The document discusses women empowerment in India through social, educational, and economic development. It defines women empowerment and discusses the need for empowering women in India, including giving them decision making power and access to education and employment. It outlines various government programs and schemes aimed at women empowerment, including Beti Bachao Beti Padhao for the survival, protection, and education of the girl child, One Stop Centers and women helplines to support women affected by violence, and various schemes for rehabilitation and recognition of women's achievements.
The girls have not vanished overnight. Decades of sex determination tests and female foeticide that has acquired genocide proportions are finally catching up with states in India.
This is only the tip of the demographic and social problems confronting India in the coming years. Skewed sex ratios have moved beyond the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. With news of increasing number of female foetuses being aborted from Orissa to Bangalore there is ample evidence to suggest that the next census will reveal a further fall in child sex ratios throughout the country.
The decline in child sex ratio in India is evident by comparing the census figures. In 1991, the figure was 947 girls to 1000 boys. Ten years later it had fallen to 927 girls for 1000 boys.
Since 1991, 80% of districts in India have recorded a declining sex ratio with the state of Punjab being the worst.
States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana have recorded a more than 50 point decline in the child sex ratio in this period.
Despite these horrific numbers, foetal sex determination and sex selective abortion by unethical medical professionals has today grown into a Rs. 1,000 crore industry (US$ 244 million). Social discrimination against women, already entrenched in Indian society, has been spurred on by technological developments that today allow mobile sex selection clinics to drive into almost any village or neighbourhood unchecked.
The PCPNDT Act 1994 (Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act) was modified in 2003 to target the medical profession - the âsupply sideâ of the practice of sex selection. However non implementation of the Act has been the biggest failing of the campaign against sex selection
According to the latest data available till May 2006, as many as 22 out of 35 states in India had not reported a single case of violation of the act since it came into force. Delhi reported the largest number of violations â 76 out of which 69 were cases of non registration of birth! Punjab had 67 cases and Gujarat 57 cases.
But the battle rages on.
It include history of women, principles of women empowerment, stages, six S, need of women empowerment, changes in women empowerment, acts in women empowerment, programmes for women, different projects, constraints of women empowerment, measurement of women empowerment, conclusion.
The term Women Empowerment refers to the increasing of the spiritual , social, political or economic strength of all women.
It is frequently seen that the empowered in their capacities develop confidence.
Empowerment of women is conceivably the sum of total of the points listed below or parallel capabilities:
Having the power of making decisions for self.
Having access to resources and information for proper decision making.
Need & importance of women empowerment
Definition
Women empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social or economic strength of women.
It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities.
Women empowerment refers to women invest with power, especially legal power or official authority.
Principles
Social Empowerment of Women
Research article on Violence Against Women
Women are the strength of a society. More the women are empowered more the nation develops. We should keep women front to lead the nation along with men. None should be discriminated. This slide consists of various schemes that empowers women.
The girls have not vanished overnight. Decades of sex determination tests and female foeticide that has acquired genocide proportions are finally catching up with states in India.
This is only the tip of the demographic and social problems confronting India in the coming years. Skewed sex ratios have moved beyond the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. With news of increasing number of female foetuses being aborted from Orissa to Bangalore there is ample evidence to suggest that the next census will reveal a further fall in child sex ratios throughout the country.
The decline in child sex ratio in India is evident by comparing the census figures. In 1991, the figure was 947 girls to 1000 boys. Ten years later it had fallen to 927 girls for 1000 boys.
Since 1991, 80% of districts in India have recorded a declining sex ratio with the state of Punjab being the worst.
States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana have recorded a more than 50 point decline in the child sex ratio in this period.
Despite these horrific numbers, foetal sex determination and sex selective abortion by unethical medical professionals has today grown into a Rs. 1,000 crore industry (US$ 244 million). Social discrimination against women, already entrenched in Indian society, has been spurred on by technological developments that today allow mobile sex selection clinics to drive into almost any village or neighbourhood unchecked.
The PCPNDT Act 1994 (Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act) was modified in 2003 to target the medical profession - the âsupply sideâ of the practice of sex selection. However non implementation of the Act has been the biggest failing of the campaign against sex selection
According to the latest data available till May 2006, as many as 22 out of 35 states in India had not reported a single case of violation of the act since it came into force. Delhi reported the largest number of violations â 76 out of which 69 were cases of non registration of birth! Punjab had 67 cases and Gujarat 57 cases.
But the battle rages on.
It include history of women, principles of women empowerment, stages, six S, need of women empowerment, changes in women empowerment, acts in women empowerment, programmes for women, different projects, constraints of women empowerment, measurement of women empowerment, conclusion.
The term Women Empowerment refers to the increasing of the spiritual , social, political or economic strength of all women.
It is frequently seen that the empowered in their capacities develop confidence.
