The document discusses solid waste management in Pakistan. It defines solid waste and provides various classifications. It then describes the sources and methods of collection, removal, and disposal of solid waste. Key issues discussed include the large and growing amounts of solid waste in Pakistan, particularly in cities. Proper management is challenging due to factors like inadequate collection, disposal in open dumps, and lack of public awareness. Integrated approaches and increased recycling are presented as potential solutions.

1. Solid Waste Management
Jaffar Mahmood
Saad Jabbar
Syed Aun Haider

2. Waste- Definition & Classification
Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or processor.
Classification
Domestic waste
Factory waste
Waste from oil factory
E-waste
Construction waste
Agricultural waste
Food processing waste
Bio-medical waste
Nuclear waste

3. Solid Waste

4. Classification of Wastes
Solid waste- vegetable waste, kitchen waste, household waste etc.
E-waste- discarded electronic devices like computer, TV, music systems etc.
Liquid waste- water used for different industries e.g. tanneries, distilleries, thermal
power plants
Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc.
Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps etc.
Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear power plants

5. SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE
The solid waste (i.e. garbage)
includes the dry refuse like street
sweepings, ash, mud, decayed
vegetables and fruits, grass, leaves,
paper pieces, cloth pieces, etc. The
following are the sources of such
solid waste:

6. (a) Market
(b) Road Side Dustbins
(c) Residential Area
(d) Street Sweepings
(e) Cinema and Theatre Halls
(f) Schools and Colleges
(g) Hospitals

7. COLLECTION AND REMOVAL OF
SOLID WASTE
The following vehicles are employed for the
removal of solid waste.
1. Rickshaw-vans
1. Wheeled Baskets
2. Trailors
3. Trucks

8. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
The following are the general methods of disposal:
(a) By trenching: In this method, trenches are excavated in barren
lands far away from the town The garbage is dumped into the trench and
leveled properly.
(b) By land filling: In this method, the garbage is dumped in low-
lying area phase by phase.
(c) By incineration: The process of burning the garbage into ash is
known as incineration

9. (d) By pulverization: The method of grinding the garbage into
powder is known as pulverization
(e) By composting: In this method, the garbage is converted to
manure in a mechanical compost plant. This is a hygienic method of garbage
disposal. Here, the worthless materials may be obtained as useful materials
like fertilizer
(f) By disposal to sea: In coastal towns, the disposal of garbage
into the sea But the garbage should be discharged into the deep sea by
studying the current and wave action of the sea so that it may not return to
the shore again.

10. Solid Waste in Pakistan
7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste
One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year
Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes
In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million
tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year, which is
mostly dumped on open low lying land areas.

11. Failure of SWM in Pakistan
The consequences of failure of this solid waste
management system are disastrous for the health of
the community and the smooth running of life in that
region. Some common problems as seen because of
this failure includes, land and air pollution, blockage
of drains and water pollution in natural streams.

12. Factors affecting solid waste
management
The success or failure of this management system is dependent on
many factors and many areas are there to be considered like
public awareness because you can’t hold of the garbage thrown
every second on the local street by the so-called educated
humans, similarly due to increase of population there is an
unplanned city growth that causes troubles and difficulties for the
authorities to handle such a large amount of garbage. Mostly in
cities and municipalities in Pakistan there are although no proper
system of disposal management or even if it is there the
maintenance and proper functioning are not up to the mark. The
other very important factor to be considered is the rate of
urbanization with the advancements and development in
countries the communities are shifting from rural areas and urban
areas and thus more utilization of advance products and thus
more garbage is there.

13. Solid Waste Collection system
in Pakistan and its effects
In Pakistan the absence of a proper solid waste disposal system
and huge amount of uncollected wastes posses great threat to the
public health as they are the source of mosquitoes and cholera
which transmit malaria and cholera later on. One of a very
hazardous and un-noticed drawback of the waste disposal in
Pakistan is that hospital and industrial waste is treated as
ordinary waste.
The condition of waste management system from the collection of
waste to its proper disposal is, to put it mildly, pathetic in
Pakistan. Only 50% of solid waste quantities generated are
collected by government services. However, for cities to be clean,
at least 70% of these quantities should be collected.

