This document summarizes a study on the spatial and temporal variation of physicochemical parameters in the Eastern Obolo estuary in Nigeria. Water samples were collected from five locations in the estuary over three months and analyzed for various parameters. Results showed significant spatial variations in total dissolved solids, pH, salinity and conductivity increasing toward the sea. Mean values of nickel, potassium, total dissolved solids and other parameters exceeded limits for aquatic life. The estuary plays a role in diluting and removing pollutants but high levels of contamination indicate it may not be suitable as a drinking water source.
Seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of water and sediments from ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters in the water and sediments of Iko River in Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Salinity, chloride, and cation levels in the river water exceeded WHO limits, indicating saline water intrusion from the nearby Atlantic Ocean.
- Sediments were predominantly medium to fine sand, containing over 200mg/kg of total hydrocarbons.
- Pollution indices calculated for wet and dry seasons showed some pollution, particularly in the dry season due to lower dilution.
- Most parameters measured, including dissolved oxygen, were within WHO guidelines for surface waters supporting the study's aim to monitor pollution levels.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUND...Ijrdt Journal
The present study is carried out to assess the water quality parameters of both surface water and ground water of Singanallur lake region a rivulet from river Noyyal. Parameters like pH, FC, DO, BOD, Turbidity, Total phosphates, Nitrates and Total dissolved solids are measured and compared for both summer and rainy season. Results revealed parameters varied to greater extent for surface water compared to ground water. So the surface water of Singanallur region is highly polluted due to runoff from industries, domestic waste and agricultural
This document summarizes key aspects of water usage, resources, and pollution. It discusses how water is used residentially, industrially, and for agriculture. Surface water and aquifers are described as water resources. Water treatment removes impurities through processes like desalination, distillation, and purification. Water pollution from sewage, pathogens, chemicals, and excess nutrients is an increasing problem. The Clean Water Act established regulations to control pollution and protect water quality.
This document provides an overview of limnology, which is defined as the study of inland waters. It discusses how limnology has developed as a multidisciplinary science integrating biology, chemistry, physics, and geology to study aquatic ecosystems. The history of limnology is traced back to Aristotle's early observations of freshwater phenomena. However, the field truly began in the late 19th century with scientists like Forel who took a comprehensive approach studying lakes from biological, physical, and chemical perspectives. Limnology has continued advancing through measuring primary production, estimating trophic dynamics, and systematic surveys of water systems.
Lakes contain dissolved gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, and methane. The amounts and distributions of these gases depend on factors such as precipitation, temperature, water movement, and chemical reactions. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels indicate biological activity, entering water through diffusion, photosynthesis, and the decomposition of organic matter. The solubility of gases decreases with increasing temperature and pressure.
The document introduces limnology as the study of inland waters, including their physical, biological, and chemical aspects. It notes there are three main branches: physical limnology covers properties like water movement and basin geology. Biological limnology focuses on photosynthesis and productivity. Chemical limnology examines inorganic and organic compounds. The document provides examples of limnology studies on lakes, noting their formation, depth, residence time, zones, and trophic classification. It outlines the importance of limnology for conservation and understanding impacts of changes to watersheds.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document discusses adaptations of plants and animals to stressful conditions in wetland environments. It begins by covering primary and secondary productivity factors and forces leading to adaptation like anoxia, salinity, toxins, nutrient stress, submergence, and predation. Examples of adaptations to anoxia include alternative respiration in bacteria and specialized structures in plants and animals. Adaptations to salinity include ion regulation in bacteria and plants and osmoregulation in animals. The document also discusses oxygen transport in plants, flooding tolerance, impacts of soil toxins on nutrient uptake, and effects of salinity gradients. Photosynthetic pathways and mangrove adaptations are described. Community structure and definitions related to stress tolerance conclude the document.
Seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of water and sediments from ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters in the water and sediments of Iko River in Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Salinity, chloride, and cation levels in the river water exceeded WHO limits, indicating saline water intrusion from the nearby Atlantic Ocean.
- Sediments were predominantly medium to fine sand, containing over 200mg/kg of total hydrocarbons.
- Pollution indices calculated for wet and dry seasons showed some pollution, particularly in the dry season due to lower dilution.
- Most parameters measured, including dissolved oxygen, were within WHO guidelines for surface waters supporting the study's aim to monitor pollution levels.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUND...Ijrdt Journal
The present study is carried out to assess the water quality parameters of both surface water and ground water of Singanallur lake region a rivulet from river Noyyal. Parameters like pH, FC, DO, BOD, Turbidity, Total phosphates, Nitrates and Total dissolved solids are measured and compared for both summer and rainy season. Results revealed parameters varied to greater extent for surface water compared to ground water. So the surface water of Singanallur region is highly polluted due to runoff from industries, domestic waste and agricultural
This document summarizes key aspects of water usage, resources, and pollution. It discusses how water is used residentially, industrially, and for agriculture. Surface water and aquifers are described as water resources. Water treatment removes impurities through processes like desalination, distillation, and purification. Water pollution from sewage, pathogens, chemicals, and excess nutrients is an increasing problem. The Clean Water Act established regulations to control pollution and protect water quality.
This document provides an overview of limnology, which is defined as the study of inland waters. It discusses how limnology has developed as a multidisciplinary science integrating biology, chemistry, physics, and geology to study aquatic ecosystems. The history of limnology is traced back to Aristotle's early observations of freshwater phenomena. However, the field truly began in the late 19th century with scientists like Forel who took a comprehensive approach studying lakes from biological, physical, and chemical perspectives. Limnology has continued advancing through measuring primary production, estimating trophic dynamics, and systematic surveys of water systems.
Lakes contain dissolved gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, and methane. The amounts and distributions of these gases depend on factors such as precipitation, temperature, water movement, and chemical reactions. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels indicate biological activity, entering water through diffusion, photosynthesis, and the decomposition of organic matter. The solubility of gases decreases with increasing temperature and pressure.
The document introduces limnology as the study of inland waters, including their physical, biological, and chemical aspects. It notes there are three main branches: physical limnology covers properties like water movement and basin geology. Biological limnology focuses on photosynthesis and productivity. Chemical limnology examines inorganic and organic compounds. The document provides examples of limnology studies on lakes, noting their formation, depth, residence time, zones, and trophic classification. It outlines the importance of limnology for conservation and understanding impacts of changes to watersheds.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document discusses adaptations of plants and animals to stressful conditions in wetland environments. It begins by covering primary and secondary productivity factors and forces leading to adaptation like anoxia, salinity, toxins, nutrient stress, submergence, and predation. Examples of adaptations to anoxia include alternative respiration in bacteria and specialized structures in plants and animals. Adaptations to salinity include ion regulation in bacteria and plants and osmoregulation in animals. The document also discusses oxygen transport in plants, flooding tolerance, impacts of soil toxins on nutrient uptake, and effects of salinity gradients. Photosynthetic pathways and mangrove adaptations are described. Community structure and definitions related to stress tolerance conclude the document.
Factors influencing distribution of nutrition elements in seaNazmul Ahmed Oli
- The document discusses factors that influence the distribution of nutrients in the ocean, specifically carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Photosynthetic phytoplankton near the surface produce organic matter using nutrients from the water. After dying, this organic matter either decomposes and returns nutrients to the water or sinks deeper.
- Nutrients are depleted at the surface but enriched deeper where organic matter decomposes. Upwelling currents return nutrients to the surface, fueling new growth.
- The ratios of phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen in seawater closely match what phytoplankton need, though the reasons for this are still debated. Organic processes may help control nutrient ratios available for life.
The document summarizes the history of water purification efforts in Lake Suwa, Japan. It describes:
1) Lake Suwa's origins, characteristics, and surrounding human development that led to pollution.
2) The stages of increasing pollution from the 1900s to 1970s and initial remediation efforts starting in the 1970s through sewer systems and regulations.
