social values and beliefs

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Social mobility mean any transition of an individual from one position to another in a constellation of social group and strata (Sorokin). Social mobility is the movement of a person from one social group to another social group (Headrick). Social mobility means movement from one social class to another involving the consolidating of the various elements of the new social position, including occupation, income, type of house, neighbourhood, new friends, and new organisational membership (Havighurst and Neugarten) . Types of Social Mobility Horizontal Social Mobility-position of the person changes, but its salary, prestige, grade and other privileges remain the same. Vertical Social Mobility-means achieving lower to higher , higher to lower social status and prestige Horizontal Social Mobility Occupational Mobility Interreligious Mobility Inter-group Mobility Family Mobility Territorial Mobility Party Mobility International Mobility Vertical Social Mobility Ascending Social Mobility Descending Social Mobility Generally ascending and descending social mobility is seen in economic, political and occupational field. Factors Influencing Social Mobility Administrative set up ( democratic set up) Aspirational level Demographic structure ( migration of people) Industrial automation ( unemployment as well as creation of more job opportunities) Development of education Economic success Occupational improvement Structure of society-( open/ closed) Merits of Social Mobility Wholesome development of individual Development of social efficiency and social progress Remedy of maladjustment Higher position of deserving persons Progress of society towards stability Promotion of national solidarity Development of welfare and happiness Demerits of Social Mobility Constant discontent of individual with social order Disorder in rural and urban societies Development of pride and snobbery in individuals Education and Social Mobility Social Mobility of Students Amount of Education Educational Curriculum ( Arts/ Science) Academic Achievement ( higher achievement, research work ,etc.) Importance of educational institution Social Mobility of Teachers ( professional development)

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Theoretical predictions and observational data indicate a class of sub-Neptune exoplanets may have water-rich interiors covered by hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. Provided suitable climate conditions, such planets could host surface liquid oceans. Motivated by recent JWST observations of K2-18 b, we self-consistently model the photochemistry and potential detectability of biogenic sulfur gases in the atmospheres of temperate sub-Neptune waterworlds for the first time. On Earth today, organic sulfur compounds produced by marine biota are rapidly destroyed by photochemical processes before they can accumulate to significant levels. Domagal-Goldman et al. suggest that detectable biogenic sulfur signatures could emerge in Archean-like atmospheres with higher biological production or low UV flux. In this study, we explore biogenic sulfur across a wide range of biological fluxes and stellar UV environments. Critically, the main photochemical sinks are absent on the nightside of tidally locked planets. To address this, we further perform experiments with a 3D general circulation model and a 2D photochemical model (VULCAN 2D) to simulate the global distribution of biogenic gases to investigate their terminator concentrations as seen via transmission spectroscopy. Our models indicate that biogenic sulfur gases can rise to potentially detectable levels on hydrogen-rich water worlds, but only for enhanced global biosulfur flux (20 times modern Earth’s flux). We find that it is challenging to identify DMS at 3.4 μm where it strongly overlaps with CH4, whereas it is more plausible to detect DMS and companion byproducts, ethylene (C2H4) and ethane (C2H6), in the mid-infrared between 9 and 13 μm. Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Exoplanet atmospheres (487); Exoplanet

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Bollworms are among the most damaging pests in cotton cultivation, affecting the bolls where the cotton fibers are formed. There are several species of bollworms, each capable of causing significant yield loss and quality degradation if not effectively managed. Here’s a detailed look at the primary bollworm species affecting cotton: Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera): Also known as the corn earworm or the Old World bollworm, this pest is found in many regions around the world. It is highly polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) and poses a threat not only to cotton but also to maize, tomatoes, and legumes. The larvae bore into the cotton bolls, feeding on the developing seeds and fibers, which can lead to boll rot. Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella): A significant pest of cotton, the pink bollworm larvae infest the cotton bolls, feeding on the seeds and lint. This can severely damage or destroy the bolls. In regions where pink bollworms are prevalent, they have been a major driver for the adoption of genetically engineered Bt cotton, which expresses a bacterium gene toxic to certain insects. Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens): Closely related to the cotton bollworm, the tobacco budworm primarily attacks tobacco but is also a common pest in cotton. It primarily damages the flowers and bolls of the cotton plant. Differentiating between the tobacco budworm and the cotton bollworm based on appearance can be challenging, but it is crucial for effective management. American Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea): Known in some regions as the corn earworm, it is similar in behavior to Helicoverpa armigera and poses a threat to a variety of crops, including cotton. The larvae attack the cotton bolls, leading to direct damage to the cotton lint and seeds. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: Crop rotation, destruction of crop residues, and deep plowing can help break the pest’s life cycle. Timing of planting can also be adjusted to avoid peak pest infestation. Biological Controls: Natural enemies like Trichogramma wasps, which parasitize bollworm eggs, and predators such as lacewings and ladybugs can be encouraged. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products can also be sprayed, which are particularly effective against young larvae. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be required when infestation levels exceed economic thresholds. However, resistance management must be considered, alternating modes of action to avoid developing resistance. Genetic Approaches: Bt cotton, genetically modified to express Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, has been highly effective in controlling bollworms and has dramatically reduced the reliance on chemical insecticides. Monitoring and Scouting: Regular field scouting and using pheromone traps to monitor adult populations can help in timely and targeted application of control measures. The effective management of bollworms often requires an integrated approach

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www.seribangash.com The Mariana Trench is one of the most remarkable geological features on Earth. Here are some details about it: Location: The Mariana Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean, east of the Mariana Islands. It stretches for about 2,550 kilometers (1,580 miles) and is known as the deepest part of the world's oceans. Depth: The trench reaches incredible depths, with its deepest point known as the Challenger Deep, which plunges down to approximately 10,984 meters (36,037 feet) below sea level. To put this into perspective, if Mount Everest, the tallest mountain on Earth, were placed at the bottom of the Challenger Deep, its peak would still be over 2 kilometers (1.25 miles) underwater. Formation: The Mariana Trench was formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Mariana Plate. This process creates a deep trench as the heavier Pacific Plate is forced beneath the lighter Mariana Plate. Geological Features: The trench is characterized by steep, V-shaped valleys, and its walls are composed of highly compressed sedimentary rock. At the bottom of the trench, there are also large amounts of marine sediment. Pressure: The pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench is immense, reaching over 1,000 times the pressure at the surface. This extreme pressure creates a challenging environment for exploration and makes it difficult for organisms to survive. Exploration: Despite its extreme conditions, the Mariana Trench has been the subject of numerous scientific expeditions and explorations. One of the most famous explorations was the dive to the Challenger Deep by Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard and U.S. Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh in 1960. More recently, in 2012, filmmaker James Cameron made a solo dive to the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the Deepsea Challenger submersible. Biological Discoveries: Despite the harsh conditions, the Mariana Trench is home to a surprising variety of life forms, including unique species of deep-sea fish, crustaceans, and microbial life. Some organisms have adapted to survive in the extreme pressure and darkness of the trench. Environmental Importance: Studying the Mariana Trench provides valuable insights into the geology, biology, and oceanography of the deep sea. It also helps scientists better understand the processes that shape the Earth's crust and the distribution of life in the oceans. Conservation: Due to its remote location and extreme depths, the Mariana Trench has remained relatively untouched by human activity. However, there is growing concern about the potential impacts of deep-sea mining and pollution on this fragile ecosystem, highlighting the need for conservation efforts to protect this unique environment. https://seribangash.com/barber-shop-business-complete-guide-for-beginners/ https://seribangash.com/legend-virat-kohli-in-cricket-history/

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