Science Technology and Innovation Plan (LT-NSTIP) under Grant 13-ELE2527-10
and in part by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT Mobile devices are increasingly becoming an indispensable part of people’s daily life,
facilitating to perform a variety of useful tasks. Mobile cloud computing integrates mobile and cloud
computing to expand their capabilities and benefits and overcomes their limitations, such as limited memory,
CPU power, and battery life. Big data analytics technologies enable extracting value from data having four
Vs: volume, variety, velocity, and veracity. This paper discusses networked healthcare and the role of mobile
cloud computing and big data analytics in its enablement. The motivation and development of networked
healthcare applications and systems is presented along with the adoption of cloud computing in healthcare.
A cloudlet-based mobile cloud-computing infrastructure to be used for healthcare big data applications
is described. The techniques, tools, and applications of big data analytics are reviewed. Conclusions are
drawn concerning the design of networked healthcare systems using big data and mobile cloud-computing
technologies. An outlook on networked healthcare is given.
INDEX TERMS Healthcare systems, big data analytics, mobile cloud computing, cloudlet infrastructure,
health applications.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, there have been many advances in information and
communication technologies that have been transforming the
world; the world is increasingly becoming a small neighbor-
hood. Among these technologies are the cloud computing, the
wireless communications (3G/4G/5G), and the competitive
mobile devices industry. The mobile devices can provide
variety of services to facilitate our living style [1]. They are
integrated in our daily routine to help performing variety
of tasks such as location determination, time management,
image processing, booking hotels, selling and buying onli ...
MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING APPLIED TO HEALTHCARE APPROACHijitcs
In the past few years it was clear that mobile cloud computing was established via integrating both mobile computing and cloud computing to be add in both storage space and processing speed. Integrating
healthcare applications and services is one of the vast data approaches that can be adapted to mobile
cloud computing. This work proposes a framework of a global healthcare computing based combining both
mobile computing and cloud computing. This approach leads to integrate all of the required services and overcoming the barriers through facilitating both privacy and security.
Along with improvement of clouds, cloudlet and wearable devices, it becomes necessary to provide better medical information sharing over the internet. As we know, sharing medical information is very critical and challenging issue because medical information contains patient’s delicate information. The medical information sharing mainly includes collection, storage and sharing of medical information over the internet. In existing healthcare framework, patient asks health query/question which is being answered by multiple doctors. The user is provided with correct answer with the help of truth discovery method. The medical information and history of patient is directly delivered to the remote cloud. The paper proposes system to provide confidentiality of medical information and protect healthcare system from intrusion. In this proposed system, during the medical information collection stage, the Number Theory Research Unit (NTRU) algorithm is used to encrypt user’s vital signs collected various sensors. Then to protect medical information stored at remote cloud against the malicious attacks, a Collaborative Intrusion Detection System (CIDS) built on cloudlet mesh is proposed. Medical Knowledge Extraction (MKE) System is proposed to provide most reliable answer to the user’s health related query. MKE extract the medical knowledge from noisy query-answers pairs and estimate the trustworthiness degree and doctor expertise using truth discovery method.
Despite the severe and great inherited profits of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) in healthcare, its boom is being hindered with the aid of using privateers and protection challenges. Such problems require the utmost urgent interest to realize their complete scale and green usage. There is a want for stable health information geographically. To completely make use of the fitness services, it's far important to install vicinity the demanded protection practices for the prevention of protection breaches and vulnerabilities. Hence, this research is deliberated directly to offer requirement-orientated fitness statistics protection the use of the Modular Encryption Standard (MES) primarily established totally at the layered modeling of the safety measures. The overall performance evaluation shows that the proposed paintings excel, in comparison to different usually used algorithms towards the fitness information security on the MCC surroundings in phrases of higher overall performance and auxiliary qualitative protection ensuring measures.
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performed by one or several body sensors. The architecture for this system is based on medical sensors which
measure patients’ physical parameters by using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). These sensors transfer data
from patients’ bodies over the wireless network to the cloud environment. The system is aimed to prevent delays
in the arrival of patients’ medical information to the healthcare providers, Therefore, patients will have a high
quality services because the e heath smart system supports medical staff by providing real-time data gathering,
eliminating manual data collection, enabling the monitoring of huge numbers of patients. We underline the
necessity of the analysis of data quality on e-Health applications, especially concerning remote monitoring and
assistance of patients with chronic diseases.
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MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING APPLIED TO HEALTHCARE APPROACHijitcs
In the past few years it was clear that mobile cloud computing was established via integrating both mobile computing and cloud computing to be add in both storage space and processing speed. Integrating
healthcare applications and services is one of the vast data approaches that can be adapted to mobile
cloud computing. This work proposes a framework of a global healthcare computing based combining both
mobile computing and cloud computing. This approach leads to integrate all of the required services and overcoming the barriers through facilitating both privacy and security.
Along with improvement of clouds, cloudlet and wearable devices, it becomes necessary to provide better medical information sharing over the internet. As we know, sharing medical information is very critical and challenging issue because medical information contains patient’s delicate information. The medical information sharing mainly includes collection, storage and sharing of medical information over the internet. In existing healthcare framework, patient asks health query/question which is being answered by multiple doctors. The user is provided with correct answer with the help of truth discovery method. The medical information and history of patient is directly delivered to the remote cloud. The paper proposes system to provide confidentiality of medical information and protect healthcare system from intrusion. In this proposed system, during the medical information collection stage, the Number Theory Research Unit (NTRU) algorithm is used to encrypt user’s vital signs collected various sensors. Then to protect medical information stored at remote cloud against the malicious attacks, a Collaborative Intrusion Detection System (CIDS) built on cloudlet mesh is proposed. Medical Knowledge Extraction (MKE) System is proposed to provide most reliable answer to the user’s health related query. MKE extract the medical knowledge from noisy query-answers pairs and estimate the trustworthiness degree and doctor expertise using truth discovery method.
Despite the severe and great inherited profits of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) in healthcare, its boom is being hindered with the aid of using privateers and protection challenges. Such problems require the utmost urgent interest to realize their complete scale and green usage. There is a want for stable health information geographically. To completely make use of the fitness services, it's far important to install vicinity the demanded protection practices for the prevention of protection breaches and vulnerabilities. Hence, this research is deliberated directly to offer requirement-orientated fitness statistics protection the use of the Modular Encryption Standard (MES) primarily established totally at the layered modeling of the safety measures. The overall performance evaluation shows that the proposed paintings excel, in comparison to different usually used algorithms towards the fitness information security on the MCC surroundings in phrases of higher overall performance and auxiliary qualitative protection ensuring measures.
A study on significance of adopting cloud computing paradigm in healthcare se...cloud100
This is a very nice IEEE paper to get latest information on cloud computing security and privacy practices, challenges and the solution. This paper mainly discusses the significances of adopting cloud computing in healthcare sector and describes that how cloud computing can be adopted by the healthcare organization and what are the challenged for it.
This is particularly the case on e Health monitoring applications for chronic patients, Where Patients
monitoring refers to a continuous observation of patient’s condition (physiological and physical) traditionally
performed by one or several body sensors. The architecture for this system is based on medical sensors which
measure patients’ physical parameters by using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). These sensors transfer data
from patients’ bodies over the wireless network to the cloud environment. The system is aimed to prevent delays
in the arrival of patients’ medical information to the healthcare providers, Therefore, patients will have a high
quality services because the e heath smart system supports medical staff by providing real-time data gathering,
eliminating manual data collection, enabling the monitoring of huge numbers of patients. We underline the
necessity of the analysis of data quality on e-Health applications, especially concerning remote monitoring and
assistance of patients with chronic diseases.
Smart and Secure Healthcare Administration over Cloud EnvironmentIRJET Journal
This document discusses secure healthcare administration over cloud computing. It proposes using attribute-based encryption and fully homomorphic encryption to securely share health information over the cloud. Attribute-based encryption allows sensitive data to be accessed based on user attributes rather than identities, improving privacy. Fully homomorphic encryption allows computations on encrypted data without decryption, enabling analysis of sensitive data. The document also outlines security measures for the cloud system, including deterrents, prevention, physical security, personnel security and privacy controls.
Role of IoT and Cloud Computing in Digital Healthcare.pdfrectified
This document discusses the role of IoT and cloud computing in digital healthcare. It begins by introducing IoT and cloud computing as new platforms that can improve healthcare services when adopted in the healthcare industry. It then discusses how cloud computing provides scalable computing resources over the internet and its benefits. In healthcare, cloud computing is used to provide infrastructure and support applications like telemedicine. The document also discusses how IoT connects medical devices and enables remote monitoring of patients. It outlines some key applications and concepts of IoT in healthcare like wearable devices. Finally, it discusses how IoT and cloud computing are transforming the healthcare industry by improving patient-doctor communication and reducing healthcare costs.
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The document proposes an innovative IoT service for medical diagnosis that utilizes IoT and cloud infrastructure to provide a shared environment for medical data between patients and doctors, predicts medical diagnoses and treatments based on multiple classifiers to ensure high accuracy, and includes functionalities such as searching for scientific papers and disease descriptions for unrecognized symptom combinations.
