ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE.pptx
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This document discusses antibiotics resistance and its role in eradicating epidemics. It begins with definitions of antibiotics and resistance, describing the four categories of antibiotics resistance. The aim is to strengthen surveillance and research to reduce infections and optimize antimicrobial use. Resistance develops from misuse and overuse of antibiotics, costing lives and health resources. Antibiotics treat bacterial infections critically important for modern medicine. However, antimicrobial resistance results in substantial costs. The document concludes clinical guidelines and education can contribute to more prudent antibiotic use, while a robust national action plan is needed to tackle the global problem of resistance at all levels of healthcare.
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Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem that threatens modern medicine. When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, it diminishes their effectiveness for all users and makes treatment of infections increasingly difficult. Each year, antimicrobial resistance results in millions of deaths worldwide, comparable to other major diseases. It also has a huge economic impact, with projections of its effect on global GDP measured in trillions of dollars. Resistance spreads through the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock. New alternatives to antibiotics are needed to tackle this problem, along with coordinated global action to strengthen surveillance, promote appropriate use, and foster new drug development.
Antibiotic Resistance Scenario in India
In India, bacteria that cause common infections, such as urinary tract and bloodstream infections, are becoming resistant to nearly all antibiotics. This resistance is due to a combination of factors: uncontrolled access to antibiotics, gaps in infection prevention and control (IPC) practices, and high rates of communicable diseases. Antibiotic resistance, or AR, is a serious problem throughout the country, and threatens to reduce the usefulness of antibiotics both in India and around the world.
Because of this emerging threat, India is committed to slowing the spread of AR. Two institutions within India’s Ministry of Health – the Indian Council of Medical Research and National Centre for Disease Control – each developed national networks of public and private hospitals to measure AR trends, prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), and enhance appropriate use of antibiotics. The All India Institute of Medical Sciences is coordinating HAI measurement and prevention efforts in both networks. In addition, efforts in the state of Tamil Nadu focus on building district-level IPC capacity to prevent HAIs, focusing on maternal and neonatal patients.
The Indian Governamnet is is working closely with partners at the national and state level to:
Detect AR pathogens, including novel strains, by developing lab networks and lab expertise.
Use standardized surveillance to monitor and track AR infections in healthcare to learn how often these infections occur and to help develop strategies to prevent them.
Implement focused IPC activities and training.
Optimize use and reduce misuse of critical antibiotics through antibiotic stewardship programs.
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This document outlines an antibiotic policy and discusses the importance of prudent antibiotic usage to reduce antibiotic resistance. It notes that nearly half of hospitalized patients receive antibiotics. While antibiotics have been life-saving, their overuse for trivial infections, commercial pressures, and poverty have encouraged resistance. Antibiotic resistance arises from genetic changes and spread of R plasmids between bacteria. Indiscriminate antibiotic use in animals and humans has led to the spread of resistant organisms. The policy aims to reduce resistance by engaging all prescribers, restricting certain antibiotics, and ensuring adherence through surveillance and education. The roles of microbiologists, pharmacists, and continuous staff training are emphasized.
BOOKLET ON IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMME.pdf
Antibiotic stewardship programs are important for combating antibiotic resistance in hospitals. They involve implementing interventions like forming a multidisciplinary team, developing local guidelines, providing education, and implementing preauthorization or auditing of antibiotic use. Effective antibiotic stewardship programs can help reduce adverse outcomes, lower costs, and preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics for future patients.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, and fungi change to protect themselves from antimicrobial drugs like antibiotics. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics has accelerated this natural phenomenon and made it a major global health threat. While antibiotic use in humans, agriculture, and livestock all contribute to AMR, appropriate antibiotic stewardship programs that promote judicious use can help reduce the problem. New diagnostic tools and treatments are also needed to address the growing issue of drug-resistant tuberculosis, especially among children.
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General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are drugs that fight bacterial infections but not viral infections. While they have been effective, antibiotic resistance has emerged as bacteria evolve and develop ways to withstand antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs globally and is considered a major public health threat. The overuse, misuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics has contributed greatly to the growth of antibiotic resistance. Rational and appropriate antibiotic use, through practices like restricting their use and employing them only when necessary, can help control the spread of resistance.
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are drugs that fight bacterial infections but not viral infections. While they have been effective, antibiotic resistance has emerged as bacteria evolve and develop ways to withstand antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs globally and is considered a major public health threat. It develops due to overuse, misuse and improper use of antibiotics in both humans and livestock. Rational antibiotic use through prudent prescribing practices and infection prevention can help curb the rise and spread of antibiotic resistance.
