This document discusses over-the-counter drugs and supplements as well as performance-enhancing drugs. It provides information on regulations for over-the-counter drugs and supplements under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. It also discusses categories of over-the-counter drugs available without a prescription, differences between over-the-counter and prescription drugs, commonly used supplements, and potential health risks of performance-enhancing drugs.
Do you buy weight loss products? What techniques you follow to buy the products? In this assay I have included a few tips for buying some weight loss products. I have also included some weight products for weight loss. Please check them out.
This document summarizes key information about narcotics from a class on drugs and society. It discusses the differences between opioids, opiates, and narcotics. It also covers the medical uses of narcotics, their physical and emotional effects, and the risks of dependency, overdose, and withdrawal. The document provides details on specific narcotics like heroin, morphine, and oxycodone. It also discusses policy approaches to narcotics issues, like needle exchange programs and the use of drugs like methadone or suboxone to help people quit opioid use.
The biggest problem in the supplement industry, including the sexual enhancement supplement industry, is the unreliability of the end product. Independent tests reveal that nearly 50-60% of all supplements on the market do not contain what they say they contain in the amounts that are promised on the label. We are very aware of this justified criticism and therefore we work with an independent organization (GMP – Good Manufacturing Practices) to insure that everything we put into our product is safe and everything you see on the label is in each and every capsule in the exact same proportions. Our product will not do any harm to your body physically or mentally and it will produce the advertised results regularly. That's our pledge to you.
Ephedra is a stimulant derived from a Chinese herb that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. It was widely used as a weight loss supplement but was banned by the FDA in 2004 due to dangerous side effects like heart attacks, strokes, and death. The author of the document experienced dangerous heart flutters after using ephedra as a bodybuilder and has avoided stimulants ever since. The document warns that athletes and dieters should consult their doctor before using ephedra or similar stimulants due to underlying health risks.
Ephedra is a stimulant derived from a Chinese herb that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. It was widely used as a weight loss supplement but was banned by the FDA in 2004 due to dangerous side effects like heart attacks, strokes, and death. The author recounts their own experience using ephedra as a bodybuilder which caused heart palpitations and led them to avoid stimulants permanently for health reasons. Athletes may be at risk from ephedra without knowing of underlying heart conditions, so it is best to consult a doctor before using any supplements, especially stimulants.
Energy drinks contain large amounts of caffeine from 50-500 mg per serving as well as sugar. While manufacturers claim benefits of increased energy and performance, the risks of energy drinks include nervousness, insomnia, irregular heartbeat, seizures and even death from too much caffeine. Combining energy drinks with alcohol is especially dangerous as it masks the effects of alcohol leading to overconsumption and risks like dehydration. There is no evidence that other common ingredients like taurine and guarana provide health benefits and energy drinks are not regulated for safety.
Presentation on Bath Salts & Spice - Synthetic Drugs. Synthetic Drugs are very dangerous and are legal in many states. This PowerPoint explains why we need to work to make these street drugs illegal to manufacture, distribute, possess and use.
Death has occurred on the first use and are available legally to kids of any age. Help us pass laws to make synthetic drugs illegal.
Do you buy weight loss products? What techniques you follow to buy the products? In this assay I have included a few tips for buying some weight loss products. I have also included some weight products for weight loss. Please check them out.
This document summarizes key information about narcotics from a class on drugs and society. It discusses the differences between opioids, opiates, and narcotics. It also covers the medical uses of narcotics, their physical and emotional effects, and the risks of dependency, overdose, and withdrawal. The document provides details on specific narcotics like heroin, morphine, and oxycodone. It also discusses policy approaches to narcotics issues, like needle exchange programs and the use of drugs like methadone or suboxone to help people quit opioid use.
The biggest problem in the supplement industry, including the sexual enhancement supplement industry, is the unreliability of the end product. Independent tests reveal that nearly 50-60% of all supplements on the market do not contain what they say they contain in the amounts that are promised on the label. We are very aware of this justified criticism and therefore we work with an independent organization (GMP – Good Manufacturing Practices) to insure that everything we put into our product is safe and everything you see on the label is in each and every capsule in the exact same proportions. Our product will not do any harm to your body physically or mentally and it will produce the advertised results regularly. That's our pledge to you.
Ephedra is a stimulant derived from a Chinese herb that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. It was widely used as a weight loss supplement but was banned by the FDA in 2004 due to dangerous side effects like heart attacks, strokes, and death. The author of the document experienced dangerous heart flutters after using ephedra as a bodybuilder and has avoided stimulants ever since. The document warns that athletes and dieters should consult their doctor before using ephedra or similar stimulants due to underlying health risks.
Ephedra is a stimulant derived from a Chinese herb that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. It was widely used as a weight loss supplement but was banned by the FDA in 2004 due to dangerous side effects like heart attacks, strokes, and death. The author recounts their own experience using ephedra as a bodybuilder which caused heart palpitations and led them to avoid stimulants permanently for health reasons. Athletes may be at risk from ephedra without knowing of underlying heart conditions, so it is best to consult a doctor before using any supplements, especially stimulants.
Energy drinks contain large amounts of caffeine from 50-500 mg per serving as well as sugar. While manufacturers claim benefits of increased energy and performance, the risks of energy drinks include nervousness, insomnia, irregular heartbeat, seizures and even death from too much caffeine. Combining energy drinks with alcohol is especially dangerous as it masks the effects of alcohol leading to overconsumption and risks like dehydration. There is no evidence that other common ingredients like taurine and guarana provide health benefits and energy drinks are not regulated for safety.
Presentation on Bath Salts & Spice - Synthetic Drugs. Synthetic Drugs are very dangerous and are legal in many states. This PowerPoint explains why we need to work to make these street drugs illegal to manufacture, distribute, possess and use.
Death has occurred on the first use and are available legally to kids of any age. Help us pass laws to make synthetic drugs illegal.
This document discusses substance abuse and related disorders. It describes normal mood and substance use compared to mild, moderate, and severe substance use disorders. It covers the neurobiology of substances like alcohol and how they affect the brain. Risk factors for substance abuse are discussed at the genetic, biological, and environmental level. Assessment involves evaluating emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Treatment options include the use of agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, and aversives.
This document provides an overview of substance abuse and addiction topics. It contains over 70 sections that cover various substances including alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs, and prescription medications. The sections provide information on the health effects of these substances, signs of abuse and addiction, treatment options, and strategies for quitting or staying sober. The document aims to help people understand substance abuse issues and get appropriate help.
K-Spice, also known as spice or synthetic marijuana, refers to herbal mixtures that are sold as legal alternatives to marijuana but produce similar mind-altering effects. It contains chemicals that act on the same brain receptors as THC. While effects aim to mimic marijuana, K-Spice can cause more extreme anxiety, paranoia, and hallucinations. Its popularity among teens and young adults may stem from perceived safety and its legal status, though it has been linked to thousands of emergency room visits and cases of withdrawal.
The document discusses the dangers of drug use and encourages saying no to drugs. It notes that cocaine and crack can raise body temperature and heart rate while providing only temporary effects. It also explains that while medications are drugs that treat illness, recreational drugs provide no benefits and can negatively impact physical health and cost a lot of money. The overall message is that if you want a positive change, you should say no to drugs.
This presentation tells about what actually drugs are and their severe impacts. Moreover, this presentation concludes at the relation between intake of druga and psychology.
Addiction is a complex disorder characterized by compulsive drug use. Repeated drug abuse can drastically alter the way the brain functions. But don't fool yourself into believing these 5 misleading myths about drug abuse and addiction.
Everything you need to know about DHT & Hair lossAK Clinics
DHT or dihydrotestosterone is an androgen male hormone which plays a vital role in the male development and is responsible for the many characteristics in male body development including chest hair, deep voice and muscular body. In this slide you know what DHT, benefits of DHT to males is, how it cause hair loss and list of Natural DHT block that stop hair loss.
Source: https://akclinics.org/blog/12-most-powerful-natural-dht-blockers-that-stop-hair-loss/
The document discusses the safe use of medications by teens. It notes that while most teens do not misuse prescription drugs, misuse remains a problem. The document encourages teens to use medications safely by keeping them for themselves, following instructions, and being good role models. Teens are advised to only take medication as prescribed by a doctor and for the intended reason, and to consider positive alternatives to misuse.
Phen375 pros and cons : A detailed reviewRoss Cooper
Phen375 is a natural weight supplement. It is an efficient and safe way to lose weight. It is totally safe to use and has no side effects.