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infrastructure, platform, and software services in a cloud to mobile users through the mobile network. Security
and privacy are the key issues for mobile cloud computing applications, and still face some enormous
challenges. In order to facilitate this emerging domain, we firstly in brief review the advantages and system
model of mobile cloud computing, and then pay attention to the security and privacy in the mobile cloud
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network and cloud, we give the current security and privacy approaches. The users of MCC are still below
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Design and implementation of intelligent community system based on thin clien...ijasuc
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system becomes a trend. Meanwhile, smart mobile devices and cloud computing technology are
increasingly used in intelligent information systems; however, smart mobile devices such as smartphone
and smart pad, also known as thin clients, limited by either their capacities (CPU, memory or battery) or
their network resources, do not always meet users' satisfaction in using mobile services. Mobile cloud
computing, in which resource-rich virtual machines of smart mobile device are provided to a customer as a
service, can be terrific solution for expanding the limitation of real smart mobile device, but the resources
utilization rate is low and the information cannot be shared easily. To address the problems above, this
paper proposes an information system for intelligent community, which is composed of thin clients, wide
band network and cloud computing servers. On one hand, the thin clients with the characteristics of energy
efficiency, high robustness and high computing capacity can efficiently avoid the problems encountered in
the PC architecture and mobile devices. On the other hand, the cloud computing servers in the proposed
information system solve the problems of resource sharing barriers. Finally, the system is built in real
environments to evaluate the performance. We deploy the proposed system in a community with more than
2000 residents, and it is demonstrated that the proposed system is robust and efficient.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTELLIGENT COMMUNITY SYSTEM BASED ON THIN CLIEN...ijasuc
With the continuous development of science and technology, the intelligent development of community
system becomes a trend. Meanwhile, smart mobile devices and cloud computing technology are
increasingly used in intelligent information systems; however, smart mobile devices such as smartphone
and smart pad, also known as thin clients, limited by either their capacities (CPU, memory or battery) or
their network resources, do not always meet users' satisfaction in using mobile services. Mobile cloud
computing, in which resource-rich virtual machines of smart mobile device are provided to a customer as a
service, can be terrific solution for expanding the limitation of real smart mobile device, but the resources
utilization rate is low and the information cannot be shared easily. To address the problems above, this
paper proposes an information system for intelligent community, which is composed of thin clients, wide
band network and cloud computing servers. On one hand, the thin clients with the characteristics of energy
efficiency, high robustness and high computing capacity can efficiently avoid the problems encountered in
the PC architecture and mobile devices. On the other hand, the cloud computing servers in the proposed
information system solve the problems of resource sharing barriers. Finally, the system is built in real
environments to evaluate the performance. We deploy the proposed system in a community with more than
2000 residents, and it is demonstrated that the proposed system is robust and efficient.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTELLIGENT COMMUNITY SYSTEM BASED ON THIN CLIEN...ijasuc
With the continuous development of science and technology, the intelligent development of community
system becomes a trend. Meanwhile, smart mobile devices and cloud computing technology are
increasingly used in intelligent information systems; however, smart mobile devices such as smartphone
and smart pad, also known as thin clients, limited by either their capacities (CPU, memory or battery) or
their network resources, do not always meet users' satisfaction in using mobile services. Mobile cloud
computing, in which resource-rich virtual machines of smart mobile device are provided to a customer as a
service, can be terrific solution for expanding the limitation of real smart mobile device, but the resources
utilization rate is low and the information cannot be shared easily. To address the problems above, this
paper proposes an information system for intelligent community, which is composed of thin clients, wide
band network and cloud computing servers. On one hand, the thin clients with the characteristics of energy
efficiency, high robustness and high computing capacity can efficiently avoid the problems encountered in
the PC architecture and mobile devices. On the other hand, the cloud computing servers in the proposed
information system solve the problems of resource sharing barriers. Finally, the system is built in real
environments to evaluate the performance. We deploy the proposed system in a community with more than
2000 residents, and it is demonstrated that the proposed system is robust and efficient.
1. The document discusses the concept of developing a mobile application for an educational portal to enable e-learning through wireless devices. It aims to allow students to access study materials, take tests, and view evaluation results on their mobile devices.
2. The proposed system would generate analysis of student performance both individually and in groups to help assess learning and share knowledge among peers.
3. The model could be implemented as a massive open online course (MOOC) across multiple institutions to provide interactive study forums and networking opportunities for students.
Alternate Work ArrangementsVarious alternative work arrangements e.docxrosiecabaniss
Alternate Work Arrangements
Various alternative work arrangements exist for use in businesses and other types of organizations; included among the options are compressed work weeks, flexible work schedules, telecommuting, and job sharing. This case focuses on alternative work arrangements in general rather than on a particular one exclusively; however, telecommuting does receive additional attention.
The case revolves around the potential advantages and disadvantages that are associated with alternative work arrangements, and the factors that are contributing to an increased use of various alternative work arrangements by employers. With respect to the various advantages and disadvantage that are identified in the case, the positives seem to outweigh the negatives. “Organizations that offer flexible working arrangements are, and will continue to be, employers of choice. ¼ Employees consistently rank flexible schedules high on their list of desired benefits; employers who are reluctant to offer these popular perks will find themselves falling short in the bidding wars for talent.” The case identifies three underlying factors that are driving the movement toward the increased utilization of alternative work arrangements in many different workplaces. These factors are: (a) the needs, desires, and expectations of workers for greater flexibility at work; (b) fuel costs and fuel consumption associated with commuting, and the related carbon footprint impact; and (c) the restrictive impact of the 2008-2009 economic recession on job opportunities.
The case concludes by pointing out that many nations have experimented successfully with various flexible work programs and some countries have enacted legislation promoting alternative work arrangements. It then poses the question: “Will the United States government and American businesses be adequately prepared to meet future economic challenges, at least in part, by embracing the movement toward increasing use of alternative work arrangements?”
Case Study - Alternative Work Arrangements: Possible
Solution
s for a Plethora of Problems?
Alternative work arrangements, such as compressed work weeks, flexible work schedules, telecommuting, or job sharing, can have positive and negative consequences for employers and employees. In general, alternative work arrangements can generate beneficial outcomes, particularly for employers, such as “increased employee retention, loyalty and morale; higher productivity; improved recruiting of highly qualified workers; decreased employee tardiness and unscheduled absences; and maximum use of facilities and equipment.” On the employees’ side, telecommuting—one type of alternative work arrangement—has favorable effects on perceived autonomy, the resolution of work–family conflicts, job performance, job satisfaction, and the experience of stress. What is more, it does not harm perceived career prospects or the quality of workplace relationships. On the downside, however, are t.
Also, Hugo van der goes is not Italian, he is actually a Northern Fl.docxrosiecabaniss
Also, Hugo van der goes is not Italian, he is actually a Northern Flemish artist. His work was one of the few "Northern" paintings that made its way to Italy (due to the shipowner, Portinari). Your visual analysis on elements of art you mention, "The angels down on the right Is a group of angels magnificently dressed In their cheerful hats with red feathers and golden color cloaks and the magnificent beauty of their wings. Joseph Is represented as an old man, with a beard as painted In the old traditional way of style and texture to the composition. The shepherds are pretty mean looking with their rustic looking faces but their form of kneeling down Is gentle, and behind the three that are In the front shows some signs of movement Involved."
Question 1. :
Can you walk us through why discussing colors in a Northern Renaissance work of art reflects the Northern Renaissance?
Question 2. :
Also, when you mention texture - what textures do you specifically see? You also mention the "rustic looking faces" - again, in your opinion, how does this reflect, specifically, the Northern Renaissance?
.
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This document describes a proposed electronic healthcare billing and record management system called MedBook that utilizes cloud computing and mobile technologies. MedBook is designed as a Software-as-a-Service platform built on open source cloud technologies running on an Infrastructure-as-a-Service platform. It aims to provide a secure, scalable platform for patients, healthcare providers, and payers to exchange electronic health records and conduct billing activities via mobile apps and cloud services. The system architecture of MedBook and its implementation using the Jelastic cloud service are discussed.
MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING –FUTURE OF NEXT GENERATION COMPUTINGijistjournal
Mobile device has become essential part of human life. Apart from call and receive functions, user can access many function in his/her mobile. A user wants everything on his/her mobile device for the ease of work. Some people use tablets instead of laptop or desktop. In this paper, insights into Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) are presented. First overview of cloud computing system is discussed. Then after architecture of MCC is presented. Some applications based on MCC are also discussed and paper is concluded by exploring the problems and solutions of these in MCC.
This document summarizes a research paper on mobile cloud computing. It begins with definitions of mobile cloud computing, discussing how it combines mobile computing and cloud computing. It then describes the general architecture of mobile cloud computing and some of its key advantages, such as extending battery life, improving data storage and processing power, and improving reliability. Several applications of mobile cloud computing are discussed, including mobile commerce, mobile learning, and mobile healthcare. Potential limitations around cloud service costs, mobile network costs, availability, and security are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing future research directions, such as overcoming low bandwidth issues through 4G networks and femtocells.
F2CDM: Internet of Things for Healthcare Network Based Fog-to-Cloud and Data-...Istabraq M. Al-Joboury
Internet of Things (IoT) evolves very rapidly over time, since everything such as sensors/actuators linked together from around the world with use of evolution of ubiquitous computing through the Internet. These devices have a unique IP address in order to communicate with each other and transmit data with features of wireless technologies. Fog computing or so called edge computing brings all Cloud features to embedded devices at edge network and adds more features to servers like pre-store data of Cloud, fast response, and generate overhasty users reporting. Fog mediates between Cloud and IoT devices and thus enables new types of computing and services. The future applications take the advantage of combing the two concepts Fog and Cloud in order to provide low delay Fog-based and high capacity of storage Cloud-based. This paper proposes an IoT architecture for healthcare network based on Fog to Cloud and Data in Motion (F2CDM). The proposed architecture is designed and implemented over three sites: Site 1 contains the embedded devices layer, Site 2 consists of the Fog network layer, while Site 3 consists of the Cloud network. The Fog layer is represented by a middleware server in Al-Nahrain University with temporary storage such that the data lives inside for 30 min. During this time, the selection of up-normality in behavior is send to the Cloud while the rest of the data is wiped out. On the other hand, the Cloud stores all the incoming data from Fog permanently. The F2CDM works using Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for fast response. The results show that all data can be monitored from the Fog in real time while the critical data can be monitored from Cloud. In addition, the response time is evaluated using traffic generator called Tsung. It has been found that the proposed architecture reduces traffic on Cloud network and provides better data analysis.
Security and Challenges using Clouds Computing in Healthcare Management Systemijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper on security and challenges of using cloud computing in healthcare management systems. It discusses how cloud computing can improve healthcare by allowing more efficient computing and centralized storage of electronic health records. However, it also notes that healthcare information is highly sensitive and privacy is a major concern. The key challenges of adopting cloud computing for healthcare mentioned are issues of reliability, security, privacy, data portability and integration. Proper security measures, policies and user training are needed to address these challenges and safely take advantage of cloud computing in healthcare.
