The document discusses the composition and characteristics of soil, including its formation from broken rocks and organic matter. It highlights the impact of soil deposition and erosion on river courses and flooding. Additionally, it poses questions related to weathering, topsoil features, and human contributions to soil erosion.

2. What are these the types of?
List three
things that
they are used
for

3. • The upper layer of the Earth has soil
• It is made up of small particles of broken down
rocks, remains of dead plants, and animals,
water and air.
• Colour- depends on the minerals and the plant
and animal matter present
• Texture- depends on the quality of sand, slit,
clay present

8. Humus: Dark material in soil
formed from decaying plant
and animal matter
Barren: not supporting any
vegetation

10. • On reaching the plains, the flow of the
rivers slows down and part of the soil
is deposited on the way.
• As the deposit of soil increases over
years, it can cause the rivers to
change their course.
• This results in floods, causing loss of
life and property

13. Recap
1. List some factors that cause weathering
2. What is topsoil? List two features of topsoil
3. How does soil erosion by water cause floods?
4. How do human activities cause soil erosion?