Recommended
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Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem that threatens modern medicine. When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, it diminishes their effectiveness for all users and makes treatment of infections increasingly difficult. Each year, antimicrobial resistance results in millions of deaths worldwide, comparable to other major diseases. It also has a huge economic impact, with projections of its effect on global GDP measured in trillions of dollars. Resistance spreads through the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock. New alternatives to antibiotics are needed to tackle this problem, along with coordinated global action to strengthen surveillance, promote appropriate use, and foster new drug development.
Antibiotic Resistance Scenario in India
In India, bacteria that cause common infections, such as urinary tract and bloodstream infections, are becoming resistant to nearly all antibiotics. This resistance is due to a combination of factors: uncontrolled access to antibiotics, gaps in infection prevention and control (IPC) practices, and high rates of communicable diseases. Antibiotic resistance, or AR, is a serious problem throughout the country, and threatens to reduce the usefulness of antibiotics both in India and around the world.
Because of this emerging threat, India is committed to slowing the spread of AR. Two institutions within India’s Ministry of Health – the Indian Council of Medical Research and National Centre for Disease Control – each developed national networks of public and private hospitals to measure AR trends, prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), and enhance appropriate use of antibiotics. The All India Institute of Medical Sciences is coordinating HAI measurement and prevention efforts in both networks. In addition, efforts in the state of Tamil Nadu focus on building district-level IPC capacity to prevent HAIs, focusing on maternal and neonatal patients.
The Indian Governamnet is is working closely with partners at the national and state level to:
Detect AR pathogens, including novel strains, by developing lab networks and lab expertise.
Use standardized surveillance to monitor and track AR infections in healthcare to learn how often these infections occur and to help develop strategies to prevent them.
Implement focused IPC activities and training.
Optimize use and reduce misuse of critical antibiotics through antibiotic stewardship programs.
An tibiotic policy in medical care seminar
This document outlines an antibiotic policy and discusses the importance of prudent antibiotic usage to reduce antibiotic resistance. It notes that nearly half of hospitalized patients receive antibiotics. While antibiotics have been life-saving, their overuse for trivial infections, commercial pressures, and poverty have encouraged resistance. Antibiotic resistance arises from genetic changes and spread of R plasmids between bacteria. Indiscriminate antibiotic use in animals and humans has led to the spread of resistant organisms. The policy aims to reduce resistance by engaging all prescribers, restricting certain antibiotics, and ensuring adherence through surveillance and education. The roles of microbiologists, pharmacists, and continuous staff training are emphasized.
BOOKLET ON IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMME.pdf
Antibiotic stewardship programs are important for combating antibiotic resistance in hospitals. They involve implementing interventions like forming a multidisciplinary team, developing local guidelines, providing education, and implementing preauthorization or auditing of antibiotic use. Effective antibiotic stewardship programs can help reduce adverse outcomes, lower costs, and preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics for future patients.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, and fungi change to protect themselves from antimicrobial drugs like antibiotics. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics has accelerated this natural phenomenon and made it a major global health threat. While antibiotic use in humans, agriculture, and livestock all contribute to AMR, appropriate antibiotic stewardship programs that promote judicious use can help reduce the problem. New diagnostic tools and treatments are also needed to address the growing issue of drug-resistant tuberculosis, especially among children.
Antimicrobial resistance new
updated statistics about antimicrobial resistance,causes and mechanism of antimicrobial resistances, national antimicrobial policy, national antimicrobial surveillance, new delhi b metallo-lactamase-1 bacteria
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are drugs that fight bacterial infections but not viral infections. While they have been effective, antibiotic resistance has emerged as bacteria evolve and develop ways to withstand antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs globally and is considered a major public health threat. The overuse, misuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics has contributed greatly to the growth of antibiotic resistance. Rational and appropriate antibiotic use, through practices like restricting their use and employing them only when necessary, can help control the spread of resistance.
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are drugs that fight bacterial infections but not viral infections. While they have been effective, antibiotic resistance has emerged as bacteria evolve and develop ways to withstand antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs globally and is considered a major public health threat. It develops due to overuse, misuse and improper use of antibiotics in both humans and livestock. Rational antibiotic use through prudent prescribing practices and infection prevention can help curb the rise and spread of antibiotic resistance.