Empowerment of women is conceivably the sum of total of the points listed below or parallel capabilities:
Having the power of making decisions for self.
Having access to resources and information for proper decision making.
Need & importance of women empowerment
Definition
Women empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social or economic strength of women.
It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities.
Women empowerment refers to women invest with power, especially legal power or official authority.
Principles
Social Empowerment of Women
Research article on Violence Against Women
Women are the strength of a society. More the women are empowered more the nation develops. We should keep women front to lead the nation along with men. None should be discriminated. This slide consists of various schemes that empowers women.
A STUDY OF GENDER EQUITY POLICY (2004) GUJARAT IJARIIE JOURNAL
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Gender equity is one of the millennium development goals (MDGs) by United Nation. The Government of Gujarat
has formulated the Nari gaurav Niti in the year 2002 is also known as gender equity policy . The main aim of the
policy is to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and provide the equal right to women, which is one
of the most important objectives covered in MDGs. The main role of the policy is to promote conceptual clarity and
awareness on gender issues. The policy has also included the technical inputs for gender planning; gender
budgeting, gender analysis and Audit of policies. In this paper I would like to study the theoretical background of
Gender equity and the reason behind the introduction of the policy. Secondly, i would like to study the philosophy,
goal, requirement of Gender Equity Policy 2004.
In this upload, you can refer all the topics related to the women empowerment.
Definition of women empowerment
various principles in women empowerment
Necessity of women empowerment
The process of women empowerment
NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN (2001)
Laws Related to Women
Necessity of women reservation:
A SIMPLE QUOTATION ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
detailed NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN (2001) is mentioned in the presentation
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
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This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
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As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
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Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.Â
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctorsâ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
 Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratoryÂ
 to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave â alongside...ILC- UK
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The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
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QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patientâs body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. âTo awaken the people, it is the women who must
be awakened. Once she is on the move, the
family moves, the village moves, the nation
movesâ - Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
-
3. INTRODUCTION
ď˘ Women empowerment means strengthening the
capacity of women in order to identify, understand
and control their lives. Women due to lack of control
have little to say in decisions, so they need to be
empowered to achieve control and to participate in
decision making related to their health matters.
Over the past decade, gender equality and
women's empowerment have been explicitly
recognized as key, not only to health of Nations, but
also to social and economic development.
4. WHAT IS EMPOWERMENT???
âEmpowerment is the process of increasing the
authority and responsibility of individual or groups
to make choices and to transform those choices
into desired actions and outcomes.â
-World Bank
5. WHAT IS WOMEN EMPOWERMENT???
According to Arrow (1995) women empowerment is
the process by which women strengthens their
capacity individually and collectively to identify,
understand and overcome gender discrimination,
thus taking control of their lives.
7. NEED OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
ď˘ Decision Making Power
ď˘ Freedom of Movement
ď˘ Access to Education
ď˘ Access to Employment
ď˘ Exposure to Media
ď˘ Domestic Violence
8. WAYS TO EMPOWERING THE WOMEN
Changes in
womenâs
mobility and
social interaction
Changes in
womenâs access
to and control
over resources
Changes in
womenâs
labour patterns
Changes in
womenâs control
over decision-
making
Gender
equility
10. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
ď˘ Social development of women means raising the
status of women in society.
ď˘ Social legislation has brought a change by
developing the women socially.
ď˘ Some aspect of social empowerment of women
ďź Education
ďź Health
ďź Nutrition
ďź Drinking Water and Sanitation
ďź Housing and Shelter
ďź Environment
11. ď˘ Some legislation are-
ďź In 1950, New constitutions of India accorded equal
rights to women. All women now enjoy political
equal rights with men
ďź The Factories Act, 1948, Mines Act, 1952 and
Plantation Labour Act
ďź Hindu marriage Act and Divorce Act 1955
ďź The equal remuneration Act, 1976
ďź Child marriage restraint amendment Act
12. EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
ď˘ Education is a basic human right of all. It is not only
a way of imparting knowledge but also an
instrument of empowering disadvantaged groups
and sections in a society.
ď˘ Women need to be educationally developed.
ď˘ The education of women will help to remove the
social stigma that surrounds it. It is the key to
eliminating social evils such as female infanticide,
dowry, child marriage, harassment, etc
ď˘ Lack of education has been an obstacle in the
development of women. So there is need to take all
special efforts to raise the literacy rate among
women and girl's education.
13. Factors affecting women's education
1. Social and Economic Factors-
ď˘ Socialization within the family
ď˘ Early Marriage
ď˘ Poverty
ď˘ Distance of school from home
2. School Practices-
ď˘ Bias in Curriculum
ď˘ Bias in Teacher's Attitude
14. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ď˘ Educational development and social development will
bring a change in economic condition of the women.
ď˘ Economic empowerment increases womenâs access to
economic resources and opportunities including jobs,
financial services, property and other productive assets,
skills development and market information.