Get Your Phen375 here :- http://www.phwins.com
Drug addiction is commonly defined as the habitual and uncontrollable use of a drug, which can be physical or psychological. Physical addiction occurs when substance use alters the body's chemistry and causes withdrawal symptoms, while psychological addiction causes the brain to associate reward with substance use. Early initiation of drug use increases the likelihood of developing drug problems later in life. Reasons for starting drug use include escaping problems, peer pressure, and curiosity about effects. The risks of drug addiction include health issues, impacts on family and friends, and overdose.
The document discusses drugs abuse and provides information about different types of drugs. It notes that drugs affect the mind and body and prolonged use can lead to physical or psychological dependence. Some key points:
- Drugs are substances that alter body function and come in various types, some illegal like cannabis and cocaine, others legal like alcohol and tobacco.
- Drugs make people feel good by affecting the brain's motivation and pleasure pathways.
- Reasons young people take drugs include peer pressure, though having strong family bonds and avoiding drug-using peers can help prevent abuse.
- Signs of drug problems include changes in behavior, mood swings, and loss of interest in other activities. People with drug problems
Are You Having a hard time keeping an ErectionDanielDavis192
The document discusses various causes of erectile dysfunction (ED) and ways to address them. It notes that ED can be caused by physical factors like fatigue, mental/emotional issues, or relationship problems. The first step is understanding the underlying reasons, and emotional issues may require help from a psychologist. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and reducing stress can help address ED related to aging. Relationship issues may also contribute, and counseling can help improve communication. In mature years, physical health problems may require ED medicines like Cialis to achieve an erection. The overall message is that ED often has multiple contributing factors, so the causes need to be identified and addressed through medical treatment, lifestyle changes, and/or counseling as appropriate
This document discusses drugs and drug abuse. It defines a drug as a chemical substance that causes physical, emotional or behavioral changes. Drugs are taken through ingestion, inhalation, injection, suppositories or topically. Drugs can be harmful in excess or dangerous combinations. People turn to drugs to solve problems, due to widespread access and peer pressure and the notion that drugs provide enjoyment. Drug abuse refers to using drugs without medical purpose or prescription or using them differently than intended, which can impair a person physically, mentally or socially. Signs of drug abuse include changes in behavior, appearance and mood as well as associations with known drug abusers and changes in work or school performance.
Heroin changes the chemical functions of the brain and makes people dependant on it. Not taking the drug also causes severe health issues. The content discusses heroin and treatments.
For more information please visit our site: https://www.opiatecare.com/
The document discusses the multi-billion dollar anti-aging industry. It began in the 1930s with research into life and aging. There are many organizations and over 18,500 anti-aging physicians. The industry claims it can help people live longer or stop aging by treating it as a disease. Remedies include medications, cosmetic procedures, supplements, and lifestyle changes. While some scientists are skeptical of claims to reverse aging, others agree with aspects of the industry. Common cosmetic ingredients are discussed along with risks of too much of certain ingredients. The document concludes by calling for more FDA regulation of cosmetic product safety and efficacy testing.
This document discusses drugs and substance abuse. It defines drugs and outlines major drug types like stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids. It also defines drug addiction as a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsion and denial. The effects of substance abuse in the workplace and society include spread of diseases, antisocial behavior, declining work quality, and family problems. Managing substance abuse helps provide assistance to employees and a safer workplace. Employee assistance programs provide problem identification and referral services to address issues stemming from personal problems. Addressing drugs and substance abuse is important to protect health and safety, assets, trade secrets, quality, and compliance with laws.
Introducing Intercom.fm - Listen or create amazing :30 second radio showsTribune Media
The document provides instructions for creating audio posts on the Intercom.fm platform as either a character or expert. It outlines steps to write and record a short script, add effects and music, mix and post the audio, and then promote it on other social media platforms. The goal is to regularly share entertaining, informative or thought-provoking audio to build a following and personal brand.
The document summarizes key points from chapters 11-14 of a textbook about children at risk.
Chapter 11 discusses Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), including common symptoms and treatment options like medication and behavioral therapy. Teachers are advised to help identify ADHD, advocate for these students, and create supportive classroom environments.
Chapter 12 covers the effects of poverty, such as poor health and limited access to services. Teachers are encouraged to provide experiences, learning materials, after-school programs, and treat students and families with respect.
Chapter 13 summarizes homelessness issues like poor health and anxiety. Teachers should confront stereotypes, discuss various living situations sensitively, and help all students understand homelessness.
This document discusses substance abuse and related disorders. It describes normal mood and substance use compared to mild, moderate, and severe substance use disorders. It covers the neurobiology of substances like alcohol and how they affect the brain. Risk factors for substance abuse are discussed at the genetic, biological, and environmental level. Assessment involves evaluating emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Treatment options include the use of agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, and aversives.
This document provides an overview of substance abuse and addiction topics. It contains over 70 sections that cover various substances including alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs, and prescription medications. The sections provide information on the health effects of these substances, signs of abuse and addiction, treatment options, and strategies for quitting or staying sober. The document aims to help people understand substance abuse issues and get appropriate help.
K-Spice, also known as spice or synthetic marijuana, refers to herbal mixtures that are sold as legal alternatives to marijuana but produce similar mind-altering effects. It contains chemicals that act on the same brain receptors as THC. While effects aim to mimic marijuana, K-Spice can cause more extreme anxiety, paranoia, and hallucinations. Its popularity among teens and young adults may stem from perceived safety and its legal status, though it has been linked to thousands of emergency room visits and cases of withdrawal.
The document discusses the dangers of drug use and encourages saying no to drugs. It notes that cocaine and crack can raise body temperature and heart rate while providing only temporary effects. It also explains that while medications are drugs that treat illness, recreational drugs provide no benefits and can negatively impact physical health and cost a lot of money. The overall message is that if you want a positive change, you should say no to drugs.
This presentation tells about what actually drugs are and their severe impacts. Moreover, this presentation concludes at the relation between intake of druga and psychology.
Addiction is a complex disorder characterized by compulsive drug use. Repeated drug abuse can drastically alter the way the brain functions. But don't fool yourself into believing these 5 misleading myths about drug abuse and addiction.
Everything you need to know about DHT & Hair lossAK Clinics
DHT or dihydrotestosterone is an androgen male hormone which plays a vital role in the male development and is responsible for the many characteristics in male body development including chest hair, deep voice and muscular body. In this slide you know what DHT, benefits of DHT to males is, how it cause hair loss and list of Natural DHT block that stop hair loss.
Source: https://akclinics.org/blog/12-most-powerful-natural-dht-blockers-that-stop-hair-loss/
The document discusses the safe use of medications by teens. It notes that while most teens do not misuse prescription drugs, misuse remains a problem. The document encourages teens to use medications safely by keeping them for themselves, following instructions, and being good role models. Teens are advised to only take medication as prescribed by a doctor and for the intended reason, and to consider positive alternatives to misuse.
Phen375 pros and cons : A detailed reviewRoss Cooper
Phen375 is a natural weight supplement. It is an efficient and safe way to lose weight. It is totally safe to use and has no side effects.
Get Your Phen375 here :- http://www.phwins.com
Drug addiction is commonly defined as the habitual and uncontrollable use of a drug, which can be physical or psychological. Physical addiction occurs when substance use alters the body's chemistry and causes withdrawal symptoms, while psychological addiction causes the brain to associate reward with substance use. Early initiation of drug use increases the likelihood of developing drug problems later in life. Reasons for starting drug use include escaping problems, peer pressure, and curiosity about effects. The risks of drug addiction include health issues, impacts on family and friends, and overdose.
The document discusses drugs abuse and provides information about different types of drugs. It notes that drugs affect the mind and body and prolonged use can lead to physical or psychological dependence. Some key points:
- Drugs are substances that alter body function and come in various types, some illegal like cannabis and cocaine, others legal like alcohol and tobacco.
- Drugs make people feel good by affecting the brain's motivation and pleasure pathways.
- Reasons young people take drugs include peer pressure, though having strong family bonds and avoiding drug-using peers can help prevent abuse.
- Signs of drug problems include changes in behavior, mood swings, and loss of interest in other activities. People with drug problems
Are You Having a hard time keeping an ErectionDanielDavis192
The document discusses various causes of erectile dysfunction (ED) and ways to address them. It notes that ED can be caused by physical factors like fatigue, mental/emotional issues, or relationship problems. The first step is understanding the underlying reasons, and emotional issues may require help from a psychologist. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and reducing stress can help address ED related to aging. Relationship issues may also contribute, and counseling can help improve communication. In mature years, physical health problems may require ED medicines like Cialis to achieve an erection. The overall message is that ED often has multiple contributing factors, so the causes need to be identified and addressed through medical treatment, lifestyle changes, and/or counseling as appropriate
This document discusses drugs and drug abuse. It defines a drug as a chemical substance that causes physical, emotional or behavioral changes. Drugs are taken through ingestion, inhalation, injection, suppositories or topically. Drugs can be harmful in excess or dangerous combinations. People turn to drugs to solve problems, due to widespread access and peer pressure and the notion that drugs provide enjoyment. Drug abuse refers to using drugs without medical purpose or prescription or using them differently than intended, which can impair a person physically, mentally or socially. Signs of drug abuse include changes in behavior, appearance and mood as well as associations with known drug abusers and changes in work or school performance.
