SMARTube is a new medical technology being introduced in India for early detection of HIV and HCV infections. It works by stimulating a strong antibody response in a small blood sample within days of infection, allowing detection before other tests. The proprietary solution in SMARTube tricks the viruses into replicating, inducing early antibody production. After 3-5 days of incubation, standard HIV/HCV tests can detect the antibodies and confirm infection, even in the initial "window period" when the body has not yet developed antibodies. SMARTube provides simpler, earlier, and more accurate detection of infections compared to existing methods.
SMARTube is a new medical technology for early detection of HIV and HCV infections. It works by stimulating the body's immune response in a small blood sample to produce antibodies within days, rather than waiting weeks or months. This allows detection of infections during the "window period" before other tests can detect it. SMARTube has been tested on over 10,000 patients and is in use in several countries. It provides a simple, affordable way to more accurately diagnose infections and help reduce the spread of HIV/HCV.
This presentation on how dried blood spot testing may overcome some of the barriers to HIV testing was given by Philip Cunningham, NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, at the AFAO Members Forum - May 2015.
Выбор начальной схемы АРТ у пациентов старшего возраста.Choosing and Using F...hivlifeinfo
In this downloadable slideset, José R. Arribas, MD, and Hans-Jürgen Stellbrink, MD, review essential considerations for providing first-line antiretroviral therapy to older HIV patients.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 3.38 MB
Date posted: 9/4/2015
This document is a petition submitted to the Supreme Court of India regarding alleged land corruption during Bhupinder Singh Hooda's time as Chief Minister of Haryana from 2005 to 2014. It claims Hooda and his associates, including politicians and real estate developers, changed laws and policies to favor a select group of builders for their personal gain. This led to rapid urbanization in Haryana without proper planning, damaging the environment. It alleges key decisions regarding land allocation and development were influenced by Hooda's inner circle for their commercial benefit. Major builders like DLF and BPTP saw huge gains from acquiring land at low costs during this time. The petition seeks Supreme Court intervention to investigate these allegations and decide if existing laws were
Rasheda Hussain was the first Muslim woman from Delhi to join the civil services. She had a distinguished career, retiring as Director-General of the National Academy of Customs and Central Excise. She was known for her soft-spoken and humble nature, treating her subordinates with respect. Throughout her career, she strived to pass on the support she received to younger officers. She believes that speaking softly and treating others well is more effective than shouting or becoming angry.
Rasheda Hussain was the first Muslim woman from Delhi to join the civil services in India. She had a very successful career, retiring as the Director-General of the National Academy of Customs and Central Excise. She came from a prominent Muslim family in Old Delhi that encouraged education for both men and women. Throughout her career, she focused on treating everyone, regardless of gender, with respect and humility. She strived to be a role model for younger officers and help them develop soft skills to have successful careers while maintaining a work-life balance.
This document provides information about an organization that offers various communication solutions including print, electronic, web, and mobile solutions. It lists the types of clients it serves such as individuals, corporations, educational institutions, government departments, armed forces, law enforcement, publishers, and NGOs. It describes some of its creative mass media solutions and services from concept development to implementation. The document emphasizes the organization's commitment to delivering for clients in any conditions and continuing its work and journey.
This document contains financial planning advice for Shirley O'Reilly regarding her retirement situation and recommended plans. It analyzes her current assets of $661,000 in bank accounts, $201,973 in a Westpac super fund, and other investments totaling $372,304. The recommendations include transferring funds to an investment exchange superannuation/pension account and investment exchange investment account, with the remaining in her bank account. Projected returns, expenses, Centrelink benefits, and strategies for accessing government pensions are also discussed.
SMARTube is a new medical technology for early detection of HIV and HCV infections. It works by stimulating the body's immune response in a small blood sample to produce antibodies within days, rather than waiting weeks or months. This allows detection of infections during the "window period" before other tests can detect it. SMARTube has been tested on over 10,000 patients and is in use in several countries. It provides a simple, affordable way to more accurately diagnose infections and help reduce the spread of HIV/HCV.
This presentation on how dried blood spot testing may overcome some of the barriers to HIV testing was given by Philip Cunningham, NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, at the AFAO Members Forum - May 2015.
Выбор начальной схемы АРТ у пациентов старшего возраста.Choosing and Using F...hivlifeinfo
In this downloadable slideset, José R. Arribas, MD, and Hans-Jürgen Stellbrink, MD, review essential considerations for providing first-line antiretroviral therapy to older HIV patients.
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File size: 3.38 MB
Date posted: 9/4/2015
This document is a petition submitted to the Supreme Court of India regarding alleged land corruption during Bhupinder Singh Hooda's time as Chief Minister of Haryana from 2005 to 2014. It claims Hooda and his associates, including politicians and real estate developers, changed laws and policies to favor a select group of builders for their personal gain. This led to rapid urbanization in Haryana without proper planning, damaging the environment. It alleges key decisions regarding land allocation and development were influenced by Hooda's inner circle for their commercial benefit. Major builders like DLF and BPTP saw huge gains from acquiring land at low costs during this time. The petition seeks Supreme Court intervention to investigate these allegations and decide if existing laws were
Rasheda Hussain was the first Muslim woman from Delhi to join the civil services. She had a distinguished career, retiring as Director-General of the National Academy of Customs and Central Excise. She was known for her soft-spoken and humble nature, treating her subordinates with respect. Throughout her career, she strived to pass on the support she received to younger officers. She believes that speaking softly and treating others well is more effective than shouting or becoming angry.
Rasheda Hussain was the first Muslim woman from Delhi to join the civil services in India. She had a very successful career, retiring as the Director-General of the National Academy of Customs and Central Excise. She came from a prominent Muslim family in Old Delhi that encouraged education for both men and women. Throughout her career, she focused on treating everyone, regardless of gender, with respect and humility. She strived to be a role model for younger officers and help them develop soft skills to have successful careers while maintaining a work-life balance.
This document provides information about an organization that offers various communication solutions including print, electronic, web, and mobile solutions. It lists the types of clients it serves such as individuals, corporations, educational institutions, government departments, armed forces, law enforcement, publishers, and NGOs. It describes some of its creative mass media solutions and services from concept development to implementation. The document emphasizes the organization's commitment to delivering for clients in any conditions and continuing its work and journey.
This document contains financial planning advice for Shirley O'Reilly regarding her retirement situation and recommended plans. It analyzes her current assets of $661,000 in bank accounts, $201,973 in a Westpac super fund, and other investments totaling $372,304. The recommendations include transferring funds to an investment exchange superannuation/pension account and investment exchange investment account, with the remaining in her bank account. Projected returns, expenses, Centrelink benefits, and strategies for accessing government pensions are also discussed.
The document discusses communication from birth to death and beyond. It references communication starting before birth through a mother feeling her baby's first kick in the womb. Examples of communication continue throughout one's life, such as Gandhi's last words and an epitaph about soldiers giving their lives. The document also provides two short stories about Ganesh writing the Mahabharata and how he came to have one tusk from battling Parshuram. It concludes with defining elements of seamless communication as involving a sender, receiver, context/message, channel or medium, and code or language.
This document discusses the importance of discipline and teamwork. It provides examples of discipline in nature, sports, the military, and other areas of life. Workplace discipline involves following rules, policies, and instructions. Signs of discipline at work include completing assignments on time, avoiding false commitments, staying focused, and controlling tempers. The importance of discipline is that only disciplined people achieve success through practice. Teamwork is also essential, as demonstrated by the story of the hare and tortoise learning to work together to both win the race. Discipline and teamwork are keys to individual, company, and national success.
This document provides an overview of An Introduction Communicators in the Knowledge Economy, a media company based in India. The summary is as follows:
The company provides professional media services across various platforms including audio-visual programs, print, broadcast, web journalism, content syndication, advertising, public relations, and image/perception management. It has worked with clients across sectors such as government departments, armed forces, law enforcement, publishers, and more. The document outlines the company's team, services, clients, and examples of past productions.
