For informative discussions on software testing please see. http://forum.360logica.com/
Please see description below
Software Testing and Quality Assurance Services
360logica is an independent software and application testing services company which provides wide range of testing solutions to our partners based on domain, technology and business solutions including software product testing, quality assurance of software, automation in testing, finance testing, mobile software and applications testing. 360logica offers full range of software testing which include Software Product Testing, Test Automation, Performance Test Engineering, Finance Application Testing, Healthcare App Testing and SaaS Product Testing. We work closely with our partners to tailor a program of support which meets their needs and ensures our systems achieve the quality levels demanded by our partners, especially in financial testing.
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
Different Software Testing Levels for Detecting ErrorsWaqas Tariq
Software testing is the process to uncover requirement, design and coding errors in the program. But software testing is not a “miracle” that can guaranteed the production of high quality software system, so to enhance the quality of a software and to do a testing in more unified way, the testing process could be abstracted to different levels and each level of testing aims to test different aspects of the system. In my paper, I have described different level of testing and these different levels attempted to detect different types of defects. The goal here is to test the system against requirement, and to test requirement themselves.
Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object-Oriented Software, Test Strategies for WebApps, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging, Software Testing Fundamentals, White-Box Testing, Basis Path Testing,
Control Structure Testing
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
Different Software Testing Levels for Detecting ErrorsWaqas Tariq
Software testing is the process to uncover requirement, design and coding errors in the program. But software testing is not a “miracle” that can guaranteed the production of high quality software system, so to enhance the quality of a software and to do a testing in more unified way, the testing process could be abstracted to different levels and each level of testing aims to test different aspects of the system. In my paper, I have described different level of testing and these different levels attempted to detect different types of defects. The goal here is to test the system against requirement, and to test requirement themselves.
Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object-Oriented Software, Test Strategies for WebApps, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging, Software Testing Fundamentals, White-Box Testing, Basis Path Testing,
Control Structure Testing
MindScripts Technologies is the authorized Softwrae Testing Training institutes in Pune, providing a complete softwrae testing certification course with ISTQB certification. It provides a IBM Certified courses.
Software Testing Training : Tonex TrainingBryan Len
Software testing preparing shows you the propelled software testing and standards for the present thorough testing request and gives you the ground-breaking instrument and strategy to lessen software absconds, enhance the quality and upgrade your business achievement.
Audience :
IT professionals, Software testers, Test analysts,Project managers, quality managers, software development managers, business analysts or IT directors, Software developers , Executives and managers of software testing area and more.
Training objectives:
Understand Fundamentals of software testing
Necessary mathematical knowledge of software testing
Explain different phases of software life cycle
Understand static software testing techniques
Develop software test design techniques
Manage the software testing procedures
Recognize different types of software testing and apply the appropriate method for different software testing challenges
Apply testing tools for mobile systems
Carry out the functional and usability testing to software
Test the software through web, computer or mobile systems
Training outlines:
Introduction to Software Testing
Graph Theory Basics for Software Testers
Software Development Life Cycle
Distributions and Data Analysis
Software Testing Strategy
Static Software Testing
Usability Testing
Data Flow Testing
Data Flow Testing
Functional Testing
Software Testing Design Techniques
Software Testing Management
Hands On, Workshops, and Group Activities
Sample Workshops and Labs for Software Testing Training
The software testing course by TONEX is intuitive course with a considerable measure of class talks and activities planning to give you a valuable asset to software testing. This preparation primarily centers around lessening the holes between the software creation and what true needs. Along these lines, software testing must be put into the early period of the starting figuring with the goal that it can help experts for their software improvement vocations.
