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Teen pregnancy rates vary regionally in the UK, with higher rates in more deprived areas. Lower socioeconomic class is also correlated with higher teen pregnancy rates. National data shows there are under 16 conceptions occurring each year in the UK, with regional variations and influences of socioeconomic factors.
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For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
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This document provides information about an advanced sociology exam that will take place on January 15, 2013. It is divided into three sections and students must choose one section to answer all the questions from. The exam will last 1 hour and students must write their answers in an AQA 8-page answer book. The exam is out of a total of 60 marks. Questions worth 24 marks require answers in continuous prose and will be assessed on use of English, organization of information, and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
The document also provides two sample exam items, one discussing the dark side of family relationships like domestic violence and child abuse, and problems with statistics on these issues. The other sample item discusses reliability of statistics on modern families
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This document provides memory hooks and tools to help students remember important concepts in sociology. It includes acronyms and phrases to summarize key ideas related to topics like family, education, crime and deviance, religion, research methods, and functionalist theory. Color-coded memory hooks are organized by theme to aid recall of sociological information.
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The document discusses reasons for overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics. It questions whether ethnic minorities truly commit more crimes or if statistics provide an inaccurate picture due to factors like institutional racism and stereotyping. Some reasons given for higher crime rates and convictions among ethnic groups include evidence of racism within police culture and practices, unfair targeting of minorities in stop-and-search policies, and socioeconomic challenges like poverty that are more common in minority communities. The case study of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager murdered in 1993, illustrates failures in the police investigation potentially due to racism and stereotyping.
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Some sociologists would agree that males are more likely to commit crimes than females due to differences in primary socialization and opportunities to commit crimes. However, others disagree because crime statistics may be inaccurate since males face higher rates of arrest and charges. Additionally, the chivalry thesis suggests that females receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system since it is male-dominated. In conclusion, there are many complex reasons for apparent gender differences in crime rates that are still debated among sociologists.
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1) Gender is defined by sociologists as the social and cultural differences between masculinity and femininity rather than the biological differences between sexes.
2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
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1) Social action theorists argue that people are not constrained by external forces and have control over their own attitudes and actions.
2) Society is a product of people interacting in social groups and applying meanings to social behaviors.
3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
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Huntington argued that there are 7 major civilizations - Western, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and Latin American/African - and that conflicts will emerge along the dividing lines of these civilizations, especially between the Western and Islamic worlds. However, critics argue that Huntington's theory oversimplifies conflicts and ignores other important factors like economic and political interests, as well as differences in views on issues like individualism, gender equality and sexuality between societies.
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This document discusses values and ethics in sociology research. It outlines the positivist view that sociology should be objective and value-free like the natural sciences. However, others argue this is unrealistic as researchers are inevitably influenced by their own values and motivations. The document also discusses whether truly neutral research is possible given factors like who funds the research and the personal interests of researchers. It concludes by considering perspectives like committed sociology that believe research should not remain neutral and should aim to change society in some way.
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This document outlines aims for answering short style questions: to answer as many questions as possible to identify weaknesses for last-minute revision, increase confidence, and prepare for an upcoming exam.
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Secondary data sources that sociologists use include life documents, photographs, diaries, letters, official publications, previous research, and media sources. However, each of these sources has disadvantages such as potential lack of accessibility over time, presenting biased positive perspectives, being selectively edited, and relying on flawed human memory. Sociologists must be aware of these limitations and potential biases when utilizing secondary data in their research.
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The document discusses key sociological concepts including culture, identity, norms and values, and socialization. It defines culture as things like concerts, buildings, food, language, and clothes, while defining society as things like schools, hospitals, police, towns, shops, industry, and government. It asks how personal identity comes from things like clothes, music, home, and job, while social identity comes from age, gender, status, ethnicity, and association. Finally, it defines norms as guidelines for behavior and values as beliefs about what is good and bad, and explains that primary socialization involves learning from close family, while secondary socialization expands learning to outside the family.
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Marriage is defined as the legal union between a man and woman. Reasons for cohabitation instead of marriage include changing social attitudes, availability of contraception, and greater independence of young people. Divorce has become more common and accessible over time due to changes in women's rights and economic independence. There are now many types of diverse families including those distinguished by culture, class, and life stage.
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The document discusses how globalization has led to the rise of transnational organized crime and new forms of criminal networks. It also examines green criminology and the identification of primary and secondary green crimes that cause environmental harm. Finally, it analyzes state crimes such as genocide, war crimes, and torture as well as how powerful states are able to commit human rights abuses through techniques like denial of responsibility.
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- 1. Secondary Quantitative Data on Teen Pregnancy Tables and data taken from www.poverty.org.uk
- 2. How many ‘conceptions’ occur per year under the age of 16?
- 3. Is there a regional variation on where these conceptions are?
- 4. Is class background a factor on teen conception?