The document outlines a marketing campaign for idlis, a South Indian snack. It aims to increase idli's popularity across India by promoting its various benefits, such as being healthy, low-cost, and easy to cook. The campaign will use social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, featuring comic characters. Contests and challenges related to idlis will engage users. The objective is to make idlis a popular snack choice for all occasions and regions.
Calligraph is a business intelligence tool that allows for flexible and on-demand multidimensional analysis of data without pre-processing. It delivers integrated OLAP and reporting functionality to support decision making. Unlike traditional BI that requires pre-building cubes, Calligraph translates tables into linear query sets and allows users to directly explore data through a customizable semantic layer in their own terms. This provides real-time decision support without consultants or delays.
This document provides an overview of zines and zine librarianship. It discusses the history of zines from pamphlets and leaflets to the punk era and their resurgence today. Reasons for zines' popularity include participatory learning and interest in DIY crafts and publishing. The document demonstrates how to make a simple one-page zine and discusses collecting, cataloging, displaying, and evaluating zines in libraries. It provides examples of zine collections and resources for librarians interested in zine librarianship.
The document discusses lessons that can be learned from observing migratory birds in flight formation. It notes that birds flying together in a V formation increases flight efficiency by 71% compared to individual flight. It also discusses how the birds take turns leading, provide encouragement to each other, and support injured or tired birds by flying with them. The overall lesson is that humans, like geese, are meant to work as a team by encouraging leaders, sharing workloads, and supporting one another during hard times. United in this way, more can be accomplished than through individual effort alone.
Discipline refers to systematic instruction or training to follow rules of conduct. It involves acting in an orderly manner with attention to detail out of respect for oneself and others. Self-discipline requires correcting oneself for improvement. Discipline is important for individuals, organizations, and society. It is needed everywhere from sports to the military. Without discipline, there can be no orderly existence. Disciplined people and nations like Japan that were devastated in war were able to achieve great progress through the discipline and sense of responsibility of their people. Discipline guarantees success while indiscipline leads to chaos.
Communication involves a sender formulating a message and sending it through a channel to a receiver. The receiver then provides feedback to the sender. Effective communication depends on understanding what information is being sent, to whom it is being sent, the purpose of the message, when it is being sent, and how the message is being conveyed.
The document discusses three classes of decision problems:
1) P problems that can be solved quickly in polynomial time.
2) NP problems where a "YES" answer has a proof checkable in polynomial time.
3) co-NP problems where a "NO" answer has a proof checkable in polynomial time.
It then defines NP-Complete problems as the hardest problems in NP, and explains that 3SAT is a famous NP-Complete problem involving finding a variable assignment that satisfies a Boolean formula of clauses with 3 variables each. The document provides methods for proving other problems like Clique and Independent Set are also NP-Complete by reducing 3SAT to them in polynomial time.
The document discusses various sorting algorithms and their analysis. It begins by explaining insertion sort and analyzing its best, worst, and average cases. It then discusses the concept of inversions and how they relate to sorting complexity. Other algorithms covered include bubble sort, merge sort, quicksort, quickselect, bucket sort, radix sort, and external sorting. A key takeaway is that quicksort and mergesort run in O(n log n) time on average, which is optimal for comparisons-based sorting. External sorting can sort data that does not fit in memory.
This document discusses algorithms and their analysis. It defines an algorithm as a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem or calculate a quantity. Algorithm analysis involves evaluating memory usage and time complexity. Asymptotics, such as Big-O notation, are used to formalize the growth rates of algorithms. Common sorting algorithms like insertion sort and quicksort are analyzed using recurrence relations to determine their time complexities as O(n^2) and O(nlogn), respectively.
The document introduces SMARTube, a new technology for detecting HIV and HCV. It has been tested on over 10,000 patients globally and approved for use in Europe. SMARTube can detect infections earlier than other tests when antibodies are not yet present. It has potential benefits for India, which has millions living with HIV/HCV but low testing rates. NACCO support is sought to recommend SMARTube for improving detection of "killer twins" HIV and HCV.
The document discusses an upcoming workshop on HIV and HCV in Patna, Bihar, India on August 16, 2009. The workshop will bring together doctors, media, and HIV experts from India and abroad to discuss issues related to HIV and HCV, including the window period where infected individuals may test negative. Early detection of HIV and HCV is important to control the spread of infections and lower healthcare costs.
The Diagnostic & Testing virtual conference held on the 11th June 2020 was an inspiring event examining the role of both molecular and rapid diagnostics in tackling disease, infection and reducing the impact of COVID-19 within our communities and hospitals. The virtual conference explored how health professionals, academics and industry are driving diagnostic and testing usage within laboratories, pharmacies and community practice.
The conference built upon the UK Diagnostics Summit held annually in London discussed how diagnostics and testing are tackling COVID-19, the technology in development, accuracy of COVID-19 tests as well as exploring current testing methods for cancer, diabetes, sepsis, urinary tract infections and HAI’S.
The development of an HIV vaccine faces significant challenges including viral diversity, establishment of viral reservoirs, and immune evasion. Current vaccine strategies aim to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies or enhance cellular immunity through various approaches including recombinant proteins, viral vectors, and DNA vaccines. While two vaccine concepts have undergone efficacy trials, neither provided protective effects. Ongoing research continues through clinical trials evaluating prime-boost regimens combining DNA vaccines and viral vectors.
Find out why Rapid Testing for Antigens and Antibodies is the game changer in controlling the COVID-19 Pandemic and why it is the only solution for mass screening in care homes, universities, prisons, schools and businesses.
This document provides information about HIV testing, including the types of HIV tests available, how to interpret test results, and the importance of pre-test and post-test counseling. It discusses testing procedures, confidentiality, testing of sexual assault victims, and partner notification programs. Testing can detect HIV early so people can access treatment and prevent transmission. Counseling assists people in understanding their risk and supports behavior changes to protect their health and partners.
- Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) involves taking antiretroviral drugs within 72 hours of potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection. Factors like the amount of blood and virus levels can influence transmission risk from needlesticks or other exposures. Proper wound care and starting a 28-day course of antiretroviral drugs are recommended. Follow-up testing for the exposed person is also important to monitor for potential infection. The goals of PEP are to suppress viral replication and prevent establishment of HIV infection after a possible exposure.
Epidemiology of HIV & AIDS.pptx presentation 2024Motahar Alam
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS encompasses the study of the distribution and determinants of HIV infection and AIDS-related illnesses within populations. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a condition characterized by a weakened immune system, making individuals susceptible to various infections and illnesses.
Key aspects of the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS include:
Prevalence and Incidence: Prevalence refers to the total number of people living with HIV/AIDS within a population at a specific time, while incidence refers to the rate of new infections occurring within a given period. These measures help understand the burden of the disease and its spread over time.
Demographic Patterns: HIV/AIDS affects different demographic groups differently. Factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographical location can influence susceptibility, access to healthcare, and outcomes. For example, in many regions, young adults and certain minority populations may have higher rates of infection.
Transmission Routes: Understanding how HIV is transmitted is crucial for prevention efforts. HIV primarily spreads through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles or syringes, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Other modes of transmission include blood transfusions (though rare in regions with screening protocols) and occupational exposure.
Risk Factors: Certain behaviors and circumstances increase the risk of HIV transmission. These include having multiple sexual partners, engaging in unprotected sex, using intravenous drugs, lack of access to healthcare, poverty, stigma, and discrimination. Additionally, structural factors such as laws and policies can influence risk behaviors and access to prevention and treatment services.
Global Distribution: HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic, but its prevalence varies widely between countries and regions. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most affected, with the highest burden of HIV infections worldwide. However, significant progress has been made in some regions, while new challenges emerge in others, such as Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Progress in Prevention and Treatment: Efforts to combat HIV/AIDS include prevention strategies such as promoting condom use, harm reduction programs for injecting drug users, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and comprehensive sexual education. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV/AIDS into a manageable chronic condition for many, reducing mortality and transmission rates.