Heroin changes the chemical functions of the brain and makes people dependant on it. Not taking the drug also causes severe health issues. The content discusses heroin and treatments.
For more information please visit our site: https://www.opiatecare.com/
The document discusses the multi-billion dollar anti-aging industry. It began in the 1930s with research into life and aging. There are many organizations and over 18,500 anti-aging physicians. The industry claims it can help people live longer or stop aging by treating it as a disease. Remedies include medications, cosmetic procedures, supplements, and lifestyle changes. While some scientists are skeptical of claims to reverse aging, others agree with aspects of the industry. Common cosmetic ingredients are discussed along with risks of too much of certain ingredients. The document concludes by calling for more FDA regulation of cosmetic product safety and efficacy testing.
This document discusses drugs and substance abuse. It defines drugs and outlines major drug types like stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids. It also defines drug addiction as a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsion and denial. The effects of substance abuse in the workplace and society include spread of diseases, antisocial behavior, declining work quality, and family problems. Managing substance abuse helps provide assistance to employees and a safer workplace. Employee assistance programs provide problem identification and referral services to address issues stemming from personal problems. Addressing drugs and substance abuse is important to protect health and safety, assets, trade secrets, quality, and compliance with laws.
Introducing Intercom.fm - Listen or create amazing :30 second radio showsTribune Media
The document provides instructions for creating audio posts on the Intercom.fm platform as either a character or expert. It outlines steps to write and record a short script, add effects and music, mix and post the audio, and then promote it on other social media platforms. The goal is to regularly share entertaining, informative or thought-provoking audio to build a following and personal brand.
The document summarizes key points from chapters 11-14 of a textbook about children at risk.
Chapter 11 discusses Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), including common symptoms and treatment options like medication and behavioral therapy. Teachers are advised to help identify ADHD, advocate for these students, and create supportive classroom environments.
Chapter 12 covers the effects of poverty, such as poor health and limited access to services. Teachers are encouraged to provide experiences, learning materials, after-school programs, and treat students and families with respect.
Chapter 13 summarizes homelessness issues like poor health and anxiety. Teachers should confront stereotypes, discuss various living situations sensitively, and help all students understand homelessness.
This document provides an overview of the history and use of various drugs through time. It discusses how alcohol, marijuana, opium, cocaine, amphetamines, and sedatives have been used in different cultures and time periods. For example, it notes that alcohol played a significant role in early US history and was used as a preservative. It also discusses how opium was used medicinally in ancient Greece and China. The document aims to give readers a historical perspective on drugs.
There are several options for treating substance abuse. Treatment programs aim to reduce drug use and criminal behavior while improving employment and health. The most common treatments include outpatient counseling, methadone maintenance for opioid addiction, therapeutic communities, and self-help groups like Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous. Longer treatment programs lasting three months or more tend to be most effective. While treatment shows benefits, challenges remain around access, cost, relapse, and community acceptance of treatment centers.
The document summarizes a workshop on applying the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) to combat human trafficking. It discusses how the UNGPs establish universal standards for companies to prevent human rights violations and ensure victims have access to remedies. It notes how various jurisdictions are implementing measures aligned with the UNGPs, and outlines how companies can operationalize the UNGPs by addressing risks, procedures, supply chains, training, and reporting.
A combined solution to compliance and risk management for sustainability repo...Ardea International
The UK has introduced new regulations for business on how to report. Integration of risk and strategy is key. Diagnostics to help define material social and environmental risk will save costs. Compliance with legal obligations will also be key.
The document summarizes key physical, cognitive, and language development milestones that occur in infants during the first two years of life. It discusses rapid brain and body growth, the emergence of motor skills and senses, cognitive developments described by Piaget and information processing theory, early memory capabilities, and language acquisition milestones like babbling, first words, and grammar. The development of infants depends on adequate nutrition, safety practices, and social interaction with caregivers.
This document discusses the legal challenges of sustainable trading under international and domestic laws. It provides an overview of key frameworks like the WTO and multilateral environmental agreements, and notes conflicts between facilitating trade and protecting the environment. Some challenges identified are fragmentation between legal systems, lack of resources for developing countries, overlapping/conflicting environmental laws, and insufficient mechanisms for disputes and public participation. It concludes that the legal community must help make approaches and legislation more realistic and enforceable to balance trade and sustainable development goals.
This document contains information about alcohol from multiple perspectives. It discusses the physiological effects of alcohol on various body systems like the brain, liver and immune system. It also addresses the sociological impacts of alcoholism on individuals, families and society as a whole. These include increased risks of various health issues, accidents, violence and costs associated with different family roles that sometimes develop in homes with alcoholism. The document examines perspectives on alcoholism as a disease and factors influencing alcohol consumption across cultures, regions, gender and age groups.
This document discusses approaches to drug prevention and education. It covers topics like the goals of prevention, levels of prevention from primary to tertiary, risk factors for drug abuse, and the effectiveness of different prevention strategies. School-based drug education programs are most effective when they are developmentally appropriate, teach social resistance skills, involve normative education, and receive sufficient time and support. Peer-led and health education models can also be effective approaches.
The document summarizes Chapter 3 of Goldberg which discusses motivations for drug use. It finds that curiosity, boredom, escape from problems, social factors, and rebellion are the main motivations. It also notes that characteristics of drugs can reinforce continued use through altered states of consciousness. Societal, community, and family factors influence initial use while drug factors influence continued use. Peer influence is important for many young people but parental influence remains significant. Experimentation is common among youth due to natural curiosity. Drugs are also used for pleasure/escape from boredom, social interaction, self-discovery, and rebelliousness against societal norms.
The document provides guidance for teachers and school library media specialists on using Twitter. It outlines 20 specific ways Twitter can be used, such as asking other educators for book or lesson recommendations, sharing resources and events, and promoting the school library. The document then explains how to set up a Twitter account, create a profile, post tweets, reply to other tweets, and share links, photos and videos through other applications.
This document contains information about narcotics and opioids from a class on drugs and society. It discusses the compounds found in opium, the effects of drugs like heroin, morphine, and oxycodone. It covers America's history with opioids, including the increased restrictions of the 1914 Harrison Act and opioid use among Vietnam veterans. The document also examines topics like physical and social effects of opioid use, dependency and withdrawal timelines, treatment options, and harm reduction strategies.
This document discusses hallucinogenic drugs and performance-enhancing drugs. It begins with a survey of hallucinogen use and then defines various types of hallucinogens like psychedelics, deliriants, and dissociatives. It explores specific hallucinogenic drugs like LSD, psilocybin, DMT, and PCP. It then discusses the early use and research of LSD. The document also covers over-the-counter drugs and supplements, defining the differences and regulations. It lists common herbal supplements and potential risks. Finally, it examines performance-enhancing drugs like anabolic steroids, their functions, uses, and side effects.
Derek Hall New Haven Regional Power Pointnseveridt
Hippocrates, known as the father of western medicine, lived from 460-370 BC in ancient Greece. He believed that diseases were caused by natural factors like environment, diet and lifestyle rather than superstition or gods. Hippocrates focused on easing the natural disease process through rest, immobilization and keeping patients clean. He emphasized gentle treatment and a sterile environment for healing.
The document discusses various herbs and supplements, providing an overview of their popularity, safety concerns, potential drug interactions and side effects. It lists the top 15 most popular supplements according to surveys, and discusses specific conditions that certain supplements may help with, such as diabetes, weight control, energy, cholesterol, erectile dysfunction, hypertension, allergies, memory, migraines and more. It provides examples of popular supplements for each condition and notes potential risks.
The document discusses dietary supplements and provides information about their regulation and use. It notes that dietary supplements are not approved by the FDA for safety and effectiveness before being marketed. Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring supplements are safe and accurately labeled. While some supplements like omega-3s and fiber may provide benefits, their effects are not always proven and they can potentially cause side effects or interact with other medications. The document advises checking FDA websites for safety information and talking to a doctor before using supplements for weight loss or other purposes.