Request for more information. Visit Tonex training website links below
Software Testing Training
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/software-testing-training/
COURSE IS NOW FULLY AVAILABLE AND LIVE HERE: https://goo.gl/gVukvc
What you will learn in this second section
Software Testing Methodologies. Waterfall, V-Model and Iterative
What is unity or component system testing
What is integration, system and acceptance means
Differences between functional and non-functional testing
What is a structural testing
Change-related testing
Maintenance testing
Access my blog for much more material and the mock exams.
www.rogeriodasilva.com
Black-Box Testing, Model-Based Testing, Testing for Specialized Environments, Architecture, Object-Oriented Testing Strategies, Object-Oriented Testing Methods, Test Cases and the Class Hierarchy, Testing Concepts for WebApps, Testing Process – An Overview, User Interface Testing, Test Plan, Positive Testing Negative Testing
MindScripts Technologies is the authorized Softwrae Testing Training institutes in Pune, providing a complete softwrae testing certification course with ISTQB certification. It provides a IBM Certified courses.
Software Testing Training : Tonex TrainingBryan Len
Software testing preparing shows you the propelled software testing and standards for the present thorough testing request and gives you the ground-breaking instrument and strategy to lessen software absconds, enhance the quality and upgrade your business achievement.
Audience :
IT professionals, Software testers, Test analysts,Project managers, quality managers, software development managers, business analysts or IT directors, Software developers , Executives and managers of software testing area and more.
Training objectives:
Understand Fundamentals of software testing
Necessary mathematical knowledge of software testing
Explain different phases of software life cycle
Understand static software testing techniques
Develop software test design techniques
Manage the software testing procedures
Recognize different types of software testing and apply the appropriate method for different software testing challenges
Apply testing tools for mobile systems
Carry out the functional and usability testing to software
Test the software through web, computer or mobile systems
Training outlines:
Introduction to Software Testing
Graph Theory Basics for Software Testers
Software Development Life Cycle
Distributions and Data Analysis
Software Testing Strategy
Static Software Testing
Usability Testing
Data Flow Testing
Data Flow Testing
Functional Testing
Software Testing Design Techniques
Software Testing Management
Hands On, Workshops, and Group Activities
Sample Workshops and Labs for Software Testing Training
The software testing course by TONEX is intuitive course with a considerable measure of class talks and activities planning to give you a valuable asset to software testing. This preparation primarily centers around lessening the holes between the software creation and what true needs. Along these lines, software testing must be put into the early period of the starting figuring with the goal that it can help experts for their software improvement vocations.
Request for more information. Visit Tonex training website links below
Software Testing Training
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/software-testing-training/
COURSE IS NOW FULLY AVAILABLE AND LIVE HERE: https://goo.gl/gVukvc
What you will learn in this second section
Software Testing Methodologies. Waterfall, V-Model and Iterative
What is unity or component system testing
What is integration, system and acceptance means
Differences between functional and non-functional testing
What is a structural testing
Change-related testing
Maintenance testing
Access my blog for much more material and the mock exams.
www.rogeriodasilva.com
Black-Box Testing, Model-Based Testing, Testing for Specialized Environments, Architecture, Object-Oriented Testing Strategies, Object-Oriented Testing Methods, Test Cases and the Class Hierarchy, Testing Concepts for WebApps, Testing Process – An Overview, User Interface Testing, Test Plan, Positive Testing Negative Testing
Presented on Oct 28, 2014 at the Greater Atlanta Chapter IIBA.
People seek to make connections of items to make sense of them in a larger context. As children (or adults), we connect the dots to form a picture of something recognizable. As a business analyst, we connect requirements and other analysis outputs to get the bigger picture of an initiative and to check the completeness of our work.
We will explore how IIBA® has defined requirement traceability, how traceability works, and the benefits of the practice to the current project and future analysis.
Software engineering task bridging the gap between system requirements engineering and software design.
Provides software designer with a model of:
system information
function
behavior
Model can be translated to data, architectural, and component-level designs.
Expect to do a little bit of design during analysis and a little bit of analysis during design.
This ppt is done by my dear classmate Sap, almost each ppt I have uploaded is copied from net and other sources.I hope this will b a little useful for students..