3) Recent progress including shore restoration, monitoring, research, and cooperation between local communities and experts to improve water quality and ecosystems in Lake Suwa.
This document discusses various nutrients that are important for marine life. It begins by defining nutrients as chemicals needed for life and growth that must be obtained from the environment. It then discusses the three main nutrients utilized by ocean plants - nitrate, phosphate, and silicate. These nutrients are essential but present in very low quantities and can limit primary productivity. The document provides details on the sources and roles of various nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen, silicate, and others in marine ecosystems and the life cycles by which they are cycled through the environment and organisms.
This document summarizes a study on the influence of vertical thermal and dissolved oxygen trends on fish species in Oguta Lake, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from various depths and analyzed for temperature and dissolved oxygen over one year. The results show that temperature generally decreases with depth, from 22-28.4°C near the surface to 22-24.5°C deeper in the lake. Dissolved oxygen also decreases with depth. These vertical trends indicate that Oguta Lake is thermally stratified and eutrophic. Certain temperature and oxygen levels are favorable for fish spawning, growth and migration. Some fish are more active near the surface and susceptible to catching, while others prefer deeper waters. The hypolimnion shows
Analyzing a lake ecosystem is an interesting and everlasting area of Environmental Studies. Since these water bodies are subjected to pollution and degradation, analyzing them is an essential requirement. These analytical works come under a special branch of Science called Limnology.
HOW PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER CHANGE WITH DISTANCE IN A LAKE: CASE ...ijac123
Pollution resulting from unsustainable agricultural and urbanization activities in the Ruhezamyenda and Bunyonyi catchments are threatening lake Bunyonyi. These have led to high chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, iron (II) concentration and low dissolved oxygen (DO5). In this study we have investigated the how COD, turbidity, pH, concentration of iron, total suspended solids, total nutrients and DO5 of water changed with distance in lake. Water sampled from different distances in the lake filtered using Whatman paper at ambient temperatures was tested for COD, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total nutrients, iron, hardness and DO5. COD was 20.8±.0.03mg/L to 16 ± 0.03mg/L; total hardness was 16.5±0.2 mg/L to 18.6 ± 0.3 mg/L total nitrate was 103.5± 2 mg/L to 88 ± 3 mg/L; total phosphate was 100.8 ±.2.5 to 87± 3 mg/L; high TSS values from 3.4 ± 0.1 mg/L to 2.5 ± 0.1 mg/L showed contamination of water. As pH decreased from 8.3 ± 0.03 to 7.6 ± 0.04 revealed that bases were getting removed. The turbidity dropped from 25.7 ± 0.3 NTU to 20 ± 2 NTU due settling down of sediments. Iron (II) concentration ranging from 1.1± 0.1 to 0.8± 0.1 mgL-1 . Dissolved oxygen decreased from 7.9 ±0.3 mg/L to 4.8 ± 0.2 mg/L indicating surface water can uphold life of aquatic organisms. Total hardness ranged from 0.22± 0.05 to 0.19± 0.05 mg/L Electrical conductivity was high and ranged from 130± 5 to 150± 5 µS/cm indicating presence of electrolytes. Lake Bunyonyi water is not greatly polluted, but requires to be safe guarded against poor unsustainable agricultural practices, sewage draining from towns, schools and hotels in nearby settlements.
This document provides an overview of marine and freshwater ecosystems. It discusses key abiotic factors such as temperature and salinity. It also describes different zones within marine ecosystems like the oceanic zone. Freshwater ecosystems are divided into lentic, lotic, and wetlands. Important biotic components of ecosystems include producers like algae, consumers such as animals, and decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Autotrophs fix carbon to produce organic compounds while heterotrophs rely on autotrophs for food.
Impact Of Increased Nutrient Input On Coral Reefs On Bonaire And CuracaoMark W. Wieggers MSc.
The document summarizes research on the impact of increased nutrient input on coral reefs in Bonaire and Curacao. Monitoring sites were established on both islands to analyze coral cover, algae growth, phytoplankton levels, nutrient levels in seawater, and nitrogen isotope ratios in algae. Results showed Curacao had higher macroalgae growth, chlorophyll α levels, and nitrogen levels compared to Bonaire, indicating higher pollution. While some sites on Curacao like harbors had expected high pollution, one resort was surprisingly polluted from an unknown source. There was a correlation found between nitrogen levels and phytoplankton but not between nitrogen and macroalgae growth. The reefs are relatively un
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
Upwelling occurs when dense, cooler, nutrient-rich water rises to the ocean surface, replacing warmer surface water. This stimulates phytoplankton growth and fisheries. The seminar discusses the mechanisms, types, and effects of upwelling, including coastal upwelling driven by wind that transports water at a 45 degree angle and the Coriolis effect. Major upwelling regions support productive fisheries, like the anchovy fishery off Peru yielding up to 10 million metric tons annually. Upwelling regions comprise only 1% of ocean area but provide 50% of fisheries catch due to high nutrient levels fueling marine life.
Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems. The document defines different types of freshwater environments like lakes, ponds, rivers, swamps, and marshes. It describes the characteristics of these environments and explains concepts in lake ecology like littoral, limnetic, profundal, and benthic zones. Key factors that influence lakes include light, temperature, nutrients, and stratification into epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion layers.
Assessment of impact of climatic change on groundwater quality around igbokod...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of coastal saltwater on groundwater quality in Igbokoda, Nigeria. Hydrochemical analysis of 39 groundwater samples found higher concentrations of sodium and chloride ions compared to other ions, indicating influence from saltwater intrusion. While most ion concentrations met drinking water standards, iron and manganese exceeded guidelines in some samples. Ratios of ions like magnesium to calcium and chloride to bicarbonate suggested transformation of fresh groundwater to brackish water in parts of the aquifer due to saltwater mixing. The dominant groundwater type was characterized as sodium-chloride, reflecting saltwater influence, along with some calcium-bicarbonate freshwater sources.
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
This document provides an overview of different types of aquatic ecosystems including freshwater ecosystems like lakes, ponds, rivers, wetlands and streams as well as marine ecosystems like coastal wetlands, estuaries, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, coral reefs and oceans. It describes key characteristics of different habitats and zones within these ecosystems and lists factors that determine the types of organisms that can live there, as well as threats facing various aquatic environments.
Giant freshwater microbialites up to 3 meters in diameter and height are found along a 10 km stretch of Laguna Bacalar lagoon in Mexico. The microbialites are composed primarily of low-magnesium calcite precipitated by the metabolic activity of cyanobacteria and diatoms. Elevated carbonate concentrations in the lagoon waters, derived from dissolution of limestone in the underlying karst system, support carbonate precipitation. The microbialites grew between 9,000-8,000 years ago but appear to no longer be actively forming due to grazing by abundant molluscs. The Laguna Bacalar microbialites represent one of the largest known occurrences of freshwater microbialites worldwide.
This document discusses aquatic biodiversity and different marine and freshwater ecosystems. It describes the key producers, consumers, and larger organisms in aquatic environments. Some of the ecosystems highlighted include estuaries, mangrove forests, coral reefs, lakes, rivers, and wetlands. The document also notes threats to certain ecosystems like coral reefs and overfished areas.
The document discusses different types of lakes categorized based on their nutrient levels and source. There are three main types: oligotrophic lakes which have very low nutrient levels and clear water; mesotrophic lakes which have moderate nutrient levels; and eutrophic lakes which have high nutrient levels and murky water. Other lake types include tectonic, volcanic, glacier, salty, artificial, oxbow, and meromictic lakes which have specific geological or environmental characteristics.