Global Medical Cures™ | Womens Health- ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Herbal medicine, also known as botanical medicine, is based on using plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes. Plants have long been used for medicine before recorded history. Recent studies show herbal medicine can help treat diseases. Common herbs used include garlic, ginger, lavender, thyme, black seed, and chamomile. While herbal medicines can provide health benefits, they can also interact with other drugs and have side effects, so it's important to consult a medical professional before use.
This document discusses natural approaches to treating autism, including preventing causes through gestational nutrition and reducing birth complications. It emphasizes the importance of gut and immune health and recommends a specific diet that avoids certain carbohydrates, proteins and fats, along with supplements like probiotics, essential fatty acids, vitamin A, and digestive enzymes. Lifestyle changes involve reducing toxic personal care products and cleaning with natural alternatives. Nutritional testing through hair analysis is advised to properly address individual deficiencies.
Dietary Supplements Efficacy, Safety and RegulationsAli Alhammad
This document provides an overview of dietary supplements, including their efficacy, safety, and regulations. It defines supplements as products intended to supplement the diet that contain dietary ingredients like vitamins, minerals, herbs and botanicals. Supplements are distinguished from drugs in that drugs must undergo FDA approval, while supplements are only intended to affect the structure or function of the body. The document also discusses common supplements, safety issues, labeling requirements, and how to choose quality supplements.
Sports supplements are often unregulated and carry health risks like hormone imbalances, organ damage, and failed drug tests. Whole foods like fruits, vegetables, eggs and soy are safer alternatives that provide essential nutrients to support an active lifestyle and top athletic performance without harmful side effects.
This document provides information and tips for safely using medicines. It discusses the equivalence of generic and brand name medicines, important instructions for taking medicines properly such as reading labels and storage instructions, and expiration dates. It also covers dietary supplements, herbal supplements, and how to avoid medicine scams online or otherwise. The key messages are to always follow instructions, check with your doctor before taking any new medicines or supplements, store medicines properly, and be wary of potential scams.
This document discusses herbal supplements and provides important information about their use and safety. It notes that 18-40% of Americans use supplements daily without informing their healthcare providers. While some supplements like glucosamine and probiotics can be effective and safe for certain conditions, many lack testing, contain unknown components, and can interact dangerously with medications or increase bleeding risk. The document advises asking healthcare providers about supplements and being wary of exaggerated claims, as regulation is less stringent than for pharmaceuticals. It provides a trusted source for further information.
This document provides information on dietary supplements in the United States, including their regulation and safety considerations. It states that over 50% of US adults regularly take dietary supplements, which are most commonly multivitamins, vitamin C, calcium and fish oil. Supplements are less strictly regulated than drugs and manufacturers do not need to prove safety before marketing. Safety tips include checking for interactions, starting one supplement at a time, and being aware that "natural" does not always mean safe. Reliable sources for information on supplements are also provided.
Global Medical Cures™ | HIV and AIDS Medicines
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Geriatric Population. What you need to know about medication and supplement s...Michelle Peck
Michelle Peck | Legal Nurse | Nurse Practitioner | Health Care | Geriatric | Consultant | Speaker | Educator | Researcher
Do you know the common Beer’s Criteria Medications, these are medications to watch out for and avoid in geriatric populations?
You would be surprised at all the changes we experience with the aging process. What we may consider a safe medication when we are younger can become quite dangerous to our body as we age.
What vitamin deficiency in the geriatric population can lead to memory impairment, fatigue, irritability, mood changes? Let’s find out!
Begin your journey and become a very informed consumer. This short slide deck is your passageway to obtaining medication and supplement safety super geriatric knowledge.
Special focus on geriatric populations.
Learn it-Live it-Love it-Take control of your health!
Michelle Peck | Legal Nurse | Nurse Practitioner | Health Care | Geriatric | Consultant | Speaker | Educator | Researcher
Treatments for Hypothyroidism and SymptomsTanya Gold
Treatments for Hypothyroidism and Symptoms
There are a wide variety of treatments available for hypothyroidism and symptoms. It is essential to get treatment because, if left untreated, it can be damaging to you and your body. This is because the thyroid gland helps normalize important things like physical growth and heart rate through disbursements of thyroxine. So it is vital to learn about hypothyroidism, the symptoms and available treatments.
Hypothyroidism and Symptoms
To begin, hypothyroidism is also known as an underactive thyroid. The thyroid is a gland that is situated on each side of the windpipe connected by tissue. Thyroxine is what is dispensed from the gland to regulate energy levels, growth and developments. An underactive thyroid doesn’t produce enough thyroxine which in turn slows the metabolism down.
Not everyone will have the same symptoms when it comes to hypothyroidism. But there are many different symptoms that are commonly experienced and you may be experiencing just a couple or several of them. They are: itchy skin, dry eyes, weight gain, constipation, hair loss, hoarse voice, slower pulse, headaches, mood swings, lower blood pressure and exhaustion. A really detailed hypothyroidism symptoms checklist is available and can be viewed at http://hypothyroidism-and-symptoms.com/.
Hypothyroidism – Available Treatments
There is a multitude of available treatments out there for hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism symptoms. It really is up to the preference of the person affected whether to go down the road of medication and dealing with a doctor or going down a more natural treatment path or even a little bit of both as long as it is okayed by your doctor.
Herbal remedies are one possible treatment for hypothyroidism. The most well known herbal remedies to help relieve hypothyroidism are fulvic acid, ginger, goji berries, evening primrose oil and coconut oil.
Another possible option for hypothyroidism treatment is taking a vitamin, mineral or amino acid such as flax oil, fish oil, manganese, selenium, zinc and Vitamin A, B3, B6, B12, B2, C and E. These vitamins, minerals and amino acids are known to not only assuage symptoms but to completely overturn hypothyroidism! Vitamins, minerals, amino acids as well as herbal remedies can be found at your local health food store.
Duncan Capicchiano’s Hypothyroidism Solution Program is yet another possible treatment and it is all natural. With this program you can learn so much about ingredients that aid hypothyroidism and symptoms which is done with easy to follow recipes. In addition, there is a guide which is a series of steps to lead you through this all natural treatment. The results you should see include an increase in your metabolism, disappearing symptoms and increasing energy. Sounds great doesn’t it? With this program, you will never have any side effects because it’s all natural. Definitely a positive aspect to the Hypothyroidism Solution Program!
DrRic Whole Foods Market Schaumburg Nutrition and Mental Health (slide share ...DrRic Saguil
This document provides information on nutrition and mental health from an integrative medicine perspective. It discusses how diet and specific nutrients can impact mood and mental health conditions. Some key points include:
- Whole foods and healthy fats like omega-3s from fish can support mental health and reduce depressive symptoms. Processed foods are linked to increased depression risk.
- Specific supplements like SAMe, St. John's Wort, and kava may help treat mild depression and anxiety.
- An integrative approach considers multiple potential contributors to mental health issues beyond medications, including diet, lifestyle, environmental toxins, and underlying nutritional deficiencies.
- Getting tested for vitamin, mineral, and fatty acid levels can
Whole foods schaumburg nutrition and mental healthDrRic Saguil
This document provides information on nutrition and mental health from an integrative medicine perspective. It discusses how diet impacts mood and depression, including the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, whole foods and avoiding processed foods. It promotes an approach that considers multiple potential causes of mental health issues beyond just medication, including testing for nutritional deficiencies, food sensitivities, toxic metals and more. The document lists herbal supplements that may help with anxiety and depression and provides resources for making informed dietary choices.
DrRic Using the Ancient Wisdom of Food to Create a New You (slide share editi...DrRic Saguil
This document discusses various approaches to food and health from different traditions and perspectives. It covers topics like the glycemic index, modern diets, food industry influences, herbal medicines, traditional Chinese medicine's view of foods, Ayurveda, and using food as medicine according to Hippocrates. Overall, the document takes a holistic view of food and examines spiritual, emotional and physical impacts of different diets on the body and mind.
This document discusses dietary supplements and their regulation. It notes that 40-50% of US households purchase supplements, which are a $13.9 billion industry. The top supplement categories are vitamins, herbals/botanicals, and sports nutrition. Unlike drugs, supplements are largely unregulated and manufacturers are not required to prove supplements are effective or safe before selling them. This poses risks to consumers from products that may not contain their claimed ingredients or could interact harmfully with other supplements, drugs, or medical conditions. The document advises consumers to consult health professionals when taking supplements.
Similar to SOC 204 Goldberg Ch 14 OTC + steroids (20)
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
3. A. Sure, vitamins
B. Herbal supplements
C. Amino acids to bulk
up
D. No way!
Sure, vitamins
Herbal supplements
Amino acids to bulk up
No way!
