Sudden oak death is a disease caused by the exotic water mold Phytophthora ramorum that has killed millions of oak and tanoak trees along the California and Oregon coast. It was first discovered in 1995 and continues to spread, potentially threatening other plant species and entire forest ecosystems. While there is no cure, following regulations on movement of infected materials and cleaning equipment can help prevent further spread of this serious disease.
Alternaria solani is a fungal pathogen that produces a disease in tomato and potato plants called early blight. The pathogen produces distinctive "bullseye" patterned leaf spots and can also cause stem lesions and fruit rot on tomato and tuber blight on potato. Despite the name "early," foliar symptoms usually occur on older leaves. If uncontrolled, early blight can cause significant yield reductions.Primary methods of controlling this disease include preventing long periods of wetness on leaf surfaces and applying fungicides.
Geographically, A. solani is problematic in tomato production areas east of the Rocky Mountains and is generally not an issue in the less humid Pacific or inter-mountain regions. A. solani is also present in most potato production regions every year but has a significant effect on yield only when frequent wetting of foliage favors symptom development.
Alternaria solani is a fungal pathogen that produces a disease in tomato and potato plants called early blight. The pathogen produces distinctive "bullseye" patterned leaf spots and can also cause stem lesions and fruit rot on tomato and tuber blight on potato. Despite the name "early," foliar symptoms usually occur on older leaves. If uncontrolled, early blight can cause significant yield reductions.Primary methods of controlling this disease include preventing long periods of wetness on leaf surfaces and applying fungicides.
Geographically, A. solani is problematic in tomato production areas east of the Rocky Mountains and is generally not an issue in the less humid Pacific or inter-mountain regions. A. solani is also present in most potato production regions every year but has a significant effect on yield only when frequent wetting of foliage favors symptom development.
A hot t, tropical grassland with scattered trees is aSavannaTun.docxJospehStull43
A hot t, tropical grassland with scattered trees is a:
Savanna
Tundra
Boreal forest
Desert
Permafrost is a defining characteristic of which biome?:
Steppe
Desert
Taiga
Tundra
The dominant plant type in temperate forest is:
Forbs
Coniferous trees
Deciduous trees
Succulents
The chaparral biome can be found in:
California
Australia
All answers are correct
The Mediterranean
Trees in the Boreal forest are adapted to conserve:
Carbon
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Magnesium
What is an endemic species?
A species native to only one area
A species dying from an unknown disease
A robust group of organisms that dominate an ecosystem
A broad group of pollinating insects
Which of the following is a driver of species creation?
Climatic stability
All answers are drivers
Temporal stability
Habitat heterogeneity
Pollinator ecosystem services are provided by which organism?
Birds
All are pollinators
Bees
Bat
Why have scientists, farmers and politicians stored the world’s seed heritage on a remote island in the Arctic?
Consistent temperatures and humidity for seed survival.
If the facility’s climate control fails, the seeds will only freeze.
All of these answers are correct.
Polar bears and remoteness are great deterrents for terrorists.
Scientists consider which of the following an important aspect of “biodiversity”?
Ecosystems
Genes
Species
All are important
What percentage of the timber imported by the United States is potentially illegally harvested?
75%
50%
1%
10%
What is the present day extinction rate?
About 10 times faster than the background rate
About 100 times faster than the background rate
About equal to the background rate
About 1000 times faster than the background rate
What percentage of river lengths in the United States have been modified through damming and bank modification?
50%
20%
90%
10%
Which of the following statements is TRUE about extinction?
Extinction occurs when speciation rates increase dramatically
The only large extinction event was 65 million years ago when the dinosaurs were killed.
Extinction of more than half of the existing species on the planet has occurred roughly five times
Plants, but not animals, have been known to recover from extinction
Which of the following threats has had a large impact on biodiversity?
Overharvesting
All three are correct
Exotic species
Habitat loss
When an invasive species is introduced, what is the potential consequence of that introduction?
Increased predation on some native species
All of the listed consequences can occur
Extinction of economically important species
Reduced predation on some native species
The relationship between the populations of wild lynx and snowshoe hare is an example of what ecological interaction?
Birth rates dynamics
Nutrient cycling
Territorial dominance
Predator-prey interactions
Energy is _________ as you move up the trophic levels.
Lost
Gained
Created
Conserved
Where one species benefits from prolonged interaction with another species, while the.
2014 Timberline Durango Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) - Forest He...SweetPWeb
Learn more about The Timberline Home Owners Association Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) Forest Health including desired future conditions and values at risk.
Integrated Pest Management- floricultureDeepak Kamboj
IPM is a pest management system that in the context of associated environment and population dynamics, utilizes all the appropriate techniques to minimize the pest population levels below those causing economic injury.
A hot t, tropical grassland with scattered trees is aSavannaTun.docxJospehStull43
A hot t, tropical grassland with scattered trees is a:
Savanna
Tundra
Boreal forest
Desert
Permafrost is a defining characteristic of which biome?:
Steppe
Desert
Taiga
Tundra
The dominant plant type in temperate forest is:
Forbs
Coniferous trees
Deciduous trees
Succulents
The chaparral biome can be found in:
California
Australia
All answers are correct
The Mediterranean
Trees in the Boreal forest are adapted to conserve:
Carbon
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Magnesium
What is an endemic species?