This document provides descriptions of commonly considered water quality constituents including dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH and acidity, nutrients, conductivity and dissolved solids, and metals, pesticides, and other organic contaminants. It explains how each constituent affects water quality and aquatic life. For example, it describes how dissolved oxygen levels influence what types of fish can survive, how biochemical oxygen demand reduces dissolved oxygen, and how pH affects the solubility of chemicals and their toxicity to aquatic organisms.
Environmental studies-AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM,THEIR TYPES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE.pkeditz
This document provides an overview of different ecosystems, including terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It describes freshwater ecosystems like lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. It details the components of freshwater ecosystems like producers, consumers and decomposers. It also describes marine ecosystems and their key abiotic and biotic components like algae, fish and bacteria. Freshwater and marine ecosystems are important as they provide resources like fresh water, food, oxygen production and tourism.
This thesis studied phosphate cycling in Green Lake, a meromictic lake in New York. Water samples were collected monthly from May to November 2011 at depths from 18-22 meters. Phosphate concentrations generally increased with depth and decreased over the sampling period, likely due to uptake by phototrophic bacteria. Turbidity measurements, which indicate bacterial density, peaked below phosphate maxima, suggesting bacteria growth was limited by phosphate availability. Non-point sources like nearby farms and a golf course may have contributed phosphate to the lake. Unusually high October phosphate levels could reflect input from heavy rain events in late summer.
Factors influencing distribution of nutrition elements in seaNazmul Ahmed Oli
- The document discusses factors that influence the distribution of nutrients in the ocean, specifically carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Photosynthetic phytoplankton near the surface produce organic matter using nutrients from the water. After dying, this organic matter either decomposes and returns nutrients to the water or sinks deeper.
- Nutrients are depleted at the surface but enriched deeper where organic matter decomposes. Upwelling currents return nutrients to the surface, fueling new growth.
- The ratios of phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen in seawater closely match what phytoplankton need, though the reasons for this are still debated. Organic processes may help control nutrient ratios available for life.
The document summarizes the history of water purification efforts in Lake Suwa, Japan. It describes:
1) Lake Suwa's origins, characteristics, and surrounding human development that led to pollution.
2) The stages of increasing pollution from the 1900s to 1970s and initial remediation efforts starting in the 1970s through sewer systems and regulations.
3) Recent progress including shore restoration, monitoring, research, and cooperation between local communities and experts to improve water quality and ecosystems in Lake Suwa.
This document discusses various nutrients that are important for marine life. It begins by defining nutrients as chemicals needed for life and growth that must be obtained from the environment. It then discusses the three main nutrients utilized by ocean plants - nitrate, phosphate, and silicate. These nutrients are essential but present in very low quantities and can limit primary productivity. The document provides details on the sources and roles of various nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen, silicate, and others in marine ecosystems and the life cycles by which they are cycled through the environment and organisms.
This document summarizes a study on the influence of vertical thermal and dissolved oxygen trends on fish species in Oguta Lake, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from various depths and analyzed for temperature and dissolved oxygen over one year. The results show that temperature generally decreases with depth, from 22-28.4°C near the surface to 22-24.5°C deeper in the lake. Dissolved oxygen also decreases with depth. These vertical trends indicate that Oguta Lake is thermally stratified and eutrophic. Certain temperature and oxygen levels are favorable for fish spawning, growth and migration. Some fish are more active near the surface and susceptible to catching, while others prefer deeper waters. The hypolimnion shows
Analyzing a lake ecosystem is an interesting and everlasting area of Environmental Studies. Since these water bodies are subjected to pollution and degradation, analyzing them is an essential requirement. These analytical works come under a special branch of Science called Limnology.
HOW PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER CHANGE WITH DISTANCE IN A LAKE: CASE ...ijac123
Pollution resulting from unsustainable agricultural and urbanization activities in the Ruhezamyenda and Bunyonyi catchments are threatening lake Bunyonyi. These have led to high chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, iron (II) concentration and low dissolved oxygen (DO5). In this study we have investigated the how COD, turbidity, pH, concentration of iron, total suspended solids, total nutrients and DO5 of water changed with distance in lake. Water sampled from different distances in the lake filtered using Whatman paper at ambient temperatures was tested for COD, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total nutrients, iron, hardness and DO5. COD was 20.8±.0.03mg/L to 16 ± 0.03mg/L; total hardness was 16.5±0.2 mg/L to 18.6 ± 0.3 mg/L total nitrate was 103.5± 2 mg/L to 88 ± 3 mg/L; total phosphate was 100.8 ±.2.5 to 87± 3 mg/L; high TSS values from 3.4 ± 0.1 mg/L to 2.5 ± 0.1 mg/L showed contamination of water. As pH decreased from 8.3 ± 0.03 to 7.6 ± 0.04 revealed that bases were getting removed. The turbidity dropped from 25.7 ± 0.3 NTU to 20 ± 2 NTU due settling down of sediments. Iron (II) concentration ranging from 1.1± 0.1 to 0.8± 0.1 mgL-1 . Dissolved oxygen decreased from 7.9 ±0.3 mg/L to 4.8 ± 0.2 mg/L indicating surface water can uphold life of aquatic organisms. Total hardness ranged from 0.22± 0.05 to 0.19± 0.05 mg/L Electrical conductivity was high and ranged from 130± 5 to 150± 5 µS/cm indicating presence of electrolytes. Lake Bunyonyi water is not greatly polluted, but requires to be safe guarded against poor unsustainable agricultural practices, sewage draining from towns, schools and hotels in nearby settlements.
This document provides an overview of marine and freshwater ecosystems. It discusses key abiotic factors such as temperature and salinity. It also describes different zones within marine ecosystems like the oceanic zone. Freshwater ecosystems are divided into lentic, lotic, and wetlands. Important biotic components of ecosystems include producers like algae, consumers such as animals, and decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Autotrophs fix carbon to produce organic compounds while heterotrophs rely on autotrophs for food.
Impact Of Increased Nutrient Input On Coral Reefs On Bonaire And CuracaoMark W. Wieggers MSc.
The document summarizes research on the impact of increased nutrient input on coral reefs in Bonaire and Curacao. Monitoring sites were established on both islands to analyze coral cover, algae growth, phytoplankton levels, nutrient levels in seawater, and nitrogen isotope ratios in algae. Results showed Curacao had higher macroalgae growth, chlorophyll α levels, and nitrogen levels compared to Bonaire, indicating higher pollution. While some sites on Curacao like harbors had expected high pollution, one resort was surprisingly polluted from an unknown source. There was a correlation found between nitrogen levels and phytoplankton but not between nitrogen and macroalgae growth. The reefs are relatively un
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
Upwelling occurs when dense, cooler, nutrient-rich water rises to the ocean surface, replacing warmer surface water. This stimulates phytoplankton growth and fisheries. The seminar discusses the mechanisms, types, and effects of upwelling, including coastal upwelling driven by wind that transports water at a 45 degree angle and the Coriolis effect. Major upwelling regions support productive fisheries, like the anchovy fishery off Peru yielding up to 10 million metric tons annually. Upwelling regions comprise only 1% of ocean area but provide 50% of fisheries catch due to high nutrient levels fueling marine life.
Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems. The document defines different types of freshwater environments like lakes, ponds, rivers, swamps, and marshes. It describes the characteristics of these environments and explains concepts in lake ecology like littoral, limnetic, profundal, and benthic zones. Key factors that influence lakes include light, temperature, nutrients, and stratification into epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion layers.
Assessment of impact of climatic change on groundwater quality around igbokod...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of coastal saltwater on groundwater quality in Igbokoda, Nigeria. Hydrochemical analysis of 39 groundwater samples found higher concentrations of sodium and chloride ions compared to other ions, indicating influence from saltwater intrusion. While most ion concentrations met drinking water standards, iron and manganese exceeded guidelines in some samples. Ratios of ions like magnesium to calcium and chloride to bicarbonate suggested transformation of fresh groundwater to brackish water in parts of the aquifer due to saltwater mixing. The dominant groundwater type was characterized as sodium-chloride, reflecting saltwater influence, along with some calcium-bicarbonate freshwater sources.