Cloud computing has sweeping impact on the human productivity. Today it’s used for Computing, Storage, Predictions and Intelligent Decision Making, among others. Intelligent Decision-Making using Machine Learning has pushed for the Cloud Services to be even more fast, robust and accurate. Security remains one of the major concerns which affect the cloud computing growth however there exist various research challenges in cloud computing adoption such as lack of well managed service level agreement (SLA), frequent disconnections, resource scarcity, interoperability, privacy, and reliability. Tremendous amount of work still needs to be done to explore the security challenges arising due to widespread usage of cloud deployment using Containers. We also discuss Impact of Cloud Computing and Cloud Standards. Hence in this research paper, a detailed survey of cloud computing, concepts, architectural principles, key services, and implementation, design and deployment challenges of cloud computing are discussed in detail and important future research directions in the era of Machine Learning and Data Science have been identified.
A Proposed Solution to Secure MCC Uprising Issue and Challenges in the Domain...IJERD Editor
The development of cloud computing and mobility,mobile cloud computing has emerged and
become a focus of research. By the means of on-demand self-service and extendibility, it can offer the
infrastructure, platform, and software services in a cloud to mobile users through the mobile network. Security
and privacy are the key issues for mobile cloud computing applications, and still face some enormous
challenges. In order to facilitate this emerging domain, we firstly in brief review the advantages and system
model of mobile cloud computing, and then pay attention to the security and privacy in the mobile cloud
computing. MCC provides a platform where mobile users make use of cloud services on mobile devices. The
use of MCC minimizes the performance, compatibility, and lack of resources issues in mobile computing
environment. By deeply analyzing the security and privacy issues from three aspects: mobile terminal, mobile
network and cloud, we give the current security and privacy approaches. The users of MCC are still below
expectations because of the associated risks in terms of security and privacy. These risks are playing important
role by preventing the organizations to adopt MCC environment. Significant amount of research is in progress in
order to reduce the security concerns but still a lot work has to be done to produce a security prone MCC
environment. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of MCC and its security issues,challenges
and possible solutions for the security issues.
This document summarizes a study on barriers to government cloud adoption in Ghana. The study interviewed IT personnel from 12 public agencies to identify challenges they may face in adopting cloud computing. Major inhibiting factors identified include lack of basic infrastructure, data security concerns, unreliable internet connectivity, and a general lack of institutional readiness. The study uses the technology, organization and environment framework to classify adoption factors into technological, organizational, and environmental contexts.
Role of Cloud Computing in Healthcare Systemsijtsrd
The healthcare industry is complex because it is so vast in terms of the processes involved and the amount of private and sensitive information it needs to deal with. The industry’s complexity often leads to two major challenges - increased operational cost including data storage cost and difficulty in building a self sufficient health ecosystem. Technology has always been the savior that workaround for overcoming major healthcare industry challenges. One such technology is cloud computing. It has been in use in the healthcare industry for several years and continuously evolving with industry changes. Cloud computing is transforming the healthcare industry at different levels with features like collaboration, scalability, reach ability, efficiency, and security.The on demand computing feature of the cloud adds value, especially when healthcare institutes and care providers need to deploy, access and handle network information at the drop of a hat. With the rise in demand for data based security, there needs to be a shift in the creation, usage, better storage, collaboration, and sharing of healthcare data techniques. It is where cloud computing leaves no stone unturned Healthcare is one such sector that has been at the forefront of adopting cloud technology. Healthcare providers are coming to realize the true potential of cloud solutions across the globe.According to the BBC research report, estimated global spending by stakeholders in the industry on cloud computing is expected to be around 35 billion dollars by 2022. It is anticipated that the CAGR of cloud services and solutions will maintain a trajectory of 15 rise and the size of the Cloud powered healthcare market is to be around 55 billion dollars by the year 2025. Nidhi Prasad | Mahima Chaurasia "Role of Cloud Computing in Healthcare Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49488.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/49488/role-of-cloud-computing-in-healthcare-systems/nidhi-prasad
This document is a technical seminar presentation on enhancing health information security using a modular encryption standard in mobile cloud computing. It contains an introduction explaining mobile cloud computing and its benefits. The objectives section outlines goals of providing secure health information storage, confidentiality, and patient control. The methodology describes a three-step encryption process involving identification, classification, and securing of data at an intermediary "crypto-cloud". Results show the modular analysis, processor and memory utilization, and effectiveness of the proposed encryption scheme. The conclusion states that the layered, modular approach outperforms other techniques but could be improved with quantum computing and blockchain for future work.
IRJET- Secure Re-Encrypted PHR Shared to Users Efficiently in Cloud ComputingIRJET Journal
This document proposes a Securely Re-Encrypted PHR Shared to Users Efficiently in Cloud Computing (SeSPHR) system. The SeSPHR system aims to securely store and share patients' Personal Health Records (PHRs) with authorized entities in the cloud while preserving privacy. It encrypts PHRs stored on untrusted cloud servers and only allows verified users access using re-encryption keys from a semi-trusted proxy server. The system enforces patient-centric access management of PHR components based on access levels and supports dynamic addition and removal of authorized users. The operation of SeSPHR was analyzed and verified using High-Level Petri Nets, SMT-Lib and Z3 solver. Performance analysis
This document provides a survey of mobile cloud computing. It discusses the definitions and models of cloud computing including infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS). Mobile cloud computing is defined as using cloud infrastructure for data storage and processing instead of on the mobile device. The document reviews several research papers on mobile cloud computing and discusses challenges like network latency, limited bandwidth, security, and privacy. It proposes architectures and techniques to address these challenges and better utilize mobile cloud computing.
Mobile cloud computing (MCC) at its simplest, refers to an infrastructure where both the data storage and data processing happen outside of the mobile device.
Mobile cloud computing (MCC) at its simplest, refers to an infrastructure where both the data storage and data processing happen outside of the mobile device.
Mobile cloud computing (MCC) at its simplest, refers to an infrastructure where both the data storage and data processing happen outside of the mobile device.
DATA STORAGE SECURITY CHALLENGES IN CLOUD COMPUTINGijsptm
In the digital world using technology and new technologies require safe and reliable environment, and it also requires consideration to all the challenges that technology faces with them and address these challenges. Cloud computing is also one of the new technologies in the IT world in this rule there is no exception. According to studies one of the major challenges of this technology is the security and safety required for providing services and build trust in consumers to transfer their data into the cloud. In this paper we attempt to review and highlight security challenges, particularly the security of data storage in a cloud environment. Also, provides some offers to enhance the security of data storage in the cloud
computing systems that by using these opinions can be overcome somewhat on the problems.
IRJET- A Core Medical Treatment System forEmergency Management using CloudIRJET Journal
This document proposes a core medical treatment system using cloud computing to improve emergency management. The system would store patients' medical histories in the cloud to be accessible from any healthcare facility. This would allow doctors to access vital patient information during emergencies even if the history is from a different healthcare provider. The system would use encryption algorithms like Twofish to securely store private patient records in the cloud. This would help provide timely treatment, identify pre-existing conditions, and save more lives during medical emergencies by giving doctors access to full patient histories.
SECURITY AND PRIVACY AWARE PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR IOT APPLICATIONS IN CLOUD EN...ijccsa
This document summarizes a research paper on privacy-preserving techniques for IoT data in cloud environments. It introduces two differential privacy algorithms: 1) Generic differential privacy (GenDP) which provides generalized privacy protection for homogeneous and heterogeneous IoT metadata through data portioning. 2) Cluster-based differential privacy which groups similar data into clusters before defining classifiers to validate privacy. The paper evaluates these techniques and finds the cluster-based approach offers better security than customized interactive algorithms while maintaining data utility. Overall, the study presents new differential privacy methods for anonymizing IoT metadata stored in the cloud.
Design and implementation of intelligent community system based on thin clien...ijasuc
With the continuous development of science and technology, the intelligent development of community
system becomes a trend. Meanwhile, smart mobile devices and cloud computing technology are
increasingly used in intelligent information systems; however, smart mobile devices such as smartphone
and smart pad, also known as thin clients, limited by either their capacities (CPU, memory or battery) or
their network resources, do not always meet users' satisfaction in using mobile services. Mobile cloud
computing, in which resource-rich virtual machines of smart mobile device are provided to a customer as a
service, can be terrific solution for expanding the limitation of real smart mobile device, but the resources
utilization rate is low and the information cannot be shared easily. To address the problems above, this
paper proposes an information system for intelligent community, which is composed of thin clients, wide
band network and cloud computing servers. On one hand, the thin clients with the characteristics of energy
efficiency, high robustness and high computing capacity can efficiently avoid the problems encountered in
the PC architecture and mobile devices. On the other hand, the cloud computing servers in the proposed
information system solve the problems of resource sharing barriers. Finally, the system is built in real
environments to evaluate the performance. We deploy the proposed system in a community with more than
2000 residents, and it is demonstrated that the proposed system is robust and efficient.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTELLIGENT COMMUNITY SYSTEM BASED ON THIN CLIEN...ijasuc
With the continuous development of science and technology, the intelligent development of community
system becomes a trend. Meanwhile, smart mobile devices and cloud computing technology are
increasingly used in intelligent information systems; however, smart mobile devices such as smartphone
and smart pad, also known as thin clients, limited by either their capacities (CPU, memory or battery) or
their network resources, do not always meet users' satisfaction in using mobile services. Mobile cloud
computing, in which resource-rich virtual machines of smart mobile device are provided to a customer as a
service, can be terrific solution for expanding the limitation of real smart mobile device, but the resources
utilization rate is low and the information cannot be shared easily. To address the problems above, this
paper proposes an information system for intelligent community, which is composed of thin clients, wide
band network and cloud computing servers. On one hand, the thin clients with the characteristics of energy
efficiency, high robustness and high computing capacity can efficiently avoid the problems encountered in
the PC architecture and mobile devices. On the other hand, the cloud computing servers in the proposed
information system solve the problems of resource sharing barriers. Finally, the system is built in real
environments to evaluate the performance. We deploy the proposed system in a community with more than
2000 residents, and it is demonstrated that the proposed system is robust and efficient.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTELLIGENT COMMUNITY SYSTEM BASED ON THIN CLIEN...ijasuc
With the continuous development of science and technology, the intelligent development of community
system becomes a trend. Meanwhile, smart mobile devices and cloud computing technology are
increasingly used in intelligent information systems; however, smart mobile devices such as smartphone
and smart pad, also known as thin clients, limited by either their capacities (CPU, memory or battery) or
their network resources, do not always meet users' satisfaction in using mobile services. Mobile cloud
computing, in which resource-rich virtual machines of smart mobile device are provided to a customer as a
service, can be terrific solution for expanding the limitation of real smart mobile device, but the resources
utilization rate is low and the information cannot be shared easily. To address the problems above, this
paper proposes an information system for intelligent community, which is composed of thin clients, wide
band network and cloud computing servers. On one hand, the thin clients with the characteristics of energy
efficiency, high robustness and high computing capacity can efficiently avoid the problems encountered in
the PC architecture and mobile devices. On the other hand, the cloud computing servers in the proposed
information system solve the problems of resource sharing barriers. Finally, the system is built in real
environments to evaluate the performance. We deploy the proposed system in a community with more than
2000 residents, and it is demonstrated that the proposed system is robust and efficient.