For informative discussions on software testing please see. http://forum.360logica.com/
Please see description below
360logica is an independent software and application testing services company which provides wide range of testing solutions to our partners based on domain, technology and business solutions including software product testing, quality assurance of software, automation in testing, finance testing, mobile software and applications testing. 360logica offers full range of software testing which include Software Product Testing, Test Automation, Performance Test Engineering, Finance Application Testing, Healthcare App Testing and SaaS Product Testing. We work closely with our partners to tailor a program of support which meets their needs and ensures our systems achieve the quality levels demanded by our partners, especially in financial testing
Software testing is the primary process that to learn by all the beginners who are aspiring about testing. It is a process that we want to find the errors during the time of program or application executes. It is also said to be the validating and verifying the software implementation and program. The testing is mainly following during the time of validating product quality. The best software testing course is providing by the instructors under different categories for the learners to learn more about the details on testing. Here some of the sessions are to be following such as technology without coding, tester foundation level training for the beginners, etc.
QA (Quality Assurance) is very critical at Atlogys. Our apps go through rigorous rounds of QA, Regression, Integration testing. We follow a deep rooted and detailed process for efficient QA testing so we may have less iterations and give error free releases. This is a presentation by our QA lead - Yamini Dobhal on the fundamentals and best practices of QA testing.
Our client wanted a dedicated team with 12*7 support to keep them up-to-date with an hourly status of the articles published on their blog by various staff members and independent contributors associated with different channels and finance websites to ensure everything is functioning smoothly. We successfully fulfilled all their requirements and by providing every minute update when required we helped the client to be attentive for any hidden errors.
By implementing scripts in such a way that each script first sets up pre-requisite data and completes execution, we were able to lessen the time for script execution. Jenkins CI tool was set up so that all the scripts are executed automatically and execution result was shared via email after script execution.
By using the tools like Selenium webdriver using testing data driven framework was very robust for functional automation of web interface. This helped to perform regression testing in very short span of time. All the requirements of the client was fulfilled, trust and relationship between the client and us was strengthened.
Required to work on Budgeting and Forecasting project where there is a short release cycle of 2-3 months we created multiple review cycles that assured that there was no requirement miss for testing. This further helped in reducing production issues, which needed patch releases, saving both time and cost for the client.
Using Network balancer, we were able to limit the available network bandwidth according to our requirements and thus allowing us to test the application performance in a more realistic network situation. The stake holders were able to analyze the application stability under more real time situations.
With a successful performance of Regression Testing, product delivered to the client was of extreme quality and designed as per the requirement. Using tools like SoapUI helped in functional testing and understanding of APIs. 360logica endeavors to provide the best possible and highest quality of QA consulting and independent software testing services at cost-effective price.
Working with the client, 360Logica Testing Services was able to give the best possible solution for Functional testing with tools like JIRA & Zephyr for JIRA that proved very beneficial to the client in mapping of requirements to Test cases and defects. Involvement in Root Cause Analysis helped team in understanding the common issues on production environment and decreased the issues over a period of time. Multiple review cycles assured that there was no requirement miss for testing. This further helped in reducing production issues, which needed patch releases, saving both time and money for the client.
Working with the client, 360Logica Testing Services was able to perform successful Performance testing session before going live. In addition, also achieved better performance when load and stress increased. Overall this was a time and cost saving activity for the client, performed by an offshore team. 360logica endeavors to provide the best possible and highest quality of QA consulting and independent software testing services at cost-effective price.
At some stage or other, a business enterprise feels the need to implement QA processes to standardize their operations, product delivery, and empower business solutions. Maintaining a full-fledged QA standard process is vital for a product-based environment. If a given QA standard is followed in a proper way, it leads to well-defined, user-oriented, and quality products.