Challenges and Future Directions: Despite significant progress, challenges remain in the global response to HIV/AIDS. These include disparities in access to healthcare, stigma and discrimination, funding gaps, emergence of drug-resistant strains, and persistent barriers to prevention and treatment in certain populations.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV was identified as the cause of AIDS in 1983.
- HIV is transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood, and from mother to child.
- India's HIV epidemic began in the 1980s, with over 2 million new infections globally in 2013.
- HIV diagnosis involves antibody and antigen tests, while treatment and monitoring involves CD4 counts and viral load tests.
The document discusses communication from birth to death and beyond. It references communication starting before birth through a mother feeling her baby's first kick in the womb. Examples of communication continue throughout one's life, such as Gandhi's last words and an epitaph about soldiers giving their lives. The document also provides two short stories about Ganesh writing the Mahabharata and how he came to have one tusk from battling Parshuram. It concludes with defining elements of seamless communication as involving a sender, receiver, context/message, channel or medium, and code or language.
This document discusses the importance of discipline and teamwork. It provides examples of discipline in nature, sports, the military, and other areas of life. Workplace discipline involves following rules, policies, and instructions. Signs of discipline at work include completing assignments on time, avoiding false commitments, staying focused, and controlling tempers. The importance of discipline is that only disciplined people achieve success through practice. Teamwork is also essential, as demonstrated by the story of the hare and tortoise learning to work together to both win the race. Discipline and teamwork are keys to individual, company, and national success.
This document provides an overview of An Introduction Communicators in the Knowledge Economy, a media company based in India. The summary is as follows:
The company provides professional media services across various platforms including audio-visual programs, print, broadcast, web journalism, content syndication, advertising, public relations, and image/perception management. It has worked with clients across sectors such as government departments, armed forces, law enforcement, publishers, and more. The document outlines the company's team, services, clients, and examples of past productions.
The document outlines a marketing campaign for idlis, a South Indian snack. It aims to increase idli's popularity across India by promoting its various benefits, such as being healthy, low-cost, and easy to cook. The campaign will use social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, featuring comic characters. Contests and challenges related to idlis will engage users. The objective is to make idlis a popular snack choice for all occasions and regions.
Calligraph is a business intelligence tool that allows for flexible and on-demand multidimensional analysis of data without pre-processing. It delivers integrated OLAP and reporting functionality to support decision making. Unlike traditional BI that requires pre-building cubes, Calligraph translates tables into linear query sets and allows users to directly explore data through a customizable semantic layer in their own terms. This provides real-time decision support without consultants or delays.
This document provides an overview of zines and zine librarianship. It discusses the history of zines from pamphlets and leaflets to the punk era and their resurgence today. Reasons for zines' popularity include participatory learning and interest in DIY crafts and publishing. The document demonstrates how to make a simple one-page zine and discusses collecting, cataloging, displaying, and evaluating zines in libraries. It provides examples of zine collections and resources for librarians interested in zine librarianship.
The document discusses lessons that can be learned from observing migratory birds in flight formation. It notes that birds flying together in a V formation increases flight efficiency by 71% compared to individual flight. It also discusses how the birds take turns leading, provide encouragement to each other, and support injured or tired birds by flying with them. The overall lesson is that humans, like geese, are meant to work as a team by encouraging leaders, sharing workloads, and supporting one another during hard times. United in this way, more can be accomplished than through individual effort alone.
Discipline refers to systematic instruction or training to follow rules of conduct. It involves acting in an orderly manner with attention to detail out of respect for oneself and others. Self-discipline requires correcting oneself for improvement. Discipline is important for individuals, organizations, and society. It is needed everywhere from sports to the military. Without discipline, there can be no orderly existence. Disciplined people and nations like Japan that were devastated in war were able to achieve great progress through the discipline and sense of responsibility of their people. Discipline guarantees success while indiscipline leads to chaos.
Communication involves a sender formulating a message and sending it through a channel to a receiver. The receiver then provides feedback to the sender. Effective communication depends on understanding what information is being sent, to whom it is being sent, the purpose of the message, when it is being sent, and how the message is being conveyed.
The document discusses three classes of decision problems:
1) P problems that can be solved quickly in polynomial time.
2) NP problems where a "YES" answer has a proof checkable in polynomial time.
3) co-NP problems where a "NO" answer has a proof checkable in polynomial time.
It then defines NP-Complete problems as the hardest problems in NP, and explains that 3SAT is a famous NP-Complete problem involving finding a variable assignment that satisfies a Boolean formula of clauses with 3 variables each. The document provides methods for proving other problems like Clique and Independent Set are also NP-Complete by reducing 3SAT to them in polynomial time.
The document discusses various sorting algorithms and their analysis. It begins by explaining insertion sort and analyzing its best, worst, and average cases. It then discusses the concept of inversions and how they relate to sorting complexity. Other algorithms covered include bubble sort, merge sort, quicksort, quickselect, bucket sort, radix sort, and external sorting. A key takeaway is that quicksort and mergesort run in O(n log n) time on average, which is optimal for comparisons-based sorting. External sorting can sort data that does not fit in memory.
This document discusses algorithms and their analysis. It defines an algorithm as a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem or calculate a quantity. Algorithm analysis involves evaluating memory usage and time complexity. Asymptotics, such as Big-O notation, are used to formalize the growth rates of algorithms. Common sorting algorithms like insertion sort and quicksort are analyzed using recurrence relations to determine their time complexities as O(n^2) and O(nlogn), respectively.
The document introduces SMARTube, a new technology for detecting HIV and HCV. It has been tested on over 10,000 patients globally and approved for use in Europe. SMARTube can detect infections earlier than other tests when antibodies are not yet present. It has potential benefits for India, which has millions living with HIV/HCV but low testing rates. NACCO support is sought to recommend SMARTube for improving detection of "killer twins" HIV and HCV.
The document discusses an upcoming workshop on HIV and HCV in Patna, Bihar, India on August 16, 2009. The workshop will bring together doctors, media, and HIV experts from India and abroad to discuss issues related to HIV and HCV, including the window period where infected individuals may test negative. Early detection of HIV and HCV is important to control the spread of infections and lower healthcare costs.
The Diagnostic & Testing virtual conference held on the 11th June 2020 was an inspiring event examining the role of both molecular and rapid diagnostics in tackling disease, infection and reducing the impact of COVID-19 within our communities and hospitals. The virtual conference explored how health professionals, academics and industry are driving diagnostic and testing usage within laboratories, pharmacies and community practice.
The conference built upon the UK Diagnostics Summit held annually in London discussed how diagnostics and testing are tackling COVID-19, the technology in development, accuracy of COVID-19 tests as well as exploring current testing methods for cancer, diabetes, sepsis, urinary tract infections and HAI’S.
The development of an HIV vaccine faces significant challenges including viral diversity, establishment of viral reservoirs, and immune evasion. Current vaccine strategies aim to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies or enhance cellular immunity through various approaches including recombinant proteins, viral vectors, and DNA vaccines. While two vaccine concepts have undergone efficacy trials, neither provided protective effects. Ongoing research continues through clinical trials evaluating prime-boost regimens combining DNA vaccines and viral vectors.
Find out why Rapid Testing for Antigens and Antibodies is the game changer in controlling the COVID-19 Pandemic and why it is the only solution for mass screening in care homes, universities, prisons, schools and businesses.
This document provides information about HIV testing, including the types of HIV tests available, how to interpret test results, and the importance of pre-test and post-test counseling. It discusses testing procedures, confidentiality, testing of sexual assault victims, and partner notification programs. Testing can detect HIV early so people can access treatment and prevent transmission. Counseling assists people in understanding their risk and supports behavior changes to protect their health and partners.
- Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) involves taking antiretroviral drugs within 72 hours of potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection. Factors like the amount of blood and virus levels can influence transmission risk from needlesticks or other exposures. Proper wound care and starting a 28-day course of antiretroviral drugs are recommended. Follow-up testing for the exposed person is also important to monitor for potential infection. The goals of PEP are to suppress viral replication and prevent establishment of HIV infection after a possible exposure.
