This systematic review examined the impact of different dimensions of dispersion (geographical, temporal, organizational, etc.) on team coordination and performance in global software teams. The review analyzed 56 papers and identified key themes. Dispersion was found to influence coordination by impacting communication, perceptions, and task complexity. The findings on performance impact were mixed, depending on the dispersion type and unit of analysis. More research is needed on different types of dispersion and their context to better understand their influence.
Research design for Evaluation of Strongly Sustainability Business Model Onto...Antony Upward
This document summarizes my overall research design for the strongly sustainable business model ontology (chapter 1) and then provides the detailed research design for the evaluation phase of my design science research in Environmental Studies (chapter 2-10)
For more details about the background on Strongly Sustainable Business Models please see http://slab.ocad.ca/SSBMs_Defining_the_Field and http://www.EdwardJames.biz/Research.
Data analysis chapter 18 from the companion website for educational researchYamith José Fandiño Parra
This is a slide show of chapter 18 from Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications. Primarily intended for instructor use in the classroom, it is also available for students’ study use or to review as an advance organizer before class lectures or discussions.
Research design for Evaluation of Strongly Sustainability Business Model Onto...Antony Upward
This document summarizes my overall research design for the strongly sustainable business model ontology (chapter 1) and then provides the detailed research design for the evaluation phase of my design science research in Environmental Studies (chapter 2-10)
For more details about the background on Strongly Sustainable Business Models please see http://slab.ocad.ca/SSBMs_Defining_the_Field and http://www.EdwardJames.biz/Research.
Data analysis chapter 18 from the companion website for educational researchYamith José Fandiño Parra
This is a slide show of chapter 18 from Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications. Primarily intended for instructor use in the classroom, it is also available for students’ study use or to review as an advance organizer before class lectures or discussions.
Data Management for Librarians: An IntroductionGarethKnight
Slides from a training session given to librarians on data management. The session was intended to help librarians to consider the challenges associated with maintaining research data and steps that may be taken to address these issues. It was also used to discuss their role in supporting data management activities within LSHTM
A guide to deal with uncertainties in software project managementijcsit
Various project management approaches do not consider the impact that uncertainties have on the project.
The identified threats by uncertainty in a projec day-to-day are real and immediate and the expectations in
a project are often high. The project manager faces a dilemma: decisions must be made in the present
about future situations which are inherently uncertain. The use of uncertainty management in project can
be a determining factor for the project success. This paper presents a systematic review about uncertainties
management in software projects and a guide is proposed based on the review. It aims to present the best
practices to manage uncertainties in software projects in a structured way including techniques and
strategies to uncertainties containment.
Motivation in Software Engineering: A Systematic Review Update
A. César C. França, Tatiana B. Gouveia, Pedro C. F. Santos, Celio A. Santana, Fabio Q. B. da Silva
Abstract-Background/Aim – Given the relevance and importance that the understanding of motivation has gained in the field of software engineering, this work was carried out in order to update the results of a literature review carried out in 2006 on motivation in software engineering. Method – Based on guidelines for this specific type of study, we replicated the original study protocol. Results – The combination of manual and automatic searches retrieved 6,534 papers, of which 53 relevant papers were selected for data extraction and analysis. Conclusions – Studies address motivation using several viewpoints and approaches and, even though the number of researches increased in this area, the overall understanding of what actually motivates software engineers does not seem to have significantly advanced in the last five years.
Paper presented at Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, Durham, 2011.
http://www.haseresearch.com
A Review on Neural Network Question Answering Systemsijaia
In recent years neural networks (NN) are being used increasingly on Question Answering (QA) systems and
they seem to be successful in addressing different issues and challenges that these systems exhibit. This
paper presents a review to summarize the state of the art in question answering systems implemented using
neural networks. It identifies the main research topics and considers the most relevant research challenges.
Furthermore, it analyzes contributions, limitations, evaluation techniques, and directions proposed for
future research.
Data Management for Librarians: An IntroductionGarethKnight
Slides from a training session given to librarians on data management. The session was intended to help librarians to consider the challenges associated with maintaining research data and steps that may be taken to address these issues. It was also used to discuss their role in supporting data management activities within LSHTM
A guide to deal with uncertainties in software project managementijcsit
Various project management approaches do not consider the impact that uncertainties have on the project.