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
This document provides an overview of different types of aquatic ecosystems including freshwater ecosystems like lakes, ponds, rivers, wetlands and streams as well as marine ecosystems like coastal wetlands, estuaries, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, coral reefs and oceans. It describes key characteristics of different habitats and zones within these ecosystems and lists factors that determine the types of organisms that can live there, as well as threats facing various aquatic environments.
Giant freshwater microbialites up to 3 meters in diameter and height are found along a 10 km stretch of Laguna Bacalar lagoon in Mexico. The microbialites are composed primarily of low-magnesium calcite precipitated by the metabolic activity of cyanobacteria and diatoms. Elevated carbonate concentrations in the lagoon waters, derived from dissolution of limestone in the underlying karst system, support carbonate precipitation. The microbialites grew between 9,000-8,000 years ago but appear to no longer be actively forming due to grazing by abundant molluscs. The Laguna Bacalar microbialites represent one of the largest known occurrences of freshwater microbialites worldwide.
This document discusses aquatic biodiversity and different marine and freshwater ecosystems. It describes the key producers, consumers, and larger organisms in aquatic environments. Some of the ecosystems highlighted include estuaries, mangrove forests, coral reefs, lakes, rivers, and wetlands. The document also notes threats to certain ecosystems like coral reefs and overfished areas.
The document discusses different types of lakes categorized based on their nutrient levels and source. There are three main types: oligotrophic lakes which have very low nutrient levels and clear water; mesotrophic lakes which have moderate nutrient levels; and eutrophic lakes which have high nutrient levels and murky water. Other lake types include tectonic, volcanic, glacier, salty, artificial, oxbow, and meromictic lakes which have specific geological or environmental characteristics.
This document provides descriptions of commonly considered water quality constituents including dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH and acidity, nutrients, conductivity and dissolved solids, and metals, pesticides, and other organic contaminants. It explains how each constituent affects water quality and aquatic life. For example, it describes how dissolved oxygen levels influence what types of fish can survive, how biochemical oxygen demand reduces dissolved oxygen, and how pH affects the solubility of chemicals and their toxicity to aquatic organisms.
Environmental studies-AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM,THEIR TYPES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE.pkeditz
This document provides an overview of different ecosystems, including terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It describes freshwater ecosystems like lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. It details the components of freshwater ecosystems like producers, consumers and decomposers. It also describes marine ecosystems and their key abiotic and biotic components like algae, fish and bacteria. Freshwater and marine ecosystems are important as they provide resources like fresh water, food, oxygen production and tourism.
This thesis studied phosphate cycling in Green Lake, a meromictic lake in New York. Water samples were collected monthly from May to November 2011 at depths from 18-22 meters. Phosphate concentrations generally increased with depth and decreased over the sampling period, likely due to uptake by phototrophic bacteria. Turbidity measurements, which indicate bacterial density, peaked below phosphate maxima, suggesting bacteria growth was limited by phosphate availability. Non-point sources like nearby farms and a golf course may have contributed phosphate to the lake. Unusually high October phosphate levels could reflect input from heavy rain events in late summer.
Club Asteria aims to help members achieve financial independence through multiple income streams. Members earn weekly commissions from sales and introducing others. Higher levels like Network Director earn additional commissions from their downline networks globally. The organization is funded through membership fees, products and services like money transfers.
i) This presentation discusses the greenhouse effect and how it is causing destruction of the Earth. A layer of carbon dioxide surrounds the Earth and works like a greenhouse, trapping heat waves.
ii) Deforestation and ozone depletion are also problems. Chopping down forests increases carbon dioxide while activities like burning fossil fuels and CFC emissions thin the ozone layer.
iii) We can save the Earth by planting more trees, stopping CFC use, and keeping the planet clean as we do our homes. An organization called MUSKEETERS teaches children how to do this important work.
Jessian Muñoz presented on the possibility that microRNAs (miRNAs) could cause stem cells to reproduce in brain tumors. Stem cells have the ability to renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types, and are found naturally in organs like the brain, skin, and colon. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and aggressive type of brain tumor, often affecting older patients, and miRNAs may play a role in causing stem cells to form these cancerous growths in the brain.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The study investigated heavy metal accumulation in three catfish species (Malapterurus electricus, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, and Synodontis clarias) inhabiting the Lekki Lagoon in Nigeria. Higher concentrations of lead, nickel, zinc, and iron were found in sediment than in surface water. M. electricus showed the highest accumulation of heavy metals in the liver, while S. clarias showed the lowest. Concentrations of heavy metals in the fish species exceeded recommended safety limits for human consumption. M. electricus may be a preferred bioindicator for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the lagoon.
Qualitative Evaluation and Hydrogeochemical Attributes of Groundwater in Ower...iosrjce
The qualitative evaluation and hydrogeochemical attributes of groundwater in Owerri Capital
Territory Owerri was investigated to assess the quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. A
total of sixteen (16) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and biological
properties. The range of temperature (oC), colour (Hz), and turbidity of groundwater in the study area are
between: 20-28.3, 5-15, and 1-50 respectively. The average of pH , conductivity (us/cm),TDS (mg/l), and
hardness (mg/l) are: 7.66, 0.135, 34.64, and 7.94 respectively. The result also reveals that the concentration of
Na+
(mg/l), K+
(mg/l), Ca2+(mg/l), Mg2+(mg/l), Fe+
(mg/l), Pb2+(mg/l),Cd2+(mg/l), Cu+
(mg/l),and Zn2+ (mg/l)
range between: 3.33-7.6, 0.2-6.8, 2.4-8.3,1.02-3.44, 0.001-0.59, 0.001-0.01, 0-0.16, 0.06-2.88 and 0.01-2.18
respectively. Water Classification result of the groundwater samples show the predominance of alkali
bicarbonate water type (Na+ + K+
) - HCO3
-
that is largely soft and therefore, mostly of acceptable quality for
household uses. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of the groundwater samples in the study area showed that the
samples fall below 1.4meq/l, indicating predominance of excellent water for irrigation purposes in accordance
with recommended standard. This study recommends among other things that groundwater resources
development in the area requires elaborate qualitative assessment, to ensure that any necessary pre-use
treatment is effected.
The document summarizes background information on Epe Lagoon located in Lagos State, Nigeria. Epe Lagoon lies between two other lagoons - Lagos Lagoon and Lekki Lagoon. Sediment samples were collected from 11 locations in Epe Lagoon and analyzed to identify microfossils present, particularly diatoms. The aim was to determine the microfossil composition and characteristics to infer the lagoon's depositional environment and aid in paleo-environmental reconstruction. Analysis of diatoms from the sediment samples can provide clues about past environmental conditions like water quality and climate in the lagoon.
Assessment of size structures, length-weight models and condition factors of ...AI Publications
The Eleotridae is one of the fish family widely distributed in the Benin coastal waters where the species constitute an important component of artisanal fisheries. The current study evaluates length frequency distributions, length-weight models and condition factors of Eleotrid fishes in order to assess their wellbeing in the degrading coastal waters of Benin. Fish samplings were made during eighteen (18) consecutive months and morphometric data were recorded and analyzed using SPSS computer software. Larger Eleotrids were Eleotris vittata, E. senegalensis, E. daganensis and Bostrychus africanus while Dormitator lebretonis, the most abundant species displayed small sizes (standard length) ranging between 1.2 - 11.30 cm. Overall, all the species showed unimodal size distributions except Eleotris daganensis that exhibited a bimodal size distribution in Lake Nokoué. Length-weight models showed allometric growth with slopes b ranging between 2.4725 and 3.7296 along with significant correlation coefficients (r) varying between 0.7695 and 0.9965. Condition factors (K) varied significantly across the four (4) coastal waters and ranged between 0.79 (Dormitator lebretonis) and 3.60 (Eleotris daganensis). The sustainable exploitation of Eleotrid fishes in the Benin coastal waters requires a holistic approach of ecosystem management including ecological follow-up, habitat restauration and species valorization.