Epidemiology of HIV & AIDS.pptx presentation 2024Motahar Alam
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS encompasses the study of the distribution and determinants of HIV infection and AIDS-related illnesses within populations. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a condition characterized by a weakened immune system, making individuals susceptible to various infections and illnesses.
Key aspects of the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS include:
Prevalence and Incidence: Prevalence refers to the total number of people living with HIV/AIDS within a population at a specific time, while incidence refers to the rate of new infections occurring within a given period. These measures help understand the burden of the disease and its spread over time.
Demographic Patterns: HIV/AIDS affects different demographic groups differently. Factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographical location can influence susceptibility, access to healthcare, and outcomes. For example, in many regions, young adults and certain minority populations may have higher rates of infection.
Transmission Routes: Understanding how HIV is transmitted is crucial for prevention efforts. HIV primarily spreads through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles or syringes, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Other modes of transmission include blood transfusions (though rare in regions with screening protocols) and occupational exposure.
Risk Factors: Certain behaviors and circumstances increase the risk of HIV transmission. These include having multiple sexual partners, engaging in unprotected sex, using intravenous drugs, lack of access to healthcare, poverty, stigma, and discrimination. Additionally, structural factors such as laws and policies can influence risk behaviors and access to prevention and treatment services.
Global Distribution: HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic, but its prevalence varies widely between countries and regions. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most affected, with the highest burden of HIV infections worldwide. However, significant progress has been made in some regions, while new challenges emerge in others, such as Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Progress in Prevention and Treatment: Efforts to combat HIV/AIDS include prevention strategies such as promoting condom use, harm reduction programs for injecting drug users, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and comprehensive sexual education. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV/AIDS into a manageable chronic condition for many, reducing mortality and transmission rates.
Challenges and Future Directions: Despite significant progress, challenges remain in the global response to HIV/AIDS. These include disparities in access to healthcare, stigma and discrimination, funding gaps, emergence of drug-resistant strains, and persistent barriers to prevention and treatment in certain populations.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV was identified as the cause of AIDS in 1983.
- HIV is transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood, and from mother to child.
- India's HIV epidemic began in the 1980s, with over 2 million new infections globally in 2013.
- HIV diagnosis involves antibody and antigen tests, while treatment and monitoring involves CD4 counts and viral load tests.
The document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV attacks and kills white blood cells, remaining in the body for life. AIDS develops when the immune system is severely weakened.
- HIV is transmitted via unprotected sex, contaminated needles/blood, and from mother to child. It is not spread through casual contact.
- The progression of HIV includes an initial window period, then a long asymptomatic period before symptoms of AIDS emerge like weight loss and infections.
- Tests can confirm HIV infection, and antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prolong life for those infected.
- The National AIDS Control Programme aims to reduce new infections and AIDS-related deaths through testing, treatment, prevention and
01.04 laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of hiv infectionDavid Ngogoyo
Laboratory tests play an important role in diagnosing and monitoring HIV infection. Tests used for diagnosis include ELISA, rapid tests, and confirmatory tests like Western Blot. CD4 counts and viral load are used to determine when to start ART, monitor disease progression and response to treatment. Other tests like hematology and biochemistry panels help monitor for side effects and coinfections. Proper use and interpretation of HIV laboratory tests is crucial for effective clinical management of patients.
- HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) are known as the "killer twins" as they have many similarities. Both are blood-borne viruses that can silently damage the body for a long time before symptoms appear.
- There are no cures for either HIV or HCV, and treatments can only help patients live longer but are very expensive. According to WHO, HCV infects more people worldwide than HIV.
- A major issue is that many people in India are unaware that they are infected with HIV or HCV since there is often a "window period" before infections can be detected by tests. This means infected people can unknowingly spread the viruses.
HIV is a virus that causes AIDS by attacking the immune system. It can be transmitted through unprotected sex, sharing needles, unsafe blood transfusions, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. While HIV itself may not cause symptoms for years, it is diagnosed through blood tests detecting antibodies or the virus. As the virus destroys immune cells over time, it leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections defining AIDS. Though there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prevent opportunistic infections, allowing people to live long and healthy lives.
PPT Castelli "Dall'HIV all'AIDS fino alla coinfezione: una diagnosi difficile?"StopTb Italia
This document discusses the challenges of diagnosing HIV, AIDS, and co-infections. It notes that distinguishing between HIV infection, AIDS, and co-infections can be difficult. Point-of-care rapid tests have helped increase HIV testing, though they cannot identify acute HIV infections. The document emphasizes the importance of confirming positive rapid HIV tests with supplemental tests due to the potential for false positives in low prevalence populations.
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS. It is transmitted through bodily fluids like blood, breastmilk, semen and vaginal secretions. The infection progresses from HIV infection to AIDS in stages - first, the window period when antibodies are not detectable. It is then followed by asymptomatic phase that can last 10-15 years before HIV-related illnesses and infections emerge. Untreated, it culminates in AIDS when the immune system is severely compromised. Risk groups include those with multiple sexual partners and intravenous drug users. Testing involves pre- and post-test counseling and uses ELISA or Western Blot confirmatory tests.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS treatment, including:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking a combination of three or more anti-HIV medications daily to prevent the virus from multiplying.
- When to start ART depends on a person's health and test results, with the goal of keeping the viral load undetectable and preventing immune system damage.
- Recommended first regimens include combinations of anti-HIV medications from different drug classes in order to control the virus most effectively.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS treatment, including:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking a combination of three or more anti-HIV medications daily to prevent the virus from multiplying.
- When to start ART depends on a person's health and test results, with the goal of keeping the viral load undetectable and preventing immune system damage.
- Recommended first regimens include combinations of anti-HIV medications from different drug classes in order to control the virus most effectively.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS treatment, including:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves taking a combination of three or more anti-HIV medications daily to prevent the virus from multiplying.
- When to start ART depends on a person's health and test results, with the goal of keeping the viral load undetectable and preventing immune system damage.
- Recommended first regimens include combinations of anti-HIV medications from different drug classes in order to control the virus most effectively.
Realizing the potential for HIV self-testing - a summary of latest evidenceCheryl Johnson
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HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It weakens a person's immune system by destroying white blood cells, making the body vulnerable to other infections and diseases. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sex, sharing needles, unsafe blood transfusions, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. While some people experience flu-like symptoms shortly after infection, many live asymptomatic for years before developing AIDS. There is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS, so prevention through safe sex practices and access to treatment are important.
This document outlines relationship building meetings with various media organizations. It lists the names of reporters and journalists from newspapers, magazines, television channels, and digital publications. The goal is to build connections and discuss opportunities for corporate profiling, quarterly results coverage, interviews, industry commentary, regional outreach through local newspapers, contributory articles, and digital engagement.
This document lists several Indian political and business figures and the impacts to their positions or legal status, including:
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Our world provides many opportunities, but few are able to fully exploit them due to limitations in manufacturing, marketing, administration, finance, and public relations. However, by teaming up and focusing on individual core strengths, each person can handle the areas they know best and leverage the strengths of others. This allows a company to have specialized roles for promotion, marketing, shareholding, directing, coordination, advertising, finance, business intelligence, medical, real estate, travel, spirituality, and defense functions.
1. The document describes a media company that provides various communication services including television and broadcast productions, content creation for web, print and mobile, news networking, research, graphics, advertising, promotions, and event management.
2. It discusses the importance of effective communication from birth to death and highlights reaching the right audience with the right message through the right medium.
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Dhruvi Mahajan is seeking a job and provides a resume highlighting her education and skills. She has a Master's degree in English and Bachelor's degree from Dyal Singh College. She has experience in public relations, event management, radio hosting, and counseling. Her skills include communication, leadership, teamwork, and working well under pressure.
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1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
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SMARTubeTM
being introduced for the first time in India – is a simple, yet revolutionary
breakthrough in medical technology for early warning and detection of HIV & HCV infections
in human beings, months before any other known test or diagnostic method.