57%
0%
30%
13%
4. Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act
Food = safe, pure, NOT required to
show they are effective or have
benefit
Drug = intended for use in diagnosis,
cure, mitigation, treatment or
prevention of disease
5. Dietary Supplement Health and Education
Act 1994
Defined supplements and set regulation for safety
and labeling
Same as food labeling
▪ Includes: vitamins, minerals, herbs (and concentrates),
amino acids
6. Category I:
generally recognized as safe
(GRAS)
generally recognized as effective
(GRAE)
generally recognized as honestly
labeled (GRAHL)
Category II: Not generally
recognized as safe or effective
or is improperly labeled
Category III: Cannot be sold
7. A. My mom.
B. Advertisements.
C. Friends.
D. Used it in the past.
E. Nothing.
My mom.
Advertisements.
Friends.
Used it in the past.
Nothing.
42%
15%
12% 12%
18%
9. FDA can only declare a product adulterated if
it presents a significant or unreasonable risk
of illness or injury
Health claims
Structure/function claims
Carries disclaimer
10.
11. What are the pros and cons of
current supplement
regulations?
What are some supplements
you’ve heard of?
FILM
http://digital.films.com/Portal
ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=32926#
14. A. It doesn’t; they are
the same.
B. OTC drugs are safer
than prescription
drugs.
C. Supplements are
safer than
prescription drugs.
0% 0% 0%
OTC drugs are safer than...
It doesn’t; they are the ...
Supplements are safer t...
Response
15. A. Yes, thoroughly
B. Well, I skim it
C. Nope, never looked
0% 0% 0%
Yes, thoroughly
Well, I skim it
Nope, never looked
16.
17. A. 1 in 20
B. 1 in 50
C. 1 in 100
0% 0% 0%
1 in 20
1 in 50
1 in 100
19. 1938 Food, Drug & Cosmetic
Act established class of
prescription drugs
DIFFERENCES:
Dosage
Active ingredient
FDA reviews products, may
switch to OTC
20. Stimulants
Only caffeine
Weight-control products
Only Orlistat/Alli
Sedatives/sleep aids
No approved sedatives, sleep
aids contain antihistamine
27. A. Mood stabilizer
B. Testosterone
C. Enzyme
D. Protein
0% 0% 0% 0%
Mood stabilizer
Testosterone
Enzyme
Protein
Response
28. A. Deepening voice
B. Growth of facial
and chest hair
C. Decrease
depression
D. Increase muscle
mass
0% 0% 0% 0%
Decrease depression
Deepening voice
Growth of facial and ches...
Increase muscle mass
Response
29. A. Changing
metabolism
B. Increasing protein
synthesis
C. Affecting
neurotransmitters
D. Increasing growth
hormone
0% 0% 0% 0%
Changing metabolism
Increasing protein synthesis
Increasing growth hormone
Affecting neurotransmitters
Response
30. A. Depression
B. Growth deficiencies
C. AIDS
D. Cancer
0% 0% 0% 0%
Depression
Growth deficiencies
AIDS
Cancer
Response
31. A. Using steroids to get
bigger and stronger
B. Using steroids to
ward off depression
C. Using steroids to
improve looks
D. Using steroids to
combat side effects
from chemotherapy
0% 0% 0% 0%
Using steroids to ward of...
Using steroids to get bigg..
Using steroids to improve...
Using steroids to combat ...
Response
32. A. Respiratory distress
B. High blood
pressure
C. High cholesterol
D. Liver damage
0% 0% 0% 0%
Respiratory distress
High cholesterol
High blood pressure
Liver damage
Response
33. A. Abnormal growth of
muscles
B. Having an unrealistic
perception of your body
C. A symptom of eating
disorders
D. Caused by a hormone
imbalance
Abnormal growth of mus...
0% 0% 0% 0%
A symptom of eating dis...
Caused by a hormone im...
Having an unrealistic per...
Response
37. In your group, talk about use of performance-enhancing
drugs:
1. Under what circumstances is it acceptable?
Why?
2. Under what circumstances is it unacceptable?
Why?
3. When should testing for PEDs be implemented?
Under what situations or conditions? Why? For
what groups?
High school, college, professional athletes?
Cheerleading?
Academic competitors?
Editor's Notes
Drugs and food share certain characteristics
They contain chemicals that interact with the body’s physiology
Drugs and food are not regulated in the same ways
Supplements may be thought of as drugs by consumers but are legally classified as food products
Pills, capsules, liquids, and powders classified as dietary supplements may be thought of as drugs by consumers BUT
They are legally classified as food products
They are treated very differently by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Example of Saint John’s wort
Many people take it for its suggested ability to improve mood, reduce anxiety, and induce sleep
Classified as a dietary supplement, it is regulated more like a food than a drug
A drug is a product intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
Before marketing, drugs must be shown to be
Safe when used as directed
Effective for their intended use
Food products and ingredients must be
Safe
Pure (unadulterated)
They are not required to show that they are effective or provide any benefit
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994
Passed in part due to pressure on Congress from the supplement industry in response to indications that the FDA was planning to expand regulation of dietary supplements
Defined supplements and set regulations for safety and labeling
Billions of dollars are spent each year on OTC drugs
In the US, four out of five adults take medicine or supplements on a weekly basis
The perception that nonprescription drugs (OTCs) are completely safe can have grave consequences
For many years, people could get OTC drugs (patent medicines) from traveling shows or from a local pharmacist or physician
The contents of these drugs were not regulated
The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) stipulated that ingredients had to be listed on labels
The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) required that prescription drugs be proved safe and effective before being marketed
The Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962) required that nonprescription (OTC) drugs be proved safe and effective
The FDA evaluated ingredients in OTC drugs rather than examining each product
In 2007, the FDA proposed a category for “behind-the-counter” (BTC) drugs which consumers would have to ask for after consultation with their pharmacist
The Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act (2005) banned OTC cold medicines containing pseudoephedrine, an ingredient used to make methamphetamine
A drug is a product intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
Before marketing, drugs must be shown to be
Safe when used as directed
Effective for their intended use
A drug is a product intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
Usage by Americans
Americans self-treat four times as many health problems as doctors treat, often with OTC drugs
Americans spend over$18 billion per yearon OTC drugs
1962 Kefauver-Harris amendment required that all drugs be evaluated for safety and efficacy
Active ingredients reviewed individually; three standards considered:
GRAS (generally recognized as safe) means that, given currently available information, the ingredient is considered safe
Nothing is entirely safe
Safe = a “low incidence of adverse reactions or significant side effects under adequate directions for use and warnings against unsafe use as well as low potential for harm which may result from abuse”
GRAE (generally recognized as effective) = a reasonable expectation that the pharmacological effect of the drug will provide clinically significant relief of the type claimed in a significant proportion of the target population
3. GRAHL (generally recognized as honestly labeled)
More than 300,000 OTC products on the market contain fewer than 1,000 total active ingredients now reviewed in over 80 therapeutic classes.