A species native to only one area
A species dying from an unknown disease
A robust group of organisms that dominate an ecosystem
A broad group of pollinating insects
Which of the following is a driver of species creation?
Climatic stability
All answers are drivers
Temporal stability
Habitat heterogeneity
Pollinator ecosystem services are provided by which organism?
Birds
All are pollinators
Bees
Bat
Why have scientists, farmers and politicians stored the world’s seed heritage on a remote island in the Arctic?
Consistent temperatures and humidity for seed survival.
If the facility’s climate control fails, the seeds will only freeze.
All of these answers are correct.
Polar bears and remoteness are great deterrents for terrorists.
Scientists consider which of the following an important aspect of “biodiversity”?
Ecosystems
Genes
Species
All are important
What percentage of the timber imported by the United States is potentially illegally harvested?
75%
50%
1%
10%
What is the present day extinction rate?
About 10 times faster than the background rate
About 100 times faster than the background rate
About equal to the background rate
About 1000 times faster than the background rate
What percentage of river lengths in the United States have been modified through damming and bank modification?
50%
20%
90%
10%
Which of the following statements is TRUE about extinction?
Extinction occurs when speciation rates increase dramatically
The only large extinction event was 65 million years ago when the dinosaurs were killed.
Extinction of more than half of the existing species on the planet has occurred roughly five times
Plants, but not animals, have been known to recover from extinction
Which of the following threats has had a large impact on biodiversity?
Overharvesting
All three are correct
Exotic species
Habitat loss
When an invasive species is introduced, what is the potential consequence of that introduction?
Increased predation on some native species
All of the listed consequences can occur
Extinction of economically important species
Reduced predation on some native species
The relationship between the populations of wild lynx and snowshoe hare is an example of what ecological interaction?
Birth rates dynamics
Nutrient cycling
Territorial dominance
Predator-prey interactions
Energy is _________ as you move up the trophic levels.
Lost
Gained
Created
Conserved
Where one species benefits from prolonged interaction with another species, while the.
2014 Timberline Durango Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) - Forest He...SweetPWeb
Learn more about The Timberline Home Owners Association Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) Forest Health including desired future conditions and values at risk.
Integrated Pest Management- floricultureDeepak Kamboj
IPM is a pest management system that in the context of associated environment and population dynamics, utilizes all the appropriate techniques to minimize the pest population levels below those causing economic injury.
2. …
Sudden oak death will continue to drastically
impact California’s coast unless we all do our
best to prevent the spread of this serious
disease
3. How has Sudden Oak Death
impacted the California Coast?
What is S.O.D.?
Where is it found?
What are the symptoms of this disease?
What can be done to prevent the spread of
S.O.D.?
What are the ecological consequences?
4. What is S.O.D.?
Exotic pathogen
Unknown origins
Discovered:1995
Attacks at least 3 species of oak
In 2000, new species of fungus discovered:
Phy to p htho ra :
Phy to p htho ra ra m o rum
Water mold (fungi like properties)
5. Where is it located?
California Oregon
14 counties: Curry County
Humboldt
Europe:
Lake
Sonoma Nursery plants only
Napa
Solano
Marin
Contra Costa
Alameda
San Francisco
Santa
Clara
Santa
Cruz
Monterey
6. …
Exists New Infection:
Forest Neighborhoods
Wild lands Urban areas
Suburban areas
Usually inland near
coast, humid areas Predicted
2010: WESTWARD
2011: SOUTH &
EAST
7. What are the symptoms of the
disease?
Cankers
Localized dead areas in the bark of stems
Caused by fungi, bacteria or insect
Leaf spots
Round blemish on the leaves
Caused by fungi or bacteria
Twig dieback
Wilting and death of small season twigs
8. What plants are targeted by the
pathogen?
Oaks
Tanoak
Camellia
Rhododendron
California Bay Laurel
9. What can be done to prevent the spread of
S.O.D.?
No known cure but preventative measures can be taken
Burning
Removing bay laurels
10. …
Chemical treatment
Agri-Fos fungicide
Phosphate compound
Injected or sprayed on trunk
Takes 4-6 weeks for tree to absorb
Applied twice the first year, wait 1.5 years then
apply in fall annually
11. …
Following regulations for good management
and sanitation
When moving host plant material within and from
regulated counties, must comply with state/federal
rules
Follow established trails and respect trail closures
Clean and remove all soil before leaving invested
areas
Clean and disinfect equipment used in infected
areas
Report hosts showing symptoms
12. What are the ecological
consequences?
Change in species
composition
Loss of habitats for wildlife
Loss of food sources for
wildlife
Increased fire risk (change in
fire frequency or intensity)
Soil erosion
Decreased water quality
(increase in exposed soil
13. Overview
New pathogen, not native
Keeps spreading to counties, there are 58 and
14 have already been impacted
There are other plants besides Oaks that are
infected.
Symptoms leave plants to die 6-8 weeks after
symptoms show.
14. Overview
There is no known cure for Sudden Oak Death
but preventative measures can be taken.
Preventative measures include burning,
removing bay laurels, chemical treatment, and
following regulations for good management
and sanitation
The ecological consequences of the disease
include trouble for wildlife, high fire risk, soil
erosion and poorer water quality.
Sudden oak death will continue to drastically
impact California’s coast unless we all do our