Stimulating Maximal Antibody Response Tube – SMARTube™ will revolutionize HIV & HCV
detection by enabling one of the earliest and complete detection of HIV/HCV just a week
after exposure. SMARTube™ not only enables the detection of all the patients who are
diagnosed in the conventional testing - but also enables detection in additional patients that
are infected, but otherwise would have gone undetected at that testing time. As a cost
effective method that increases the SENSITIVITY and SPECIFICITY of other known HIV & HCV
detection devises—with very little additional training or cost input, it will help in saving
millions of lives.
SMARTube™ is manufactured under strict ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 13485:2003 regulations
and the highest global Quality Control, R&D and professional standards. SMARTube™ has
been awarded-- CE Mark—the regulatory stamp of approval in the whole of Europe (the EU
countries) and is certified for public and individual use in Germany, Russian Federation,
South Africa, Israel, Romania, Nigeria, and Turkey. It is being used in these countries in
hospitals, diagnostic labs, blood banks, health or life insurance uses—anywhere blood
samples need to be tested for HIV.
SMARTube™ has been tested in controlled clinical trials on over 10,000 patients/individuals
in several countries like China, Israel, Kenya, Mexico, Romania and South Africa. Most of
these clinical trials and tests were done by reputed government agencies, blood banks,
reference laboratories, academic and professional bodies.
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Q . What is SMARTubeTM
?
A. The name SMARTubeTM
being introduced for the first time in India – is derived from:
S –timulating,
M-aximal
A-ntibody
R-esponse
T-ube
It is a simple, yet revolutionary breakthrough in
medical technology for early warning and
detection of HIV & HCV infections in human
beings, months before any other known test or
diagnostic method.
Q . What is its Unique Selling Proposition - USP ?
A. The main USPs of SMARTubeTM
are as under:
1. It simulates the production and growth of a higher level antibodies in the blood
sample—upto a level that can be easily detected by the dignostic tests.
2. False negetive becomes positive: The same tests which had otherwise given a false
negetive report – can now give a confirmed positive result
3. Earliest possible detection of HIV-HCV within days of the infection.
4. Eliminate chances of a false positive results- SMARTubeTM
could prove to be a medical
blessing in terms of eliminating the possibility of doubt and reduce the incidence of false
positive result in some of the existing tests.
5. Reduces the period of uncertianity-- You don’t have to wait for weeks or months for the
body to produce antibodies in the due, natural course.
6. Increases the Specificity and Sentivity of the existing tests
7. No additional cost for add-on test-lab infrastructure or training of technicians.
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Q . Why is something like SMARTubeTM
the SMART solution to India’s needs?
A. One of main purpose behind any dignostic test – is to act like an early warning radar
system to detect the presence of invading germs and virus before they can cause irrepareble
damage to the human body.
However despite advancement of technology, one problem with most aviation radars is that
they cannot detect low flying, light aircraft. Likewise most HIV/HCV diagnostic tests can
detect only the antibodies produced against the infections and not the actual virus… This is
a major problem as during the window period –or the deceptive dark period just after a new
infection—many infected individuals could go undetected due to false negetive test results
due to low or inadequqte antibodies produced in the human body.
Even in case of a normal viral infection it takes 5-7 days for the antibodies to develop after
the infection. In case of both HIV or HCV it could take weeks or many months before any
antibodies could be found in the blood.
Using the radar terminology-- SMARTubeTM
is like an early warning radar system for the
detection and diagnosis of HIV and/or HCV infections – in the early stages of the disease
when most tests cannot diagnose it on the basis of antibodies produced in the infected
blood.
SMARTubeTM
is a scientifically engineered -- medical
boon– which makes it possible to detect an HIV carrier
even during the so-called window or latent period of the
infection.
All this makes SMARTubeTM
– the smart and the ultimate weapon to attack
and fight against the killer twins – HIV & HCV both of whom are smart and
lethal invaders – and masters in the art of camoflage, deception and hidden
combat after silently crippling the defenders – inside the human body.
Putting things in perspective—
• It’s a world wide trend that many HIV infected though medically
undiagnosed people are actually walking the on streets blissfully unaware
of their HIV+ve status. They are like potential Human Time Bombs that can
explode any moment causing irreparable damage by actually infecting 100s
of other innocent and unsuspecting people
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• Given the trend that only less than 1 % population of India get themseleves
tested for HIV-HCV even once in the lifetime and worst still upto 27 % HIV
infected people remain undiagnosed… Can India be left to the mercy of
these Zombies !!
• It is not a just medical but human rights issue very much akin to the right to
live and stay away from any accidental HIV contamination
• The only alternative before India which is
already the home to one of the highest
number of HIV+ve
people and one of the
highest number of AIDS related orphans in
the world – is to detect and segregate the
carriers of the deadly killer twin diseases – HIV & HCV before its too late.
• Ignorance is not bliss—Eliminating the false –ves as well as false +ves -- is
the only way to realistically combat the HIV-HCV menance
• Early and confirmed diagnosis of the HIV/HCV careers – well before the
antibodies in their blood can be taken as evidence – may actually prove to
be a turning point in their lives leading to a better management of their
infection besides the U-turn towards the road to damage control and
possible recovery.
In this sense-- SMARTubeTM
is +vely the solution India needs…
Q. Medically which are the sectors where the use of SMARTubeTM
could prove to be a
blessing in disguise?
A. SMARTube could prove to be extremely useful in Hospitals, laboratories, research centres
and the blood banks where everyday hundreds of new donors come to donate blood. None
of them is carrying a sign board on their faces – that they are HIV+ve. And if it's been just 2-
3 days before they have been infected by say visiting a prostitute or injectable drug abuse –
none of the existing test would be able to confirm the presence of virus in their blood. This
is where SMARTube can help. Besides this SMARTubeTM
could prove to be really useful in
the Army, Airforce, Navy and other central and state police forces as well as large
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corporates both in terms of pre-recruitment screening and periodic in-service monitoring of
the HIV status.
Q. What can be the various uses and applications of SMARTube in India?
A. SMARTube can have uses and applications in many sectors like:
• HIV testing centers
• Clinics and laboratories
• Diagnostics (hospitals, labs)
• Epidemiology (governments, health organizations)
• Research (vaccine design & therapeutics).
• Plasma industry.
• Health & Life insurance companies.
• Army, Police & Police – Pre-recruitment screening
• Individuals & Corporate -- Pregnant women, Healthcare workers, Foreign travelers,
Sex workers
Q. What are the risks involved if all the carriers of the HIV virus are not detected well in
time?
A. HIV and HCV carriers can be identified by detecting the antibodies against the virus in
their blood. After the HIV infection has set in, diagnosis is made using a blood test to detect
antibodies to the virus or copies of the virus itself.
Most HIV tests measure the antibodies produced by the body against HIV. It takes some
time for the immune system to produce enough antibodies for the antibody tests to detect.
This can vary from person to person. Most people develop detectable antibodies within 2
to 8 weeks (the average is 25 days). Even so, there is a chance that some individuals will
take longer to develop detectable antibodies. Therefore, if the initial HIV test was
conducted within the first 3 months of possible exposure, there is a great possibility of a
false-negative result. The length of this period varies from person to person, and depends
on a wide range of factors, such as the amount of HIV present in the bloodstream, general
health, the presence of other illnesses, and the response to treatment. During the
asymptomatic period, the virus is far from inactive. It is constantly replicating and causing
damage to the immune system.
Blood donated at blood banks during the ‘window period’ test negative and hence can be
transfused into unsuspecting patients – requiring urgent blood tranmission – for instance
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in cases of accidents, surgeries or say for instance pateients of heomophilia or thalesemia.
Imagime the magnitiude of the problem if every such person requiring blood transfusion
for one reason or the other came back infected with HIV+ve virus.
This phenomenon that came to prominence in the mid ’90s when people tested and
diagnosed as ’sero-negative’, went out and infected others. You can’t infect somebody if
you’re not infected – that’s when the realization came that there was something wrong with
the present tests which could not diagnose everybody.