Those that the FDA has classified as safe and effective
Uniform labeling standards were adopted in 1997 to reduce consumer confusion
Layout, headings, and topics are consistent, and language has been made clearer and more concise, with less medical terminology
Consistent labels make it easier for consumers to compare products
Food products and ingredients must be
Safe
Pure (unadulterated)
They are not required to show that they are effective or provide any benefit
FDA can declare a product to be adulterated (unsafe) only if it presents a significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury
Ingredients already on the market at the time of the Act:
Considered safe enough to be sold unless the FDA can demonstrate a risk
New ingredients:
Need some evidence that they would not present a significant or unreasonable risk
BUT much less evidence is required than for drugs
FDA authorizes a small number of health claims that food and supplement manufacturers can use if their products meet certain requirements
Based on available scientific research
Examples:
Adequate calcium intake and reduced risk of osteoporosis
Soluble fiber intake and reduced risk of heart disease
Unapproved health claims are not allowed, BUT
Supplement labels can make so-called structure/function claims
Relate to the structure or functioning of the body or to overall well-being
Examples:
Maintains cell integrity
Supports the immune system
Not a claim to prevent or treat a disease
Not reviewed by the FDA
Must carry a disclaimer:
This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Same label format as those for packaged foods
Not as accurate or precise as drug labels
Testing has found that potency varies from bottle to bottle and even capsule to capsule
Amounts listed on label are for a plant substance and not the presumed active ingredient
Ingredients listed on the label may not be the actual active ingredients in a plant or herb
Dosage guidelines are not well-established for many supplements
There is no requirement for proof of effectiveness
Generic drugs are copies of brand name drugs and have the same dosage, safety, strength, and quality
One advantage of generic drugs is that they cost less
Trademark laws in the United States require that generic drugs not look exactly like brand name drugs
Same label format as those for packaged foods
Not as accurate or precise as drug labels
Testing has found that potency varies from bottle to bottle and even capsule to capsule
Amounts listed on label are for a plant substance and not the presumed active ingredient
Ingredients listed on the label may not be the actual active ingredients in a plant or herb
Dosage guidelines are not well-established for many supplements
There is no requirement for proof of effectiveness
DSHEA expanded the definition of supplements to include a variety of substances:
Vitamins and minerals
Herbs and concentrates and extracts of herbs
Amino acids
Many forms:
Tablets
Capsules
Liquids
Powders
FDA can declare a product to be adulterated (unsafe) only if it presents a significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury
Ingredients already on the market at the time of the Act:
Considered safe enough to be sold unless the FDA can demonstrate a risk
New ingredients:
Need some evidence that they would not present a significant or unreasonable risk
BUT much less evidence is required than for drugs
FDA authorizes a small number of health claims that food and supplement manufacturers can use if their products meet certain requirements
Based on available scientific research
Examples:
Adequate calcium intake and reduced risk of osteoporosis
Soluble fiber intake and reduced risk of heart disease
Unapproved health claims are not allowed, BUT
Supplement labels can make so-called structure/function claims
Relate to the structure or functioning of the body or to overall well-being
Examples:
Maintains cell integrity
Supports the immune system
Not a claim to prevent or treat a disease
Not reviewed by the FDA
Must carry a disclaimer:
This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Pro: Many more supplements on the market
Consumers have more options
Con: Much less research available about safety and effectiveness of supplements
Con: Supplements remain on the market unless or until the FDA presents clear evidence of risk
Example: Ephedra, a stimulant taken by people wanting to lose weight
First evidence of safety concerns published by the FDA in 1994
With the burden of proof now with the FDA, it took 10 additional years for the FDA to compile evidence to get ephedra off the market
Definitely hazardous
Aristolochic acid
Very likely hazardous
Comfrey
Androstenedione
Chaparral
Germander
Kava
Cesium
Colloidial Siver
Graviola
Likely hazardous
Bitter orange
Organ/glandular extracts
Lobelia
Pennyroyal oil
Scullcap
Yohimbe
DIETARY SUPPLEMENT ACT
Introduced by Senator John McCain in February 2010.
Would have required all manufacturers to register with the FDA and provide a complete list of ingredients.
The FDA could also recall any ingredient they found to be unsafe.
The dietary supplement industry mounted a campaign against the regulation and McCain withdrew the bill
PSYCHOACTIVE SUPPLEMENTS
Saint John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Was originally thought to prevent possession by demons
Currently used as a potential treatment for both anxiety and depression
Research results have been mixed, but there is some evidence supporting its use for depression
It may interact with prescription drugs, so users should notify their physicians
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe)
A naturally occurring substance, the active form of amino acid methionine
Researched as a possible antidepressant
Not yet any solid evidence it is more effective than placebo
Ginkgo biloba
Long history of medical use in China
Active ingredients and mechanisms of action haven’t yet been identified
Reduces blood clotting; thins blood to improve circulation
PotentiallyResearch suggests a slight ability to improve memory
risky if used with aspirin or other drugs that reduce clotting
Supplements: no requirement for proof of effectiveness
Disclaimer for any structure/function claim:
“This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.”
Herbal drugs are largely unregulated
It is unclear whether they should be classified as drugs, foods, or herbs
Manufacturers of herbal drugs cannot make claims regarding their benefits without proof
Some herbal remedies can interfere with the effectiveness of conventional drugs
Consumers must look at advertisements for OTC drugs carefully because they may give inaccurate impressions
Always read the information on labels of OTC medicines
Relieving the symptoms of an illness is not the same as curing the illness
Some OTC drugs (stimulants, nasal sprays, sedatives, eye drops, cough syrups, and laxatives) can result in dependency
Consumers must look at advertisements for OTC drugs carefully because they may give inaccurate impressions
Always read the information on labels of OTC medicines
Relieving the symptoms of an illness is not the same as curing the illness
Some OTC drugs (stimulants, nasal sprays, sedatives, eye drops, cough syrups, and laxatives) can result in dependency
1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act established a classification of drugs that can be sold only by prescription
Possible differences between OTC and prescription drugs
Dosage: An OTC version of a drug may come in smaller doses
Chemicals: A prescription drug may contain a chemical not allowed for OTC sale due to potential toxicity
FDA panels review products and may switch drugs to OTC status
Examples of drugs switched to OTC status include ibuprofen (analgesic), orlistat (weight-loss), and cetirizine (antihistamine)
Should there be a class of drugs between OTC and prescription? Pharmacist recommended?
Stimulants
FDA allows stimulants to be sold to “help restore mental alertness or wakefulness when experiencing fatigue or drowsiness”
Only ingredient allowed by FDA in OTC stimulants is caffeine
Combinations of caffeine and other stimulants (e.g., ephedrine) are not allowed
The primary ingredient in OTC stimulants is caffeine
Does not reverse alcohol intoxication
Examples include Vivarin, No Doz, and “energy drinks” and inhalable forms of caffeine
Excessive caffeine consumption (caffeinism) results in nervousness, anxiety, tachycardia, sweating, and panic
Weight-control products
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) was sold over the counter by the late 1970s
Combinations of PPA and caffeine sold for a brief period before being banned in 1983
Concerns over effectiveness of PPA and the safety of recommended dosage due to its effects on blood pressure
2000: FDA requested all companies to stop marketing products containing PPA
Weight-control products
Additional products banned due to lack of safety or effectiveness
Ephedrine
Benzocaine-containing candies and gums
Starch blockers
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Currently, one FDA-approved weight-control OTC drug: Orlistat (alli)
Ephedrine (ephedra) can be fatal when combined with other stimulants such as caffeine
Orlistat (alli) works by blocking the absorption of about 25% of the fat in the foods that people consume
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is an appetite suppressant, structurally similar to amphetamines
Benzocaine is a topical anesthetic that numbs the tongue and palate
Sedatives and sleep aids
Early OTC sedatives and sleep aids
acetylcholine receptor blocker scopolamine + antihistamine methapyrilene
FDA review panel eventually rejected scopolamine but accepted methapyrilene
Later methapyrilene was found to cause cancer in rats, so it was no longer classified as GRAS
Different antihistamines were then marketed, and brands changed active ingredients frequently
Currently, there are no approved OTC sedatives; OTC sleep aids contain antihistamines
Anesthetics (“without sensibility”) reduce all types of sensation or block consciousness completely
Analgesics (“without pain”) reduce pain selectively without causing a loss of other sensations
Types of pain, based on place of origin
Visceral pain from nonskeletal portions of the body
Relieved by opioids
Somatic pain from muscle or bone
Relieved by aspirin and related products
About 35 percent of patients obtain pain relief from a placebo
Development
Long historical use of teas and extracts of willow and poplar bark for pain relief
Active ingredient—salicylic acid—was identified, synthesized, and mass-produced in the nineteenth century
Related compound—acetylsalicylic acid—was synthesized in 1898 by a Bayer Laboratories’ chemist; had fewer side effects
1899: Patented and released for prescription sale in the form of a white powder
1915: Sold over the counter in tablet form