Growing market competition in the SaaS e-commerce solution provider segment made our client to develop an unfailing suite ready for market integration within a lim-ited time frame and with a low budget. The client was looking for an independent software testing company with adequate experience and expertise in SaaS product testing and offering reliable QA services at affordable prices. The search for a testing service provider was based on three parameters, extensive experience in SaaS testing and Selenium PHP framework develop-ment, low-cost performance and functional testing ser-vices, and independent software testing and QA services from the view point of unforgiving customers. The client wanted to create a robust Selenium automation testing framework for its future need to evaluate the applications by deployment of customized templates and without de-pendence on IT services.
For informative discussions on software testing please see. http://forum.360logica.com/
Please see description below
360logica is an independent software and application testing services company which provides wide range of testing solutions to our partners based on domain, technology and business solutions including software product testing, quality assurance of software, automation in testing, finance testing, mobile software and applications testing. 360logica offers full range of software testing which include Software Product Testing, Test Automation, Performance Test Engineering, Finance Application Testing, Healthcare App Testing and SaaS Product Testing. We work closely with our partners to tailor a program of support which meets their needs and ensures our systems achieve the quality levels demanded by our partners, especially in financial testing.
For informative discussions on software testing please see. http://forum.360logica.com/
Please see description below
A leader in Software Testing Services and Quality Assurance, 360logica Software Testing Company offers high end software testing program and test solutions to Independent Software Vendors (ISVs), Software product companies and SME's. 360logica is a company propelled by a team of bright, efficient & committed individuals, having acquired their professional acumen from India’s premier technological institutes. We are based in National Capital Region of India having sales offices in California and Florida. We have built strong practices and cover industry verticals like financial applications testing services, mobile software and applications testing, selenium automation testing, healthcare testing, functional automation, SCM, network security testing, E-commerce application testing, manufacturing and retail software testing.
For informative discussions on software testing please see. http://forum.360logica.com/
Please see description below
Some Reliable resources for Testing Starters
For informative discussions on software testing please see. http://forum.360logica.com/
Please see description below
360logica software testing company specializes in financial application testing, software as a service applications testing, functional test automation, security testing, performance engineering, manual test methodologies and test management and we make sure that the customers get the value of each dollar invested. We implement Risk Based Methodologies to create test scenarios and test scripts. We choose model and methodologies based on customer requirement and make sure they get more than expected in their approved budget.
More from 360logica Software Testing Services (A Saksoft Company) (16)
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
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In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
2. ULTIMATE GOAL FOR SOFTWARE
TESTING
Quality
Assurance
A L E A D I N G S O F T WA R E T E S T I N G -
360LOGICA
3. V & V GOALS
Verification and validation should establish confidence that the software is fit for
purpose
This does NOT mean completely free of defects
Rather, it must be good enough for its intended use and the type of use will
determine the degree of confidence that is needed
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
4. VERIFICATION VS. VALIDATION
• Verification: The software should
conform to its specification (Are we
building the product right?)
• Validation: The software should do
what the user really requires (Are we
building the right product?)
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
5. “CLASSICAL” LIFECYCLE MODEL
Requirements Phase
Specification Phase (Analysis)
Planning Phase
Design Phase
Implementation Phase
Integration and Testing
Maintenance
Retirement
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
6. COST TO FIX FAULTS
60* to 100*
1.5* to 6*
Cost 1*
Definition Development Post Release
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
7. THE V & V PROCESS
• Is a whole life-cycle process - V & V
must be applied at each stage in the
software process.
• Has two principal objectives
– The discovery of defects in a system
– The assessment of whether or not the
system is usable in an operational situation.