Ninety-seven percent people usually develop antibodies in the first 3 months of the
infection. In some rare cases, it may take up to 6 months to develop antibodies to HIV.
The only alternative is the RNA test which can detect the HIV virus directly. Even the time
between HIV infection and RNA detection is 9–11 days. However these tests, are more
costly and used less often than antibody tests.
Researches show that every unidentified carrier could infect, directly and indirectly, some
fifty people a year.
• In the Latent or Window period – when infected people are still serum-negative – i.e.
they do not have enough anti-bodies in their blood that could be detected by any
conventional tests. At this stage, they pose a greater risk to their community because:
They continue infecting others without any precautions.
They think they have a “certified immunity” as they engaged in high risk behavior
and yet did not get infected.
• Blood Banks – blood units donated by donors during the “window period” could get
transfused into unsuspecting patients thus infect them.
• Epidemiological studies- are incomplete, as critical information as to the true rate of
new infections is missing for incidence calculations in a study population.
So in conclusion we can say:
• SMARTube– has opened up newer possibilities for fool-proof diagnosis of HIV or HCV
• SMARTube has reduced the suspense and made it possible to take on HIV in the
earliest stage of progression of the infection in the body.
• SMARTube will help save millions of innocent lives by early diagnosis of high risk
carriers
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• SMARTube– will help to eliminate doubt and reduce the incidence of false-positive
results in most of the existing tests. Imagine the trauma of a person and his family
members who has been falsely diagnosed as HIV+ve
.
Q. What is the technological background behind SMARTubeTM
and how is ito be used?
A: SMARTube enables antibody production, in a small blood sample, within days from
infection, without having to wait for the body to produce antibodies weeks or months later.
The technology is the culmination of more than 12 years of work by Jehuda-Cohen, an
immunologist with a PhD in immunology from the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology.
The core of the technology is overcoming the specific immune suppressants of the body. It is
a simple three step process.
Step 1: A few drops of blood are placed into the SMARTubeTM
which is like a sealed test
tube with a pink coloured plasma solution inside it. This plasma solution gives a false sense
of security to the invading virus to grow without bothering about suppression by the body’s
immune system. In this way the it simulates an extremely fast process of antibody
production.
Step 2: The solution inside the SMARTubeTM
is allowed to incubate at 370
C for 3-5 days
Step 3: The end result– even routine test by any of the existing methods can now detect a
suffiecient level of antibodies of HIV+ve virus in the same the individuals still in the very
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early stages of the window period- who was earliar misdiagnosed as a false negetive. So to
say SMARTube makes it possible to reverse the false positive or negetive as the case may be
much before any other technology today can detect the virus inside the body.
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Q. How does the detection process using SMARTubeTM
compare with regards to some of
the other known methods ?
A. This can be explained with the help of the following diagrams which clearly indicates that
SMARTubeTM
allows the earliest detection of the HIV & HCV at the most affordable cost
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Q. Why SMART? What is so smart about SMARTube?
A. Well this is because the HIV virus itself is a smart virus, just
around 100-150 billionths of a meter in diameter that it is
about 0.1 microns or 4 millionths of an inch in size. Unlike most
bacteria, it is much too small to be seen through an ordinary
microscope, yet it manages to trick and evade the body's
defenses. Once the Smart HIV virus takes hold, the
immune system can never fully get rid of it and the
HIV+ve
person may not even know that they are
infected and may look and feel perfectly well for
many years. But deep inside the immune system
becomes weak and increasingly vulnerable to even
minor illnesses which a normal person can easily fight off.
To fight such a smart virus, you really have to be SMART. Though inside the human body,
the Smart HIV/HCV virus can conceal its presence for a fairly long time by inhibiting the
immune system's ability to produce antibodies from 30-90 days in case HIV or 70-180 days
in case of HCV— the proprietary plasma solution inside the SMARTube is able to see
through this game.
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So it gives a false sense of security to the HIV/HCV virus by convincing it to grow as there are
no immune system cells inside the SMARTube trying to attack it. This encourages the virus
to grow and the blood sample to develop antibodies against it during the incubation phase.
Once the incubation of 3-5 days is over, enough anti-bodies have been developed by the
blood sample inside the SMARTube that even a routine ELISA test – which 3-5 days back
gave a false negative report—can now confirm the seroconversion. It's a warfare in which
the SMARTube technology manages to outsmart the opponent i.e. the HIV/HCV virus.
SMARTube enables antibody production, in a small blood sample, within days from
infection, without having to wait for the body to produce antibodies weeks or months later.
Q. What is the technological basis behind SMARTube and what is it called?
A. SMARTube is based on a unique and innovative technology called Stimmunology-- a
breakthrough technology that holds the key to detect hidden antibodies by
stimulating specific humeral immune response. The core philosophy behind
this technology is to overcome the specific immune suppressants of the
body. A few drops of blood are placed into the SMARTube and a solution
inside helps the cells of the immune system to overcome the suppression
and pushes them into an extremely fast process of antibody production. The
end result– We can detect those individuals already infected when nobody
else can - because they’re still at the very early stages of the window period-
when no other technology today can detect them.
Q. What does SMARTube actually contain?
A. SMARTube is a pretreatment test tube that holds two ml of a pink colored proprietary
liquid solution which is sterile in nature and has a shelf life of six months when kept at 2-8o
C. Before use, SMARTube is brought to room temperature and 1ml of whole blood collected
in heparin is introduced into it.
Q. Does it require extraordinary laboratory apparatus; space required or specifically trained
technicians to conduct the test using SMARTube?
A. There is no specific requirement for any special laboratory equipment except an
incubator which is usually present in any diagnostic or testing laboratory. For tests using
SMARTube we also do not need any extra space in the laboratory where just one ml of
blood is required to be collected. This too any normal trained technician can collect. The
blood sample for the SMARTube can be collected in any of the following ways:
• Direct draw – directly into the vacuum packed SMARTubes in the laboratory
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• Indirect draw – using heparin wash tubes or syringes and later transferring it in the
laboratory into the SMARTube using sterile pipette.
The blood sample thus collected by any of the above methods is transferred inside the
SMARTube and incubated at 37o
C in a humidified CO2
incubator for 5 days. After incubation a sample of the
supernatant is removed for testing using any currently
available method for HIV/HCV testing.
The greatest advantage of this cutting edge technology is the
flexibility and simplicity of use, enabling the collection of
blood even in remote places. The blood sample thus
collected can be transferred to the SMARTube even a day
later, when it reaches the testing lab. Since it is a blood pre-
treatment device, once the blood is treated in the SMARTube
it can be tested using any HIV or HCV antibody ELISA tests.
Therefore the labs do not need to change their way of
diagnosing the infection, they only change the way the blood
is handled prior to the tests. This makes the SMARTube very
simple to use -- with great return for the money and better
detection of infected individuals.
Q. How long does it take for the test results using SMARTube?
A. Usually the blood sample inside the SMARTube has to be incubated at 5% CO2 and 37o
C
for 3–5 days in a humidified CO2 incubator. For the blood banks, the protocol for using
SMARTube is 3 days. Towards this end a validation and implementation protocol has been
developed by experts in the field.
Q. Does SMARTube require any specific diagnostic platform? What will happen to the
existing and available tests?
A. SMARTube does not require any specific diagnostic method to be adopted. It is a pre-
testing device which does not replace or make diagnostic test redundant. It only improves
or accelerates the development of antibodies to enable early antibody detection using ELISA
(or other antibody test methods). During the incubation period, in-vitro antibody production
is accelerated to such an extent that even regular tests become completely effective. Hence
SMARTube only enables earlier, better and complete detection of HIV/HCV, while excluding
the chances of false negative of false positive reports.
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Q. Does SMARTube substantiate any International quality control and production
standards?
A. SMARTube is manufactured under strict ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 13485:2003 regulations
and highest globally acceptable Quality Control, R&D and professional standards.
