This is a White Paper presented at Power Sector Roundtable Conference hosted by Mainstream Energy Solutions Limited on September 24, 2019 at Kainji Dam Hydropower Plant, Niger State.
The crux of the presentation is that Nigerian power industry is suffering from a lack of profitability and liquidity, including the DISCOs. We've put forth suggestions on how this situation can be addressed and outlined a number of advantages of the proposed approach.
During ICCI's May Business Lunch, keynote speaker Antony Kelly shared with our business community key insights on end of the financial year main figures.
In this short revision video, we look at the substantial productivity gap between the UK and many of the UK’s major competitor countries.
Paul Krugman, the Nobel Prize-winning economist said twenty fives years ago that “Productivity isn’t everything, but in the long run it is almost everything,”
There is a lot of concern about the sustainability of the economic recovery. As a result, the Belgian Federal Planning Bureau revised its GDP growth forecast 2014 downwards.
What can we expect ?
During ICCI's May Business Lunch, keynote speaker Antony Kelly shared with our business community key insights on end of the financial year main figures.
In this short revision video, we look at the substantial productivity gap between the UK and many of the UK’s major competitor countries.
Paul Krugman, the Nobel Prize-winning economist said twenty fives years ago that “Productivity isn’t everything, but in the long run it is almost everything,”
There is a lot of concern about the sustainability of the economic recovery. As a result, the Belgian Federal Planning Bureau revised its GDP growth forecast 2014 downwards.
What can we expect ?
Briefing on Myanmar National Planning Law (FYI 2014-2015)Wunna Htun
This is the abstract of 2014-2015 Myanmar National Planning Law which has been enacted recently. I hope this will leads you in different controversial curious on GOM reform agenda especially for states and regions in Myanmar.
Macroeconomic overview of Nigeria by Yakubu AMINU (2014)Yakubu AMINU
This write up presents the economy of Nigeria at a Glance, most especially the Oil and Gas sector of the country as well as investment opportunities in Nigeria,
Gold held on to a small loss from the previous session on Monday amid expecta-tions of a U.S. Federal Reserve interest rate hike in September and fears of escalat
ABC Power- From Saudi Arabia to the World- AN EPC Business Development PlanRupesh K. Sinha
Looking forward for any Saudi or Middle East Contracting Company/ Power Sector Development Individual/ Promoter/ Investor to join together and set-up ABC Power from Saudi Arabia to WORLD as per the Vision Presentation attached.
Interested company or individual are invited to explore avenue and move forward to join and build Power to Nation.
Quarterly growth and levels of GDP for the UK
CPI 12-month inflation rate for the last 10 years: September 2006 to September 2016
Male and Female Employment Rates in the UK
Non-UK nationals working in the UK labour market
Components of Aggregate Demand in recent years
UK unemployment rates by region, seasonally adjusted, June to August 2016
Average UK house price, January 2005 to August 2016, not seasonally adjusted
Constant price GDP per hour worked for G7 countries, 2000 to 2015
Quarterly growth of GDP and GDP per head for UK
Economic Growth for the UK and the EU(28)
UK Bond Yields during 2016
Sterling Exchange Rate (as an index number)
UK Trade Balances By Sector (% of GDP)
UK Current Account Components (% of GDP)
Contributions to CPI Inflation (%)
Core logic - RP DATA housing-market-update-julyNiraj Singh
Corelogic | RP Data Property & Consumer Market Update
Trends
CoreLogic is the largest provider of property information, analytics and property-related risk management services in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Darwin, Canberra & Hobart.
A short presentation looking at key economic indicators in the UK economy.
Covers:
UK GDP: the level and the % below pre downturn level
Compares how GDP recovered in past downturns to how it is recovering from the most recent one.
'Lost Output'
Output from the 3 main sectors of the economy: services, production and construction.
The Labour Market:
Employment
Hours worked
Wages and Prices
Public Sector Debt
House Prices
Follow @statshan on twitter, teaching with statistics on FB and find more resources from me on the TES website.
Please let me know what you think as I would like to make these regular presentations if they are seen as useful.
The West Africa-America Chamber of Commerce & Industries presents: David Lary
The West Africa-America Chamber of Commerce & Industries presents: Doing Business in Nigeria: Creating Wealth from
Opportunities in Africa’s Largest Market
Cox Automotive Market Insight Overview November 2019 Philip Nothard
“Welcome to the latest Market Insight Overview from Cox Automotive.
Every month, we provide automotive industry professionals with unique intelligence, supported by invaluable insight and market sentiment from our customers, that goes beyond the headlines to uncover what’s driving the new and used car sectors from wholesale, retail and funding perspectives. We hope our holistic analysis arms you with the essential knowledge needed to navigate the fast-paced, ever-changing automotive market.”
PHILIP NOTHARD Customer Insight & Strategy Director - UK
Austin’s industrial market rental rates rise after nearly a decade of stagnant rates.
Since the first quarter of 2014, citywide rates have been on the rise after years of stagnation. The citywide average quoted industrial rate increased by 4.5% between quarters from $7.99 to $8.35 per SF NNN, and increased 21% on a year-to-year basis from $6.90 per SF NNN.
Though vacancy increased slightly over the quarter from 8.4% to 8.8%, likely due to the high amount of industrial product delivered last year, Austin’s citywide vacancy rate has been steadily decreasing since Q1 2010.
Only one building, totaling 199,865 square feet, delivered in the first quarter and 692,895 square feet are currently under construction. All but one of these buildings is scheduled to deliver in the second quarter of 2015.
According to the Texas Workforce Commission, the Texas economy and employment across all major industry sectors continue to grow. Austin’s unemployment rate fell to 3.4% from 4.6% over the year, lower than both the state and national average.
Austin was the third fastest growing metro area in the nation during the past year with the population expanding by 3% between July 2013 and July 2014, according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s recent data.
Briefing on Myanmar National Planning Law (FYI 2014-2015)Wunna Htun
This is the abstract of 2014-2015 Myanmar National Planning Law which has been enacted recently. I hope this will leads you in different controversial curious on GOM reform agenda especially for states and regions in Myanmar.
Macroeconomic overview of Nigeria by Yakubu AMINU (2014)Yakubu AMINU
This write up presents the economy of Nigeria at a Glance, most especially the Oil and Gas sector of the country as well as investment opportunities in Nigeria,
Gold held on to a small loss from the previous session on Monday amid expecta-tions of a U.S. Federal Reserve interest rate hike in September and fears of escalat
ABC Power- From Saudi Arabia to the World- AN EPC Business Development PlanRupesh K. Sinha
Looking forward for any Saudi or Middle East Contracting Company/ Power Sector Development Individual/ Promoter/ Investor to join together and set-up ABC Power from Saudi Arabia to WORLD as per the Vision Presentation attached.
Interested company or individual are invited to explore avenue and move forward to join and build Power to Nation.
Quarterly growth and levels of GDP for the UK
CPI 12-month inflation rate for the last 10 years: September 2006 to September 2016
Male and Female Employment Rates in the UK
Non-UK nationals working in the UK labour market
Components of Aggregate Demand in recent years
UK unemployment rates by region, seasonally adjusted, June to August 2016
Average UK house price, January 2005 to August 2016, not seasonally adjusted
Constant price GDP per hour worked for G7 countries, 2000 to 2015
Quarterly growth of GDP and GDP per head for UK
Economic Growth for the UK and the EU(28)
UK Bond Yields during 2016
Sterling Exchange Rate (as an index number)
UK Trade Balances By Sector (% of GDP)
UK Current Account Components (% of GDP)
Contributions to CPI Inflation (%)
Core logic - RP DATA housing-market-update-julyNiraj Singh
Corelogic | RP Data Property & Consumer Market Update
Trends
CoreLogic is the largest provider of property information, analytics and property-related risk management services in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Darwin, Canberra & Hobart.