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
8. STATIC AND DYNAMIC VERIFICATION
• Software inspections and
walkthroughs - Concerned with
analysis of the static system
representation to discover problems
(static verification)
• Software testing - Concerned with
exercising and observing product
behaviour (dynamic verification)
– The system is executed with test data
and its operational behaviour is observed
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
9. STATIC AND DYNAMIC V&V
Static
verification
Requirements High-level Formal Detailed
specification Program
specification design design
Dynamic
Prototype
validation
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
10. V & V PLANNING
• Careful planning is required to get the most
out of testing and inspection processes
• Planning should start early in the
development process
• The plan should identify the balance
between static verification and testing
• Test planning is about defining standards
for the testing process rather than
describing product tests
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
11. THE V-MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT
Requir ements System System Detailed
specification specification design design
System Sub-system Module and
Acceptance
integration integration unit code
test plan
test plan test plan and tess
Acceptance System Sub-system
Service
test integration test integration test
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
12. THE STRUCTURE OF A SOFTWARE TEST
PLAN
The testing process
Requirements traceability
Tested items
Testing schedule
Test recording procedures
Hardware and software requirements
Constraints
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
13. WALKTHROUGHS
Informal examination of a product
(document)
Made up of:
developers
client
next phase developers
Software Quality Assurance group leader
Produces:
list of items not understood
list of items thought to be incorrect F T W A R E T E S T I N G - 3 6 0 L O G I C A
A LEADING SO
14. SOFTWARE INSPECTIONS
Involve people examining the source
representation with the aim of discovering
anomalies and defects
Do not require execution of a system so may
be used before implementation
May be applied to any representation of the
system (requirements, design, test data,
etc.)
Very effective technique for discovering errors
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
15. INSPECTION SUCCESS
Many different defects may be discovered in a single inspection. In testing, one
defect may mask another so several executions are required
The reuse domain and programming knowledge so reviewers are likely to have
seen the types of error that commonly arise
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
16. INSPECTIONS AND TESTING
Inspections and testing are complementary
and not opposing verification techniques
Both should be used during the V & V process
Inspections can check conformance with a
specification but not conformance with the
customer‟s real requirements
Inspections cannot check non-functional
characteristics such as performance,
usability, etc.
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
17. PROGRAM INSPECTIONS
Formalised approach to document reviews
Intended explicitly for defect DETECTION (not correction)
Defects may be logical errors, anomalies in the code that might indicate an
erroneous condition (e.g. an un-initialised variable) or non-compliance with
standards
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
18. INSPECTION PRE-CONDITIONS
A precise specification must be available
Team members must be familiar with the
organisation standards
Syntactically correct code must be available
An error checklist should be prepared
Management must accept that inspection
will
increase costs early in the software
process
Management must not use inspections for
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
staff
19. INSPECTION PROCEDURE
System overview presented to inspection team
Code and associated documents are
distributed to inspection team in advance
Inspection takes place and discovered errors
are noted
Modifications are made to repair discovered
errors
Re-inspection may or may not be required
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
20. INSPECTION TEAMS
Made up of at least 4 members
Author of the code being inspected
Inspector who finds errors, omissions and
inconsistencies
Reader who reads the code to the team
Moderator who chairs the meeting and notes
discovered errors
Other roles are Scribe and Chief moderator
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
21. INSPECTION CHECKLISTS
Checklist of common errors should be used to
drive the inspection
Error checklist is programming language
dependent
The 'weaker' the type checking, the larger the
checklist
Examples: Initialization, Constant naming, loop
termination, array bounds, etc.
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
22. INSPECTION RATE
500 statements/hour during overview
125 source statement/hour during individual
preparation
90-125 statements/hour can be inspected
Inspection is therefore an expensive process
Inspecting 500 lines costs about 40 man/hours
effort (@ $50/hr = $2000!!!)