The identified threats by uncertainty in a projec day-to-day are real and immediate and the expectations in
a project are often high. The project manager faces a dilemma: decisions must be made in the present
about future situations which are inherently uncertain. The use of uncertainty management in project can
be a determining factor for the project success. This paper presents a systematic review about uncertainties
management in software projects and a guide is proposed based on the review. It aims to present the best
practices to manage uncertainties in software projects in a structured way including techniques and
strategies to uncertainties containment.
Motivation in Software Engineering: A Systematic Review Update
A. César C. França, Tatiana B. Gouveia, Pedro C. F. Santos, Celio A. Santana, Fabio Q. B. da Silva
Abstract-Background/Aim – Given the relevance and importance that the understanding of motivation has gained in the field of software engineering, this work was carried out in order to update the results of a literature review carried out in 2006 on motivation in software engineering. Method – Based on guidelines for this specific type of study, we replicated the original study protocol. Results – The combination of manual and automatic searches retrieved 6,534 papers, of which 53 relevant papers were selected for data extraction and analysis. Conclusions – Studies address motivation using several viewpoints and approaches and, even though the number of researches increased in this area, the overall understanding of what actually motivates software engineers does not seem to have significantly advanced in the last five years.
Paper presented at Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, Durham, 2011.
http://www.haseresearch.com
A Review on Neural Network Question Answering Systemsijaia
In recent years neural networks (NN) are being used increasingly on Question Answering (QA) systems and
they seem to be successful in addressing different issues and challenges that these systems exhibit. This
paper presents a review to summarize the state of the art in question answering systems implemented using
neural networks. It identifies the main research topics and considers the most relevant research challenges.
Furthermore, it analyzes contributions, limitations, evaluation techniques, and directions proposed for
future research.
Achieving product market fit in startup context - The-state-of-practices and ...Anh Nguyen Duc
The presentation was given in a Computer Science conference at Pakistan, about several empirical studies on building Minimum Viable Product (MVP), challenges and common practices among software startups. Also, it presents how to use Design Thinking, Cynefine model and Technical Debt in startup context.
Sharing economy and Vietnam startup prospect (Kinh tế chia sẻ và cơ hội khởi ...Anh Nguyen Duc
Trên thế giới, thuật ngữ “ Kinh tế chia sẻ (economy sharing)” không còn quá xa lạ, mô hình kinh doanh dựa trên những nguồn lực sẵn có từ xã hội ngày càng mạnh mẽ và góp phần làm cho sự lựa chọn của người dùng thêm phong phú. Việt Nam hiện là một thị trường đầy tiềm năng của hình thái kinh tế mới này với sự xuất hiện của Uber, GrabTaxi ,TripAdvisor hay AirBNB ... Vậy có bao giờ bạn tự hỏi điều gì đang diễn ra trong nền kinh tế của chúng ta, vì sao chỉ một vài công ty xuất hiện lại khiến chính phủ và báo giới tốn nhiều thời gian và giấy mực đến vậy?
Được trình bày bởi chuyên gia về khởi nghiệp đến từ Cộng đồng nghiên cứu khởi nghiệp công nghệ Châu Âu (SSRN), hội thảo là dịp diễn giả giới thiệu về mô hình “Economy Sharing” đồng thời đem tới những cơ hội cho các bạn trẻ đang quan tâm tới việc khởi nghiệp trong lĩnh vực này.
On the role of boundary spanners as a team coordination mechanism in organisa...Anh Nguyen Duc
Effective team coordination is essential for the success of global software projects. Boundary spanning is an important team coordination mechanism that has not been inefficiently explored in GSD literature. This paper presents a descriptive case study of how boundary spanner role and boundary spanning activities are adopted to resolve coordination gaps among organizationally distributed development teams. The qualitative data were collected and compared among four types of global software projects. Internal team’s recognition, inter- features technical expertise and task assignment are three common capacities. Task negotiation, conflict resolution, task- related information navigation and boundary object setups are common effective boundary spanning activities. We also identified some differences in coordinating a inter-firm and inner-firm project.