The primary ingredient in many OTC sedatives and sleep aids is some type of antihistamine
A person should not drive an automobile, drink alcohol, or engage in potentially hazardous activities while taking antihistamines
Examples include Nytol, Sominex, and Seep-Eze
ASPIRIN
Therapeutic use
Analgesic—effectively blocks mild-to-moderate somatic pain
Maximum pain relief occurs in about one hour; effect lasts for up to four hours
Especially effective for headache and musculoskeletal pain
Antipyretic—reduces fever
Does not lower body temperature in someone with normal body temperature
Causes vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels and increased perspiration
Therapeutic use
Anti-inflammatory—reduces swelling, inflammation and soreness
Relatively low toxicity
Absorbed from the stomach and intestines
Effects/Risks
Increases bleeding time by inhibiting blood platelet aggregation
Can cause bleeding problems for surgical patients
May prevent heart attacks and strokes by preventing clots in high-risk patients
Induces gastrointestinal bleeding
Reye’s syndrome—rare but serious disease
Effects can include disorientation, personality changes, lethargy, coma, and death
CDC recommends that aspirin should not be given to anyone under age 20 who has a suspected viral illness such as cold, influenza, or chicken pox
Accidental poisonings and suicide attempts
Mechanism of action
Prostaglandins are local-acting hormones
Released when cell membranes are injured
Mediate pain in injured areas by sensitizing neurons to stimulation
Aspirin inhibits two forms of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme
Blocks the synthesis of pain-causing prostaglandins
Aspirin also acts on prostaglandins involved in heat regulation
ACETOMINAPHEN
Acetaminophen is closely related to phenacetin, a now banned pain reliever
Compared to aspirin:
As effective in analgesic and antipyretic effects
Less useful as an anti-inflammatory drug
Causes less gastric bleeding
Overuse of acetaminophen can cause serious liver disorders
Not safer than aspirin if recommended dose is exceeded
As of 2009, the FDA limited the maximum single adult dose to 650 mg for OTC products
Analgesics
Ibuprofen is an aspirin-like analgesic and anti-inflammatory; it also inhibits COX enzymes
Potential side effects
Nausea and stomach pain
Liver damage (if taken in large amounts)
Class of drugs is known as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Originally available by prescription, but now also available over the counter
All-too-common cold
Colds are viral infections, caused by viruses in the rhinovirus or coronavirus families
Viruses damage or kill the cells they attack
In the case of colds, the affected cells are on the upper respiratory tract
Symptoms include coughing, sneezing, and production of fluid by the mucous membranes
All-too-common cold
Most cold viruses enter the body through the nose or eyes; they are usually transmitted via an infected person’s hands
Frequent handwashing is a good strategy to reduce the risk of contracting a cold
Treatment of cold symptoms—no cure
Modern cold remedies contain three common types of ingredients
Antihistamines for temporary relief of runny nose and sneezing
Of questionable benefit for cold symptoms
Nasal decongestants for temporary relief of swollen nasal membranes
Analgesic-antipyretics for temporary relief of aches and pains and fever reduction
Allergy and sinus medications
Rely mainly on antihistamines
May also include an analgesic
CHOOSING AN OTC
Most products contain one or more of only a small number of ingredients, in different combinations
An informed consumer can understand a large proportion of these products by being familiar with only a few drugs
Single ingredient medications may be preferable to combination products
Avoid medication interactions and side effects of drugs that are designed to treat symptoms you may not have
Two basic types of analgesics:
External analgesics, such as Ben-Gay and Absorbine, applied to the skin for sore muscles
Internal analgesics such as aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, and ketoprofen
In 2009, 53,000 people went to emergency rooms due to acetaminophen, and 27,000 people went to emergency rooms due to ibuprofen
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
Similar to a chemical in willow bark
Developed by Bayer
Alters synthesis of prostaglandins
Reduces inflammation, especially rheumatoid arthritis
Antipyretic (fever-reducing)
Reduces risk of heart attack and several diseases
Increases bleeding risk
Inhibits interferon
Avoid use by children
Children with chicken pox or flu-like symptoms should not be given aspirin
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Byproduct of phenacetin
Reduces pain and fever
Interferes with prostaglandin synthesis
Adverse effects on liver and kidneys
Irritates stomach less than aspirin
Does not prolong bleeding
Can cause death
Ibuprofen (Advil)
Reduces pain
Lessens inflammation
Produces less stomach upset
May reduce risk of breast cancer and Alzheimer’s
Prolongs bleeding time
Can cause allergic reaction
Numerous side effects
May increase risk of peptic ulcers and enlarged prostate
Can cause death
Naproxen sodium (Aleve)
Comparable to ibuprofen in effectiveness
Long-term pain relief
Ketoprofen (Orudis KT and Actron)
Effective as ibuprofen
More effective than acetaminophen for reducing fever in children
COLD/ALLERGY
OTC drugs relieve symptoms of colds and allergies
Many people overcome colds more quickly when physicians prescribe medications, even placebos
Cough and cold remedies for children can be hazardous
ANTIHISTAMINES
When allergens are present, the body releases histamines that normally help fight infections
Antihistamines are effective for relieving itching, nasal inflammation, and skin allergies
Antihistamines are found in cough syrups, hay fever and motion sickness preparations, and decongestants
Dizziness
Weakness
Nervousness
Poor concentration
Headache
Drowsiness
Blurred vision
Difficulty urinating
Constipation
Hives
Dry mouth, nose, and throat
COUGH
A cough can be productive (produce secretions) or nonproductive
Drugs that suppress or prevent coughing are antitussives
Codeine provides relief within 15 to 30 minutes, and the effects last 4 to 6 hours
Dextromethorphan (Delsym) is nonnarcotic , but can induce drowsiness, nausea, and dizziness
A productive cough helps respiration by removing mucous secretions and foreign matter
Cough syrups that increase mucous secretions, making a cough productive, are called expectorants
The most common expectorant is guaifenesin
Decongestants constrict blood vessels of the nasal passages, improve air flow, and obstruct secretions
Some produce a rebound effect, in which the congestion becomes worse than it was originally
Dependency is possible – nasal sprays should not be used for more than three consecutive days
Pseudoephedrine is the active ingredient in the OTC decongestant Sudafed
ANTACIDS
Neutralize stomach acid (hydrochloric acidr) reducing the symptoms of the upset stomach
OTC products contain such drugs as:
Sodium bicarbonate
Calcium carbonate
Salts of magnesium
Salts of aluminum
Product examples include:
Tums, Rolaids, Alka Seltzer
Newer heartburn remedies include histamine (H2) blockers and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
H2 blockers (Tagamet HB and Zantac) are effective in less severe cases
The American College of Gastroenterology recommends PPIs (Prilosec and Nexium) because they are more effective
Early concoctions
May not have provided any true physical performance enhancement
Could have placebo value that boosted a competitor’s self-confidence
Ancient Greek Olympians and Aztec athletes used plant-based stimulants
Athletic competitions probably developed in tribal societies as a means of training for war
Strychnine
At low doses = a CNS stimulant
At higher doses = convulsions and death
Use reported in boxers, possibly to make them more aggressive and keep them from tiring quickly
1904 St. Louis Olympic marathon winner
Fueled by a mixture of brandy and strychnine
Collapsed and had to be revived after the race
Some use of strychnine in world competition may have continued into the 1960s
Cocaine: Available beginning in the 1800s
Mariani’s coca wine was used by the French cycling team
Athletes later used pure cocaine
Caffeine: Many athletes used coffee and/or pure caffeine
“Doping” initially referred to a cheap brandy given to racing dogs and horses to slow them down
Term came to refer to the opposite—an effort to improve rather than impair performance
Amphetamines: More potent than caffeine, safer than strychnine
Probably in use by athletes soon after they were introduced in the 1930s
Many early reports of the use of “pep” pills by boxers, cyclists, and soccer players
1950s Olympics: Many reports of amphetamine use, a few deaths
1960 Rome Olympics: One cyclist died, several others hospitalized due to amphetamine use
International regulations/TESTING
Ergogenic = “energy producing,” a general term for performance enhancement
1960s: Some sports began testing athletes, but problems continued
1967: Tommy Simpson died during the televised Tour de France
Amphetamines found in his system
1968: International Olympic Committee established rules to disqualify any athlete who used banned drugs or refused to be tested
The scope of testing at the Olympics has continued to expand over time
Football 1960s: Many football players used amphetamines during games
Attitudes toward amphetamines changed
National Football League (NFL) banned the distribution of amphetamines by team physicians and trainers in 1971
But initially no testing of players, who could still obtain the drug on their own
Current NFL policy restricts all use of amphetamines and many other drugs
STEROIDS Established medical use for weight gain in malnourished people
Soviets began to use testosterone to build up athletes in the 1950s
Many U.S. athletes in certain sports used steroids in the 1960s
Weight lifters and bodybuilders
Track and field athletes
Testing began in the 1970s
Athletes began to be caught and banned from competition for steroid use
Some individual use among Western athletes
Widespread use by athletes from some Eastern European countries
BALCO Rumors of steroid use circulated around certain professional baseball players
June 2003: Evidence surfaced that athletes were using tetrahydrogestrinone (THG)
Previously unknown steroid that did not show up in tests developed by the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency
BALCO Laboratories founder Victor Conte was implicated, along with a number of professional athletes from several different sports
Fallout from the BALCO/THG scandal continues
TESTING
1980s: Reports of drug use among athletes grew
Most amateur and professional sports organizations adopted more strict testing guidelines and longer lists of banned substances