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The document discusses the importance of developing an antibiotic policy to improve antibiotic use and combat antibiotic resistance. It notes that overuse and misuse of antibiotics in various healthcare, agricultural, and community settings has contributed significantly to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. An antibiotic policy aims to standardize and promote best practices for antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment. It also seeks to improve education, optimize resource use, and slow the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Developing effective antibiotic stewardship requires coordinated efforts between clinicians, microbiologists, pharmacists, and other stakeholders. Ongoing monitoring of resistance patterns and prudent prescribing guided by local susceptibility data are also emphasized.
WHY THE ANTIBIOTICS ARE DANGEROUS TO OUR LIFE?
Antibiotics are commonly used but also contribute to growing antibiotic resistance, a major public health problem. When antibiotics become ineffective, infections are harder to treat and can lead to worse health outcomes like longer illnesses or death. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics, including taking incomplete courses or using them for viral infections, promotes the spread of resistant bacteria. Physicians should follow best practices like only prescribing antibiotics appropriately and narrowing treatment based on test results. Improving antibiotic stewardship through more responsible use can help reduce growing resistance and protect individuals as well as communities.
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Multifaceted approaches are needed to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR occurs when microbes evolve to resist antimicrobial drugs like antibiotics. It threatens modern medicine by reducing treatment effectiveness. Factors driving AMR include overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans, agriculture, and poor infection control. Solutions require action at individual, policy, health professional, and industry levels through improved stewardship, surveillance, education, and investment in new drugs. Coordinated global efforts like the WHO's action plan aim to strengthen awareness, research, infection prevention and optimize antibiotic use to slow the emergence and spread of drug-resistant infections.
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Several complex factors influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs. The drug must be able to reach the site of infection through proper administration and formulation. The pathogen must be susceptible to the drug. And the drug concentration at the site of infection must exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration of the pathogen. Overcoming drug resistance requires strategies like using drug combinations, limiting unnecessary antibiotic use, ensuring patient compliance, and developing new classes of antimicrobials through natural product discovery and structure-based drug design.
887173 634355588239001250
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and the importance of prudent antibiotic use. It notes that nearly half of hospitalized patients receive antibiotics, and inappropriate use can contribute to resistance. Examples of misuse include treating viral infections with antibiotics and prescribing antibiotics without understanding principles of use. The document emphasizes the need for antibiotic stewardship programs and policies to guide appropriate antibiotic selection and use. Education of healthcare workers is important to successfully implement antibiotic policies.
Antimicrobial Stewardship
The document discusses antimicrobial stewardship and the need to curb antibiotic overuse and misuse. It notes that nearly half of hospitalized patients receive antimicrobial agents. While antibiotics have been life-saving, there has been too much use for trivial infections and without understanding principles of therapy. This has contributed to the rise of antibiotic resistance, which the CDC calls a "major public health crisis." The document outlines strategies for antimicrobial stewardship programs, including prospective audits, formulary restrictions, education, guidelines, and streamlining therapy based on culture results. The goal is to optimize outcomes while minimizing resistance by ensuring appropriate antibiotic use.
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This document discusses the role of antibiotics in animal feed and the development of antibiotic resistance. It notes that antibiotic resistance first emerged as an intrinsic property in some bacteria and later developed through selective pressure from antibiotic exposure. The routine use of antibiotics as growth promoters in food animals is identified as a serious public health issue as it can create a reservoir of resistant bacteria that spread to humans. The document argues that antibiotics should not be used as growth promoters and only be used prudently for therapy and prophylaxis to minimize resistance. Adopting principles like restricting antibiotics critical for human medicine and minimizing prophylactic use could substantially reduce unnecessary antibiotic resistance.Antibiotic presentation
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This document discusses antibiotic resistance and its management. It defines antibiotic resistance as when microorganisms become resistant to drugs that previously treated infections from them. It outlines various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and lists priority resistant bacteria. It also discusses superbugs and different strategies to manage antibiotic resistance like prudent antibiotic use, infection control, developing new drugs, and reducing agricultural overuse of antibiotics.
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Antibiotics and similar drugs, together called antimicrobial agents, have been used for the last many years to treat patients who have infectious diseases. The treatment of bacterial infections is increasingly complicated because microorganisms can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents, since the first usage of antimicrobials, the resistance among bacteria has progressively increased and has accelerated within the last 10 years. This is largely due to the increasing presence of pathogenic microorganisms with resistance to previous antibiotic agents, resulting in the administration of improper treatment, not only in humans but also in companion and food animals and the environment which has caused the rise in antibiotic resistance. Although efforts are being made in all the areas, there is an urgent need to increase the effectiveness of these interventions or some bacterial infections will become difficult if not impossible to treat reliably.