Effect of Starch on Mechanical, Electrical, Physical, Thermal Properties and ...IOSRJAC
HIPS was blended with starch in three formulations 10, 20 & 30% with compatibilizer glycerol (2wt% based on starch) using a twin screw extruder. Test specimens were prepared using an injection molding machine. Mechanical, electrical, physical and thermal properties were determined. Photo degradation using accelerated weather o meter for 25, 50, 100, 200 hrs was carried out. And then bio degradation for 45 days was carried out. The loss in mechanical properties was studied after photo degradation. After photo degradation, bio degradation was evaluated. The effect of starch on bio degradation was studied. HIPS is photo degradable and starch is bio degradable. Hence starch filled HIPS is photo & bio degradable. This photo & bio degradable starch filled HIPS is used in packaging & disposable applications like cups, lids, trays, spoons, pens & cutlery handles with lower cost.
The electrical resistivity technique which
involved the Schlumberger depth sounding method and
geochemical analyses of water samples collected from
boreholes was used to investigate the suitability of
groundwater aquifers in Abi for drinking and irrigation
purposes. Fifty randomly located electrical resistivity data
were collected, modeled, and interpreted after calibration
with lithologic logs. Ten borehole water samples were
collected and analysed to determine anion, cation concentrations
and some physical and chemical parameters, such
as water colour, temperature, total dissolved solids, and
electrical conductivity. The results show that the lithostratigraphy
of the study area is composed of sands, sandstones
(fractured, consolidated and loosed), siltstones,
shales (compacted and fractured) of the Asu River Group,
Eze-Aku Formation which comprises the aquifer units, and
the Nkporo Shale Formation. The aquifer conduits are
known to be rich in silicate minerals, and the groundwater
samples in some locations show a significant amount of
Ca2?, Mg2?, and Na?. These cations balanced the consumption
of H? during the hydrolytic alteration of silicate
minerals. The geochemical analysis of groundwater samples
revealed dominant calcium–magnesium–carbonate–
bicarbonate water facies. Irrigation water quality parameters,
such as sodium absorption ratio, percentage of
sodium, and permeability index, were calculated based on
the physico-chemical analyses. The groundwater quality
was observed to be influenced by the interaction of some
geologic processes but was classified to be good to excellent,
indicating its suitability for domestic and irrigation
purposes.
This document summarizes a study assessing groundwater quality in Abi, southeastern Nigeria using geophysical and geochemical methods. Vertical electrical soundings and borehole water samples were collected. The study area geology consists of Precambrian basement overlain by Cretaceous sedimentary rocks including sandstones, shales, and siltstones which form the aquifers. Geochemical analysis of water samples found dominant calcium-magnesium-carbonate-bicarbonate water facies. Water quality parameters indicated the groundwater is generally suitable for domestic and irrigation use, though quality is influenced by geological processes in some locations.
Evaluation and and comparison of of water qualityparameters from from fresh ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated water quality parameters from freshwater streams and hand-dug wells in Isiokpo Community, Rivers State, Nigeria. Water samples from 6 streams and 4 wells were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal levels. The results showed that pH levels in both water sources were lower than national and international standards. Cobalt levels exceeded limits in 2 streams, and manganese levels exceeded limits in 3 wells. Overall, the surface water was determined to be suitable for drinking but the well water should be treated due to higher manganese levels, which can pose health risks with prolonged exposure. The study provides baseline water quality data for the community.
2009 assessment effects of cage culture on nitrogenearambulm3
This document summarizes a study that investigated nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing periods for a fish cage farm located in a shallow lake in China. The study analyzed total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels in lake water and sediment during two fish rearing cycles from 2000-2001. Key findings include:
1) Nutrient levels increased more during the first rearing cycle than the second.
2) Impacts were greatest near the cages (underneath and at cage sides), with higher sedimentation of nitrogen and phosphorus observed at cage sides.
3) After 3 months of fallowing, water nutrient levels decreased significantly but sediment nutrient levels remained high, indicating recovery occurs during fallowing
Environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure in five ponds in...Innspub Net
The degradation of surface water quality in Cameroon is linked to the absence of a functional waste management strategy. For such a strategy to be efficient, a general understanding of aquatic ecosystems will be of importance, these management strategies are particularly lacking in the eastern part of the country. To better understand and appreciate the ecosystems in the town of Bertoua, five ponds where chosen for the physicochemical and zooplankton communities analysis. Sampling on these ponds was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 on a monthly basis. Samples for physicochemical analysis were collected at 20cm below water surface at the middle of each pond and measured were done following the recommendations of Rodier and Alpha. Biological samples were collected by filtering 50 liters of water through a 64µm mesh opening sieve. Identification was done using standard methods and identification keys. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the potential differences between the different ponds base monthly observations. Although they are all hypereutrophic, with regard to the values of the physicochemical parameters, the five ponds showed no significant difference between them but, the structure of the zooplankton community remains very diverse. 118 zooplankton species have been identified in the five ponds. The distribution of zooplankton in these hydrosystems was mainly governed by the presence of organic matter. This study sheds light on the status and biological diversity of ponds in eastern Cameroon, data on which to rely to develop management strategies.
The multivariate statistical analysis of the environmental pollutants at lake...Alexander Decker
1. The document analyzes environmental pollutants in Lake Nyamagoma in Tanzania using multivariate statistical analysis of water samples collected from 8 sites during the wet season.
2. The results show variation in pollutant levels controlled by factors like primary productivity, redox conditions, dissolution, nitrification, denitrification, mixing, and reduction processes, as well as human activities in the area.
3. Four factors were extracted from the analysis: 1) high turbidity and primary productivity, 2) cation exchange processes, 3) variation in pollutants by depth and nutrients from the catchment, and 4) reduction processes and increased salinity.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document analyzes the seasonal bioaccumulation of copper in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) collected from the Butuanon River in Metro Cebu, Philippines. Water, sediment, and fish samples were collected from four stations along the river in both the dry and wet seasons. Copper levels in the water were within acceptable standards but exceeded limits in some sediment samples. Guppies from one station exceeded safe copper levels for fish. The bioaccumulation factor, which measures how much copper accumulates in fish from water, was higher in the wet season. The octanol-water partition coefficients, which indicate the form and levels of copper, varied between stations. Traces of thiodiazole were also
The document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical characterization of water quality in Dayet Aoua lake in Morocco. Key findings from the study include:
1) The lake water is transparent with a maximum depth of 5.3 meters. Temperatures ranged from 7.1°C to 25.6°C depending on the season.
2) pH levels remained alkaline between 7.77 and 11.45. Dissolved oxygen levels indicated the lake is well oxygenated.
3) Nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were low, indicating an absence of organic pollution and classifying the lake as mesotrophic.
The document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical characterization of water quality in Dayet Aoua lake in Morocco. Key findings from the study include:
1) The lake water is transparent with a maximum depth of 5.3 meters. Temperatures ranged from 7.1°C to 25.6°C depending on the season.
2) pH levels remained alkaline between 7.77 and 11.45. Dissolved oxygen levels indicated the lake is well oxygenated.
3) Nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were low, indicating an absence of organic pollution and classifying the lake as mesotrophic.
Similar to Spatial variation in physico chemical parameters of eastern obolo estuary, niger delta, nigeria (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
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How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
years in a row, the Labrador Retriever has dropped to second place
in the American Kennel Club's annual survey of the country's most
popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
color choices.”