ď˘ To raise the economic level of women, women's
development corporation are playing an important role in
providing employment opportunities to women so it is
essential for the sustainable development of community
that the women should be empowered and developed
socially, educationally, politically and economically
15. ď˘ Women can be empowered economically by â
Implementing Income Generating Schemes
By these schemes rural and poor women come
together and develop an understanding of their
problems and fulfill their need. Under these
schemes:
ď˘ Technical information is imparted and strategies to
plan action towards development and against
injustice.
ď˘ Vocational courses for women
ď˘ Opening of women polytechnics
ď˘ Rehabilitation of women by providing vocational
training cum employment and residential care to old
widows, deserted women.
16. NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT
OF WOMEN
In view of the countryâs commitment towards women, the
National Policy for the Empowerment of Women was
formulated in 2001.
Objectives-
ď˘ Women equality in power sharing and active participation in
decision making.
ď˘ Comprehensive economic and social empowerment of
women.
ď˘ The advancement, development and empowerment of
women in all spheres of life.
ď˘ Strengthening and formation of relevant institutional
mechanisms.
ď˘ Partnership with community based programs.
ď˘ Implementation of international obligations and co operation at
international, regional and sub-regional levels.
ď˘ More responsive judicial legal systems that are sensitive to
woman's need.
17. Policy prescription-
ď Judicial Legal Systems-Legal-judicial system will be
made more responsive and gender sensitive to womenâs
needs, especially in cases of domestic violence and
personal assault. New laws will be enacted and existing
laws reviewed to ensure that justice is quick and the
punishment meted out to the culprits is commensurate
with the severity of the offence.
ď Decision Making-Womenâs equality in power sharing
and active participation in decision making, including
decision making in political process at all levels will be
ensured for the achievement of the goals of
empowerment
ď Economic Empowerment of women-
ďź Poverty Eradication
ďź Micro Credit
ď˘ Women and Agriculture
ď˘ Women and Industry
19. ď˘ The Census (2011) data showed a significant
declining trend in the Child Sex Ratio1(CSR)
between 0-6 years with an all time low of 918. To
ensure survival, protection and empowerment of
the girl child, Government launched the Beti
Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) on 22nd January, 2015
at Panipat in Haryana. It is a tri-ministerial effort of
Ministries of Women and Child Development,
Health & Family Welfare and Human Resource
Development.
The objectives of the Scheme are as under:
ď˘ To prevent gender biased sex selective elimination
ď˘ To ensure survival and protection of the girl child
ď˘ To ensure education and participation of the girl
child
21. ď˘ One Stop Centres (OSC) are intended to support
women affected by violence, in private and public
spaces, within the family, community and at the
workplace. Ministry of Women and Child
Development (MWCD) has formulated a Centrally
Sponsored Scheme for setting up One Stop Centre,
a sub - scheme of Umbrella Scheme for National
Mission for Empowerment of women including
Indira Gandhi Mattritav Sahyaog Yojana. Popularly
known as Sakhi, the scheme is being implemented
since 1st April 2015. These Centres are being
established across the country to provide integrated
support and assistance under one roof to women
affected by violence, both in private and public
spaces in phased manner.
22. WOMEN HELPLINE SCHEME
ď˘ The Scheme of Universalisation of Women Helpline
is intended to provide 24 hours immediate and
emergency response to women affected by
violence through referral (linking with appropriate
authority such as police, One Stop Centre, hospital)
and information about women related government
schemes programs across the country through a
single uniform number. Government of India has
allocated short code 181 to all States/UTs which is
being used by some States/UTs such as Delhi,
Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh as Women Helpline.
23. ď˘ UJJAWALA-The Ujjawala Scheme is for prevention
of trafficking, rescue, rehabilitation, re-integration
and repatriation of victims of trafficking for
commercial sexual exploitation.
ď˘ SWADHAR Greh- The Ministry of Women and Child
Development is implementing the Swadhar Greh
Scheme which targets the women victims of difficult
circumstances who are in need of institutional
support for rehabilitation so that they could lead
their life with dignity. The Scheme envisages
providing shelter, food, clothing and health as well
as economic and social security for these women.
24. ď˘ Nari Shakti Puraskar- The Ministry of Women & Child
Development, celebrates International Womenâs Day
every year on 8th March as it is the nodal Ministry for the
issues related to women. Taking this as an opportune
moment to acknowledge Womenâs achievements, it has
been decided by the Ministry in the year 2015, to confer
Nari Shakti Puruskars to eminent women and institutions
in recognition of their service towards the cause of women
empowerment.
ď˘ Rajya Mahila Samman And Zila Mahila Samman- these
awards will recognise and reward selfless work done by
exceptional and committed women, in particular at the
community and grass root levels. There will be one award
in every district (Zila Mahila Samman) and one in
each State/Union Territory (Rajya Mahila Samman).