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This document presents Nepal's National Antimicrobial Resistance Containment Action Plan for 2016. It outlines the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance in Nepal due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Laboratory surveillance data from 20 participating labs shows increasing resistance to common antibiotics used to treat Salmonella, Shigella, pneumococci and other bacteria. The plan establishes 5 strategic objectives to address antimicrobial resistance through improved surveillance, stewardship, infection prevention, research and regional/international cooperation. It recognizes that containing antimicrobial resistance requires a coordinated one health approach across government agencies, private sectors and other stakeholders.
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Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to global health today. When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, common infections become harder to treat and even deadly. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics is accelerating this problem. Urgent action is needed across all sectors including changes in how antibiotics are prescribed and used by individuals, farmers, health systems and policymakers to preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics and reduce the spread of resistant infections. The WHO has created a global action plan with initiatives to improve awareness, surveillance, infection prevention and optimize antibiotic use to tackle this growing public health crisis.
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The document discusses antibiotic stewardship programs in hospitals. It describes the core elements of such programs, including establishing guidelines and protocols for optimal antibiotic use, educating staff, and monitoring antibiotic use and resistance. It also outlines strategies hospitals use like prospective audits, formulary restrictions, education, and developing order sets. The challenges of implementing and sustaining antibiotic stewardship programs are also examined.
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Antibiotics are commonly used but also contribute to growing antibiotic resistance, a major public health problem. When antibiotics become ineffective, infections are harder to treat and can lead to worse health outcomes like longer illnesses or death. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics, including taking incomplete courses or using them for viral infections, promotes the spread of resistant bacteria. Physicians should follow best practices like only prescribing antibiotics appropriately and narrowing treatment based on test results. Improving antibiotic stewardship through more responsible use can help reduce growing resistance and protect individuals as well as communities.
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This document discusses food quality and safety. It aims to improve food handling practices and promote safe, high-quality food. The objectives are to educate about balancing food quality and taste, risks of poor handling and consumption of substandard food, and increasing nutrient availability. Food quality refers to all properties acceptable to customers, while food safety describes preventing foodborne illness through proper handling, preparation, and storage. Various preservation methods and food safety programs like HACCP and controlling risk factors are outlined to conclude that maintaining cleanliness, separation of foods, thorough cooking, and safe temperatures are key to ensuring food quality and safety.
BABATUNDE AFUSAT OMOLARA (20HSM080)-2.ppt
The document discusses the use of microbes as biofertilizers in agriculture. It defines biofertilizers as preparations containing live microorganisms that help enhance soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorus, or decomposing organic wastes. Some key microorganisms used as biofertilizers include Rhizobium, Azospirillum, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and VA-mycorrhiza. Biofertilizers offer advantages like being a renewable source of nutrients, sustaining soil health, supplementing chemical fertilizers, and increasing crop yields without adverse effects on soils or plants.
AZEEZ OLUWATOBI REBCCA (20HSM035).PPTX
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A REVIEW OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ONION OIL.pptx
This document reviews the antifungal activity of onion oil extract against fungal pathogens. The objectives are to test the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of plant extracts and oils on fungal pathogens from the same and different plant sources, and to compare the antifungal efficacy of natural products to synthetic fungicides. Extraction methods like expression, distillation, and enfleurage are discussed for obtaining plant extracts and oils. Test results found that several plant extracts and oils were active against fungi isolated from pepper and cinnamon. It is recommended that ethanol extractions are more efficient at inhibiting fungal spore germination than water extractions.
ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE.pptx
This document discusses antibiotics resistance and its role in eradicating epidemics. It begins with definitions of antibiotics and resistance, describing the four categories of antibiotics resistance. The aim is to strengthen surveillance and research to reduce infections and optimize antimicrobial use. Resistance develops from misuse and overuse of antibiotics, costing lives and health resources. Antibiotics treat bacterial infections critical for modern medicine; resistance results in increased costs and risks. A national action plan is recommended to monitor resistance, prevent infections, regulate medicine use, and promote appropriate disposal.