A short presentation looking at key economic indicators in the UK economy.
Covers:
UK GDP: the level and the % below pre downturn level
Compares how GDP recovered in past downturns to how it is recovering from the most recent one.
'Lost Output'
Output from the 3 main sectors of the economy: services, production and construction.
The Labour Market:
Employment
Hours worked
Wages and Prices
Public Sector Debt
House Prices
Follow @statshan on twitter, teaching with statistics on FB and find more resources from me on the TES website.
Please let me know what you think as I would like to make these regular presentations if they are seen as useful.
The West Africa-America Chamber of Commerce & Industries presents: David Lary
The West Africa-America Chamber of Commerce & Industries presents: Doing Business in Nigeria: Creating Wealth from
Opportunities in Africa’s Largest Market
Cox Automotive Market Insight Overview November 2019 Philip Nothard
“Welcome to the latest Market Insight Overview from Cox Automotive.
Every month, we provide automotive industry professionals with unique intelligence, supported by invaluable insight and market sentiment from our customers, that goes beyond the headlines to uncover what’s driving the new and used car sectors from wholesale, retail and funding perspectives. We hope our holistic analysis arms you with the essential knowledge needed to navigate the fast-paced, ever-changing automotive market.”
PHILIP NOTHARD Customer Insight & Strategy Director - UK
Austin’s industrial market rental rates rise after nearly a decade of stagnant rates.
Since the first quarter of 2014, citywide rates have been on the rise after years of stagnation. The citywide average quoted industrial rate increased by 4.5% between quarters from $7.99 to $8.35 per SF NNN, and increased 21% on a year-to-year basis from $6.90 per SF NNN.
Though vacancy increased slightly over the quarter from 8.4% to 8.8%, likely due to the high amount of industrial product delivered last year, Austin’s citywide vacancy rate has been steadily decreasing since Q1 2010.
Only one building, totaling 199,865 square feet, delivered in the first quarter and 692,895 square feet are currently under construction. All but one of these buildings is scheduled to deliver in the second quarter of 2015.
According to the Texas Workforce Commission, the Texas economy and employment across all major industry sectors continue to grow. Austin’s unemployment rate fell to 3.4% from 4.6% over the year, lower than both the state and national average.
Austin was the third fastest growing metro area in the nation during the past year with the population expanding by 3% between July 2013 and July 2014, according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s recent data.
Recent IEA analyses on behind-the-meter energy system trendsLeonardo ENERGY
This webinar will present recent IEA analyses on “behind-the-meter” energy sector trends, including:
* why energy efficiency progress has been slowing,
* how increasing flexible load can help decarbonise the energy system, and
* mid-term projections for the growth in distributed solar PV.
The presentation will involve analysts from the IEA’s Energy Efficiency, Renewables and World Energy Outlook teams who will present findings from three of the agency’s flagship reports and answer questions from participants.
These are the slides presented at the Economic Forum on 26 September 2022.
Presentations this month:
Energy spending by businesses
We present our analysis of businesses' energy spending from the Annual Business Survey 2019 and the Annual Purchases Survey 2018 and the resulting experimental measures of energy intensity. We present how energy intensity varies across and within industries, by energy type and firm size, and depending on the type of measure used.
Tightness in the labour market
We will be presenting analysis of various measures of labour market slack and the relationship between industry unemployment and vacancies.
These are the slides presented at the Economic Forum on 18 July 2022.
Showcasing the latest economic and social developments with a wide range of analytic topics. Each month we will feature "State of the Economy", providing a stocktake of the latest trends and developments.
Presentations this month include:
Subnational regional productivity in the UK
Homeworking in the UK - regional patterns: 2019 to 2022
Family spending in the UK
Transforming consumer prices statistics with new data and methods: rail fares and second-hand cars
The International Energy Agency’s annual benchmark for tracking energy investment, World Energy Investment 2019 provides a full picture of today’s capital flows and what they might mean for tomorrow’s energy sector. It assesses whether the frameworks and strategies put in place by governments, the energy industry, and financial institutions are spurring timely investment, and how spending across sectors and technologies matches with the world’s energy security and sustainability needs.
Andrew Mold
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - The African Continental Free Trade Area: How will economic distribution change?
DEC 15, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 10:45 AM EST
Nigeria's economy expanded by 2.01% y/y in the first quarter of 2019 (Q1'19) from growth of 1.89% (Q1'18) in the corresponding quarter, on the back of improved aggregate demand underpinned by election spending within the period under review. The Q1'19 growth was the best first quarter performance of the economy since 2015.
However, the GDP growth result was below the 2.38% growth recorded in Q4'18, consequently dampening the upward growth trajectory of the economy since Q2'18.
Did Nigerian operators lose US$ 1 Billion in revenues to OTTs in 2019?Christoph Stork
In Nigeria, several publications have made the claim that operators have seen a decline in revenue due to OTTs (see here and here and here). The most common claim is that mobile operators lost over US$ 1 billion in revenue because of WhatsApp, WeChat, Viber, Skype and other OTTs. Following the evidence, the data shows that the opposite is true: the GDP contribution of the telecom sector has increased, subscriber numbers have grown and revenues of the largest two operators have grown. Airtel’s voice traffic increased by 20% in Q4 2019 and voice revenues have increased by 24% between June 2018 and December 2019. None of the claims of revenue loss caused by OTTs are backed by evidence. None of the journalists have corroborated their stories or provided accessible links to their data sources.
Synopsis of Nigeria's 2018 political economy outlook and the Infrastructural ...Olayiwola Oladapo
Nigeria needs as much as $3 trillion over the next 30 years to plug the nation’s infrastructure gap and achieve rapid sustainable development. With a capital expenditure budget of 2. 4tillion Naira in 2018, the infrastructural development sector present fantastic business opportunities for Nigerian businesses especially the ones in the infrastructural development and engineering services sector.
Is your energy investment strategy built on the best evidence?
As the energy sector transforms, capital and investment plans must adapt too. Is it time to review your strategies in light of global utilities investment trends? Our latest Power transactions and trends report offers insight and evidence into the major themes and emerging trends driving global power and utilities M&A. Updated quarterly, the report delivers deep insights into each major region.
This publication is the first of a three-part series on the Nigerian Gas sector. The series aims to highlight the industry issues and challenges as well as assess the opportunities across the value-chain in addition to providing an outlook for the sector. In this first part we assess the impact of gas flaring on the Nigerian economy by estimating in monetary terms the economic and health effects of gas flaring as well as the revenue potential lost from flaring.
Data has shown a strong correlation between strong intellectual property rights and economic development. Strong IP rights create an enabling environment for the innovation necessary for economic stimulation. Unfortunately, Nigeria is home to one of the weakest intellectual property protection regimes which hampers growth prospects of our already weak economy.
IP violations hinders economic growth by discouraging investment, decreasing innovation, discouraging research and diminishing financial benefits from creation and may pose harm to consumers.
The strongest tool with which to restore Nigeria’s intellectual property protection and enforcement regimes are legislation and policy initiatives that prioritise IP protection.
The proposed FGN budget of N10.3 trillion for the 2020 fiscal year was presented to the National Assembly on Tuesday, October 8, 2019. The budget represents an increase of 11% from the approved N9.1 trillion FGN budget for 2019. Of the total proposed 2020 budget,
non-debt recurrent expenses accounts for 47.6% (N4.9 trillion), while capital outlay represents 20.7% (N2.1 trillion).