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
23. PROGRAM TESTING
• Can reveal the presence of errors NOT their
absence
• A successful test is a test which discovers
one or more errors
• The only validation technique for non-
functional requirements
• Should be used in conjunction with static
verification to provide full V&V coverage
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
24. EXECUTION BASED TESTING
“Program testing can be a very effective way
to show the presents of bugs but is
hopelessly inadequate for showing their
absence” [Dijkstra]
Fault: “bug” incorrect piece of code
Failure: result of a fault
Error: mistake made by the
programmer/developer
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
25. TESTING AND DEBUGGING
• Defect testing and debugging are distinct
processes
• Verification and validation is concerned with
establishing the existence of defects in a
program
• Debugging is concerned with locating and
repairing these errors
• Debugging involves formulating a
hypothesis
about program behaviour then testing these
hypotheses to find the system error
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
26. THE DEBUGGING PROCESS
Test Test
results Specification
cases
Locate Design Repair Re-test
error error repair error program
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27. TESTING PHASES
Component Integration
testing testing
Software developer Independent testing team
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
28. TESTING PHASES
Component testing
Testing of individual program components
Usually the responsibility of the component
developer (except sometimes for critical
systems)
Tests are derived from the developer’s
experience
Integration testing
Testing of groups of components integrated to
create a system or sub-system
The responsibility of an independent testing
team
Tests are based onA aEsystemT W A R E T E S T I N G - 3 6 0 L O G I C A
L A D I N G S O F specification
29. TESTING PRIORITIES
• Only exhaustive testing can show a
program is free from defects. However,
exhaustive testing is impossible
• Tests should exercise a system's
capabilities rather than its components
• Testing old capabilities is more important
than testing new capabilities
• Testing typical situations is more
important than boundary value cases
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
30. TEST DATA AND TEST CASES
• Test data Inputs which have been
devised to test the system
• Test cases Inputs to test the system
and the predicted outputs from these
inputs if the system operates
according to its specification
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
31. DEVELOPMENT OF TEST CASES
Test cases and test scenarios comprise
much of a software systems testware.
Black box test cases are developed by
domain analysis and examination of the
system requirements and specification.
Glass box test cases are developed by
examining the behavior of the source
code.
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
32. THE DEFECT TESTING PROCESS
Test Test Test Test
cases data results reports
Design test Prepare test Run program Compare results
cases data with test data to test cases
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
33. METHODS OF TESTING
Test to specification:
Black box,
Data driven
Functional testing
Code is ignored: only use specification document to
develop test cases
Test to code:
Glass box/White box
Logic driven testing
Ignore specification and only examine the code.
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
34. CAN YOU GUARANTEE A PROGRAM IS
CORRECT?
This is called the Halting Problem
Write a program to test if any given program
is correct. The output is correct or
incorrect.
Test this program on itself.
If output is incorrect, then how do you know
the output is correct?
Conundrum, Dilemma, or Contradiction?
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
35. BLACK-BOX TESTING
An approach to testing where the program is considered as a „black-box‟
The program test cases are based on the system specification
Test planning can begin early in the software process
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
36. BLACK-BOX TESTING
I n p u t s c a u s i n g
a n o m a l o u s
Input test data I b e h a v i o u r
e
S y s t e m
O u t p u t s w h i c h r e v e a l
t h e p r e s e n c e o f
Output test results Oe d e f e c t s
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
37. PAIRING DOWN TEST CASES
Use methods that take advantage of
symmetries, data equivalencies, and
independencies to reduce the number of
necessary test cases.