Despite extensive and expensive tests, use of performance-enhancing substances continues
Ongoing development of new drugs and strategies to help athletes avoid detection
STIMULANTS
Effectiveness
Studies indicate that most athletes perform better on amphetamines, but the improvement is small
Small improvements can make a big difference at high levels of competition
Underlying mechanism of improvement is unclear
Increased physical ability (increased strength, masking of fatigue)
Effects on the brain (increased confidence, winning attitude)
At legal levels, caffeine may provide a slight improvement in endurance performance
Cocaine
No experiments have been carried out on its performance-enhancing abilities
In the 1980s, many athletes believed it did improve performance
Similar to amphetamine in its properties
Shorter duration of action, so it would likely have only brief effects
Ephedrine (available in pure form or in ephedra extract or ma huang)
On Olympic and NCAA lists of banned substances
Professional sports organizations were slower to ban it
NFL eventually banned it but Major League Baseball did not
Players continued to use it for its stimulant effects and for weight loss
Death of Baltimore Orioles pitcher Steve Bechler in 2003 was attributed to heat stroke brought on by ephedrine
FDA was able to ban ephedra and ephedrine in dietary supplements in 2004
Current use
Some athletes continue to use stimulants during training and then discontinue use several days before competition to avoid testing positive
Risks of use
Unknown effects of use during training on competitive performance
Possible overexertion or injury due to fatigue-masking effect of stimulants
Dependence, paranoid patterns and withdrawal symptoms
STEROIDS Physical effects of natural testosterone
Androgenic effects (masculinizing)
Growth of the penis and other male sex glands
Deepening of the voice
Increased facial hair
Anabolic effects (tissue building)
Increased muscle mass
Control of the distribution of body fat
Increased protein synthesis
Increased calcium in the bones
Synthetic anabolic steroids
Drug companies synthesized types of steroids that have fewer of the androgenic effects and more of the anabolic effects of steroids
Not entirely free of androgenic effects
EFFECTIVENESS
Mixed and controversial research findings
Testosterone builds muscle mass and strength during puberty
Animal studies: Synthetic anabolic steroids build muscle in castrated animals
Unclear if giving additional anabolic steroids to adolescent or adult males who already have normal circulating levels of testosterone will have a significant effect
Laboratory research on healthy men
Steroids can produce small increases in lean muscle mass and sometimes small increases in muscular strength
No evidence for an overall increase in aerobic capacity
Research findings may not match word-of-mouth
ISSUES IN RESEARCH
Difficult to extrapolate laboratory findings to athletes
Athletes may use much higher doses
Athletes may use combinations of steroids (“stacking”)
Psychological effects of steroids may affect results
Users report that they feel stronger—that they can lift more or work harder
Possible active placebo effect—a belief in the power of steroids enhanced by the sensation that the drug is doing something because one can “feel” it
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Steroids produce a stimulant-like high and increased aggressiveness
May allow more work done during training and increased intensity of effort during competition
Risks, especially at high doses
Psychological dependence, resulting in mood swings and depression when users don’t take the drugs
Interference with social relationships and other areas of life
“Roid rage”: Stories may be exaggerated, but the number of reports of violent feelings and actions among steroid users is a key area of concern
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Peliosis hepatitis
Bloody liver cysts
Unhealthy changes in blood lipid levels
May contribute to atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and heart disease
Acne
Baldness
Special risk for young users
Premature closure of the growth plates of the long bones, thus limiting adult height
Special risks for men
Atrophy of the testes
Breast enlargement
Special risks for women, who normally have only trace amounts of testosterone
Decreased breast size
Enlargement of the clitoris
Increased facial hair
Deepening of the voice
Some effects may be irreversible
REGULATION
Issues leading to regulation
Large black market for the drugs
Concerns about use among adolescent boys, even nonathletes
Anabolic steroids are listed on Schedule III
Limited prescription refills
More record-keeping
COLLEGE STIMULANT USELow doses of stimulant drugs can improve performance that has been disrupted by fatigue or sleep-deprivation
Recently there has been a renewed interest in using stimulants as nootropics and cognitive-enhancers
Some stories imply that the majority of college students take these drugs to enhance their performance.
The actual percentage is 4-7 %
Drugs maybe useful in increasing alertness and assisting one to study for a longer period of time, but they wont increase critical thinking or creativity
Health risks associated with nootropics
All stimulants increase cardiovascular activity, which, at large doses, can increase the likelihood of heart attack or stroke
These drugs can also disrupt sleep and excessive loss of sleep can lead to the development of physical and mental health problems.
Fairness
Some students may not have access to a physician
Some students may not want stimulants due to health risks.
HGH
A pituitary hormone that can potentially increase the height and weight of an individual to gigantic proportions
Rare instances of excessive body production of the hormone produces “giants” over 7 feet tall
Condition usually results in early death
Administration of doses of human growth hormone and related hormones may produce a more controlled increase in body size
Experiments have shown HGH may increase lean body mass but may not improve strength
It is illegal to distribute human growth hormone for nonmedical purposes
BETA2 AGONISTS
Action and effects
Selective stimulation of the beta-2 subtype of adrenergic receptors
Sympathomimetic effects on the bronchi of the lungs
Used in treating asthma
Animal studies showed a possible effect on muscle mass
No evidence for improved athletic performance
Banned for use in competition
Example: Clenbuterol
CREATINE
A natural substance found in meat and fish, sold legally as a dietary supplement
Actions and effects
Helps regenerate ATP, which provides the energy for muscle contractions
Users tend to gain weight, some of which is water weight
Creatine may improve strength and short-term speed in sprinting
No evidence for improvement in longer-distance events
Performance may decrease due to weight gain
GETTING “CUT”
Weight challenges in sports
Wrestlers and jockeys need to build strength and train hard but also need to make a specific weight
Athletes in these sports may engage in extreme methods to achieve short-term weight loss
Purging
Diuretics
Sweating (exercising in heat or while wearing nonporous clothing)
Bodybuilding terms and strategies
“Cut” refers to a lean, strong body, a “sculpted” body
“Ripped” or “shredded” refers to a more extreme version of looking cut
Every muscle fiber and vein is visible
Body fat percentage may be as low as 6 to 9 percent
14-20% is ideal for a healthy male
Many bodybuilders take “fat burning” supplements of questionable safety and effectiveness
Performance-enhancing drugs, also known as ergogenic aids, are used to gain a competitive advantage
As early as 300 BC, some Greek athletes ate mushrooms to enhance their performance
Drug abuse in sports has become more publicized in the last few years – e.g. Major League Baseball
The type of sport and gender of the athlete influence the drug of choice
Anabolic steroids
Substances used to increase muscle mass
Related to male sex hormones
Testosterone during puberty augments muscle mass and strength, but later in adolescence stunts growth
Users may engage in stacking – ingesting and injecting several steroids at the same time
Users display symptoms of depression, panic, anxiety, paranoia, mania, and suicidal behavior (roid rage)
Steroid effects on men and women:
Acne
Increased susceptibility to infections
Abrupt mood changes
Hypertension
Decreased HDL (good cholesterol)
Effects on liver
Stunted growth
Men:
More frequent erections
Atrophied testicles
Enlarged breasts
Enlarged prostate
Infertility
Baldness
Women:
Baldness
Decreased breast size
Enlarged clitoris
Increased facial hair
Fluid retention
Menstrual irregularities
Deepened voice
Human growth hormones (HGH)
Hormones that stimulate protein synthesis
Used by athletes to enhance performance
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone that enhances cardiovascular endurance by increasing red blood cell production
Can lead to blood clots, increasing the risk for heart attacks, stroke, and pulmonary embolism
Creatine monohydrate
Natural substance used to increase strength and short-term speed
Sold over-the-counter as a nutritional supplement
Believed to increase water content in muscles, adding to their size and ability to function
Reduces range of movement
Reported side effects include muscle cramping, dehydration, water retention, and kidney problems
Not regulated by the FDA
Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG)
Designer drug, closely related to the banned anabolic steroids gestrinone and trenbolone
Used by many professional athletes
Not approved by FDA
May cause some of the same side effects as steroids
Androstenedione
Food supplement used for muscle development
Precursor molecule, one step away from testosterone
Banned by NCAA, NFL, and IOC
Effects are similar to those of anabolic steroids
In January 2010, the FDA recalled androstenedione because of its potential side effects
STIMULANTS
Cocaine impairs performance requiring hand-eye coordination and concentration
Amphetamines have been used in sports to reduce fatigue and sustain intense exercise
Caffeine is used to improve endurance, especially short-term endurance
Many sports and energy drinks are high in caffeine and calories
DEPRESSANTS
Barbiturates inhibit performance
Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers) impair psychomotor performance
Alcohol reduces psychomotor skills and aerobic capacity – also impairs reaction time, fine and complex motor coordination, balance and steadiness, visual tracking, and information processing
SEXUAL PERFORMANCE
Many prescribed and over-the-counter drugs alter sexual functioning
Drugs such as methamphetamines and alcohol lead to unsafe sexual practices
Drugs are commonly used, especially in clubs, to make the user less sexually inhibited
Alcohol and narcotics can adversely affect sexual desire, performance, and satisfaction