We have done an in-depth analysis of the budget proposal evaluating it against such other issues such as our debt profile, ERGP, plans to raise VAT and performance of previous budgets.
This article is the second part of a three-part series. In the first part, we discussed the current state of intra-African trade, the AfCFTA and its importance, and highlighted businesses that have successfully leveraged regional integration in ASEAN.
Since the publication of the first part of this article, Nigeria has joined the CFTA. With Nigeria in the CFTA, Nigerian businesses have direct access to a market of over one billion people. Therefore, they must prepare to take advantage of the new markets that the AfCFTA grants access to. However, the Nigerian market is now directly open to intra-African competition from businesses in countries with comparative advantage.
In this part, we discuss the current state of trade in Nigeria, and highlight African countries with businesses with the capacity to compete with Nigerian businesses in the Processed Agriculture, Retail and Trade, and FMCG sectors.
In 2018, three global economic threats emerged from socioeconomic and political conflicts. These are Brexit, US-China trade war and the Iran sanctions. Our latest Nigeria economic alert highlights recent developments in these events.
Bringing Dead Capital to life: What Nigeria should be doingOmosomi Omomia, MBA
PwC estimates that Nigeria holds at least $300 billion or as much as $900 billion worth of dead capital in residential real estate and agricultural land alone. The high value real estate market segment holds between $230 billion and $750 billion of value, while the middle market carries between $60 billion and $170 billion in value.
This report estimates the amount of dead capital in residential and agricultural real estate across Nigeria. We also recommends ways in which the estimated capital can be unlocked and leveraged to create value and grow wealth in the economy.
Economic recovery remains lackluster...
Real GDP growth improved to 2.4% (Q3'18: 1.8%), sustaining its quarterly climb from Q2'18. The marginal improvement in GDP continues to be driven wholly by expansion in non-oil sector activities, which grew further to 2.7%. This time around, the agriculture sector also contributed to the sustained improvement in the sector, even as the services sector continues to undergird non-oil growth.
However, when compared with the corresponding quarter in 2017 (Q4'17: 2.1%), GDP growth was marginal. This indicates that the country's economic recovery remains flat and below expectations.
Read our detailed analysis of Nigeria's Q4'18 GDP figures and other economic projections in our latest Nigeria Economic Alert.
Top ten themes for 2019
From Diaspora remittances to unemployment, oil prices, population growth and the exchange rate, our economists, using relevant data and charts, highlight top ten themes around Nigeria's economic outlook for 2019.
Please note that this document has been prepared for general guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice.
Feeding Nigeria's current and future population is a critical challenge. This challenge necessitates the adoption and application of innovations to agriculture so as to make the sector more competitive and sustainable. Boosting economic growth in agriculture is a function of three factors: farmland expansion, yield growth and reduction in post-harvest losses.
Nigeria's allocation to tertiary education has declined over the years. Relying solely on the government to fund tertiary education is no longer adequate because of the growing government budget deficit and a need to focus on hard infrastructure such as transport network and power.
The world over, the cost of providing tertiary education is expensive, however multiple avenues of funding are available, exclusive of government allocation and out-of-pocket payments.
Our new publication Closing the funding gap in social infrastructure: Making the case for adoption of endowment funds observes that Nigeria needs to find sustainable ways to fund tertiary education and makes the case for adopting endowment funds, which have been successfully established in the West, as a sustainable strategy. It also shares steps for setting up such a fund in Nigerian universities.
This is a very topical issue as the conversation continues on how to augment government funding for Nigerian universities. It would thus be of great value to academics, university administrators, founders of private tertiary institutions, policy makers, labour unions in tertiary institutions, civil society, philanthropists, donor agencies, students association etc.
To maintain its share of the continent’s agriculture GDP by 2030, Nigeria will need to grow its agriculture sector revenues by a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7% annually. To ensure this is achieved, agriculture budget to GDP will have to be sustained by at least 7% annually. It is estimated that agriculture is Africa’s largest economic sector, representing 15% of the continent’s total GDP. Nigeria contributes 14% of Africa’s agriculture GDP. The World Bank forecasts that by 2030, the food market in Africa will grow to be a US$1 trillion industry. Nigeria will need to intensify its investments in improving agriculture yield and integrating the value-chain over the next decade to effectively capture a significant share of the US$1 trillion market.
Real GDP growth improved to 1.8% y/y in Q3'18 driven wholly by the continued expansion in non-oil activities to 2.3%, the highest since 2016. The services sector is largely responsible for the sustained improvement in the non-oil sector, on account of growth in information & communication technology (ICT).
Our Economist hold that for economic growth to be inclusive, the FG has to ensure that real GDP grows at a faster rate than population growth. We believe that intensifying focus on the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP) reforms in Q1'19 will improve non-oil sector growth, particularly in manufacturing. This growth should be supported by ongoing business reforms including legislative reforms facilitated by the Presidential Enabling Business Environment Council (PEBEC) and the Senate. Furthermore, boosting oil production to normal level may provide much-needed revenues to support macro-economic growth.
BusinessDay Research & Intelligence Unit (BRIU) presents excerpts from over 200 pages of the maiden edition of our annual Innovation Report 2018 sub-titled Companies to Inspire Nigeria following the first BusinessDay Innovation Awards held in 2017.
The report tracks the innovative trends and strides of 88 Companies who introduced and pioneered inventive and ground-breaking products, services, models, processes and ideas in Nigeria that revolutionised our local markets over the last three (3) years (2014 to 2017).
Innovation is a prerequisite for corporate survival and the lifeblood of sustainable business growth and development globally. Organisations that innovate successfully are those that drive the future of the sectors or markets in which they play and indeed the overall economy they are located.
BusinessDay Research & Intelligence Unit (BRIU) is delighted to present the results of our Construction Survey which reflects the views of 114 professionals from segments of the Construction Industry, as well as Finance and the Public Sector.
Our report provides in-depth analysis of the construction industry including trends and challenges being
experienced on the ground.
Sentiment for the construction industry is somewhat optimistic and the outlook for 2018 is relatively positive, with further increases in activity expected across a few strategic sectors.
However, there are a number of challenges currently facing the industry, and of these, the country's currency value and access to finance/funding for activities is causing the greatest concern.
BusinessDay Research & Intelligence Unit (BRIU) is delighted to present the results of our Construction Survey which reflects the views of 114 professionals from segments of the Construction Industry, as well as Finance and the Public Sector.
Our report provides in-depth analysis of the construction industry including trends and challenges being experienced on the ground.
Sentiment for the construction industry is somewhat optimistic and the outlook for 2018 is relatively positive, with further increases in activity expected across a few strategic sectors.
However, there are a number of challenges currently facing the industry, and of these, the country's currency value and access to finance/funding for activities is causing the greatest concern.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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Solving the liquidity crunch in the nigerian power
1. Solving the Liquidity
crunch in the Nigerian
Power Sector
White Paper presented at the Power Sector Roundtable
Conference hosted by Mainstream Energy Solutions Limited
on September 24, 2019 at the Kainji Dam Hydropower Plant,
Niger State
3. PwC 3
September 2019The Nigerian Power Sector
The slow pace of economic diversification
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Oil and non-oil revenue in Nigeria (N' billions)
Oil revenue Non-oil revenue Oil price (US$ per barrel)-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2
2016 2017 2018 2019
Real GDP and oil growth (%)
Oil growth Real GDP
The Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP) contains the federal government’s position to diversify the economy away from oil
towards developing the agricultural and manufacturing sectors. While the oil sector contributes less than 10% to real GDP, it accounts
for more than half of total government revenue. The economy remains vulnerable to oil price fluctuations with its ripple effect across
non-oil sectors and key macroeconomic variables such as inflation and exchange rates.