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
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The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Signmy Pandit
Explore the steadfast and reliable nature of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights that define the determined and practical Taurus, and learn how their grounded nature makes them the anchor of the zodiac.
HOW TO START UP A COMPANY A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE.pdf46adnanshahzad
How to Start Up a Company: A Step-by-Step Guide Starting a company is an exciting adventure that combines creativity, strategy, and hard work. It can seem overwhelming at first, but with the right guidance, anyone can transform a great idea into a successful business. Let's dive into how to start up a company, from the initial spark of an idea to securing funding and launching your startup.
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Have you ever dreamed of turning your innovative idea into a thriving business? Starting a company involves numerous steps and decisions, but don't worry—we're here to help. Whether you're exploring how to start a startup company or wondering how to start up a small business, this guide will walk you through the process, step by step.
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Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
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Spatial variation in physico chemical parameters of eastern obolo estuary, niger delta, nigeria
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.12, 2013
www.iiste.org
Spatial Variation in Physico-Chemical Parameters of Eastern
Obolo Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria
James P. Udoh1* John E. Ukpatu1 and Aniekan J. Otoh2
1. Department of Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Environmental Management, University of Uyo, Uyo52001, Nigeria.
2. Department of Animal Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Oruk Anam, Akwa Ibom
State, Nigeria.
* E-mail of the corresponding author: jjamesphilip@gmail.com
Abstract
Aspects of the physicochemical parameters of Eastern Obolo estuary, Eastern Obolo, were investigated for three
months at five locations: Okorombokho, Iko, Amadaka, Emereoke and Obianga. Mean concentrations of some
of the measured parameters at the five sampling locations showed significant statistical differences: Nickel (F =
18.48, df 2,8; P<0.001), Potassium (F = 4.47, df 2,8; P<0.05), Total dissolved solids (F = 32.26, df 4,8; P<0.001),
pH (F = 21.55, df 4,9; P<0.001), Salinity (F = 73.15; df 4,8; P<0.001), Dissolved Oxygen (F = 5.06, df 2,8;
P<0.05), Temperature (F = 10.96, df 2.8; P<0.01), and Conductivity (F = 71.94, df 4,8; P<0.01). Mean
differences of other parameters were not statistically significant. The variability of the concentrations of the
parameters during the period of study was lowest for dissolved oxygen (2.2%) and highest for hardness (68.4%).
The availability of nickel in these waters indicated crude oil pollution. The mean values of nickel, potassium,
total dissolved solids, sodium, copper, zinc, total hydrocarbons and biochemical oxygen demand from all
stations exceeded the recommended limits for aquatic life or potable water. Hence, the Eastern Obolo estuary
may not be an efficient source of drinking water for the community but it definitely helps flush out
anthropogenic pollutants into the sea.
Keywords: estuarine flushing, nickel, potassium, total dissolved solids, sodium, copper, zinc, total hydrocarbons
1. Introduction:
The quality of aquatic bionetworks is vital for the productivity, survival and support of aquatic organisms found
in them. It is an index of health and well being of the ecosystem and has direct impact on human health.
Physicochemical parameters of water provide nutritional balance and ultimately govern the biotic relationships
of organisms in an aquatic ecosystem; including ability to withstand pollution load. Industrialization,
urbanization and modern agriculture practices directly impact the water resources quantitatively and qualitatively.
Many industries are sited near these bodies of water presumably to facilitate easy discharge of effluents and
other pollutants into them. A typical example, is the siting of several flow stations on the territorial waters of the
Eastern Obolo with its attendant and often incessant oil spillages, gas flares which eventually leads to acid rains
(Udoessien 2003) experienced in the area.
Most of the studies conducted on the monitoring and assessment of river and estuarine water quality in the
South-south Nigeria are within the lower and upper Cross River estuary (Lowenberg & Kunzel 1992; Ekwu &
Sikoki 2006), Calabar River (Asuquo 1999), and a few in the Bonny estuary (Dubbin-Green 1990), New Calabar
River (Ekeh & Sikoki 2003) and Nkoro River (Abowei 2010) in the Niger Delta region. Other studies conducted
include those of Lagos Lagoon (Ayoola & Kuton 2009) and Tarkwa Bay (Edokpayi et al. 2010), in western
Nigeria.
Eastern Obolo estuary is a unique aquatic environment in the tropical belt with marked maritime influence due to
riverine inflow, vertical mixing, coastal nutrient enrichment, oil pollution and other anthropogenic sources. It is
also one of the ecologically and economically rich marine ecosystems in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria
providing breeding grounds for a variety of fish and shrimp species. Numerous activities such as oil exploitation
and exploration, laundry, fuel wood exploitation and capture fisheries take place along the estuary/watershed.
Small concentrations of anions and cations of heavy metals are continuously present in the drinking water, which
could consequently pose health risk to the communities.
This study seeks to provide basic information and to enrich the scientific knowledge of the coastal ecosystem of
Nigeria with particular reference Eastern Obolo estuary and other similar water bodies where little or no
information is available for its effective management and sustainability; and to prevent further degradation of the
area.
2. Materials and Methods
This study was carried out in a stretch of the Eastern Obolo estuary, located (4o33’N - 4o50’ N; 7o45’E - 7o55’E)
about 650m above sea level in the tropical mangrove forest belt east of the Niger Delta between the lower Imo
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2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.12, 2013
www.iiste.org
and Qua Iboe River estuaries (Figure 1). The tidal range in the area is about 0.8m at neap tides and 2.20m during
spring tides with little fresh water input joined by numerous tributaries as they empty into the Atlantic Ocean
(NEDECO 1961). The climate of the area is tropical with distinct rainy (April to October) and dry seasons
(October to May) with a high annual rainfall averaging about 2500mm (AKUTEC Report 2006; Gibo 1988).
Figure 1: Map of Eastern Obolo estuary showing sampling stations
(Inset: Location of site in southeast Nigeria; Source: Google Earth)
The area is characterized by an extensive mangrove swamp with inter-tidal mud flats influenced by the semidiurnal tidal regime of the estuary. Fishing and farming are the main economic activities in this study area. Oil
palm (Elaeis guineensis) and coconut palm (Cocoa nueifera) are also widely distributed in the surrounding
villages. The area is also an oil-producing area with several oil exploration wells.
Water samples were collected during the rainy season months of July, August and September from five locations
seaward from Amadaka (AK), Okorombokho (OK), Iko (IK), Emereoke (EK) and Obianga (OB) along the
estuary as shown on Figure 1. Five pre-rinsed 5 L plastic tanks and five 800ml bottles were used for collection of
water samples.
Water temperature was measured in-situ using mercury-in-glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen and
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) were determined by the Winkler’s method (APHA 1998). Hydrogen-ion
concentration (pH) and conductivity were measured in-situ with Horiba D – 51 pH meter and conductivity
meters, respectively. Salinity was obtained by chlorinity titration (APHA 1998). Total dissolved solids (TDS)
and total soluble solids (TSS) were determined gravimetrically (APHA 1998). Emission photometry was used
for the determination of sodium and potassium while copper, zinc and nickel, were determined using the Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer after appropriate treatment and digestion (Allen 1974; APHA 1998). Total
hydrocarbon in the water sample was extracted with carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) in a separating funnel at pH 5
and absorbance read from the fisher Electrophotometer at 450nm wave length (APHA 1998).
Data generated were analysed using one way ANOVA at probability level of p < 0.05. In addition variation of
the values of these parameters were reported in terms of Mean ± standard deviation and coefficient of variation
(CV), which is the standard deviation expressed as a percentage of the mean.
3. Results and Discussion
Naturally, the concentration and relative abundance of ions in river or swamp water is highly variable and
increases with volume of runoff. Hence, researches into aquatic ecosystems often seek to predict and explain the
dynamics of the distribution and species of allochthonous materials and effluents discharged into the system.
