Ultracentrifuges • Operate at speed of 75,000rpm, providing the centrifugal force of 500,000g. • Rotor chamber is sealed and evacuated by pump to attain vacuum. • Refrigeration system (temp 0-4°C). • Rotor chamber is always enclosed in a heavy armor plate. • Centrifugation for isolation and purification of components is known as preparatory centrifugation, while that carried out with a desire for characterization is known as analytical centrifugation. Operation Tubes recommended by their manufacturer should be used. Top of tube should not protrude so far above the bucket. Properly balanced-weight of racks, tubes, and content on opposite side of a rotor should not differ by more than 1%. (Centrifuges auto balance are available). Should centrifuge before unstopper the tubes. Cleanliness-minimizing the possible of spread of infection (hep Virus). Spillage and break of tube should be considered as the bloodborne pathogen hazard. Speed of centrifuge should be checked once 3m. Centrifuge timer to be checked per week. Quantitative – PCR: Used to measure the specific amount of target DNA (or RNA) in a sample. By measuring amplification only within the phase of true exponential increase, the amount of measured product more accurately reflects the initial amount of target. Special thermal cyclers are used that monitor the amount of product during the amplification. C Types of rotor Fixed angle rotors • Tubes are held at angle of 14 to 40° to the vertical. • Particles move radially outwards, travel a short distance. • Useful for differential centrifugation • Reorientation of the tube occurs during acceleration and deceleration of the rotor. Vertical tube rotors • Held vertical parallel to rotor axis. • Particles distance. move short • Time of separation is shorter. • Disadvantage: pellet may fall back into solution at end of centrifugation. êt polymerase chain reaction (PCR): It is a molecular technology aim to amplify a single or few copies of the DNA to thousands or millions of copies. Developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis, PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications. These include diagnosis of infectious diseases, DNA sequencing and DNA-based phylogeny. In 1993, Mullis was awarded the Nobel prize in Chemistry along with Michael Smith for his work on PCR. Disadvantages of using Monoclonal Antibodies: • Time consuming project - anwhere between 6-9 months. • Very expensive and needs considerable effort to produce them. • Small peptide and fragment antigens may not be good antigens- monoclonal antibody may not recognize the original antigen. • Hybridoma culture may be subject to contamination. System is only well developed for limited animal and not for other animals. More than 99% of the cells do not survive during the fusion process reducing the range of useful antibodies that can be produced against an antigen • It is possibility of genera

1. The Crucial Role of
Antibiotics in Modern
Medicine

2. The crucial role of antibiotics in modern
medicine is undeniable. Antibiotics have
revolutionized the treatment of bacterial
infections, saving countless lives. This
presentation will explore the history, impact,
and challenges of antibiotics in medicine.
Introduction

3. The discovery of penicillin by Alexander
Fleming in 1928 marked a milestone in
medical history. This groundbreaking
antibiotic paved the way for the
development of numerous life-saving
medications. Its impact on public health was
profound.
Discovery of Penicillin

4. The emergence of antibiotic resistance
poses a significant threat to global health.
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led
to the development of resistant strains,
rendering some medications ineffective.
Addressing this issue is critical for the future
of medicine.
Antibiotic Resistance

5. Antibiotics are essential for treating a wide
range of infections, from minor to life-
threatening. They are indispensable in
surgical procedures, cancer treatments, and
the management of chronic diseases. The
medical applications of antibiotics are vast
and diverse.
Medical Applications

6. Challenges in
Development
The development of new antibiotics faces
numerous challenges, including scientific,
regulatory, and economic hurdles.
Pharmaceutical companies are often reluctant
to invest in antibiotic research due to low
profitability and high development costs.

7. Global Impact
Antibiotics have had a profound global
impact on public health, reducing mortality
rates from infectious diseases and enabling
life-saving medical interventions. However,
access to antibiotics remains unequal,
particularly in low-income countries.

8. The future of antibiotics in modern medicine
hinges on innovation, sustainability, and
responsible use. Novel approaches, such as
phage therapy and immunotherapies, show
promise in addressing antibiotic-resistant
infections.
Future Prospects

9. The ethical use of antibiotics is a paramount concern in
modern medicine. Balancing the need for effective
treatment with the risk of resistance requires careful
consideration and responsible prescribing practices by
healthcare professionals.
Ethical Considerations

10. Effective policies and regulations are essential
for combating antibiotic resistance and
ensuring access to these vital medications.
Public health initiatives, surveillance systems,
and education campaigns play a crucial role
in promoting responsible antibiotic use.
Public Health
Policies

11. Conclusion
In conclusion, antibiotics continue to play a crucial role in modern medicine,
but their sustainable use and development are imperative. Addressing
antibiotic resistance, promoting ethical practices, and advancing innovative
solutions are key to preserving the e cacy of these life-saving medications.

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