1. The document discusses the concept of developing a mobile application for an educational portal to enable e-learning through wireless devices. It aims to allow students to access study materials, take tests, and view evaluation results on their mobile devices.
2. The proposed system would generate analysis of student performance both individually and in groups to help assess learning and share knowledge among peers.
3. The model could be implemented as a massive open online course (MOOC) across multiple institutions to provide interactive study forums and networking opportunities for students.
Similar to SPECIAL SECTION ON HEALTHCARE BIG DATAReceived August 16, .docx (20)
Alternate Work ArrangementsVarious alternative work arrangements e.docxrosiecabaniss
Alternate Work Arrangements
Various alternative work arrangements exist for use in businesses and other types of organizations; included among the options are compressed work weeks, flexible work schedules, telecommuting, and job sharing. This case focuses on alternative work arrangements in general rather than on a particular one exclusively; however, telecommuting does receive additional attention.
The case revolves around the potential advantages and disadvantages that are associated with alternative work arrangements, and the factors that are contributing to an increased use of various alternative work arrangements by employers. With respect to the various advantages and disadvantage that are identified in the case, the positives seem to outweigh the negatives. “Organizations that offer flexible working arrangements are, and will continue to be, employers of choice. ¼ Employees consistently rank flexible schedules high on their list of desired benefits; employers who are reluctant to offer these popular perks will find themselves falling short in the bidding wars for talent.” The case identifies three underlying factors that are driving the movement toward the increased utilization of alternative work arrangements in many different workplaces. These factors are: (a) the needs, desires, and expectations of workers for greater flexibility at work; (b) fuel costs and fuel consumption associated with commuting, and the related carbon footprint impact; and (c) the restrictive impact of the 2008-2009 economic recession on job opportunities.
The case concludes by pointing out that many nations have experimented successfully with various flexible work programs and some countries have enacted legislation promoting alternative work arrangements. It then poses the question: “Will the United States government and American businesses be adequately prepared to meet future economic challenges, at least in part, by embracing the movement toward increasing use of alternative work arrangements?”
Case Study - Alternative Work Arrangements: Possible
Solution
s for a Plethora of Problems?
Alternative work arrangements, such as compressed work weeks, flexible work schedules, telecommuting, or job sharing, can have positive and negative consequences for employers and employees. In general, alternative work arrangements can generate beneficial outcomes, particularly for employers, such as “increased employee retention, loyalty and morale; higher productivity; improved recruiting of highly qualified workers; decreased employee tardiness and unscheduled absences; and maximum use of facilities and equipment.” On the employees’ side, telecommuting—one type of alternative work arrangement—has favorable effects on perceived autonomy, the resolution of work–family conflicts, job performance, job satisfaction, and the experience of stress. What is more, it does not harm perceived career prospects or the quality of workplace relationships. On the downside, however, are t.
Also, Hugo van der goes is not Italian, he is actually a Northern Fl.docxrosiecabaniss
Also, Hugo van der goes is not Italian, he is actually a Northern Flemish artist. His work was one of the few "Northern" paintings that made its way to Italy (due to the shipowner, Portinari). Your visual analysis on elements of art you mention, "The angels down on the right Is a group of angels magnificently dressed In their cheerful hats with red feathers and golden color cloaks and the magnificent beauty of their wings. Joseph Is represented as an old man, with a beard as painted In the old traditional way of style and texture to the composition. The shepherds are pretty mean looking with their rustic looking faces but their form of kneeling down Is gentle, and behind the three that are In the front shows some signs of movement Involved."
Question 1. :
Can you walk us through why discussing colors in a Northern Renaissance work of art reflects the Northern Renaissance?
Question 2. :
Also, when you mention texture - what textures do you specifically see? You also mention the "rustic looking faces" - again, in your opinion, how does this reflect, specifically, the Northern Renaissance?
.
All work needs to be completely original as it goes through a turnit.docxrosiecabaniss
All work needs to be completely original as it goes through a turnitin program. Also I'm irishon my mother's side my mom has some college education but not alot 2 of my aunts have and degrees 2 aunts dont my grandparents have 8th grade education and my generation seems to be more successful in higher education there are 8 of us and 4 of us have degrees or are working towards degrees. On my father's side mostly high school drop outs for my generation my aunts finished high school but no higher education my dad dropped out in 7th grade and my grandparents have 8th grade educations
Social Mobility
For this assignment, you will trace your own family’s history of social mobility. Consider various types of social mobility, including intragenerational mobility, intergenerational mobility, and status attainment.
You should examine at least three generations of your family and think about their achievements and ascriptions and whether people climbed upward, slid downward, or remained the same. Be sure to think about race and gender and their role in mobility and social status. You should also make predictions about your own social mobility and your children’s (real or imagined) future mobility.
To complete this assignment, perform the following tasks:
Describe your family’s history of social mobility through at least three generations. Types of social mobility to discuss include intragenerational mobility, intergenerational mobility, and status attainment. Explain the role of race and gender in the discussion on mobility and social status.Explore and then explain why each generation achieved different levels of social mobility.Predict your own social mobility and if you have children, their mobility.Support your work with the text readings, lectures, and appropriate outside resources.
Name your file LastnameFirstInitial_M4_A2.doc and submit it to the M4: Assignment 2 Dropbox by Wednesday, December 10, 2014.
.
Almost from its inception, the personal computer marketplace became .docxrosiecabaniss
Almost from its inception, the personal computer marketplace became fragmented around choices about which operating system people thought was best or coolest, or about which choice of systems offered users the best integrated and reliable options versus price. But while that Apple vs. Microsoft debate rages on, look what's happened: the basic idea of personal computing has profoundly changed. It's not only about manipulating the contents of files anymore -- it's more about bringing streams of interaction to your fingertips, or to the blink of your eye.
Other portable device makers have entered this marketplace -- Linux-based choices, Android-based systems (owned by Google), and other technologies are becoming more and more commonplace. Dual-personality systems (or "dual-boot") are much easier to buy and operate. And the devices themselves come with the underlying OS buried further and further away from what the user interacts with.
For which kinds of computing and information systems do users really need to care about underlying technologies -- which is what an operating system is? Which kinds of users ought to pay more attention to how well a variety of devices and applications work together (and how seamlessly)? Which kind of user are you? And... do you want to be the other kind?
Your initial post should be 2-3 paragraphs in length (about 250 words).
.
ALL WORK MUST BE COMPLETELY ORIGINAL NO RECYCLED WORK MUST BE COMP.docxrosiecabaniss
ALL WORK MUST BE COMPLETELY ORIGINAL NO RECYCLED WORK
MUST BE COMPLETED IN APA FORMAT
Memory Models
Learning about the structure of memory can improve your study skills. In this assignment, you will discuss the academic applications of memory models and try to apply the principles to yourself. Use the readings for the module and the terminology of the subject and respond to these questions:
You are a teaching assistant for an undergraduate history class and need to prepare a test. You want evidence to show that students know the material well. What kind of test would you prepare? What kind of test do you think requires the most in-depth knowledge? Why?
As Dan took his history test, he could not recollect many of the dates he had studied. Dan had memorized some important dates just before the test. While he was doing this, he was also talking on the phone. Which of Dan's memory stores—sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), or long-term memory (LTM)—do you think were most affected by his phone conversation? Why? Could Dan have done something differently to prevent forgetting the dates? Explain.
Identify two different kinds of mnemonic devices that could help Dan remember dates for his history test. Explain how they could be used.
Melissa is disappointed that she received yet another “D” on a test. She studied for several hours by reading and rereading her textbook and class notes. Based on the levels-of-processing memory theory, explain why Melissa’s method of studying was not very effective? What could she have done differently?
Using Baddeley’s working memory model, give an example of two tasks that could successfully be performed simultaneously (For example, can you listen to music while studying at the same time?). Discuss two other tasks that probably would interfere with each other. Make sure to discuss your answers in terms of the visuospatial scratchpad, the phonological loop, and the central executive.
Write your initial response in 4–5 paragraphs. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
By
Saturday, February 14, 2015
, post your response to the appropriate
Discussion Area
. Through
Wednesday, February 18, 2015
, review and comment on at least two peers’ responses.
Discussion Grading Criteria and Rubric
This discussion assignment is worth 40 points and will be graded using the discussion rubric.
Discussion Grading Criteria
Maximum
Points
Initial Discussion Response
16
Discussion Participation
16
Writing Craftsmanship and Ethical Scholarship
8
Total:
40
Unsatisfactory
Emerging
Proficient
Exemplary
Initial Discussion Response *
Initial response:
·
Did not relate to the concepts or ideas presented in the discussion topic(s)
·
Claims were not supported.
Initial response:
·
Lacked substance
·
Was not original
·
Relied on personal experience only to support ideas
Initial response was:
·
Original and accurate
·
Substantive
·
Demonst.
all work must be original as it goes through a turnitin program .docxrosiecabaniss
all work must be original as it goes through a turnitin program
Stereotypes Set by Culture and Society
Sociology came into existence in the 19th century to explain the enormous changes occasioned by the Industrial Revolution, urbanization, and an individualistic mind-set. Unlike agrarian communities, the emerging urban populations were large, numbering in the tens of thousands.
These city dwellers neither grew their own food nor knew each other. In characterizing individuals, they found it convenient to speak in categories or stereotypes. According to the structural-functional perspective, stereotypes served an important communication function, helping them to compare and contrast groups.