Results of physicochemical measurements in Eastern Obolo estuary in Eastern Obolo are therefore summarized
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3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
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Vol. 3, No.12, 2013
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in Table 1. Wide variations in measured parameters were observed at all stations (Figures 2, 3 and 4). Some of
the parameters with high CVs showed no significant statistical differences in their mean values.
The concentration of ions reported in this study tended to increase in sampling stations located seawards, and
during drier months. Sampling stations seawards, like Obianga, near the mouth of the estuary experience partial
mixing, the salt water slightly being diluted by the seaward inflow of a large volume of mixed water
accompanied with a volume of fresh water equivalent to be discharged. The concentration of conservative, nondecaying pollutants and effluents discharged into the estuary will spread out and become modified by means of
turbulent mixing and estuarine circulation with the effluent becoming more concentrated in the lower layer
upstream and the upper layer downstream of the discharge point. In a salt-wedged estuary, an effluent introduced
in the surface layer will be flushed from the estuary before it contaminates the lower layer, because of the poor
mixing of fresh water (Wetzel 2001). Consequently, estuaries such as Eastern Obolo estuary also perform the
role of diluting and removing pollutants. Total dissolved solids, pH, salinity and conductivity showed significant
spatial variations increasing seawards, (Figure 2A, P<0.001, n=10). There was no significant spatial difference
(P<0.05) in the other parameters measured including dissolved oxygen and temperature (Figure 2A-C). Mean
values of nickel, potassium, dissolved oxygen and temperature showed significant temporal variations (P<0.001,
n=10, Figures 3, 4) with a gradual decrease as the rain progressed.
In order to assess the quality of the water at the stations, the mean values of the parameters were compared with
international permissible limits for inland waters and for drinking water (Table 1). The mean values of nickel,
potassium, total dissolved solids, sodium, copper, zinc, total hydrocarbon and biochemical oxygen demand from
all stations exceeded the recommended limits for aquatic life or potable water.
3.1 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
TDS is a convenient measure of the total ionic concentration in water. Large amounts of dissolved solids can
lead to increased mineralization of the receiving waterway with the consequence of dissolved oxygen depletion
(Akpan 1991; Essien-Ibok et al. 2010). Concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) or non-filterable residue
in the study area showed highly significant (P<0.001) and wide spatial variations between the sampling stations
-1
with the lowest values recorded at Okorombokho (4266.7 mgL ) and the highest (15966.0 mgL-1) recorded
seaward at Iko, a settlement hosting an oil flow station (Fig. 4D). TDS levels increased significantly towards the
sea during drier months (Figure 2C). The observed TDS values (20,706.62 mgL-1 ±9249.307) are above the
permissible limits (500 mg L-1) adopted by WHO (1984), FEPA (1991), and Federal Ministry for Environment,
Nigeria (Udoessien 2003) for aquatic organisms. This variation could be explained by the passive loading of
ammonia, NH3 and biological oxygen demand, BOD and decomposition of organic materials by the microbial
organisms within the ecosystem. Generally, TDS are common phenomenon in an estuarine environment, where
as passive loading of NH3, and BOD support decomposition of organic materials by the microbial organisms
within the ecosystem.
Table 1. Summary of ANOVA situations showing parameters with significant mean differences and Coefficients
of variation (CV%) among the five locations in Eastern Obolo estuary, Nigeria
Physico-chemical
Mean ± SD
F-test df Prob.
SOV
C.V
Permissible
parameters
limit
-1
0.146±0.027† 18.48 2,8 0.001
Months
16.0
<0.05
Nickel (mgL )
-1
263.594±90.554†
Potassium (mgL )
†
-1
Total Dissolved Solids (mgL ) 20,706.62±9249.307
pH
7.638±0.4644
Salinity (psu)
1.79±0.8566
-1
7.15±3.4766
Dissolved Oxygen (mgL )
Temperature (˚C)
26.47±1.1487
Conductivity (µS cm-1)
28.45±13.1086
-1
5073.78±2787.037†
Sodium (mgL )
-1
0.0848±0.032†
Copper (mg L )
-1
0.1436±0.087
Zinc (mgL )
-1
180.646±171.3953†
Total Hydrocarbon (mg L )
-1
Total Hardness (mg L )
-
Biochem. Oxygen Demand5 (mgL
1
)
2,8
4,8
4,8
4,8
2,8
2,8
4,8
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.05
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.05
0.01
0.001
NS
NS
NS
NS
Months
Locations
Locations
Locations
Months
Months
Locations
NS
NS
NS
NS
34.7
39.9
5.4
43.8
2.2
3.9
41.3
49.1
33.8
52.2
10.6
75-200
<500
7.5-8.5
<10-25
>5
<23-33
10-1000
5
<0.01
<0.1
10
288.654±55.4982
NS
NS
NS
NS
17.2
< 500
486.486±372.005
-
Total Suspended Solids (mg L
1
)
4.47
32.26
21.55
73.15
5.06
10.96
71.94
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
68.4
< 500
0.33±0.0408
NS
NS
NS
NS
14.6
<10
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SOV - Source of variation
www.iiste.org
NS - not significant (p > 0.05) †- above permissible limit
3.2 Total suspended solids (TSS)
Mean TSS (288.654±55.4982mg L 1) is below values indicative of pollution (<500mg L 1), but higher than
55.4982mg
values (0.37 - 5.90mgL 1) obtained in Calabar River estuary by Ekwu & Sikoki (2006).
3.3 Total hardness
TH is indicative of the presence of alkaline earth metals such as magnesium. The most productive waters,
metals
however, are those with TH < 500 mgL-1 (Wetzel 2001). The highest (2,140 mgL-1) and least (200 mgL-1) TH
values in this study were recorded at AK and OK (landwards) in July, with no significant (P>0.05) temporal or
spatial variations (Figures 2A, 4D).
3.4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD5 (after 5 days) indicates the degree of microbial mediated oxygen consumption by contaminants in water,
i.e., the amount of dissolved oxygen used in the oxidation process to produce carbon dioxide and
process
A
B
C
Figure 2: Spatiotemporal variation of some physicochemical parameters of Eastern Obolo Estuary, Nigeria
water. Oxygen depletion brings about the growth of anaerobes which can breakdown organic matter using
sulphates and nitrates, in the absence of dissolved oxygen, to release hydrogen sulphide and ammonia gases.
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High BOD concentration may be attributed to increased input or import of decaying organic matter, humus,
nutrient load and dead macrophytes, through surface runoff from swamps into the river, requiring oxygen for
their biodegradation (Akpan & Akpan 1994; Essien-Ibok et al. 2010). The range of BOD levels (0.30 - 0.43mg
L 1) obtained is below values indicative of pollution (<10mg L 1), similar to the observations of Ubong & Gobo
-1
(2001) but differs with the values (1.32 – 6.8mg L ) obtained in New Calabar River (Ekeh & Sikoki 2003).
Generally, BOD depends on temperature, extent of biochemical activities, concentration of organic matter and
such other related factors.
3.5 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
DO is essential to all forms of aquatic life and varies with temperature, turbulence, atmospheric pressure and
photosynthetic activity of algae and plants. Coastal waters typically require a minimum of 4.0 mgL-1 but do
-1
better with 5.0 mgL of oxygen to provide for optimum ecosystem function and highest carrying capacity
(UNESCO/WHO (1978). The dissolved oxygen range in the current study was within the acceptable ranges and
-1
displayed significant temporal differences. Mean DO was 7.15±3.4766 mgL with a dip at Emereoke (0.94 mgL
1
). The spatial difference in dissolved oxygen values was however not significant (P<0.5). Higher DO values
-1
-1
(8.25 mgL to 9.93 mgL ) were also reported for Woji Creek (Hart & Zabbey 2005; Davies et al. 2008) and in
Okpoko River (Abowei & George 2009) in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria.