Equivalence Testing
Boundary Value Analysis
Determine the ranges of working system
Develop equivalence classes of test cases
Examine the boundaries of these classes
carefully A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
38. EQUIVALENCE PARTITIONING
Input data and output results often fall into different classes where all members of
a class are related
Each of these classes is an equivalence partition where the program behaves in an
equivalent way for each class member
Test cases should be chosen from each partition
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
39. EQUIVALENCE PARTITIONING
Invalid inputs Valid inputs
System
Outputs
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
40. BOUNDARY VALUE TESTING
• Partition system inputs and outputs into
„equivalence sets‟
– If input is a 5-digit integer between 10,000 and
99,999, equivalence partitions are < 10,000,
10,000 - 99, 999 and > 10, 000
• Choose test cases at the boundary of these
sets
– 00000, 09999, 10000, 99999, 10001
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
41. EQUIVALENCE PARTITIONS
3 11
4 7 10
Less than 4 Between 4 and 10 More than 10
Number of input values
9999 100000
10000 50000 99999
Less than 10000 Between 10000 and 99999 More than 99999
Input values
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
42. SEARCH ROUTINE SPECIFICATION
procedure Search (Key : ELEM ; T: ELEM_ARRAY;
Found : in out BOOLEAN; L: in out ELEM_INDEX) ;
Pre-condition
-- the array has at least one element
T’FIRST <= T’LAST
Post-condition
-- the element is found and is referenced by L
( Found and T (L) = Key)
or
-- the element is not in the array
( not Found and
not (exists i, T’FIRSTI N>=O iF T<=R T’LAST,3 6 0 L (i)I C= Key ))
A LEAD G S WA E TESTING -
T OG A
43. SEARCH ROUTINE - INPUT PARTITIONS
• Inputs which conform to the pre-conditions
• Inputs where a pre-condition does not hold
• Inputs where the key element is a member of
the array
• Inputs where the key element is not a
member
of the array
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
44. TESTING GUIDELINES - SEQUENCES
Test software with sequences which have only a single value
Use sequences of different sizes in different tests
Derive tests so that the first, middle and last elements of the sequence are
accessed
Test with sequences of zero length
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
45. SEARCH ROUTINE - INPUT PARTITIONS
Array Element
Single value In sequence
Single value Not in sequence
More than 1 value First element in sequence
More than 1 value Last element in sequence
More than 1 value Middle element in sequence
More than 1 value Not in sequence
Input sequence (T) Key (Key) Output (Found, L)
17 17 true, 1
17 0 false, ??
17, 29, 21, 23 17 true, 1
41, 18, 9, 31, 30, 16, 45 45 true, 7
17, 18, 21, 23, 29, 41, 38 23 true, 4
21, 23, 29, 33, 38 25 false, ??
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
46. SORTING EXAMPLE
Example: sort (lst, n)
Sort a list of numbers
The list is between 2 and 1000 elements
Domains:
The list has some item type (of little concern)
n is an integer value (sub-range)
Equivalence classes;
n<2
n > 1000
2 <= n <= 1000
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
47. SORTING EXAMPLE
What do you test?
Not all cases of integers
Not all cases of positive integers
Not all cases between 1 and 1001
Highest payoff for detecting faults is to test around
the boundaries of equivalence classes.
Test n=1, n=2, n=1000, n=1001, and say n= 10
Five tests versus 1000.
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
48. WHITE-BOX TESTING
• Sometime called structural testing or glass-
box testing
• Derivation of test cases according to
program structure
• Knowledge of the program is used to
identify additional test cases
• Objective is to exercise all program
statements (not all path combinations)
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
49. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL TESTING
Statement coverage -
Test cases which will execute every statement at least once.
Tools exist for help
No guarantee that all branches are properly tested. Loop exit?