Source: CBN, PwC analysis
Source: NBS, PwC analysis
4. PwC 4
September 2019The Nigerian Power Sector
Recognizing the role of the power sector in economic diversification
• Economic diversification is needed to ensure
inclusive growth that would provide jobs for the rising
unemployed Nigerians and check against the
escalating number of extremely poor people in the
country.
• PwC estimates that for Nigeria to combat poverty and
under- and unemployment, the economy would need
to grow at 6% - 8%.
• The success of any economic diversification and
inclusive growth strategy is anchored on
industrialization. In turn, massive industrialization
depends on a robust, sound and highly efficient
power sector which will ultimately bring about the
needed economic transformation envisaged.
Poverty
reduction, job
creation, better
economic
welfare
Inclusive
growth
Industrialisation
driven by power
sector efficiency
5. PwC 5
September 2019The Nigerian Power Sector
Growth recovery remains fragile…
In the heat of the recession in 2016, Nigeria’s growth dipped -1.62%. The economy recovered in 2017 with a growth of 0.82% and this
was sustained to 1.93% in 2018, due to oil price recovery and stability in domestic oil production. Growth, albeit fragile, is expected to
reach 2.1% by the end of 2019 according to PwC estimates. But output growth still remains significantly lower than population growth
which hovers around 2.7%.
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019f 2020f
Nigeria’s real GDP growth rates (%)
Source: NBS, IMF, PwC analysis
f = forecasted
Source: NBS, PwC analysis
7. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector
Challenges of the power sector
Insufficient supply of gas to thermal plants is the single largest constraints hampering optimum power generation capacity
Inadequate and
obsolete
distribution
infrastructure
Poor water
management at
hydropower
plants
Operational
inefficiencies
Non-cost
reflective
electricity tariff
and liquidity
constraints
Inadequate gas
supply
Limited
transmission
lines
7
September 2019
8. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector
Power generation capacity falls short of pre-privatization target
Nigeria has more than 190 million people (the largest in Africa) including large industrial and commercial ventures scattered unevenly
across the country. About 40% of the population have no access to electricity and supply is usually epileptic for those that have access.
However, the country’s current operational capacity stands at about 4,000MW, less than 8,400MW projection for 2018 in Multi-Year Tariff
Order (MYTO).
The installed capacity of 7,000MW is also less than the pre-privatization target of 11,879 MW by 2012 and post-privatization target of
14,218 MW and 40,000 MW by 2013 and 2020 respectively. The bulk of electricity generated comes from thermal sources (gas-fired
power plants). As a result, the inadequate gas supply often affects power generation.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Share of population with access to electricity
(%)
Source: World Bank, PwC analysis
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
Jan-15
Mar-15
May-15
Jul-15
Sep-15
Nov-15
Jan-16
Mar-16
May-16
Jul-16
Sep-16
Nov-16
Jan-17
Mar-17
May-17
Jul-17
Sep-17
Nov-17
Jan-18
Mar-18
May-18
Jul-18
Sep-18
Nov-18
Monthly power generation in Nigeria (MW)
Two years after privatization
Fiver years after
Source: NBS, PwC analysis
8
September 2019
9. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector
Five power plants account for half of power generation in Nigeria
Gas-fired power plants account for more than 77% of total electricity generated (Q4’2018: 71%) while hydro sources accounted for 23%
(Q2’2018: 29%). Insufficient gas supply and variability in rainfall and water level at hydro plants, among other challenges, continue to impact
power generation in Nigeria.
23.1%
76.9%
Share of power generation output by fuel sources
Hydro Thermal
Source: NERC, PwC analysis
Source: NERC, PwC analysis
9
September 2019
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Olorunsogo NIPP
Sapele
Trans Amadi
Afam IV -V
Alaoji NIPP
Omoku
Gbarain
Paras Energy
Ibom Power
Rivers IPP
Sapele NIPP
Ihovbor NIPP
Omotosho NIPP
Omotosho
Geregu NIPP
Olorunsogo
Afam VI
Okpai
Odukpani
Shiroro
Geregu
Delta
Jebba
Azura-Edo IPP
Kainji
Egbin
Share of generation output by power plants (%), as at Q1'
2019
10. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector
Electricity consumers in Nigeria
Consumers of electricity comprising households, industries,
commercial ventures, among others, have risen significantly.
Rising population and improvement in industrial and commercial
activities are key factors driving the trend. As a result, demand for
electricity has outpaced generation, transmission and distribution
capacity.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Jun-16
Jul-16
Aug-16
Sep-16
Oct-16
Nov-16
Dec-16
Jan-17
Feb-17
Mar-17
Apr-17
May-17
Jun-17
Jul-17
Aug-17
Sep-17
Oct-17
Nov-17
Dec-17
Jan-18
Feb-18
Mar-18
Apr-18
May-18
Jun-18
Jul-18
Aug-18
Sep-18
Oct-18
Nov-18
Dec-18
Residential consumers of electricity in Nigeria (millions
of households)
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
Jun-16
Jul-16
Aug-16
Sep-16
Oct-16
Nov-16
Dec-16
Jan-17
Feb-17
Mar-17
Apr-17
May-17
Jun-17
Jul-17
Aug-17
Sep-17
Oct-17
Nov-17
Dec-17
Jan-18
Feb-18
Mar-18
Apr-18
May-18
Jun-18
Jul-18
Aug-18
Sep-18
Oct-18
Nov-18
Dec-18
‘THOUSANDS
Commercial and industrial consumers of electricity in
Nigeria
Source: NBS, PwC Source: NBS, PwC
It is projected to have risen to about 51,000 by December 2018
at an average growth of 2.9%,
Over 772,441 commercial customers compared to 657,000 as at
June 2016
5.7million
About 5.7 million households were consumers of power.
29,685industries
772,441commercialventures
10
September 2019
12. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector September 2019
12
Electricity pricing structure in Nigeria
The framework that governs electricity tariff in Nigeria is the Multi-Year Tariff Order (MYTO for short). Industry participants often complain
that electricity charges to customer does not reflect the cost of generation, transmission and distribution. Introduced by NERC in 2008,
MYTO was the proposed solution to this challenge as it provides a fifteen (15)-year tariff path for the electricity industry which is subject to
minor reviews twice every year and a major review once every five years. MYTO has undergone different review since 2008.
MYTO provides cost-reflective electricity tariffs across several years that is fair to generation, transmission and distribution companies
and other industry stakeholders.
MYTO 1
2008 - 2012
MYTO 2015
2015 till date
MYTO 2.1
2015 - 2018
13. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector
Collection efficiency remains low at 65.6% of total billings…
Essentially, many of the DISCOs have been unable to collect a significant proportion of the total billings to customers as total revenue
collected by all the DISCOs for energy distributed still significantly lags the total billings. Collection efficiency improved by about 10% from
55.3% in Q3’2017 to 65.6% by Q3’2018. This implies that about N3.4 out of every N10 billed to customers are not paid to DISCOs as at
when due.
Source: NERC, PwC analysis
Source: NERC, PwC analysis
Only four out of 11 DISCOs (Abuja, Eko, Enugu and Ikeja)
surpassed the average collection rate of 60% for Q1’2019.