3.6 Total hydrocarbon (THC)
-1
-1
THC in surface water was 1.6 mgL (Amadaka) to 383.3 mgL (Emereoke) and below detectable limit in
Okorombokho and Iko throughout the study. The result is different from the THC level reported for the Cross
-1
-1
River system - 2.3 mgL THC (Lowenberg & Kunzel 1992) and 0.76 - 8.25 mgL in Ibeno, west of Eastern
-1
Obolo estuary (Akpan 2003). Though these values are below the WHO standard of 10mgL allowed in natural
waters, Akpan (2004) notes that their sublethal concentrations maybe indicative of chronic oil pollution the area.
3.7
pH
Mean pH value was highest seawards at Emereoke (8.04) compared to other locations like Okorombokho (6.87).
The mean pH values are were well within the acceptable range for drinking water (6.5 to 8.5), optimal aquatic
productivity (6.5 to 9.0) and livable range of 5.5 to 10 (Wetzel 2001). Similar trends (6.2 – 7.5 and 6.0 – 8.5)
were reported in the Calabar River (Asuquo 1999; Akpan 2000), Cross River (Lowenberg & Kunzel 1992), New
Calabar River (Ekeh & Sikoki 2003) and Andoni River (Ansa 2005) all in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. The
pH values obtained are characteristic of tidal brackish water environment (Dublin-Green 1990; Ajao & Fagade
2000). Significant decrease in pH values were also observed during the wet months, in sampling stations closer
to the sea due to increased input of humic materials from the associated swamps and creeks, dilution of ionic
concentrations by rain water and poor
buffering capacity of flood waters (Akpan 2000; Akpan et al. 2002), thereby causing a general drop in pH
throughout the system. The pH values of rain can be as low as 5.6 due mainly to dissolved CO2 (Udoessien
2003). Levels below 6.5 may be corrosive.
3.8 Salinity
The result of this study showed significant differences in salinity between stations (P < 0.05), because the
estuary is highly vulnerable to external perturbations and mixing of freshwater with marine (Atlantic ocean).
Salinity (Fig. 2A) was highest seawards at Emereoke (2.34 practical salinity units, psu) and lowest at
Okorombokho (0.28 psu). However, salinity at Iko, Amadaka and Emereoke were not significantly different
from each other. Similar observations were made by Lowenberg & Kunzel (1992), for the Cross River while
Abowei & George (2009) and Abowei (2010), differ in their report of no significant difference in salinity
between sampling stations, (P < 0.05), along Okpoka Creek and Nkoro River, respectively; largely due to the
fact that water at these sampling stations were from same source (linear in nature). Salinity changes in estuaries
are also mainly controlled by freshwater discharge and precipitation. The high freshwater discharge during the
wet months is responsible for the absence of spatial variation in estuary in Eastern Obolo. During the dry season,
rainfall recedes and discharges from most creeks cease thereby increasing marine influence and salt water
intrusion in salinity towards the sea. Lowenberg & Kunzel (1992) reported a change of salinity from 0.5 psu
during the wet season to 12 psu during the dry season.
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A
B
Figure 3: Spatiotemporal variation of some metals in Eastern Obolo Estuary, Nigeria
3.9 Conductivity
Okorombokho had the least conductivity value of 5.31 µS cm-1 while Emereoke had the highest value of 36.7 µS
cm-1. Mean conductivity values (Figures 2C, 4 at Amadaka, Iko and Emereoke were not significantly different
Figures
4D)
(P>0.05) from each other but were significantly different (P<0.05) from the values at Obianga and
Okorombokho.
3.10 Temperature
surface
The sub-surface water temperature ranges from 25.10C to 28.20C (26.470C±1.1487) observed across the stations
are considered normal since the area falls under humid/semi hot equatorial climate (NEDECO 1961). This
humid/semi-hot
finding agrees with earlier reports of 25 to 27.80C in the Niger Delta waters (Etim & Akpan 1991; Di
Dibia 2006).
However, the result differs from reports of Hart & Zabbey (2005) (25.8 to 30.40C) and Abowei & George (2009)
(27 - 310C). The observed seasonal variation is directly attributed to the climate of the study area which is
usually characterized by a hot dry season and cold wet season (Akpan 1999, 2000). The variation in water
temperature, between and within the area, was due to the large tidal fluctuation in the estuary, with cold
incoming seawater and warm outgoing freshwater
freshwater.
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A
B
C
D
Figure 4: Mean spatial distribution of physic
physic-chemical parameters seaward in Eastern Obolo Estuary
3.11 Metals
Mean values of nickel, potassium, dissolved oxygen and temperature showed significant temporal variations
(P<0.001, n=10, Figs. 3B, 4B, 4C) with a gradual decrease as the rain progressed. Pooled mean values of nickel
-1
-1
was highest in July (8.22 mgL ) compared to August (0.11 mgL ) and September (0.1 mgL-1). A similar
temporal trend was observed in potassium, as values decreased from 376.0 in July, 240.0 in August to 214.2
376.0
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-1
mgL in September.
3.12 Impacts on the community
The Eastern Obolo community depends largely on its forests, swamps and river for sustenance. The community
is blessed with abundant physical and human resources, including good agricultural land, large forest areas for
lumbering, rich fisheries, as well as coastal transport system. Lots of fishes and shrimps are caught during the
flood season to enhance their livelihood. Industrialization, oil exploitation, urbanization and population growth
have contributed to the loss of water quality, swamp forest and destruction of nursery/spawning ground for fish
with its attendant loss of fisheries resources, fish habitat modification, decrease in fish yield and a declining
livelihood of local inhabitants experienced in the study area. This problem is critical due to lack of alternative
sources of livelihood and water source to the local inhabitants; thus a large number of youths, men and women,
are forced to re-adjust to a new lifestyle of fending for themselves outside agriculture and hunting; and
generating social ills and insecurity, including illegal oil bunkering activities. Reversing and mitigating all
wrong-doings and restoration of the environment would assuage the fears of the community and enhance
sustainable and diversified livelihoods.
4. Conclusion
The present study summarizes the spatiotemporal fluctuations in Cu, Ni, Zn, Na and in various physico-chemical
parameters in the waters of Eastern Obolo. Total dissolved solids, pH, salinity and conductivity showed
significant (P<0.001, n=10) spatial variations increasing seawards (Figure 2A). There was no significant spatial
difference (P<0.05) in the other parameters measured including dissolved oxygen and temperature (Figure 2A-C).
Mean values of nickel, potassium, dissolved oxygen and temperature showed significant (P<0.001, n=10)
temporal variations with a gradual decrease as the rain progressed (Figure 3, 4). The temperature ranges
represented a typical humid/semi-hot equatorial region as noted by (NEDECO 1961). The mean values of nickel,
potassium, total dissolved solids, sodium, copper, zinc, total hydrocarbons and biochemical oxygen demand
from all stations exceeded the recommended limits for aquatic life or potable water. There were also minor
fluctuations in water quality from one sampling station to the other. The Eastern Obolo estuary may not be an
efficient source of drinking water for the community but it definitely helps flush out anthropogenic pollutants
into the sea.
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James P. Udoh is a senior lecturer at Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Environmental Management,
University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria and member of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON). He holds a Ph. D. in
Fisheries and Hydrobiology from Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. His research
interests are in fisheries biology, aquaculture, aquatic environmental management and fish population dynamics.
John E. Ukpatu is a doctoral student at Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Environmental Management,
University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria. His research interests are in fisheries biology, rural sociology and
environmental management.
Aniekan J. Otoh is a lecturer at Department of Animal Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa
Campus, Oruk Anam, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria and member of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON). His
research interests are in fisheries and aquaculture
171
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