Branch coverage
All branches are tested once
Path coverage - Restriction of type of paths:
Linear code sequences
Definition/Use checking (all definition/use paths)
Can locate dead code
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
50. WHITE-BOX TESTING
Test data
Tests Derives
Component Test
code outputs
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
51. WHITE BOX TESTING - BINARY SEARCH
int EXAMPLE
search ( int key, int [] elemArray)
{
int bottom = 0;
int top = elemArray.length - 1;
int mid;
int result = -1;
while ( bottom <= top )
{
mid = (top + bottom) / 2;
if (elemArray [mid] == key)
{
result = mid;
return result;
} // if part
else
{
if (elemArray [mid] < key)
bottom = mid + 1;
else
top = mid - 1;
}
} //while loop
return result;
} // search
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
52. BINARY SEARCH EQUIVALENCE
PARTITIONS
• Pre-conditions satisfied, key element in
array
• Pre-conditions satisfied, key element not in
array
• Pre-conditions unsatisfied, key element in
array
• Pre-conditions unsatisfied, key element not
in array
• Input array has a single value
• Input array has an even number of values
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
• Input array has an odd number of values
53. BINARY SEARCH EQUIVALENCE
PARTITIONS
Equivalence class boundaries
Elements < Mid Elements > Mid
Mid-point
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
55. PATH TESTING
The objective of path testing is to ensure that
the set of test cases is such that each path
through the program is executed at least
once
The starting point for path testing is a program
flow graph that shows nodes representing
program decisions and arcs representing
the flow of control
Statements with conditions are therefore
nodes in the flow graph
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
56. PROGRAM FLOW GRAPHS
• Describes the program control flow. Each
branch is shown as a separate path and
loops are shown by arrows looping back to
the loop condition node
• Used as a basis for computing the
cyclomatic
complexity
• Cyclomatic complexity = Number of edges -
Number of nodes +2
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
57. CYCLOMATIC COMPLEXITY
• The number of tests to test all control
statements equals the cyclomatic
complexity
• Cyclomatic complexity equals number of
conditions in a program
• Useful if used with care. Does not imply
adequacy of testing
• Although all paths are executed, all
combinations of paths are not executed
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
58. BINARY SEARCH FLOW
1 GRAPH
while bottom <= top
bottom > top
2
3 if (elemArray [mid] == key
8 4
(if (elemArray [mid]< key
5 6
9
7
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
59. INDEPENDENT PATHS
• 1, 2, 3, 8, 9
• 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 2
• 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 2
• 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 2, 8, 9
• Test cases should be derived so that
all of these paths are executed
• A dynamic program analyser may be
used to check that paths have been
executed A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
60. FEASIBILITY
Pure black box testing (specification) is
realistically impossible because there are
(in general) too many test cases to
consider.
Pure testing to code requires a test of every
possible path in a flow chart. This is also
(in general) infeasible. Also every path
does not guarantee correctness.
Normally, a combination of Black box and
Glass box testing is done.
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
61. INTEGRATION TESTING
Tests complete systems or subsystems
composed of integrated components
Integration testing should be black-box testing
with tests derived from the specification
Main difficulty is localising errors
Incremental integration testing reduces this
problem
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
62. INCREMENTAL INTEGRATION TESTING
A T1
T1
A
T1 T2
A B
T2
T2 B T3
T3
B C
T3 T4
C
T4
D T5
Test sequence Test sequence Test sequence
1 2A L E A D I N G SOFTWARE
3
TESTING - 360LOGICA
63. APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION TESTING
Top-down testing
Start with high-level system and integrate from the
top-down replacing individual components by stubs
where appropriate
Bottom-up testing
Integrate individual components in levels until the
complete system is created
In practice, most integration involves a
combination of these strategies
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
64. TOP-DOWN TESTING
Testing
Level 1 Level 1 . ..
sequence
Level 2 Level 2 Le vel 2 Level 2
Le vel 2
stubs
Le vel 3
stubs
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
65. BOTTOM-UP TESTING
Test
drivers
Testing
Level N Level N Le vel N Level N Level N
sequence
Test
drivers
Level N–1 Level N–1 Level N–1
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
66. SOFTWARE TESTING METRICS
Defects rates
Errors rates
Number of errors
Number of errors found per person hours
expended
Measured by:
individual
module
during development
Errors should be categorized by origin, type,
cost A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA
67. MORE METRICS
Direct measures - cost, effort, LOC, etc.
Indirect Measures - functionality, quality,
complexity, reliability, maintainability
Size Oriented:
Lines of code - LOC
Effort - person months
errors/KLOC
defects/KLOC
cost/KLOC
A LEADING SOFTWARE TESTING - 360LOGICA