13
September 2019
55.3%
62.5% 62.3% 64.2%
65.6%
68.10%
64%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
2017 2018 2019
Total billings and revenue collection by DISCOs
(N’ billions)
Total billings Revenue collected Collection efficiency
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Total billings and revenue collected across
DISCOs (N’ billions)
Total billing Revenue collected All DISCOs Average Collection efficiency
14. PwC
Source: NERC, PwC analysis
The Nigerian Power Sector
…DISCOs’ remittances to NBET for energy distributed is less than 50%
• Liquidity crunch is the biggest challenge of the Nigerian
electricity sector today. The 11 DISCOs have been
struggling to meet their obligations to the Nigerian Bulk
Electricity Trading Plc (NBET) and Market Operators (MO)
as evidenced in their low remittances to NBET and MO.
• In Q1’2019, only about 28% of the N190 billion invoice
(comprising invoice of 161.4 billion for energy purchased
from NBET and an invoice of N28.8 billion for administrative
services from MO) of DISCOs were remitted.
• In one year (Q1’2018 – Q1’2019), DISCOs’ outstanding
remittance to NBET and MO stood at about N523.8 billion
and N80.3 billion respectively.
• Consequently, NBET have in turn been unable to meet their
obligation to the generation companies (GENCOs) thus
creating a liquidity challenge that has plagued the electricity
industry since the privatization exercise in 2013.
14
September 2019
147.4
166.2 163.1 161.4 162.8
183.7 190.1
44.4
40.1
51.2 53.7
47.0
52.4 52.8
30.1%
24.1%
31.4%
33.3%
28.9% 28.5%
27.8%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
2017 2018 2019
Total invoices and remittances of DISCOs (N’
billions)
Invoice Remittance Remittance performance (%)
15. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector
None of the DISCOs have been able to offset the invoice due to NBET and MO
26.5
23.3
19.1
18.0
16.1 16.0
12.5
13.4
8.7 8.17.4 7.5 8.0
4.6 4.9
2.1 1.9 2.4
0.9 1.6
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
-
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Ikeja Abuja Ibadan Eko Benin Enugu Kaduna Kano Port
Harcourt
Jos
Market invoice and remittances across DISCOs in Q1’2019 (N’ billions)
Market invoice Remittance Remittance performance
Source: NERC, PwC analysis
The proportion of remittances relative to market invoice is low across all the DISCOs as none could attain 50% of the total bill owed.
This situation creates liquidity challenges to the generation and transmission segment of the industry.
15
September 2019
16. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector September 2019
16
56.0%
54.0%
56.0% 55.0% 54.2%
51.9%
47.9% 48.7%
25.0% 25.0% 25.0%
21.4% 21.4% 21.4% 21.4%
26.0%
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
2017 2018 2019
Aggregate Technical, Commercial and Collection (ATC & C)
losses
ATC&C losses MYTO target
Divergence between actual ATC & C losses and MYTO target
Source: NERC, PwC analysis
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
ATC & C losses across DISCOs as at March 2019
ATC & C losses MYTO target
Source: NERC, PwC analysis
Over the past one year, overall ATC & C losses has trended downward even though there is a huge divergence with the MYTO target.
Performance of DISCOs have been poor. In Q1’2019, Ikeja (19%) was the most technically and commercially efficient among the
DISCOs…
17. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector September 2019
17
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
2,000,000
Ibadan Abuja Enugu Ikeja Benin Kaduna Kano Port Harcourt Eko Jos Yola
Total customers vs metered customers across DISCOs as at March 2019
Number of customers Metered customers Metering progress
Source: NERC, PwC analysis
Slow metering progress…
It is believed that metering customers will reduce the liquidity challenges currently grappling the power sector but meter delivery
progress has been slow so far. Abuja, Benin and Port- Harcourt are the DISCOs that currently have more than half of their customers
metered. Yola DISCO had the slowest metering progress (21%) of all DISCOs as at Q1’ 2019. Progress in metering customers will help
to reduce ATC&C losses and billing collection inefficiencies in the sector.
18. PwC 18
September 2019
Causes and consequences of Discos liquidity challenges
Causes
Tariff shortfall
The tariff shortfall in 2018 by the 11 Discos amounted
to N384 billion. This was due to the fact that
electricity consumers are not charged the cost-
reflective tariffs
Receivable collection
A total of N661.6 billion worth of electricity was billed
by Discos in 2018 but N437.9 billion was only
received. This means only 66% of electricity billed
was collected in revenue
Technical, Commercial and Collection loss
The average aggregate technical, commercial and
collection loss in 2018 was 52.7%. This means more
than half of the energy received by Discos was wasted
Consequences
Revenue lost
All 11 Discos are currently unable to pay tax
because they have reported losses
consistently since 2013.
GENCOs and TCN liquidity challenges
Since DISCOs are unable to pay the full amount
of energy received to NBET, GENCOs and the
TCN are not been paid. This has also affected
their operations
The Nigerian Power Sector
20. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector September 2019
20
2015 2016 2017 2018
157,194
317,383
405,471
470,466
Market shortfall: Money due to DISCOs from customers (N'
billions)
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Market shortfall by DISCOs (N’ billions), 2018
Source: NERC, PwC analysis Source: NERC, PwC analysis
Market shortfall on the rise
21. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector September 2019
21
Source: ANED, PwC analysis
The total debt owed by ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) of states and federal governments stood at approximately N59
billion as at December 2015. NERC has directed DISCOs to meter MDAs and reiterated the rights of DISCOs to disconnect MDAs
who refused to pay their electricity bills.
MDA debts to DISCOs
8.66
8.34 8.11
6.77
5.89 5.79
5.31
4.11
2.75
2.00
1.19
Abuja Eko Kaduna Enugu Ibadan Ikeja Jos Benin Port Harcourt Yola Kano
MDA debts to DISCOs as at December, 2015 (N' billions)
22. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector
165
235
322
384
522
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Tariff shortfall in the electricity industry (N’
billions)
FGN owes DISCOs over N500bn in tariff shortfall
Tariff shortfall is the difference between the end-user cost-reflective tariff and the end-user allowed tariff (actual tariff) DISCOs currently
charge their consumers. It is the money due to DISCOs from customers. This shortfall is what the Federal Government, via the Power
Sector Recovery Plan (PSRP), agreed to pay as part of the electricity subsidy. Essentially, it is the amount FG owes DISCOs. This debt
has been soaring over the years. In 2016, it climbed to N235 billion from N165 billion in 2015. It is expected to reach N522 billion by
2019, 36% increase relative to the preceding year.
Source: NERC, PwC analysis
73.7
64.3
52.1
49.6 49.5 48.8
42.4 42.2
37.0 37.9
22.7
Ibadan Ikeja Abuja Eko Kaduna Benin Enugu Kano Port
Harcourt
Jos Yola
Tariff shortfall across DISCOs, 2019 (N’ billions)
Accounted for more than one-
third (36%) of tariff shortfall
Source: NERC, PwC analysis
22
September 2019
23. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector September 2019
23
Electricity subsidy1 vs petroleum subsidy
• The Federal Government (FG) has expended about
N1.2 trillion as petroleum subsidy over the past four
years (2015 – 2018).
• The tariff shortfall in the electricity sector which
technically is the electricity subsidy payable by the
FG stood at N1.12 trillion between 2015 and 2018.
• Both subsidies amounts to N2.3 trillion naira which
represents about 17% of current foreign reserves
and 26% of the 2019 budget.
Source: NERC, NNPC, PwC analysis
Total electricity subsidy for the four
years can cover the current budget of
the ministries of health and education.