The social-conflict perspective, on the other hand, argues that stereotypes serve the needs of those groups and categories benefitting from social inequality. Stereotypes help dominant groups to contrast social categories and to justify subordinating the less powerful. Furthermore, by lumping subordinate groups into faceless statistical categories, members of the dominant group dissipate the guilt they would have felt were they dealing with the subordinate categories as individuals.
Based on your readings, the online lectures, and your understanding of the above-noted issues, prepare a response to the following question:
Is it possible to speak of ethnic groups in America in terms other than stereotypes?
Create a response in 3 paragraphs to the discussion question. Cite sources and include references in your response. Submit your response to the
Discussion Area
by
Saturday, November 22, 2014
.
Also in the attachment thers is example of the case tooA Model for.docxrosiecabaniss
Also in the attachment thers is example of the case too
A Model for Analyzing Cases
What is a case?
A written description of events and activities that have taken place in an organization.
Purpose of Case Analysis
Apply theories to specific organizational problems.
Develop analytical and problem-solving skills.
0
Approaches to Case Analysis
Decision-maker approach
Sort out information
Propose solutions
Evaluator approach
Evaluate outcomes
Propose alternative solutions
Preparation of written cases
No absolutely right or wrong solution to a case problem.
To present a coherent and defensible analysis.
Preparation for written cases
A general reading
Second time reading and notes taking on critical facts
Information and data on
attitudes and values,
relative power and influence,
the nature and quality of relationship
The organization’s objectives and policies and functions.
Written cases analysis model
Problem identification
Identify the causes of the problem
Alternative solutions
Select the best alternative
Implementation steps
.
All this just need to be reworded. NOT APA nor MLA needed.Questi.docxrosiecabaniss
All this just need to be reworded. NOT APA nor MLA needed.
Question 1
Distinguish between the concepts of mission and vision. Provide examples in your explanation.
Your response should be at least 75 words in length.
(needs to be re-worded)
Mission and vision statement are used in many organization to lay out who they and to identify their business to the external and internal customers. A vision statement is the foundation of an organization. It clearly states to the internal and external customers what the organization is all about. For example for the 375th Air Mobility Wing vision statement is “The Vision of the 375 Air Mobility Wing is providing precise combat capabilities to the warfighter….always”. This clearly states what the vision of the organization is which is ensuring the warfighters have the combat capabilities to do their jog. With a mission statement it is used to state the values and of the organization and it is used to separate the organization from it competitors. For example the 375th Air Mobility Wing mission statement is “The mission of the 375th Air Mobility Wing is enabling combat power”. With this mission statement it clearly states that the organization will enable combat power which tells the employees within the organization that they are trusted with power ensure the warfighters have what they need in a timely manner.
Question 2
Are "strategic management" and "strategic planning" synonymous terms? Explain.
Your response should be at least 75 words in length.
(needs to be re-worded)
Strategic management and strategic planning are considered synonymous terms because they are both used to discuss how organizations make decisions regarding their business vision and mission and goals for the future. Even though the term strategic management is used in mainly within the realm of education and strategic planning is used more in the business world they both follow the same concept. Both strategic management and strategic planning focus around organizations focus on strategy to remain competitive and diverse through the changing economy.
Question 3
Describe the strategic management process, and include how it is used by organizations.
Your response should be at least 75 words in length.
(needs to be re-worded)
The strategic management process has three stages which are strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and finally strategy evaluation. When looking at the strategy formulation this requires an organization to create the foundation of their organization. This includes creating a mission and vision statement and looking at what external and internal threats or opportunities that will affect the organization. When looking at the strategy implementation this entails an organization to establish objectives that will need to be meet and according to what time frame these objectives will be meet. This requires employ.
All sources of information (whether the textbook or a web site) are .docxrosiecabaniss
The document provides guidance for answering a discussion question about cultural, political, religious, or economic inheritances received by Western civilizations from Byzantine or Islamic societies. It recommends focusing on the Middle Ages, particularly the Dark Ages, and naming two or three key inheritances. A quality response should be between 150 to 200 words and cite all sources of information used. The document aims to clarify the question and help guide responses rather than determine right or wrong answers.
All Questions should have 2-apa format references beneath each answe.docxrosiecabaniss
All Questions should have 2-apa format references beneath each answer. All answers should be more than 250 words and numbered accordingly
1 What role does health communication have in public health? Provide an example of how health communication is applied in public health and the impact it has had. Describe the key features and characteristics of health communication and comment on which you think are the most important and why.
2 Select a public health problem or health issue and describe communication channels, vehicles, and platforms used to deliver messages related to that problem or issue. What are the limitations of health communication with regard to this problem or health issue?
3 Compare and contrast two different theories described in your textbook reading for this topic. Highlight the key elements, strengths, and limitations of each theory, and provide an example of how each theory has been applied in practice.
4 Why is an understanding of health beliefs, culture, and cultural values relevant in the context of health communication? Describe ways in which health communication messages can potentially be at odds with cultural or spiritual values or health beliefs. Provide an example of a health communication message that illustrates culturally competent communication. How did this message address cultural values or health beliefs for the intended audience?
5 How is health literacy defined according to Healthy People 2030, and how does it differ from previous definitions of health literacy? Describe why health literacy is a critical public health issue.
6 Describe the factors that can contribute to low health literacy and the impact of low health literacy on health outcomes. Give an example of what public health professionals can do to improve individual and organizational health literacy.
7 Describe an example from the research literature of an effective health communication program using mass media. What were the key outcomes of this program? What factors and features made it successful?
8 During Diabetes Awareness Month, you are pitching a local online magazine with a story aimed at raising awareness of the importance of getting an A1C test for the prevention and management of diabetes. Describe the elements, viewpoints, and key health message you would include in your story to attract the reporter's attention and increase the likelihood of media coverage. Provide a rationale for your approach.
9 Describe the key elements of an effective health communication plan. Why is planning so important? Provide examples of how public health professionals can apply ethical considerations in the planning process.
10 Compare the core communication strategies of engage, inform, and persuade. Provide an example of each strategy for the health issue and each audience you identified in your "Health Communication Plan Part 1" assignment. Provide a rationale for why your selected strategies are appropriate.
11 In previous cours.
albn102015-02-22 1731can you answer this questionIn this dis.docxrosiecabaniss
albn10
2015-02-22 17:31
can you answer this question?
In this discussion, we will investigate confidence intervals and t tests for continuous data. To do this, we will revisit the TAA data that you studied in the Week Three assignment.
You may recall from the Week Three assignment that you have available data on 12 tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), from 90 normal individuals (controls) and 160 hepatocellular carcinoma patients (cases). These data are in the Excel file
MHA610_Week 3_Assignment_Data.xls
; the levels of the 12 TAAs are given in the columns with headings Ab14, HCC1, IMP1, KOC, MDM2, NPM1, P16, P53, P90, RaIA, and Survivin.
First, randomly select three of the 12 TAAs for further study.
Next, Perform two sample t-tests for comparing the levels of each of your three TAAs between the cases and the controls.
Then, Use the t-tests to order the TAAs in terms of relative ability to discriminate between the cases and controls, from best to worst discriminator. Is this ordering helpful if you want to select a subset of TAAs to discriminate between cases and controls? Assume for now that you can judge the relative merits of your three TAAs by the magnitudes of their respective two-sided p-values from the two sample t-tests, so that your best discriminator is the TAA with the smallest p-value.
Lastly, Construct and report 95% confidence intervals for the mean level of your best TAA discriminator in the controls, the mean level of your best TAA discriminator in the cases, and the difference in mean levels (cases - controls). Discuss whether your confidence intervals are concordant with the t-tests.
source
group
groupid
Ab14
HCC1
IMP1
KOC
MDM2
NPM1
P16
P53
P62
P90
SD
control
0
0.102
0.068
0.083
0.023
0.117
0.12
0.102
0.098
0.177
0.097
SD
control
0
0.02
0.06
0.035
0.016
0.005
0.004
0.017
0.014
0.049
0.011
SD
control
0
0.064
0.13
0.111
0.058
0.092
0.046
0.258
0.057
0.28
0.05
SD
control
0
0.068
0.041
0.056
0.019
0.077
0.05
0.067
0.055
0.104
0.049
SD
control
0
0.036
0.07
0.067
0.04
0.026
0.019
0.057
0.027
0.107
0.019
SD
control
0
0.049
0.188
0.079
0.063
0.073
0.018
0.107
0.053
0.128
0.027
SD
control
0
0.053
0.231
0.214
0.105
0.05
0.009
0.277
0.061
0.253
0.06
SD
control
0
0.071
0.045
0.133
0.19
0.086
0
0.098
0.055
0.161
0.058
SD
control
0
0.066
0.139
0.105
0.065
0.095
0.041
0.193
0.075
0.188
0.037
SD
control
0
0.071
0.077
0.095
0.039
0.132
0.058
0.22
0.077
0.108
0.064
SD
control
0
0.033
0.091
0.064
0.059
0.012
0.01
0.039
0.034
0.087
0.025
SD
control
0
0.053
0.024
0.06
0.026
0.147
0.102
0.114
0.064
0.108
0.05
SD
control
0
0.045
0.014
0.05
0.02
0.045
0.144
0.051
0.039
0.049
0.029
SD
control
0
0.153
0.08
0.071
0.034
0.021
0.118
0.063
0.041
0.071
0.029
SD
control
0
0.033
0.023
0.047
0.019
0.048
0.219
0.056
0.043
0.071
0.039
SD
control
0
0.111
0.047
0.104
0.049
0.103
0.064
0.285
0.09
0.185
0.452
SD
control
0
0.082
0.023
0.071
0.258
0.091
0.129
0.116
0.055
0.165
0.11
SD
control
0
0.115
0.01
0.383
0.162
0.113
0.229
0.298
0.075.
All of the following are characteristics of managerial accounting,.docxrosiecabaniss
All of the following are characteristics of managerial accounting, except:
[removed]
A)
Reports are used primarily by insiders rather than by persons outside of the business entity.
[removed]
B)
Its purpose is to assist managers in planning and controlling business operations.
[removed]
C)
Information must be developed in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles or with income tax regulations.