Flag Country Certificate
European
Union
CE Mark-EU
Russian
Federation
Registration
Certificate
Israel AMAR Certificate
South Africa
Registration
Certificate
Romania
Registration
Certificate
Nigeria DOR Registration
SMARTube has been awarded-- CE Mark—the regulatory stamp of approval for
registration and marketing as a blood collection and pre-treatment device in the whole of
Europe. It has also been permitted and certified for public and individual use in Germany,
Russian Federation, South Africa, Israel, Romania and Nigeria. It is now being reviewed by
FDA (USA) for use in hospitals, diagnostic labs, blood banks, health or life insurance uses—
basically anywhere blood samples need to be tested for presence of HIV. Proceedings are
also on for implementation by prestigious world bodies like World Heath Organization,
Family Health Initiative (FHI) and the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI).
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Q. Has SMARTube been clinically tried? If so what were the results?
A. SMARTube has been tested in controlled clinical trials on over 10,000 patients/individuals
in several countries like China, Israel, Kenya, Mexico, Romania and South Africa. Most of
these clinical trials and tests were done by reputed government agencies, blood banks,
reference laboratories, academic and professional bodies.
Extracts of Clinical Trials in different parts of the world :
Clinical studies of the HIV&HCV SMARTube™ for HIV/HCV have been performed in
• China
• USA.
• South Africa,
• Mexico,
• Israel,
• Kenya
Country Sample Size Trial Agency
China 6,000 approx
Department of Cell Biology, National
Institute for Control of Pharmaceutical and
Biological Products (China). Trials
conducted in five different regions of
China.
Israel
HIV 2,000, high risk
HCV 300
Kenya
HIV 2,000, blood units
HCV 300 , blood units
Mexico HIV 200 High Risk approved government agency
South Africa HIV 90 High Risk
China: Clinical Trials in China were conducted, executed and reported by the Department of
Cell Biology, National Institute for Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products. The
trials were done in 5 different regions in China (Total samples tested: approximately 6,000).
1. Trial in high risk population (IVD) in Sichuan District:
HIV
• 653 individuals tested.
• 149 Seropositive.
• 151 Seropositive after pre-treatment in the SMARTube™.
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HCV
• 653 individuals tested.
• 389 Seropositive.
• 391 Seropositive after pre-treatment in the SMARTube™.
2. Trials in blood banks: HIV
• Beijing Blood Bank: 2000 low risk samples, no positives.
• Clearance of false positives by the SMARTube™.
U.S.A : Studies were performed in monkeys. naïve monkeys were infected with a very low
dose of SIV virus (the equivalent to HIV in monkeys).
• 4 monkeys tested.
• 4 seronegative (one week from infection).
• 4 Seropositive after pre-treatment in SMARTube™ (one week-
infection).
All monkeys seroconverted between 1-5 months from infection.
South Africa: Clinical trials were carried out in South Africa among high risk population
(blood donors):
HIV
• 90 individuals tested.
• 3 Seropositive.
• 4 Seropositive after pre-treatment in the SMARTube™.
Mexico : Clinical trials were carried out in Mexico, by an approved government agency.
HIV
• 200 Individuals tested, very high risk, multiple, current exposures.
• 20 Seropositive.
• 25 Seropositive after pre-treatment in the SMARTube™.
Israel : Several high risk populations were screened using the SMARTube™ as a blood pre-
treatment device in a number of trials (total: over 2,000 individuals).
1. Immigrants from High risk areas:
HIV
• 537 individuals tested.
• 26 Seropositive.
• 28 Seropositive after pre-treatment in the SMARTube™.
HCV
• 67 individuals tested.
• 1 Seropositive
• 4 Seropositive after pre-treatment in the SMARTube™.
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2. Low risk populations were screened using the SMARTube™:
HIV
• Over 1,500 individuals tested – no positives.
HCV
• Over 600 individuals tested – no positives.
Kenya : Clinical trials were carried out in Kenya.
1. Screening of high risk population:
HIV
• 555 individuals tested.
• 28 Seropositive.
• 42 Seropositive after pre-treatment in the SMARTube™.
2. Additional trials conducted in the blood bank in Kenya for complete detection
of HIV infected blood units:
HIV
Adults:
• 513 individuals tested.
• 45 Seropositive.
• 66 Seropositive after pre-treatment in the SMARTube™.
Youth:
• 332 individuals tested.
• 12 Seropositive.
• 22 Seropositive after pre-treatment in the SMARTube™.
HCV
• Over 300 individuals tested.
• 13 Seropositive.
• 14 Seropositive after pre-treatment in the SMARTube™.
3. A study was conducted on pregnant women:
HIV
• 40 Seronegative women tested.
• 8 out of the 40 Seronegative women, were positive after pre-
treatment in the SMARTube™.
Based on these clinical trials the following observations were recorded:
• After pre-treatment with SMARTube: 1.4% to 40.0% additional positives
• All seropositives are positive after SMARTube
• Increase in specificity
• No adverse affect on specificity
• 30% to-95% reduction in false positive rate
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• Increase in antibody levels in low seropositives (and new ones)
• Safer blood transfusion – detection of infected blood units missed by current
serology
• More efficient detection.
• Less repeat testing, less blood units lost
• Saving in terms of time & money– with improvement in performance.
• Better indication of incidence rates-- rate of new cases versus prevalence (rate of
positives, total).
Q. What are SMARTube's plans for India?
A. Initially SMARTube test kits will be imported into India, later as the demand grows,
SMARTube will be manufactured in India for the domestic market as well as exports to
neighboring countries in the region.
Q. How much are tests using SMARTube likely to cost in India?
A. It is still too early to predict the final costs, which would depend on many factors like
quantities to be imported, infrastructure, logistics and operational costs. A fair idea of the
actual cost could only be worked out after the final codal formalities of registration and
import license as completed—still we estimate the cost to consumer should be around Rs
1000 per test – which is very reasonable considering the fact without SMARTube it takes –
atleast 2-3 different types of tests – which consume much more time and money to
positively diagnose or rule out HIV in India, today.
Q. Who are the people behind importing SMARTube technology into India?
A. The vision and moving spirit behind SMARTube operations and import into India – is Dr
Narendra.K. Gupta – a Indian born US & Canadian citizen who is President of the Society for
Medicare as well founder President & CEO of the Eternal Health & Wellness Foundation
(USA).
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The Team Composition is as follows:
Name Designation Brief Background
Dr Narendra K.
Gupta
MD, FRCP(C)
President – Society
for Medicare
Founder President &
CEO, Eternal Health
& Wellness
Foundation (USA)
Medical Director & CEO, Diabetes &
Hypertension Center, Duluth, GA,
Member: Vascular Biology working Group
University of Gainesville, Florida.
Principal Investigator: Multiple Trials on
Diabetes, Hypertension and cardiovascular
diseases.
Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine,
Medical College of Ohio, Toledo
Research Grant: Merck & Co., Novartis
Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda
Consultant Nephrologist - Regina General
Hospital, Canada
America’s Top Physician— 2007 Award by
the Consumer Council of America
Yisrael Serok – Founder and CEO,
SMARTube Bio
Yisrael Serok has over 20 years experience in
managing small and large scale operations,
both in Israel and other parts of the world.
With a world-wide and established network
of government and strategic relations, he is
on the Board of Directors of several
companies with investment portfolio in a
variety of projects.
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Dr. Tamar Jehuda-
Cohen
Founder and CTO,
SMARTube Bio
With in-depth experience in immunology,
diagnostics and AIDS, Dr. Jehuda-Cohen is the
inventor of Stimmunology technology. She
holds over 10 patents, has authored over 30
publications, and more than 100 abstracts—
many of them as presentations at
international conferences.
Dr. Tamar is currently serving as a consultant
for the Family Health Initiative (FHI), funded
by the UNAIDS. Dr Tamar holds Ph.D in
Immunology and cell Differentiation from the
Technion Medical school, Haifa Israel and
completed post doctoral studies at Emery
University in Atlanta, home of U.S Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
Neeraj Mahajan Secretary, Society
for Medicare and
Country Head
(India), Eternal
Health & Wellness
Foundation (USA)
A media professional with over 20 years
experience, proven competence and
consistency in Print, Electronic, Web or New
media as well as Corporate Communications,
PR, Image building and Perception
Management. He has held various
assignments in print and electronic media
from staff reporter to Editor (Print) &
Producer-Director (TV).