1 Electricity subsidy is the aggregation of the tariff shortfalls from each DISCOs. Data for electricity subsidy excludes actual remittances.
1.12
1.18
-
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
Electricity subsidy (2015 - 2018) Petroleum subsidy (2015 - 2018)
Government subsidy for electricity1 and petroleum (N’
trillions)
24. PwC
The Nigerian Power Sector September 2019
24
FGN continues to pump bail-out funds years after privatization
As a result of the challenges bedeviling the power sector ranging from low collection, non-cost reflective tariffs, distribution losses amongst
others, DISCOs are unable to meet their obligations to NBET and this in turn spirals to other players in the power value chain (GENCOs,
TCN, gas companies, banks etc.). The liquidity crisis which is the most critical challenge of the sector necessitates government’s
intervention in three occasions to avoid total collapse of the sector.
The Federal Government approves a
loan of N213 billion for DISCOs in
2014. This was part of the Nigeria
Electricity Market Stabilization Facility
(NEMSF) by the CBN
N213billion
In August, 2019, the Federal
Government signed the release of
N600bn for the power sector which
source said is meant for the shortfall in
the payment of monthly invoices by
key stakeholders in the sector.
N600billion
The Federal Executive Council (FEC)
approved N701 billion CBN facility in
March 2017 as Power Assurance
Guarantee for the NBET for a period of
two years
N701billion
25. PwC 25
September 2019
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
Abuja Benin Eko Enugu Ibadan Ikeja Kaduna Kano Port
Harcourt
Yola
Losses reported by Discos in Nigeria (millions of naira)
2017 (N millions) 2016 (N millions) 2015 (N millions) 2014 (N millions)
Electricity distribution companies in Nigeria have steadily reported losses since their emergence in 2013. In addition, there has been a
steady growth in the amount of loss reported. In 2017, the total loss reported by Discos stood at N417 billion.
Financial performance of DISCOs
Source: Financial statements of the DISCOs, PwC analysis
The Nigerian Power Sector
26. PwC 26
September 2019
Since inception in 2013, electricity distribution companies in Nigeria have grown their long term indebtedness. Based on available financial
reports, a sum of N98.1 billion is owed by 8 Discos highlighted in the chart below
Indebtedness of DISCOs
-
5,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
15,000,000,000
20,000,000,000
25,000,000,000
30,000,000,000
Abuja Benin Eko Enugu Ibadan Ikeja Kano Port Harcourt
Long term loans and borrowings of Discos in Nigeria
2018 2017
Source: Financial statements of the DISCOs, PwC analysis
The Nigerian Power Sector
28. PwC
Average electricity tariffs under MYTO
28
N/kWh Minimum Average Maximum
Industries 33.97 52.4 67.12
Residential 4 38.30 63.75
Commercial 31.51 50.54 65.78
Special 31.59 46.88 63.75
Street Lighting 25.25 41.06 58.67
There are 11 DISCOs in Nigeria with different tariffs for sub-classes across consumer categories. We grouped the average tariff for each
consumer category sub-classes under all 11 DISCOs into three sets: minimum, average and maximum. These values were obtained using
simple descriptive analysis (Please see appendix)
Source: NERC, PwC analysis
The Nigerian Power Sector
28
September 2019
29. PwC
Possible electricity supply strategy…
September 2019
29
TCN
Post ATC EnergyATC losses
Energy received
from GENCOs
To revitalize liquidity in DISCOs, we consider 50% of energy
received by DISCOs is transmitted to industries at a cost-
reflective rate of N80/kWh
DISCOs
Industries Residential & others
Energy received
from TCN
The Nigerian Power Sector
29
September 2019
30. PwC
Benchmarking electricity tariff
30
September 2019
Source: International Energy Agency
314.96
142.94
120.48
102.58 96.55
70.25
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Finland Germany Japan UK Switzerland USA
Electricity tariff in $/mWh
At tariff charge of N80/kWh, Nigeria’s electricity tariff is still below most developed industrialised countries…
The Nigerian Power Sector
30
September 2019
31. PwC
The direct effect of the strategy: Liquidity increase
31
September 2019
We assume the average charge of N80/kWh @ 50% electricity supplied to industries 24/7 while other consumer categories maintain the
current MYTO tariff charges…
At N80/kWh charged to industries, an estimated N400 billion will be injected into the power sector annually .
Source: PwC analysis, NERC
Energy billed
(GWh) - Old
Tariff
(N/kWh
) - Old
Old revenue Energy billed
(GWh) -
Proposed
Tariff
(N/kWh)
Revenue (N)
Industries 2,109.30 52.24 110,189,787,596 10,442.08 80 835,366,400,000
Residential 13,324.09 38.3 510,312,558,910.00 5,221.04 38.3 199,965,832,000
Commercial 4,281.25 50.54 216,374,412,905 3,132.62 50.5 158,322,614,800
Special 751.83 46.88 35,245,902,912.00 1,670.73 46.9 78,323,822,400
Street Lighting 417.68 41.06 17,149,940,800 417.68 41.1 17,149,940,800
889,272,603,123.00 1,289,128,610,000
Additional liquidity 399,856,006,877
31
September 2019
The Nigerian Power Sector
32. PwC
The indirect effect of the strategy: Manufacturing GDP increases…
32
September 2019
The effect of charging industries a tariff of N80/kWh and supplying 50% of electricity received by DISCOs to industries 24/7 is an increase in the
level of manufacturing GDP from N6.4 trillion to N13.3 trillion
Industries are charged
N80/kWh
Industries are also
supplied 50% of
electricity sent by TCN
to DISCOs
• The cost
saved can be
used in the
acquisition of
additional
manufacturing
capacity
Industries are able to save
costs as the N80/kWh is
lower than the self-
generated cost of $0.2-$0.3
per kWh estimated by the
World Bank
• Existing spare
capacity that
are currently
not utilized or
underutilized
can be put
into use
Industries are able to
increase their capacity
utilization which is
currently slightly above
50%
There will be an increase in
the level of GDP in the
manufacturing sector. This
is estimated at N13.3
trillion compared to N6.4
trillion reported in 2018
32
September 2019
The Nigerian Power Sector
33. PwC 33
September 2019
DISCOs in Nigeria continue to report losses, hence they pay only an estimated minimum tax based on turnover instead of the 30% CIT, which is
highe and would have resulted in significant tax revenues for the government…
Tax from
DISCOs
• A minimum estimated
revenue of N1 trillion is
required by DISCOs to break
even
• Discos are still unable to
make profit to pay tax
Tax from
industries
• Based on 2018 tax-to-GDP
ratio of 6% and the
estimated increase in
GDP of N13.3 trillion,
additional tax revenues
of about N798 billion
could be realised.
Years Total loss of DISCOs
2014 N 105 billion
2015 N 150 billion
2016 N 259 billion
2017 N 417 billion
Operating + Administrative + Finance
cost (N'billions)
Abuja 132
Port Harcourt 94
Benin 88
Eko 110
Enugu 85
Ibadan 129
Ikeja 144
Kaduna 91
Yola (2016) 20
Kano 90
983
Source: DISCOs annual report, FIRS, PwC analysis
Effect on Tax Revenue…
33
September 2019
The Nigerian Power Sector
34. PwC 34
September 2019
Increasing electricity supply to industries has a direct effect on employment in the manufacturing sector as additional labour will have to be
engaged to produce the GDP worth N49.6 trillion estimated in earlier slide (PwC estimate)
Employment in the
industrial sector is
expected to increase
from
4.42 million to 6.21
million,
approximately 1.79
million additional
jobs.