[removed]
D)
Information may be tailored to assist in specific managerial decisions.
.
All of the indigenous cultures that we have explored this week were .docxrosiecabaniss
All of the indigenous cultures that we have explored this week were at one time “discovered” by European explorers who often connected traditional art objects to take back with them to Europe as “curiosities.” These
objets d’art
inspired collectors and artists alike and opened the Western world up to new ideas, new cultures, and new art forms.
This is Part 1 of a two-part assignment and spans
Weeks 3 and 4
. Imagine that you are one of these intrepid European explorers who has set out to discover and collect the traditional art forms created by the four cultures we have learned about this week:
India
China
Korea
Japan
As you “travel” and collect two works from each of your four cultures, you need to document some important field notes that will help you to explain what these treasures are upon your return home. These field notes need to include for each work of art:
Name of the culture that produced the object
Title or name of the object
Date of the object
Medium/materials used to create the object
Current location
Assignment Instructions
Using the textbook and Internet sources, locate 2 traditional works of art from India, China, Japan, and Korea. Copy and paste the 8 objects into your Microsoft Word document and label each one:
Name of the culture that produced the object
Title of the work
Date of the work
Medium/materials used to create the work
Current location
Offer a citation of your sources for each image and the information you found in the textbook and on the Internet.
Use your textbook to find out as much as you can about cultural context for each object. Go online and find some reference sources to provide you with more information.
Thoroughly explain and analyze:
What each object is
How you think your European friends back home will react to each object, and why
Why it is culturally important
.
All Fungi Are Not the Same!In this activity, you have the opportun.docxrosiecabaniss
All Fungi Are Not the Same!
In this activity, you have the opportunity to apply your understanding of material covered in your textbook on fungi and how they are alike and how they differ.
Using what you’ve learned from your reading, in your own words please:
Differentiate among the three fungal phyla, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota on the basis of their reproduction methods, means of obtaining nutrients, and importance to humans. Be sure to include representative examples of each type of organism in your response.
Your essay should be approximately two pages in length, double-spaced in 10 to 12 point font. If you refer to sources of information besides the textbook, please be sure to cite them in the text and on a reference page using APA format.
.
Albert and Baker form a corporation and start their business as the .docxrosiecabaniss
Albert and Baker form a corporation and start their business as the Lending Store, Inc. They begin making mortgage loans. They lease a large office building and eventually hire twenty employees. After several months it becomes obvious that one of their more experienced employees, Mary Smith, has some personal problems. Ms. Smith is 60 years old and has a permanent disability that requires her to work from a wheelchair. She is often late for work because of health issues and has some absences each month. She shows up ten minutes late for work one morning and Albert fires her on the spot without explanation. The company then promotes from within and allows John Jones to take Ms. Smith’s position. John Jones is 25 years old. He has no mortgage lending experience but is on time for work every day.
1. Mary Smith is unhappy about being fired. She is unable to find another comparable job so decides to sue the company to either get her job back or to recover past and future wages. Explain the possible legal claims that Ms. Smith could pursue against the company.
2. Albert and Baker come to you for advice again. Explain the best defenses the company would have against any legal claims made by Ms. Smith. Include in your explanation what you believe would be the most likely outcome of this lawsuit known as Smith v. Lending Store, Inc.
3. The other employees of the company are concerned that Mary Smith was terminated unfairly. Some of them are considering joining the White Collar Workers of America Union to protect themselves from a similar fate. Explain the steps these employees would have to take in order to allow a union to represent them in their relationship with the Lending Store, Inc.
4. Albert and Baker do not prefer to deal with a union and are most concerned that their employees would go on strike and financially damage the company. While a strike may be possible with any union, explain to Albert and Baker some of the circumstances under which the union could not legally go on strike against the company.
5. The Lending Store, Inc. has now decided to hire a few part-time independent contractors. These persons will take mortgage loan applications for the company at various shopping malls. Explain the type of relationship the company will have with this category of worker. Include in this explanation some of the key differences between an independent contractor and a regular employee of the company.
.
Airport Assessment Part 1 InstructionsYou have been tasked to comp.docxrosiecabaniss
Airport Assessment Part 1 Instructions
You have been tasked to comprise a comprehensive analysis of all potential threats and vulnerabilities at the Richmond International Airport. This assessment should be conducted without consideration to, or analysis of, existing measures. This is your personal assessment based on your knowledge gained from the information in this course and any outside sources you locate (scholarly, governmental, or academic).
Make sure that you thoroughly review the website
http://www.flyrichmond.com
,
as it provides significant information about the airport including a building plan, services, and map links. Note that south of the terminal building (at bottom of the screen on the Google map) is a cargo area for FedEx, etc. Make sure that assets such as these are included in your assessment. Consideration should be given to infrastructure impact at various levels.
Prepare a formal report on your findings. The report should follow
strict APA guidelines
and at
least 4 sources
must be properly cited. This report will include a qualitative analysis. As such, separate spreadsheets must be developed for the threats and vulnerabilities respectively. All resource elements should be presented and discussed. The report must consist of
900–1,400 words.
The outline of the report must include at a minimum:
·
Introduction
[Provide a brief introduction outlining the purpose and scope of this report.]
·
Security Stakeholders
[Identify the stakeholders for ensuring security, prevention, and risk management. Discuss interdependences, relationships, and legal requirements.]
·
Descriptions of Assessments
§
Threat Assessment
[Present the all identified threats and hazards. Explain the threat(s) listing all potentially affected resources. Organize threats as natural, accidental, and intentional or malicious.]
§
Vulnerability Assessment
[Discuss the identified vulnerabilities. Use the following potential impact categories: Catastrophic, Critical, Limited, Minor, and
Negligible
. Develop appropriate definitions for each category. Similarly, definitions should be developed for the likelihood of occurrence using the following options: Highly Likely, Likely, Possible, Unlikely, and
Remote/Rare
. Do not assign weights or probabilities to each category. This will be addressed in the Part 2.]
·
Summary
Summarize your findings. Do not make recommendations (this will be included in Part 2).
.
Aijalon Williams For this essay you will need to incorporate the.docxrosiecabaniss
Aijalon Williams
For this essay you will need to incorporate the following:
Apply the appropriate terms and concepts used in psychology.
Utilize APA format and style for
writing/
Define psychology and explain what makes it a science.
Briefly explain the history of psychology and its impact on modern psychology.
Describe scientific research in psychology.
Independent and dependent variables
Hypothesis formation
Theory
.
All of the following are qualities of good writing EXCEPTAstoundi.docxrosiecabaniss
All of the following are qualities of good writing EXCEPT:
Astoundingly new ideas that have never been discussed in print
Effective organization so that the writing is easily followed
The language projects the writer's views and personality
The expression of ideas is credible, not far-fetched
.
All healthcare organizations must convert to an Electronic Health .docxrosiecabaniss
All healthcare organizations must convert to an Electronic Health Record (EHR) system within the next year. This is a major capital expense that will cost many healthcare organizations millions of dollars. Purchasing an EHR system will undoubtedly require the acquisition and use of long-term assets under a capital budget. Prepare a proposal, addressed to the hospital's management, for financing a 1.5 million dollar EHR system for your local hospital. Be sure to include a strategic plan for financing, implementing, and controlling/monitoring the new system. You will need to draw on some of the material you have learned in the class in other modules.
.
Aliens in the U.S.There are many ways in which aliens enter .docxrosiecabaniss
Aliens in the U.S.
There are many ways in which aliens enter the U.S. illegally or legally and penetrate the US society until or when they are caught and removed. Illegal aliens enter the US mainstream society by using illegally obtained documents to obtain authentic government issued documents.
Explain with the help of examples, how illegal aliens obtain documents illegally.
According to you, what is the most common document sought by illegal aliens? Explain how is it feasible for them to obtain it? Why do you think so?
What is a legal entry document? What is the difference between a counterfeit document and a fraudulently altered document? According to you, which is easier to obtain and why?
What, according to you, are illegal alien networks? Explain how and what they do to facilitate illegal alien entry and the acquisition of documents, and to assist in reaching a final destination.
Alien networks are loosely related but are distinct to their function and geographic area. Explain these distinctions with the help of appropriate examples.
In what geographic areas would pro-immigrant groups concentrate their network activities? Why? What two strategies would you employ to break this nexus?
.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
SPECIAL SECTION ON HEALTHCARE BIG DATAReceived August 16, .docx
1. SPECIAL SECTION ON HEALTHCARE BIG DATA
Received August 16, 2016, accepted September 11, 2016, date
of publication September 26, 2016,
date of current version October 15, 2016.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2613278
Mobile Cloud Computing Model and Big Data
Analysis for Healthcare Applications
LO’AI A. TAWALBEH1,2, (Senior Member, IEEE), RASHID
MEHMOOD3, (Senior Member, IEEE),
ELHADJ BENKHLIFA4, AND HOUBING SONG5, (Member,
IEEE)
1Department of Computer Engineering, Jordan University of
science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
2Department of Computer Engineering, Umm Al-Qura
University, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia
3High Performance Computing Centre, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
4Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, U.K.
5Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, West
Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
Corresponding author: L. A. Tawalbeh ([email protected])
This work was supported by the Long-Term National Science
Technology and Innovation Plan (LT-NSTIP) under Grant 13-
ELE2527-10
and in part by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and
Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia.
2. ABSTRACT Mobile devices are increasingly becoming an
indispensable part of people’s daily life,
facilitating to perform a variety of useful tasks. Mobile cloud
computing integrates mobile and cloud
computing to expand their capabilities and benefits and
overcomes their limitations, such as limited memory,
CPU power, and battery life. Big data analytics technologies
enable extracting value from data having four
Vs: volume, variety, velocity, and veracity. This paper
discusses networked healthcare and the role of mobile
cloud computing and big data analytics in its enablement. The
motivation and development of networked
healthcare applications and systems is presented along with the
adoption of cloud computing in healthcare.
A cloudlet-based mobile cloud-computing infrastructure to be
used for healthcare big data applications
is described. The techniques, tools, and applications of big data
analytics are reviewed. Conclusions are
drawn concerning the design of networked healthcare systems
using big data and mobile cloud-computing
technologies. An outlook on networked healthcare is given.