2._covid_19_ppt_25march_ppt_with_animation_compress.pptx
This document provides guidance for frontline workers like ANMs, ASHAs, and AWWs on responding to and containing COVID-19 in communities. It discusses conducting community surveillance to identify contacts of infected individuals and classify them as high or low risk. Frontline workers are instructed to provide information to communities on prevention measures like hand washing, social distancing, and addressing stigma. They are also told to report cases and ensure supportive public health services for at-risk groups and suspected cases in both urban and rural areas while maintaining their own safety.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID 19.PPTX
This document discusses the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. It covers how the virus has negatively impacted various industries like electronics production, education, employment, exports, and goods transport. The introduction provides background on coronaviruses and their structure. The objectives are to evaluate response plans and capabilities for a student or staff member presenting with COVID-19 symptoms. In conclusion, the study examines the spread of the virus globally and forecasts its effects on populations and economies. Recommendations are made to practice physical distancing, proper mask wearing, and frequent hand washing.
ADEREMI ALICE ADEPEJU (M. Tuberculosis and antibiotics resistance)-1.pptx
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that causes tuberculosis. Resistance to antibiotics is occurring as the bacteria changes over time and no longer responds to antibiotic treatments. Diagnostic tests for tuberculosis include the tuberculosis skin test, acid-fast stain, culture, and polymerase chain reaction. The document discusses the aims and benefits of drug susceptibility testing for tuberculosis as well as methods for ensuring patients adhere to full treatment regimens to prevent the spread of drug-resistant strains.
ADAMS SADIAT HALIMAT (20HSM033).pptx
The document discusses the role of the immune system in the epidemiology and control of tuberculosis. It provides background on tuberculosis, including that it mainly affects the lungs. It then covers the epidemiology of tuberculosis, including exposure risks such as living with an active case or immigration from endemic areas, and susceptibility risks such as being HIV positive or a drug user. It also discusses the pathogenesis of tuberculosis infection and describes the clinical manifestations of active tuberculosis disease. Finally, it outlines recommendations for tuberculosis control, including proper ventilation, covering coughs and sneezes, taking prescribed medicines, and reporting side effects.
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Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
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www.agostodourado.com
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
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10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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- 1. THE ROLE OF ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE IN THE ERADICATION AND CONTROL OF EPIDEMICS BY ADAM ROFIAT 20HSM063 SUPERVISOR MR. ADEOTI O.M
- 2. INTRODUCTION MEANING OF ANTIBIOTICS MEANING OF RESITANCES This is a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivates) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms This is the capacity of bacteria to withstand the effects of a harmful chemical agents 1. Limiting uptake of a drug 2. Modifying a drug target 3. Inactivating a drug 4. Active drug efflux FOUR CATEGORIES OF ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE 2
- 3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE AIM OF ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE OBJECTIVE OF ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE The aim is to strengthen surveillance and research The objective includes; 1. To reduce the incidence of infections 2. To optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines 3. To ensure sustainable investment in countering antimicrobial resistance 3
- 4. DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE These antibiotics do destroy the normal flora. Opportunistic pathogens that are resistant survive and can take hold. Causes and Consequences Results from misuse, overuse, under/ inadequate useof antimicrobials > Costs money, lives and undermines effectiveness of health delivery programs > Major future threat to regional, global political stability and national security 4
- 5. WHY ARE ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IMPORTANT? Antibiotics treat infections caused by bacteria Modern medicine, especially surgery and cancer treatments, depends on effective antibiotics to minimise the risk of infection − Currently, antibiotics reduce post-operative infection rates to below 2% − Without effective antibiotics, this could increase to around 40% to 50%. Up to 30% of these patients could die from resistant bacterial infections − The risk of mortality without access to effective antibiotics may make some treatments and surgical procedures too risky to continue Antimicrobial resistance results in substantial financial cost for patients and healthcare systems. 5
- 6. 6
- 7. Antibiotics are a unique medicine In general, the impact of medications are limited to the patient taking them Use of antibiotics has an impact not just for the patient using them but the global community as well 7
- 8. 8
- 9. Where do we use antibiotics? Humans Community Hospital Animals Pets Livestock Agriculture Crops Aquaculture USA UK 9
- 10. 10
- 11. CONCLUSION Clinical guidelines, direct education and regular reports on antibiogram may contribute to more prudent use of antibiotics. Overall, the problem of antibiotics resistance is global. However, measures need to be taken at an individual, institutional and ultimately at national healthcare level. 11
- 12. RECOMMENDATION This is to recommend that we should ensure a robust national action plan to tackle antibiotics resistance is in place. Improve surveillance of antibiotics resistance infections. Strengthen policies, programmes and implementation of infection prevention and cpntrol measures. Regulate and promote the appropriate use and disposal of quality medicines. 12