Source: UN Statistics, ILO, CBN, PwC analysis
34
September 2019
The Nigerian Power Sector
Proposed Strategy: Direct Employment
35. PwC 35
September 2019
Increasing electricity supply to industries has an indirect effect on employment in other sectors of the economy at a multiplier rate of 2.5
Times of direct employment (PwC estimate)
PwC estimates
that an additional
job creation of
4.475 million jobs
Source: UN Statistics, ILO, CBN, PwC analysis
Proposed Strategy: Indirect Employment
35
September 2019
The Nigerian Power Sector
36. PwC
If electricity supplied to industries increases to 40,000Gwh in 7 years…
36
September 2019
Source: UN Statisticcs, ILO, CBN, PwC analysis
N/kWh Energy
billed
(GWh)
Revenue (N)
Industries 40,000.00 3,200,000,000,000
Residential 5,221.04 199,965,832,000
Commercial 3132.62 158,322,614,800
Special 1,670.73 78,323,822,400
Street
Lighting
417.68 17,149,940,800
3,653,762,210,000
Liquidity
N49.6
trillion
Employment
GDP
46.59
million
36
September 2019
The Nigerian Power Sector
39. PwC
Appendix 2
Electricity received by DISCOs in
2018 26,385 GWh
Energy lost 21%
Energy shared to classes 20,884.15 Gwh
Revenue collection efficiency 66%
Allocation In Gwh
Industries 10,442.075
Residential 5,221.0375
Commercial 3,132.6225
Special 1,670.732
Street Lighting 417.683
N/kWh
Minimum
(N/kWh)
Average
(N/kWh)
Maximum
(N/kWh) GWh allocated
Industries 33.97 52.4 67.12 10,442.075
Residential 4 38.3 63.75 5,221.0375
Commercial 31.51 50.54 65.78 3,132.6225
Special 31.59 46.88 63.75 1,670.732
Street Lighting 25.25 41.06 58.67 417.683
The Nigerian Power Sector
39
September 2019
40. PwC
Appendix 3
September 2019
Years GWh energy after ATC losses
2019f 30092.82901 23773.33492
2020f 33869.74417 26757.09789
2021f 38120.69546 30115.34941
2022f 42905.17858 33895.09108
2023f 48290.15648 38149.22362
Industries (GWh) Residential Commercial Special Street lighting
2019f 11886.67 5943.33 3566.00 1901.87 475.47
2020f 13378.55 6689.27 4013.56 2140.57 535.14
2021f 15057.67 7528.84 4517.30 2409.23 602.31
2022f 16947.55 8473.77 5084.26 2711.61 677.90
2023f 19074.61 9537.31 5722.38 3051.94 762.98
Industries Residential (kWh) Commercial Special Street lighting
2019f 35.3 24.1 32.89 29.13 19.42
2020f 45.5 31.91 41.81 37.86 25.25
2021f 47.53 33.3 43.68 39.55 26.37
2022f 47.05 32.97 43.23 39.15 26.11
2023f 47.25 33.11 43.42 39.32 26.22
Forecasted tariff (kWh): Ikeja DISCO
Energy received and sent to consumers Allocation of post ATC&C losses to consumer classes (Gwh)
Industries Residential Commercial Special Street lighting Revenue billed Revenue collected
2019f 419,599,361,314.88 143,234,342,885.11 117,285,747,821.36 55,401,379,694.52 9,233,563,282.42 744,754,394,998.28 491,537,900,698.86
2020f 608,723,977,090.01 213,454,748,449.91 167,807,139,442.64 81,041,898,101.55 13,512,334,436.50 1,084,540,097,520.61 715,796,464,363.60
2021f 715,691,278,723.99 250,710,283,836.62 197,315,769,333.04 95,284,965,532.62 15,882,835,278.73 1,274,885,132,705.00 841,424,187,585.30
2022f 797,382,017,585.55 279,380,288,201.87 219,792,718,088.57 106,159,425,253.05 17,700,016,560.39 1,420,414,465,689.41 937,473,547,355.01
2023f 901,275,408,090.40 315,780,198,538.34 248,465,893,455.78 120,002,197,828.11 20,005,452,867.84 1,605,529,150,780.46 1,059,649,239,515.10
Revenue billed and collected (N)
The Nigerian Power Sector
40
September 2019
42. PwC
September 2019
CASE STUDY: NIGERIA
The cost of using diesel in the surveyed companies is higher than electricity supplied by DISCOs; hence cost-savings of N45 million is realised,
if electricity from the DISCOs is used…
Sources: GIZ (2015) “Promoting Clean Energy Investment in Nigeria”, PwC analysis
Conversion factor: 1 litre of diesel oil = 10Kwh. Electricity supplied through generators was converted to litres using the conversion factor
Electricity supplied through generators and the costs are estimated
Diesel cost is estimated at $1 per litre consumed based on the global average price of diesel from www.globalpetrolprice.com
Cost of electricity supplied from DISCOs is estimated using the worst-case scenario cost in previous slides
Peak after take-over
Customers
Electricity
supplied by
DISCOs (MWh)
Cost of electricity supplied at
N33.97/kWh
Diesel cost of using
generators at $1/litre
Cost savings
(=N=)
King Group of Companies 1,173 39,846,810 42,228,000.00 2,381,190.00
Sam Steel Plc. 2,053 69,740,410 73,908,000.00 4,167,590.00
Saturn Manufacturing Ltd. 14,224 483,189,280 512,064,000.00 28,874,720.00
Dormant Conglomerates 3,261 110,776,170 117,396,000.00 6,619,830.00
Pluto Industries 1,647 55,948,590 59,292,000.00 3,343,410.00
759,501,260.00 804,888,000.00 45,386,740.00
The Nigerian Power Sector
42
September 2019
43. PwC
CASE STUDY: INDIA
Background
In India, the distribution sector is considered as the weakest link in the entire value-chain of
electricity. This segment is plagued by high technical and commercial losses (owing to theft of
electricity), low collection from consumers, increase in power purchase cost payable to the
generators, tariffs which do not non-reflective inadequate & untimed tariff hikes by the regulator,
political influence to lower the tariffs, delayed subsidy disbursement, and mounting dues from
government departments. This has led to financial crisis in the distribution companies. This has
led to financial crisis in the distribution companies (Discoms), which is attributable partly to the
low levels of transparency about their financial viability.
A positive ACS-ARR gap across the years has led to spiraling of losses, limiting the discoms
ability to undertake any capital expenditure programs for performance improvement. Weak
financial position of Discoms’ downgrade their credit rating and that affects their further ability to
raise debts at lower rate of interests. This leads to higher interest costs and restrained liquidity
adding to the financial burden. The Discoms borrow short term funds from the banks and FIs to
fund their operational liabilities and meet the long term debt service obligations, thus falling into a
debt trap.
In India, electricity being a concurrent subject under the purview of states; it is difficult for the
Central Government to reform Discoms directly. Hence, the state government has the onus of
coming to rescue of the distribution companies/SEBs whenever they run into financial crisis
through some revival package. The central government has time and again facilitated this
through various schemes to bail out such Discoms through a one-time debt restructuring, equity
infusion, raising capital and transfer of liabilities to the state governments. This only temporarily
covers up the wound for two to three years. Post which they resurface, as the root cause of the
September 2019
43
The Nigerian Power Sector
43
September 2019
44. PwC
Financial restructuring plans for Discoms in India
September 2019
44
India has implemented such financial restructuring schemes for Discoms under various packages. In 2012, the Central government
formulated a financial restructuring plan (FRP) for all interested state-owned Discoms which had accumulated heavy financial and
operational losses. Under this scheme, state governments were committed to ensure that the Discoms eliminate the chronic gap
between Average Cost of Supply (ACS) and Aggregated Revenue Requirement (ARR) within the specified moratorium period. Eight
states signed the FRP but were unable to curb operational losses and reduce the outstanding debt.