Coordination of software development teams across organizational boundary – A...Anh Nguyen Duc
Organizational boundary is another dimension of global distribution, which is a less visible but equally important factor that influences team coordination. This study investigates attributes of the organizational boundary that inhibits coordination and development activities. Besides, we explore a set of effective coordination practices to overcome organizational boundary. The data were collected from two projects involving four different software development organizations. We found that the variety on collaboration policy, team organization, engineering process, and development practices contributes to extra coordination efforts, insufficient communication, team awareness and mistrust. The study also highlights that coordination practices, such as face-to-face contact, process synchronization and shared collaborative development are compulsory but not sufficient for effective team coordination across organizational boundary
Forking and coordination in multi-platform developmentAnh Nguyen Duc
With the proliferation of desktop and mobile platforms the development and maintenance of identical or similar ap- plications on multiple platforms is urgently needed. We study a software product deployed to more than 25 soft- ware/hardware combinations over 10 years to understand multi-platform development practices. We hope that this work will provide a basis for quantitative understanding of issues faced in multi-platform software development.
Impact of design complexity on software quality - A systematic review
Dispersion, coordination and performance in GSD: a systematic review
1. 1
Dispersion, coordination and
performance in global software
teams: a systematic review
Anh Nguyen-Duc, Daniela S. Cruzes, Reidar Conradi
Department of Computer and Information Science,
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
2/21/2013
2. 2
Agenda
• Motivation
• Research questions
• Review process
• Review result
• Conclusion
2/21/201
3. 3
Motivation
• Global software development are becoming more
and more popular:
– offshore team, outsourcing, virtual team and open source
projects
– 30% of US IT jobs are expected to be offshored by 2015 [1]
– 160.000 projects registered in Source Forge in the end of
2011
• Challenges in globally dispersed projects
– More complicated task dependencies
– More difficult team coordination
[1] ACM Job Migration Task Force, “ Globalization and Offshoring of Software”, Association for Computing Machinery, 2006
4. 4
Motivation
• An existing model on team input, process and IS
project outcome [2]:
Team coordination
Dispersion Project outcome
(Social- emotional
(Input) (Output)
Process)
• Existing empirical studies is inconclusive about the
impact of dispersion on team coordination and project
outcomes
– Dispersion dimensions
– Team coordination context
– Project outcomes measure
– Influence direction
[2] J. A. Espinosa, W. DeLone, and G. Lee, "Global boundaries, task processes and IS project success: A field study," Information
Technology and People, vol. 19, pp. 345-370, 2006
5. 5
Research questions
RQ1: Which dimensions of
dispersion are explored?
RQ2: How is team RQ1 Context factors RQ4
coordination influenced
by these dispersion
dimensions?
Dispersion
Performance
RQ3: How is team dimension
performance influenced
by these dispersion
dimensions? RQ2
Team
RQ3
Coordination
RQ4: Which context factors
could explain the
heterogeneity among
empirical findings on the
influence directions?
2/21/201
6. 6
Review process
Literature review Purpose:
Provide knowledge background
Protocol Collect key words to build the search string
development Construct data extraction form
Result:
Paper selection 27 seed studies
Data extraction
Quality
assessment
Data analysis
2/21/201
7. 7
Review process
Literature review Search string:
(coordinati* or collaborativ* or cooperati* ) AND
Protocol (distributed or offshor* or "open source" or outsourc* or
development [3] global or dispers*) AND (software or project or team)
Data source:
Paper selection Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Reference list
Exclusion criteria:
Data extraction 1. Short papers
2. Not in SE or IS area
3. Not about dispersed context
Quality 4. No empirical report or validation
assessment 5. Study team coordination without relationships with
project outcomes
Data analysis
[3] B. A. Kitchenham, “Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering”, EBSE
Technical Report, 2007 2/21/201
8. 8
Review process
Literature review
Search result ……………… 11222 unduplicated papers
Protocol
development Selected by reading titles and abstracts ….. 470 papers
Paper selection
[3]
Selected by reading full text …….…………….48 papers
Data extraction
Extra papers by reference scan ….…………….8 papers
Quality
assessment
Total papers to be extracted …...……………..56 papers
Data analysis
[3] B. A. Kitchenham, “Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering”, EBSE
2/21/201
9. 9
Review process
Meta data
Literature review
Study design,
Protocol background concept
development
Context setting
Paper selection Independent factors
Dependent factors
Data extraction
Control factors
Quality
assessment
Findings,
threats to validity
Data analysis
2/21/201
10. 10
Review process
CHECKLIST
Literature review Problem statement
56 extracted papers
1. Is the aim of the research sufficiently explained
and well motivated?
