This presentation provides an overview of solid waste management. It defines different types of waste including solid, liquid, gaseous, and hazardous waste. Solid waste is further categorized based on its origin, contents, and hazard potential. The main types of solid waste discussed are household waste, industrial waste, biomedical waste, and hazardous waste. Household waste in Varanasi contains mostly organic material. Hazardous waste comes from industries like pesticides and dyes. Methods for managing solid waste include sanitary landfills, incineration, recycling, composting, and pyrolysis. Poor waste management can negatively impact the environment, public health, and soil/groundwater quality.

1. Presentation on Solid-Waste
Management
Mid-Term Assignment, Semester II
2021-2022
Paper: GID 203 Remote Sensing and GIS
Applications
Presented by-
Sroyona De
Roll No. 21925SC036
PGD RS & GIS
Banaras Hindu University

2. WASTE
 Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is
discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use.
 Types of waste:
Solid waste
Liquid waste
Gaseous waste
Animal Products
Biodegradable waste

3. Solid Waste
 Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials
generated from human activities in residential, industrial
or commercial areas. It may be categorised in three way-
According to its:
• origin (domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or
institutional)
• contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc)
• hazard potential (toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive,
infectious etc).

4. Types of solid waste-
• Industrial Waste/
Hazardous Waste
• Biomedical Waste or infectious
waste
• House-hold waste

5. Household Waste
 With rising urbanization and change
in life style and food habits, the
amount of municipal solid waste has
been rapidly changing.
 Compositional analysis of waste
indicates organic fraction (46.13%) as
a major component along with a
considerable amount of heavy metals.
42.19
4.04
0.6
0.47
0.51
47.93
Household waste components
in Varanasi
Compostable Paper Rubber Glass Metal Inert

6. Hazardous Waste
 Hazardous waste
could be highly
toxic to humans,
animals and plants.
 In the industrial
sector major
hazardous waste
generators are
pesticide, dye and
rubber goods
industry.
2,485,317
999,566
964,811
679,860
620,952
587,554
409,761
362,114
317,091
311,042
232,199
200,606
172,438
131,412
122,167
52,391
34,907
28,569
27,725
21,818
7,6304,6312,6832,1251,7221,212 276 60 29 20
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
Hazardous waste generated in 2020

7. Biomedical Waste
 It is produced during
the diagnosis,
treatment or
immunisation of
human beings or
animals, or in research
activities pertaining
thereto, or in the
production or testing
of biologicals.

8. Effects of poor waste management
 Littered Surroundings
Due to improper waste disposal systems, particularly by municipal waste management teams, wastes
heap up and become a menace.
 Impact on Human Health
Improper waste disposal can affect the health of the population living nearby the polluted area or
landfills..
 Disease-causing Pests
This type of dumping of waste materials forces biodegradable materials to rot and decompose under
improper, unhygienic and uncontrolled conditions.
 Environmental Problems
Solid wastes from industries are a source of toxic metals, hazardous wastes, and chemicals.
 Soil and Groundwater Pollution
Toxic materials and chemicals may seep into the soil and pollute the groundwater.
 Emission of Toxic Gases
When hazardous wastes like pesticides, batteries containing lead, mercury or zinc, cleaning solvents,
radioactive materials, e-waste and plastics mixed up with paper and other non-toxic scraps are burned
they produce dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other gases.

9. Methods of Management
 Sanitary Landfill
Garbage is basically spread out in thin layers, compressed and covered
with soil or plastic foam.
Modern landfills are designed in such a way that the bottom of the
landfill is covered with an impervious liner, which is usually made of
several layers of thick plastic and sand. This liner protects
the groundwater from being contaminated because of leaching or
percolation.
 Incineration
This method involves the burning of solid wastes at high temperatures
until the wastes are turned into ashes.
The good thing about this method is the fact that it reduces the volume
of waste up to 20 or 30% of the original volume.

10.  Recovery and Recycling
Recycling or recovery of resources is the process of taking useful
but discarded items for the next use. Plastic bags, tins, glass and
containers are often recycled automatically since, in many
situations, they are likely to be scarce commodities.
 Composting
Due to a lack of adequate space for landfills, biodegradable yard
waste is allowed to decompose in a medium designed for the
purpose. Only biodegradable waste materials are used in
composting.
 Pyrolysis
This is a method of solid waste management whereby solid wastes
are chemically decomposed by heat without the presence of oxygen.
It usually occurs under pressure and at temperatures of up to 430
degrees Celsius.

11. Conclusion
 It is clear that improper waste management practices
have a significant impact on the natural environment
and sustainable development in the study area. Thus,
awareness about SWM impact on sound environmental
development or/and sustainable development in
seemingly low. Therefore, it is important that the SWM
should be developed from the primary level. Waste
storage and primary disposal are the dominant means of
managing waste.

12. References
 https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-effects-methods-of-solid-waste-
management.php
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339398877_An_insight_to_municipal_solid_
waste_management_of_Varanasi_city_India_and_appraisal_of_vermicomposting_as_it
s_efficient_management_approach
 https://www.academia.edu/37374523/Solid_Waste_Management_pptx
 https://byjus.com/biology/solid-waste-management/

13. THANK YOU