INDEX TERMS Healthcare systems, big data analytics, mobile
cloud computing, cloudlet infrastructure,
health applications.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, there have been many advances in information and
communication technologies that have been transforming the
world; the world is increasingly becoming a small neighbor-
hood. Among these technologies are the cloud computing, the
wireless communications (3G/4G/5G), and the competitive
mobile devices industry. The mobile devices can provide
variety of services to facilitate our living style [1]. They are
integrated in our daily routine to help performing variety
of tasks such as location determination, time management,
3. image processing, booking hotels, selling and buying online,
and staying connected with others. Also, there are mobile
applications to help you measure and manage your health
through applications for blood pressure, exercises, and weight
loss [2].
The mobility feature of mobile devices (Figure 1) changed
the way that people use different technologies all over the
world. There is no need any more to stay at your office to
do your job or daily activities. The users can move to many
FIGURE 1. Mobility features.
locations based on many parameters for easier life such as
efficiency, stable and fast internet connection and data privacy
concerns to impose the need to protect the users’ data from
unauthorized disclosure especially over non-secure wireless
channels [3]. All these features of mobile devices and inte-
grating them in our life speed up the transition towards
greener and smarter cities [4].
VOLUME 4, 2016
2169-3536
2016 IEEE. Translations and content mining are permitted for
academic research only.
Personal use is also permitted, but republication/redistribution
requires IEEE permission.
See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/i
ndex.html for more information.
6171
4. L. A. Tawalbeh et al.: Mobile Cloud Computing Model and Big
Data Analysis for Healthcare Applications
FIGURE 2. Cloud computing concept.
Another recent technology is cloud computing
(see Figure 2) which allows access to the stored information
from anywhere at any time, and can be used in different
organizations or by individuals to enhance productivity and
increase performance and reduce the cost and complexity [5].
Cloud computing is defined by NIST as ‘‘a model for
enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access
to a shared pool of configurable computing resources
(e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services)
that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction’’ [6].
Moreover, integrating the mobile devices with cloud com-
puting to utilize the unlimited service provided by the cloud
through the mobile device results in what is known as Mobile
Cloud Computing [7]. The Cloud Computing relies on a set
of network-connected resources shared to maximize their
utilization resulting in reduced management and capital costs.
Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) is set to benefit many sec-
tors including the cloud-healthcare systems. As an example,
MCC healthcare system was built to capture and analyze real
time biomedical signals (such as ECG and Blood pressure)
from users in different locations. On the mobile device, a per-
sonalized healthcare application is installed and health data
are being synchronized into the healthcare cloud computing
service for storage and analysis [8].
MCC expands the capabilities and benefits of the mobile
devices, and overcomes their limitations, so the users will not
be worried about the memory size and required CPU power
to run intensive tasks that consume considerable amount of
5. energy [9] and require extra memory. For example, multi-
media applications which are known to be among the most
common applications in today’s mobile devices involve shar-
ing and creating images and video files. These applications
require high computing capabilities, big space to be stored,
and maybe more security protection [10] which are chal-
lenges for mobile devices. Mobile cloud computing resolves
these issues by storing the large multimedia file on the cloud,
and it will be available to the mobile users when requested
resulting in better performance. And since the energy drain
is an important issue in mobile devices and sometimes limits
the optimum utilization of these devices, the researchers are
motivated to find optimization methods to reduce the con-
sumed energy by mobile devices in the cloud and mobile
computing environments [11].
Besides all the great benefits of using the mobile cloud
computing, there are still some limitations such as the delays
encountered when the mobile devices access the cloud ser-
vices from far distance which are mainly due to/from the
mobile devices. It is believed that using the cloudlet concept
between the enterprise cloud and the mobile device has a
good impact in reducing connection latencies and power
consumption [12].
On the other side, there are many challenges associated
with storing data on cloud, and mainly is to protect the
privacy of the users’ data from unauthorized access and from
malicious attacks. Also, availability of the owners’ data at any
time request is an issue. The integrity is also a concern in
which the data should not be altered or modified by intrud-
ers. Many cryptographic techniques can be used to provide
solution to these information security concerns [13], [14].
It is well-known that healthcare applications require large
6. amounts of computational and communication resources, and
involve dynamic access to large amounts of data within
and outside the heath organization leading to the need for
networked healthcare [15]. Mobile cloud computing could
provide the necessary computational resources at the right
place and right time through cloudlet and fog computing
based architectures. Moreover, big data and relevant tech-
nologies could provide the data management and analytics
solutions that are necessary to reduce healthcare costs and
improve system and clinical inefficiencies. Big data refers to
the emerging technologies that are designed to extract value
from data having four Vs characteristics; volume, variety,
velocity and veracity. Big data is set to affect the future
network traffic and hence the network architectures [15].
See [16] for a survey on big data.
This paper discusses the concept of networked healthcare
and its enablement through the mobile cloud computing and
big data analytics technologies. The motivation and devel-
opment of networked healthcare applications and systems
is presented along with the adoption of cloud computing in
healthcare. A cloudlet–based mobile cloud computing infras-
tructure to be used for healthcare big data applications is
described. The techniques, tools, and applications of big data
analytics are reviewed. Conclusions are drawn concerning the
design of networked healthcare systems using big data and
mobile cloud computing technologies.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II
presents the literature review, and Section III discusses the
healthcare applications and systems. Section IV presents the
cloudlet based mobile cloud computing infrastructure for
healthcare use. Section V presents big data analytics, fol-
lowed by a review of data analytics tools in Section VI.
Section VII concludes the paper and provides an outlook for
networked healthcare.
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II. RELATED WORK
There are many related work in the literature about cloud and
mobile cloud computing and their useful applications in many
life aspects including health and financial transactions. Not
neglecting the important issue of securing users sensitive data
on the cloud, a secure framework for cloud computing based
on data classification is proposed in [17]. This framework
categorizes the data based on its confidentiality, and selects
the suitable encryption mechanism to provide the appropriate
protection for each data category.
The authors in [18] presented a prototype implementation
of cloudlet architecture. They pointed out the advantages of
such architecture in real-time applications. In the straight
forward approach, the cloudlet is fixed near a wireless access
points. But in this prototype, a cloudlet can be chosen dynam-
ically from the resources inside the network to manage the
running applications on the component model.
In [19], a large scale Cloudlet MCC model was deployed
for the purpose of reducing network delay and power dis-
sipation especially for intensive jobs such as multimedia
applications. Also, the large scale deployment covering large
areas allows the mobile users to stay connected with the cloud
services remotely while they are moving within this area with
less broadband communication needs while satisfying high
quality service requirements.
8. The impact of using cloudlet along with mobile cloud
computing on some interactive applications (including video
streaming) was analyzed in [20]. The authors compared the
two models in terms of system throughput and data transfer
delay. Their results indicated that in most cases, the use of the
cloudlet-based model outperformed the cloud-based model.
A framework to provide personalized emotion-aware services
by mobile cloud computing is proposed in [21].
Energy conservation is a major concern in cloud computing
systems with huge number of operating data centers that
consume large amounts of power. Moreover, the prediction
of how much this consumption will increase depends on
the dynamic expansion of their infrastructures to meet the
increasing demand for huge computation and massive com-
munication. The authors in [22] proposed resources man-
agement and optimization policies in the Cloud such as
using virtualization, VM live migration, and server consoli-
dation. They presented an energy efficient network resources
management approach, and proposed a practical multi-level
Cloud Resource-Network Management (CRNM) algorithm,
which is implemented in a virtual Cloud environment using
Snooze framework as the Cloud energy efficiency manager.
The results showed saving of more than 70% of power con-
sumption in Cloud data centers compared to other non-power
aware algorithms.
III. NETWORKED HEALTHCARE: MOTIVATIONS
AND STATE-OF-THE-ART
This section provides the motivation for networked health-
care followed by a review of literature on the state-of-the-
art of networked healthcare architectural and performance
studies including those implemented on cloud computing
platforms.
9. Healthcare, like many other sectors, has grown rapidly
with the massive growth in ICT. The increasing role and
benefits of ICT in healthcare are becoming visible in the
health informatics, bioengineering and Healthcare Informa-
tion Systems (HIS). We can now imagine a near future
where healthcare providers can port powerful analytics and
decision support tools to mobile computing devices aiding
clinicians at the point of care helping them with synthesis
of data from multiple sources, and context-aware decision
making [23]. Major drivers for ICT-based healthcare include
demands for increased access to and quality of healthcare,
rising healthcare costs, system inefficiencies, variations in
quality of care, high prevalence of medical errors, greater
public analysis of government spending, ageing population,
and the fact that patients and the public want a greater say
in decisions about their health and healthcare. The scientific
developments that are yet to reach their required potential for
providing personalized healthcare include genetic and molec-
ular research, translation of knowledge into clinical practice,
new processes and relationships in product development and
knowledge management [24]. However, we believe that the
major hurdles for the healthcare industry in realizing the full
potential of ICT include the social reasons including privacy
of health data and public trust [25].
The key management strategies that healthcare executives
should focus on over the coming years include Collabora-
tion, Open Systems, and Innovation [26]. The key health
information technologies (HIT), according to them to be
deployed over the next decade include Electronic Health
Record (EHR), Personal Health Record (PHR), and Health
Information Exchange (HIE) systems. They projected that
by 2020, 80% of health care provider organizations will
have implemented EHR systems in the US, and 80% of the
general population will have started using PHR systems in
the US. A vision of Medical Informatics in 2040 is presented
10. in [27]. The authors believe that transformation of healthcare
will be enabled through the implementation of technologies
including genomic information systems & bio-repositories
integrated with EHR systems; nanotechnology, advanced user
interface solutions, e.g. wearable systems, health apps, health
information exchange (HIE) with other industries/sectors
such as pharma and manufacturing, Home-based TeleHealth
solutions interconnecting patients with health care providers,
and medical robotic devices interfaced to health IT (HIT)
systems.