Research design
Protocol 2. Is the context of study clearly stated?
3. Is the research design sufficiently prepared
development beforehand?
Data collection
4. Are the data collection and measures adequately
Remove 8 papers:
described? 1. Poor research design
Paper selection 2. Insufficient data
5. Are the measures used in the study relevant for
answering the research question? 3. Poor/ No data analysis
Data analysis conducted
6. Is the data analysis used in the study adequately
Data extraction described?
7a. Qualitative study: Are the interpretation of result
clearly described?
7b. Quantitative study: Are the effect size reported
Quality with assessed statistical significance?
Studies on team
assessment [4] 8. Are potential confounders adequately controlled
performance: 28 papers
or discussed?
Conclusion
9. Are the findings of study clearly stated and
Data analysis supported by the results?
10. Does the paper discuss limitations or validity?
[4] T. Dybå and T. Dingsøyr, “Empirical studies of agile software development: A systematic review”, Information and
2/21/201
Soft- ware Technology, vol 50, pp. 833-859, 2008
11. 11
Review process
Tailored thematic analysis [5] (RQ1, RQ2)
Literature review
Extract code …...………………………………………..
RQ1 ……………………………….....53 codes
Protocol RQ2 ………………………………...137 codes
development Identify common themes……………………..………..
RQ1 ………………………………….5 themes
Paper selection RQ2 ………………………………….8 themes
Vote counting (RQ3, RQ4) [6] .….………………………..
Data extraction Geographical dispersion ………… 14 studies
Temporal dispersion ………………. 8 studies
Quality
assessment
[5] D. S. Cruzes and T. Dybå, “Recommended Steps for Thematic Synthesis in Software
Data analysis Engineering”, pp. 275–284, ESEM, Calgary, Canada, 2011
[6] L.M. Pickard, B.A. Kitchenham, and P.W. Jones, “Combining empirical results in software
engineering,” Journal on Information and Software Technology, vol. 40, Dec. 1998, pp 811-821
2/21/201
12. 12
Demographics
Publication by year
7
6
5
4
3 No of study
2
1
0
2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
2/21/201
13. 13
Demographics
Publication by research methods
14
12
10
8
6
4
2 Data collection
0
2/21/201
14. 14
Demographics
Global dispersion type
Global branch
Outsourcing
Open source No. of studies
Laboratory
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
2/21/201
15. 15
Result
RQ1: Which dimensions of dispersion are explored?
Dispersion
dimensions
Geographical Temporal Organizational Work process Cultural
dispersion dispersion dispersion dispersion dispersion
(16) (8) (8) (7) (5)
2/21/201
16. 16
Result
RQ2: How is team coordination influenced by these
dispersion dimensions?
Coordination problem
Frequency of communication and
feedback
Choice of communication mean
Coordination delay
Perception and attitudes toward
collaboration
Misinterpretation
Coordination requirement gaps
Team structure configuration
Task scheduling complexity
2/21/201
17. 17
Result
RQ2: How is team coordination influenced by these
dispersion dimensions?
Coordination problem Geo. Tem. Org. Wor. Cul.
Frequency of communication and
X X X X
feedback
Choice of communication mean X X X X
Coordination delay X X X X
Perception and attitudes toward
X X X X
collaboration
Misinterpretation X X X X
Coordination requirement gaps X X
Team structure configuration X X
Task scheduling complexity X
2/21/201
18. 18
Result
RQ2: How is team coordination influenced by these
dispersion dimensions?
Coordination problem Geo. Tem. Org. Wor. Cul.
Frequency of communication and
X X X X
feedback
Choice of communication mean X X X X
Coordination delay X X X X
Perception and attitudes toward
X X X X
collaboration
Misinterpretation X X X X
Coordination requirement gaps X X
Team structure configuration X X
Task scheduling complexity X
2/21/201
19. 19
RQ3: How does the team performance
Result influenced by these dispersion
dimensions?
Dispersions is associated with
lower team performance
Negative impact on team
performance on team &
task level
Positive impact on team
performance on project
level
No association with team
performance
2/21/201
20. 20
RQ3: How does the team performance
Result influenced by these dispersion
dimensions?