Fifty percent (50%) of the short-term liabilities were supposed to be taken over by the state governments on their balance sheet over
a period of 2-5 years. Such liability was meant to be first converted into bonds issued to the participating lenders, backed by state
government guarantee. The tenor of the loans post takeover by state government would not be more than 15 years with a
moratorium of 3 -5 years. Balance 50% were planned to be rescheduled by lenders and serviced by Discoms with a moratorium of 3
years. Principal and interest repayment, in both the cases, were fully secured by State Government guarantee.
The Nigerian Power Sector
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September 2019
45. PwC
Efficacy of power restructuring packages in Power Distribution Companies:
Liquidity Support
Electricity September 2019
45
Total short-term liabilities of INR 1,19,626 crores were envisaged to be restructured under this scheme.
Of which, INR 59,813 crores (50%) were meant to be taken over by state governments and converted into bonds over a period of 2-5 years.
A transitional finance mechanism by the Central Government was also provided to support the restructuring effort through:
• Provision for liquidity support by the way of a grant, if ACS-ARR gap is reduced by 25% in the year as benchmarked against the
figures for the year 2010-11. This support was available for three years.
• Incentive by the way of capital reimbursement support of 25% of the principal repayment by the state government on the taken
over liability under the scheme.
• Few mandatory conditions set out as a part of the scheme included, timely tariff setting & revenue realisation for FY2012-13,
prepaid metering for all large and government consumers before 31st March 2013, timely audit of past accounts and monitoring
under the 3-level operating framework (state and central level followed by third party verification) laid down by the scheme.
However, the inability of state governments to implement timely tariff hikes resulted in growth of ACS outpacing that of ARR. As a result,
losses again started mounting and Discoms resorted to borrowing to fulfil their operating costs. Thus, the objective of gap elimination was not
achieved even though it brought in some sense of financial discipline to the state governments
46. PwC
Efficacy of power restructuring packages in Power Distribution Companies: Liquidity Support
September 2019
46
Similarly, the central government in November 2015 brought in another scheme under the name- “Ujjwal Discom ssurance Yojana” (UD
Y). The scheme aimed at financial turnaround, operational improvement, reduction of cost of generation, development of renewable
energy, energy efficiency & conservation. This scheme saw initial success due to large scale participation, as 27 states and 5 Union
Territories (UTs) became part of this scheme.
The total net discom liabilities which was proposed to be restructured under this scheme stood at INR 2,73,318 crores as on
30th September 2015.
Under this scheme, the participating states were supposed to takeover 75% of the debt of their respective Discoms in a time bound
manner. Of the total debt, 50% were to be taken over in 2015-16 and balance 25% in 2016-17. These states would then raise money
through issuance of UDAY bonds to banks and other financial institutions.
The balance 25% debt was supposed to be dealt with in either of the two ways:
1) Restructuring the loans by lowering the rate of interests or
2) Funded from money raised through issuance of Discom bonds.
Such debt-transfer would improve the liquidity scenario for the Discoms and hence their credit rating and ability to raise funds.
Also, learning from the past, the government also put in place, regular reporting systems and monitoring of four financial parameters
and ten operational efficiency parameters envisaged in UDAY MoUs for time-bound improvement. State and UT governments were
required to reduce operational losses to 15 per cent and bring down the ACS-ARR gap to nil by 2018-19.
The Nigerian Power Sector
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September 2019
47. PwC
Efficacy of power restructuring packages in Power Distribution Companies: Liquidity Support
September 2019
47
The Nigerian Power Sector
47
September 2019
48. PwC
Efficacy of the Implemented Schemes
September 2019
48
In the past, FRPs had improved the liquidity of Discoms by providing a moratorium on debt repayments so that operational losses
could be reduced during the moratorium period. This could not deliver desired results, however, as there were no deterrents to non-
compliance with operational loss-reduction targets.
Initially the UDAY scheme, saw a dip in the operational losses and lowering of the ACS-ARR gap. However, as on September 2019,
even after the deadline has passed, only seven states have registered operational losses below 15 per cent and rest states have failed
to achieve even this. Similarly, only handful states have fared well on reducing ACS-ARR gap and few states have instead seen the
widening of this gap. The overall loss levels are currently at 20.44% with the ACS-ARR gap persisting at INR 0.25/unit for the
participant states. Around 86% of the bonds have been issued and subscribed by multiple banks and FIs. Timely tariff revisions were
being followed in most of the states, but the milestones are still far from being achieved. Thus, the scheme has only been able to
achieve limited success.
The Nigerian Power Sector
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September 2019
49. PwC
Efficacy of power restructuring packages in Power Distribution Companies: Liquidity Support
September 2019
49
The current financial status of the Discoms may be gazed through the following insights:
A recent study shows that there has been a significant increase in the committed subsidies by various state governments. However, the
subsidy payments in actual are quite delayed. In the absence of timely payment from the state governments, the working capital
requirement of the Discom increases adding to the cost of supply ultimately. This puts additional stress on the already ailing Discoms and
hence provides for inherent inefficiency. If this continues, accumulation of such unpaid subsidies may soon lead to NPAs in the
Distribution Sector as well requiring a bail-out plan.
Also, the total outstanding of the discoms to generation companies as of July this year stood at INR 73,425 crore, including an overdue
amount of Rs 55,276 crore. To overcome the hurdle, the government has mandated to open letters of credit for getting supply from
generation companies, excluding state government power plants from August 1, 2019. This aims at reducing stress related to payments
for power generation companies.
Discoms have not been able to borrow from banks to pay generators since July 2018, because their working capital loan limits were
reached. Government of India is now, in the process of rolling out a new tariff policy and UDAY 2.0 to address the hindrances .
The Nigerian Power Sector
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September 2019
50. PwC
Contacts/Authors
September 2019
50
Andrew S. Nevin
Partner/Chief Economist
andrew.x.nevin@pwc.com
Pedro Omontuehmen
Partner
pedro.omontuehmen@pwc.com
Habeeb Jaiyeola
Associate Director
habeeb.jaiyeola@pwc.com
Omomia Omosomi
Manager/Economist
omomia.omosomi@pwc.com
Caleb Oguche
Senior Associate
caleb.oguche@pwc.com
Michael Ogunremi
Junior Economist
michael.ogunremi@pwc.com
Kelvin Umweni
Industry Analyst
kelvin.umweni@pwc.com
The Nigerian Power Sector
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September 2019
51. PwC
References
September 2019
51
1. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) quarterly GDP report (2019q2)
2. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) annual statistical bulletin (2018)
3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) world economic outlook (April, 2019)
4. World Bank’s electricity report: country-specific report, Nigeria (2017)
5. Nigeria Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) quarterly report
6. NERC’s Multi-Year Tariff Order (several years)
7. Association of Nigeria Electricity Distribution Companies (ANED) annual report (2018)
8. Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) monthly performance indicators
9. Electricity Distribution Companies in Nigeria (DISCOs) Annual financial reports
10. International Energy Agency’s data and statistics
11. Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) annual report (2018)
13. International Labour Organization (ILO) data and statistics
14. GIZ (2015) “Promoting Clean Energy Investment in Nigeria”
15. United Nations Data and Statistics
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September 2019