The United States Department of Health and Human Ser-
vices [24] envisions personalized health care and gives a
perspective on how far and how quickly we have come in
treatment strategies of dangerous diseases including cancer,
diabetes and heart attacks. In 2014, Apple introduced the
mobile health platform HealthKit [28], a cloud API made
available for iOS 8 [29]. HealthKit benefits by the Apple’s
partnership on this enterprise with Mayo Clinic and soft-
ware company Epic Systems. The HealthKit API provides
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the users with an interface for accessing and sharing their
PHRs. The information collected through the Apple Health
App could be integrated with, for example, the Epic’s EHR
systems allowing the use of Epic’s software tools. The Apple
Health app provides a convenient entry point to personal-
ized health services. Apple has also provided information
for developers and extended an invitation to discuss the
possibilities for interaction of various devices with the sys-
11. tem [30]. The ‘‘S’’ Health app from Samsung for Android
platform is also being used by many people on their smart
phones [31]. These are important milestones in the move
towards personalized healthcare. We believe that the major
innovations in personalized healthcare will begin when open
Source community will start contributing in the healthcare
applications space.
Having discussed the motivation for networked healthcare,
we now review literature on the architectural and performance
studies in healthcare.
There have been many studies on performance modeling
and analyses of healthcare applications over communication
networks [15], and distributed systems [32], including cloud
computing systems [15], [33]. A quantitative modeling study
to demonstrate the potential of computational grids for its use
in healthcare organizations to deploy diverse medical appli-
cations was presented in [32]. The study considered multiple
organizational and application scenarios for grid deployment
in networked healthcare including four different classes of
healthcare applications and 3 different types of healthcare
organizations. The computational requirements of key health-
care applications were identified and a Markov model of a
networked healthcare system was built. For each scenario,
steady state probability distributions of the respective Markov
models were computed in order to analyze the system per-
formance. Various performance measures of interest such
as blocking probability and throughput could be computed
from these state probability distributions. The paper provides
an interesting insight into computational requirements of
healthcare applications, as well as provides a platform to
explore communication requirements of healthcare applica-
tions. These requirements are important because the traffics
on future networks connecting healthcare systems are likely
to be dominated by the analytics applications that require fre-
12. quent, low-latency, communications. These individual com-
munications though may not be heavy in terms of data,
however will create significant traffic due to the large number
of individual communications. This is also very typical of
high performance computing applications. A healthcare mon-
itoring system based on wireless sensor networks is proposed
in [34]. Specifically, the monitoring system monitors phys-
iological parameters from multiple patient bodies through
a coordinator node attached to the patient’s body that col-
lects the signals from the wireless sensors and sends them
to the base station. Continuous monitoring of physiological
parameters is an important application area of healthcare and
has major implication on the design of network that con-
nects sensors, analysis applications, physicians, healthcare
systems and providers. For example, as exemplified in this
paper, monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate of a preg-
nant woman, and the heart rate/movement of the fetus, is
a vital requirement for managing her health. The sensors
attached to a patient’s body form a wireless body sensor
network (WBSN) and provide information related to heart
rate, blood pressure and other health related parameters.
A framework for a unified middleware based on Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) to enable mobile healthcare appli-
cations over heterogeneous networks is proposed in [35].
Their motivation is the need for anytime anywhere delivery
of healthcare services that will in turn require operation over
heterogeneous networks. Their approach is to use the pro-
posed unified middleware to isolate applications from mobil-
ity management and other transport/discovery related tasks.
A survey of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for healthcare
is provided in [36]. An overview of the design issues for
healthcare monitoring systems using WSNs is provided along
with a discussion of the benefits of these systems. Several
applications and prototypes of WSN healthcare monitoring
13. systems are reviewed from the literature, as well as challenges
and open research problems for the design of these systems.
A study of end-to-end network performance within and
between three hospitals in the Central-West region of Ontario
with the aim to examine the healthcare applications require-
ments was presented in [37]. The OPNET modeler is used to
study the network performance. Results of four applications
used in this study; database, HTTP, FTP, email, were pre-
sented and discussed for throughput and queuing delays for
servers and the main router. A comparative study on mobile
computing to get a better solution for mobile healthcare appli-
cations was presented in [38]. A mobile cloud architecture
relevant to healthcare applications that stores and manages
personal healthcare data was proposed. A number of other
works have discussed cloud computing adoption in healthcare
and the expected advantages and limitations, see e.g. [39].
In the context of networked healthcare we should men-
tion the Health Level Seven International standard. HL7 is
a not-for-profit organization that was formed in 1987. It is
accredited by ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
and it is ‘‘dedicated to providing a comprehensive framework
and related standards for the exchange, integration, sharing,
and retrieval of electronic health information that supports
clinical practice and the management, delivery and evaluation
of health services’’ [40]. ‘‘Level Seven’’ refers to the seventh
layer (the application layer) of the International Organiza-
tion for Standardization (ISO) seven-layer communications
model for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI).
Many studies have explored the networked systems and
QoS in transferring data over different networks, which is
very important in many applications especially in healthcare.
Service modeling of multimedia over Wi-Fi networks was
explored in [41]. End to end Service Modeling of multimedia
14. (video, voice and text) over VoIP networks within metropoli-
tan area network environments was explored in [42] with
a focus on VoIP. The study also presented a novel analysis
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methodology combining simulations and Markov modeling.
A scalable multimedia QoS architecture for ad hoc networks
was proposed in [43]. Cross-Layer QoS and provisioning for
multimedia applications (video, voice and text) over wireless
Ad hoc Networks was reported in [44]. Classification of ad-
hoc networks design, infrastructure, and QoS for multimedia
communications over wireless networks was reported in [45].
An important trend to enable next generation networked
healthcare systems would be the networking and integra-
tion of healthcare and other smart city systems, particularly
for healthcare related operations, such as integration with
transportation [46]–[49] and logistics systems [50], [51]. For
instance, in [50] electronic health records (EHRs) and other
smart city information systems are used together for capac-
ity sharing and to provide enhanced efficiencies. Networked
healthcare systems will eventually be designed as sustainable
enterprise systems which will be part of networked smart
city information and operations systems [52], [53]. Model-
ing methods that leverage high performance computing and
are able to deal with big data, such as [47] and [49], will
be required in studying such complex networked healthcare
systems.
IV. MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTURE
15. FOR HEALTH CARE BIG DATA
There are many mobile cloud computing infrastructures
for different usages including the healthcare applications.
The traditional infrastructures involve set of cloud resources
accessed remotely by the users of different types of devices
via through the Internet as shown in Figure 3.
FIGURE 3. Mobile cloud computing traditional infrastructure.
The massive spread of mobile applications in all and every
area of the peoples life resulted in huge amounts of data
that need to be processed and analyzed efficiently in less
time and power complexity which imposes the need for new
competitive MCC models other than the traditional one.
Performance Enhancement Framework using the Cloudlet
was proposed in [54]. The cloudlet (figure 4) can be consid-
ered as a closer cloud with many advantages and capabilities
to avoid several limitations of distant cloud. And so, a limited
resources cloudlet will not help, and might have bad impact
on the performance. So, it is believed that the cloudlet scheme
which is introduced as a middle stage between the cloud
FIGURE 4. The cloudlet concept.
and the mobile device has a good chance to overcome the
challenges associated with MCC such as latencies and power
consumption [55].
But, in some cases, the mobile user has no choice other than
connecting directly to the EC. This happens when the mobile
device needs to update files stored in the Enterprise Cloud or
request certain services that are not available in the Cloudlet.
Motivated by the cloudlet concept, the authors in [56] built
a mobile cloud system to be used in different applications
16. such as universities. Their system use different sensors to
carry out many tasks. They proposed and implemented two
main applications in traffic management and fire detection
and the data from sensors is processed in mobile cloud sys-
tem. In the same context, the researcher in [57] introduced
an efficient cloudlet MCC model in which the mobile users
communicate directly to the cloudlet instead of the enterprise
cloud. Their model can be applied in many environments
including hospitals were big amounts of data need to be saved
and processed.
The Big Data is a recent term associated with the huge
amounts of stored /obtained data due to the revolutionary
advances in different technologies including: cloud com-
puting, spread of social media, and wireless communica-
tion technologies. It is defined according to: the size of
data (volume), types of data based on the producing source
(variety), and the time frequency to generate the data
(velocity); every, minute, day, month, or a decade [58]. Some
of this big amount of data could be processed offline, but
some applications needs real time processing for this data
such as health applications where the data analysis and
extracting the right decisions makes a difference between
patients life and death. Figure 5 shows Mobile cloud comput-
ing for healthcare big data applications. In this MCC model
the cloudlets are placed nearby the hospital and cover an area
that can be accessed by authorized people who can access
the patients’ information and follow their status remotely.
Moreover, in this model, there is big amount of patients data
being generated and need to be analyzed, and the next section
discusses the data analytics.
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FIGURE 5. Healthcare big data in MCC.
V. DATA ANLAYTICS
The science of examining raw data with the purpose of
drawing conclusion or inspecting, cleaning, modeling and
transforming data with the purpose of highlighting useful
information is called data analytics [59]. This method is being
used in many industries to allow manager to take best business
decisions and verify or disprove existing theories and models.
This science is different from data mining by the purpose,
scope and focus of analysis, in data mining, miners sort
through huge data sets with the help of sophisticated software
to identify hidden relationships and undiscovered patterns.
While data analytics focuses on the conclusion reached on
the basis of evidence and reasoning, the method of deriv-
ing a result based solely on what is already known by the
researcher. Recently Big Data and Big Data Analytics are
being used to explain data sets and analytical methods in
to the application which are very large, for example, TB to
exabytes and complex from sensor to social media data which
require advanced and unique data management, storage, visu-
alization and analysis technologies. See e.g. [60].
Data analytics science is divided into exploratory data anal-
ysis (EDA), confirmatory data analysis (CDA) and qualitative
data analysis (QDA). In EDA new features in the data are dis-
covered, in CDA existing hypotheses are proven true or false
and QDA is being used in social sciences to draw conclusion
from non-numerical data for example, photographs, videos
or words. In IT sector data analytics has special meaning in
the context of IT audits where an organization’s information
system, processes and operations are examined. Data analysis
is also being used to get the information about data protec-
18. tion, operational efficiency and success in accomplishing an
organization overall goals.
The term ‘analytics’ has been used by business intelli-
gence software vendors as a buzzword to explain different
functions [59]. Data analytics is also used to explain, for
example online analytical processing to customer relation
management (CRM) analytics in call centers, bank …