Perception about
team performance
Direct measure of
team performance at
project level
2/21/201
21. 21
RQ3: How does the team performance
Result influenced by these dispersion
dimensions?
No
consistent
picture from
empirical
studies on
the influence
of
dispersions
on team
performance
22. 22
Result
RQ4: Which context factors could explain the heterogeneity
among empirical findings on the influence directions?
Variables:
– Lack of data: dispersion type, number of sites, level of
communication technology and practices
– Study subject, sample size, quality of study
– Team performance measure type, Unit of analysis
Unit of Geographical Temporal
analysis Pos. Neg. Neu. Pos. Neg. Neu.
Task 0 5 1 0 0 0
Team 0 4 1 0 3 1
Project 1 1 1 3 1 0
2/21/201
23. 23
Implication for future research
Research Include and distinguish among different type of
dispersions
Report dispersion context and level of communication
technology and practices
Further research on how work process & cultural
dispersion impact team performance
Further research on impact of dispersion on
mechanistic coordination
Further research on dispersion on open source projects
2/21/201
24. 24
Implication for practice
Practice Understand that impact of dispersion is context-specific
Promote technology and working style that support
effective informal communication
Configure team structure that addresses coordination
requirement
Be aware of positive effect of temporal dispersion on
team performance
Look for evidence at team and work unit level to decide
the cost-benefit of being distance.
25. 25
Q&A
Contact
• Anh Nguyen-Duc: anhn@idi.ntnu.no
• Daniela S. Cruzes: dcruzes@idi.ntnu.no
• Reidar Conradi: Reidar.Conradi@idi.ntnu
2/21/201
Editor's Notes
As we all see that global software development happens everywhere. Software projects are dispersing globally to search for cost reduction and time to market shorten, proximity to customer. In our study we consider the term global team in a broad range. It includes at least the offshore, outsource, virtual team and open source projects. In these projects the team members are working in different geographical dispersion. Here are some figures illustrate for the increase of global teams.30% of US IT jobs are expected to be offshored by 2015 [1]160.000 projects registered in Source Forge in the end of 2011, which is doubled compared with that in 2004.Working in global team is a challenge not only for manager but also developer. When the projects disperse in multiple locations, the dependencies among the task and task carieer become more complicated. And it also more difficult for task management and coordination.
In Information System literature,Team coordination is considered as the important factors that influence the global project success. In this context, team coordination is defined as extra activity to o manage dependencies between task and task carrier.There are several previous works highlight the importance of team coordination in global projects. The inconsistency among the papers may be caused the different aspects of dispersion are investigated, the different team coordination context and different way of define project outcomes.
From this observation, conducted a systematic review to systemize the knowledge on this area and to identify the gaps for the future research. Basically I have four research questions, which fit into the input=process-outcome framework
From this slide I would like to present the review process we have gone through. We have 6 main steps .. We follow the review guideline written by Kitchenham
In the next step, we identify search terms, data sources, inclusion and exclusion criteria.
When conducting the paper selection, at first the result from the search engine is 11222 papers
The form is constructed, tested and modified in the adhoc review step
when team members locate in different physical places. . Temporal dispersion occurs when team members are separated through different working hours, time zones, and/or working schedules. Temporal dispersion also accounts for situations in which team members probably located at the same site but work different shifts or even flexible hours.Organizational dispersion occurs when team members are from different organizations. The team collaboration may face with organizational level issues, such as difference or even conflict of orragnizational strategy and objective, difference in organizational structure of different part of the team and formal issues like obligation or contract. Work process dispersion happens when team members work in different working environment and engineering process. The difference can be from adopted development methodologies, work infrastructure like computer, network or set of development and communication tool. Also some studies address the difference in distribution of experience and expertise among locations.Cultural dispersion is found as team members’ difference in communication language, cultural background, custom and national context.These dimensions are not clearly seperated and there are some overlaps and correaltion among them.
The picture shows the influence of geographical dispersion on team performance. We try to connect this relationship with the concept of team coordination in the between.The studies are categorized by the measure of the dispersion dimension. Red part shows the negative impact, green part show the positive impact and the grey part show the neutral result.All papers that compare distributed works with collocated works show that distribution is associated with lower team performance. The main reason is that the team need to invest more time and effort on team coordination.Papers quantify geographical dispersion shows a mixed result. Four studies reports … Three studies shows no association … and One study shows a