14. Increase in the solid waste is due to increase in urban population,
industrialization, changing consumption pattern and also effluent
life style. Due to these trends many cities are unable to cope with
increase volume of solid waste, especially in middle and low
income countries. During the late period of 1900’s annual waste
production ranged from 300-800 kg per person in many
developed countries to less than 200 per kg per person in less
developed countries.
In Pakistan solid waste management is a significant problem
being faced. Despite of the fact that there are many polices being
formulated for the protection of the environment from solid waste
but these policies are only implemented in cities. In rural areas of
Pakistan mostly open dumping is done.

15. A number of municipalities have deployed sweepers for waste
collection but the service is reported to be irregular and limited to
prominent administrative or commercial areas. Citizens are not
provided with enough rubbish bins. In fact, those bins can only be
found along the main roads. Those who live further away prefer
not to take the trouble: the majority of home waste ends up being
thrown away on empty plots.
Solid Waste Management consists of various stages including
primary collection that is done from house hold to dust bin sites
manually. Secondary collection is done from dust bin sites to land
fill sites mechanically and final disposal is at landfill sites.

16. Integrated Solid Waste management (ISWM) is a combination of those activities
that best protects the community itself and environment. For ISWM a sustainable
approach is required by giving the stake holders to participate in the process of
ISWM and share their responsibilities.
Some of the significant features of solid waste management shows that the
composition of solid waste in Pakistan that comes from different sources have a
high percentage of organic waste, that can be recovered via composting and
recycling. In most cities of Pakistan poor collection and transportation of
municipal solid waste is reported.
The estimated quantity of solid waste generation in Pakistan ranges between 0.283
to 0.612 kg / capital / day and waste generation growth rate is 2.4 percentages per
year. Due to poor solid waste management there are large number of
communicable diseases and unhygienic environment being created.
Much of the uncollected waste ultimately finds its way into empty plots, farming
land, pits and ponds. It creates an ideal environment for flies and mosquitoes to
dwell on and is not only harmful for the people living in that area, but also for
plants and animals.

17. Growth of Solid Waste In
Pakistan
Waste is growing by leaps & bounds
In Pakistan , population is increasing day by day from 16 caror to
18 caror.
During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown from
3200 tonnes to 5355 tonne, an increase of 67%
Waste collection is very low for all Pakistan cities
Cities like Karachi, Lahore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per
annum, the ever increasing waste has put pressure on hygienic
condition of the cities

18. Waste Collection in Pakistan
Primarily by the city municipality
-No gradation of waste product e.g. bio-degradable,
glasses, poly bags, paper shreds etc
-Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts
Local Talukas / Distt: (Rag pickers)
-Collecting small iron pieces by magnets
-Collecting glass bottles
-Collecting paper for recycling

19. Hazardous / Toxic Waste & Dumping Site
Industrialized countries have waste management problems
Developed countries have strict environment regulation norms
Most attractive option for them- to dump into developing
countries

20. Major Polluting Industries in Pakistan
Around 2500 tanneries discharge 24 million cu m of waste water
containing high level of dissolved solids and 4,00,000 tonnes of
hazardous solid waste
Thermal power plants discharge huge waste materials

21. Collection & Recycling of Waste Materials

22. Managing Waste
Recycling: Processing of a waste item into usable forms.
Benefits of recycling:
-Reduce environmental degradation
-Making money out of waste
-Save energy that would have gone into waste handling & product manufacture
Saving through recycling:
-When Al is resmelted- considerable saving in cost
-Making paper from waste saves 50% energy
-Every tonne of recycled glass saves energy equivalent to 100 liters of oil

23. Recycling not a solution to all problems!
Recycling is not a solution to managing every kind of waste
material
For many items recycling technologies are unavailable or unsafe
In some cases, cost of recycling is too high.

24. Solution: More Profit With Zero Waste
Exchanging output that are considered waste
Waste of one could be input or raw material for others
Evolving a closed system- matter & energy circulate within
System was not designed to be so
The system of exchange evolved in 10 years

25. Problems in Dealing With Solid
Waste
Education & voluntary compliance
Collection of waste
Technological interventions
Institutions & regulatory framework
Absence of mandatory standards for waste reduction
Market action for waste reduction

27. GOOD LUCK