rail ways

1. BY
ANJALI .K
14761A0488

2. 1.Introduction
2.Railways Signaling
 Types of signals
3.Interlocking
4.Train Traffic Control
5.Communication System
6.Microwave Transmission
7.Optical fiber Communication

3.  FOUNDED IN 16TH APRIL,1853(ABOUT 161 YEARS AGO).
 HEAD QUARTER IS IN NEW DELHI,INDIA.
 REVENU IS 1441.67 BILLION INC (2013-2014).
 PROFIT IS 157.8 BILLION INC (2013-2014).
 ABOUT 1.307 MILLION EMPLOYEES (2014).
 THERE ARE 17 RAILWAY ZONES.

4.  Railways were first introduced to India in 1853 from Bombay to Thane.
 It is the world's Fourth largest railway networks comprising 115,000 km
of track over a route of 65,436 km and 7,172 stations.
 Indian Railways is the world's ninth largest commercial or utility
employer, by number of employees.
 Its operations cover twenty nine states and seven union
territories and also provides limited international services
to Nepal , Bangladesh and Pakistan.

5.  A signal is a mechanical or electrical device erected
besides are railway line to pass information relating to
the state of the line ahead to train.
 It is a system use to safely direct railway traffic in order
to prevent trains from colliding.
 A main signal controls a train movement along a
running line main line. A 'proceed' aspect on a main
signal indicates that the line is clear at least as far as
the next signal, giving the driver confidence to run at
speed. Trains running long distances, especially
passenger trains, will usually travel throughout under
the authority of a succession of main signals.

6.  BLOCK SIGNAL
 FIXED SIGNAL
 COLOUR LIGHT SIGNAL
 CAB SIGNAL

13. An interlocking is an arrangement of signal
apparatus that prevents conflicting
movements through an arrangement of
tracks such as junctions or crossings.
Interlocking system used mechanical
device both to operated the signaling
device and ensure their safe operation.
Electrical relay interlocking were used.

15. Railway Control Circuits are omnibus
telephone circuits which provide
communication with each train working
point, thus facilitating efficient train
operation.
They should provide satisfactory and
reliable communication between the
controller and the various way-side
stations, important signal cabins, loco
sheds, yard offices etc.

18. MICROWAVE TRANSMISSON:
Microwave transmission refers to the technology of transmitting
information or energy by the use of electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths are
conveniently measured in small numbers of centimetre, these are called microwaves.
This part of the radio spectrum ranges across frequencies of roughly 1.0 GHz to
30 GHz.

19.  Optical fiber communication is a method of transmitting
information from one place to another by sending pulses of light
through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier
wave that is modulated to carry information.
 Types Of Optical Fiber
1.SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBER
2.MULTI MODE OPTICAL FIBER