He specializes in image building and has
conceptualized and executed various
propaganda, counter-propaganda and
Perception Management and psychological
operations for the Indian Army in counter-
insurgency areas in J&K and North East.
Rakshak video magazine– produced and
directed by him was recognized as the official
medium for audio-visual communications of
Indian Army.
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Case Study # 1 : Diagnosis by default-- Jacob Johnes – a US marine never thought he could
contract HIV, despite risky behavior… A routine HIV test confirmed him as sero-negetive till
a doctor who had heard of Smartube decided to test again. It took 48 hours for the HIV
antibodies to develop in vetro and Jones was declared HIV +ve… Imagine how many people
he could have infected
Case Study 2: A baby saved: Mayama was 22 when she came to the antenatal clinic. This
was her third pregnancy, yet her first visit to that clinic. She has come because her friend
told her that she could save her baby if would go there. She was five months pregnant, and
the nurse explained the risks of transmitting HIV to the un-born baby, and that there was
medicine that could save the baby form getting AIDS. Mayama was tested for HIV, using a
rapid test, which was negative.
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The nurse explained that such a result does not mean that she is not infected for sure, as
she could have been infected in the last few months, and then the test will not detect it yet.
Mayama was worried. She was sure one of her regular clients on the truck route was sick
with
AIDS and seeing she got pregnant… When she shared her fears with the nurse she was told
that she could come back in 3 months or so and re-test. Mayama wanted to know. She was
worried, and she really wanted to give that baby the best chance possible. “I cannot wait for
3 months; if I am infected I want to take the medicine now. In three months I will give birth,
it will be too late. Plus, I cannot come back here heavy with pregnancy – everyone will talk!
The nurse shrugged her shoulders. “There is nothing we can do for you now. We cannot see
the infection during the window period, when the virus is hiding and the tests are negative.
Mayama started crying. The head nurse took her into her office. “There is a new way we can
use to see if you are infected, even if it happened recently. But for that we need to draw
blood and send it to the laboratory in town. The results will come back next week. You will
need to come back then, and if you're positive we will give you the ART.”
Mayama agreed to come back. A test tube with her blood was sent to the laboratory. There
they treated the blood with the SMARTube™, an innovative blood pre-treatment which
closes the window period and thus eliminates the false negative results in the early stages of
the infection. On the fifth day, the lab sent the results back to the clinic. While negative on
the tests using the regular methods, Mayama was clearly positive after the SMARTube™
was added to the testing in the laboratory. When Mayama came back, she got the results
with tears of fear and a smile of relief. She was going to save her baby; she was going to get
the drugs to protect him from the virus that has invaded her. As she was walking out of the
clinic, holding on to the medicine for both her and for the baby, when it will be born, she
turned around and ask the head nurse “How do they do it, there in the laboratory? How can
see what is still hidden”. “Well” answered the nurse, “
it is as if they go behind the stage and peak into the
dressing rooms, this way they know about the actors
even before they get on stage”. Mayama gave birth to
healthy baby girl.
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Case Study 3: If we only knew! Katub had her fifth child less than a year after she
immigrated to Israel. Upon arrival her whole family had their blood tested for different
things, including HIV. Her husband was the only one that tested positive for HIV. He figured
he must have gotten it in the camp on route to Israel. Katub was upset, but relieved for
herself and the unborn baby. The baby was born slightly underweight, but pink and
beautiful. When he was six months old he had a bad cold that would not go away. Then, the
doctor said it was probably some infection in the lungs. The antibiotics did not help. The
baby was hospitalized, but could not be saved. In the blood tests, he was found to be HIV
positive, but it was too late, he died of lung infection typical to AIDS patients.
The doctors were upset “If only you would have told your doctor that you are HIV positive,
you could have saved that baby. We know how to treat these type of infections, we just do
not suspect it in a baby without an HIV record.” Katub was very bewildered. How could she
transmit HIV to her baby if she is not infected? Did they not tell her in the immigration
center that she tested negative? She told the doctors it must be a mistake. “No”, said the
young doctor, “it is not a mistake. Unfortunately we cannot detect the HIV infection in the
first few months. You must have gotten infected shortly before the pregnancy, this is why
the results were negative, but it was not a true negative result.
A year later, in a scientific-medical conference, An immunologist presented some interesting
results with a new method which enables the detection of those infected even when still
missed by regular testing in the first months of infection. She called the method
“Stimmunology”, as it stimulates the immune system in the blood sample to “tell” us about
the infection “right away”. “I would like to share with you some alarming results we got
when studying some families with one seropositive HIV carrier. We used the Stimmunology
process for stimulating antibody production even in blood samples form infected individuals
during the window period. This was we can detect them using the regular diagnostic
antibody tests.” On the screen appeared results
showing seronegative wives who were actually
infected, and their infected babies. The doctors in the
audience sighed “If only we would have known”.
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Case study 4: Building a new relationship -- Seth and Diane decided to move in together
and formalize their relationship. They both went together for HIV testing, and, to their relief,
both tested negative. Because of their lifestyle, Seth’s doctor recommended to do an
additional blood test using an experimental pre-treatment of the blood in the university
laboratory. They agreed. The following week the doctor called them in for consultation and
told then that using the experimental new technology; Seth was found to be infected with
HIV. “It must be a recent encounter, in the last half a year or so” said the doctor. “But it is
still experimental, right” said Seth hopefully… Diane was silent all the way home. They have
been together for some time now, she wanted to believe Seth that “it could not be”, yet she
insisted that for their future they should use precaution “Just for the next few months. The
window period is not forever, right?” Three months later, Seth tested positive in a routine
testing.
Case Study 5: Organ donor -- Sheila has been waiting for a kidney transplant for 2 years. The
phone finally rang with the news – “we have a donor”. The young motorcyclist was brain
dead and his family agreed to donate his organs. A battery of tests was run, including HIV
and HCV antibody tests. All came negative. Additional testing was using very sensitive
molecular biology techniques to detect the virus even before the antibody tests detect the
infection. They were negative for both HIV and HCV. Sheila got the kidney, and stayed on
immunosuppressive drugs to reduce the risk of rejection of the transplanted kidney. Less
than a year later, Sheila was diagnosed with HIV and HCV infection. The source of the
infection was the transplanted kidney. All the recipients from that donor were now
positive for HIV and HCV. When Sheila sued the hospital the doctors testified that they have
used all known measures for testing the donor for these infectious and deadly viruses. “But
even with the most sensitive tests, there is a window period in which we cannot detect the
infection, and this window period can take three to six months and sometimes even longer”
testified the laboratory expert. “So there is nothing that could have been done?” asked
Sheila’s lawyer. “Well, responded the expert “there is a way to eliminate that window
period. It is a simple system of pre-treating the blood in a way that expresses the antibodies
prior to their appearance in the body. It works like
magic; it exposes those early infections we currently
miss.” “So if you would have used that method, you
would have been able to prevent all those terrible
infections! Why did you not use it?!”. “We do, but only experimentally, and unlinked, as it
has not yet been approved for use in our country...” responded the expert.
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Follow Up Questions / Clarifications:
Finally, please do not hesitate to contact us with whatever
technical or practical questions or comments you might have.
We would be happy to help out with whatever data, analyse
and share our thoughts and ideas.
For More Details Contact:
1. Dr Narendra K. Gupta
President
Society for Medicare.
Founder President & CEO
Eternal Health & Wellness
Foundation (USA)
Email: eternal.wellness.foundation@gmail.com
2. NEERAJ MAHAJAN
Secretary General
Society for Medicare &
Country Head (India),
3. Eternal Health & Wellness Foundation (USA)
4. Email: n2erajmahajan@gmail.com
5. Mob: 9999989066, 9818666863