This document summarizes a study on the incidence of mylohyoid bridging in mandibles from the Uttarakhand region of India. The study examined 121 mandibles (69 male, 52 female) and found mylohyoid bridging in 9 mandibles (7.43% incidence). Bilateral bridging occurred in 5 mandibles and unilateral in 4 mandibles. The bridging was classified as distal-partial, proximal-trace, or trace. No significant difference was found between males and females. The incidence in this study is similar to some previous studies on Indian populations but lower than one other study on North Indians.
This case report describes a rare case of synovial chondromatosis in the temporomandibular joint of a 36-year-old male patient who presented with a history of difficulty opening his mouth and pain in the left temporomandibular joint region. Imaging and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of synovial chondromatosis. The lesion was surgically excised and the patient's symptoms were relieved post-operatively. Synovial chondromatosis is a benign tumor-like disorder involving the formation of loose cartilaginous nodules in the synovial membrane of joints.
The document evaluates stabilization failure in the thoracolumbar spine. It analyzes 93 patients who underwent spinal stabilization surgery. 9 patients (8.37%) experienced implant failure, mostly screw breakage. Failure was likely due to inadequate bone grafting, poor surgical technique, use of undersized screws, low-quality implants, and inadequate rest after surgery. To prevent failure, the study recommends limiting stabilization to appropriate cases, improving surgical methods, using adequate bone grafts, proper implant selection, and considering spinal biomechanics.
This document summarizes studies that have measured changes in the craniofacial skeleton with age. Several consistent trends are seen: increased facial width in older women; changes in contour of the orbit, anterior maxilla, and mandibular body; and decreased dimensions of the glabellar, pyriform, and maxillary angles. The craniofacial skeleton is found to remodel with aging, and many soft tissue changes may reflect these skeletal changes. The document hypothesizes that mechanotransduction, the process by which mechanical forces from soft tissue cause bone remodeling, may underlie aging changes in the craniofacial skeleton.
Forensic Anthropology* Sutures of the SkullDeepali Panwar
This topic is a part of Forensic Anthropology.
Forensic Anthropology
Sutures of the Skull
The sutures are a type of fibrous joint, found in between many of the bones that make up the skull. Today we're going to take a look at three sutures; the coronal suture, the sagittal suture and the lambdoid suture.
*There are four major sutures that connect the bones of the cranium together: the frontal or coronal, the sagittal, the lambdoid, and the squamous. The frontal suture connects the frontal bone to the two parietal bones. The sagittal suture connects the two parietal bones.
Background: The spectrum of pathological bone lesions ranges from inflammatory to neoplastic conditions. Bone tumours are comparatively uncommon among wide array of lesions. The roentgenogram helps in defining exact location of lesion but becomes difficult to differentiate them. They often pose diagnostic problem as they constitute a small portion of diagnostic experience among pathologist.
Objective: To study histopathological spectrum of bone lesions & correlate them with age, gender and site of occurrence.
Results: All bone biopsies from January 2011 to December 2015 received at department of pathology, S.Nijalingappa Medical College, India. Total 121 cases of bone biopsies were analysed. They were decalcified & processed routinely. Out of 121 bone biopsies, 35 (28.9%) cases are non- neoplastic, 77 (63.6%) are neoplastic and 9 (7.4%) were inadequate for evaluation. The incidence of benign lesions are more than malignant with 51(66.2%) and 26(33.7%) cases respectively. Chronic osteomyelitis is the most common non-neoplastic lesion. Giant cell tumor and osteosarcoma are common benign and malignant lesions respectively. Femur is the common bone involved and metaphysis, the commonest site. The maximum numbers of cases are in the age group between 11-30 years with male preponderance.
Conclusion: Though bone lesions are less common, if viewed in perspective of clinico-radiology and histopathology, correct diagnosis can be reached.
Key-words- Bone lesions, Chronic osteomyelitis, Osteosarcoma, Giant cell tumor, Histopathology
The document discusses a study of anatomical variations in sacral hiatus in dry human sacra bones from southern Nigeria. The study found that the most common shapes of the sacral hiatus were inverted V-shape (33.3% of sacra) and inverted U-shape (24.1% of sacra). The apex of the sacral hiatus was most commonly found at the level of the 4th sacral vertebra (66.7% of sacra). Measurements of the sacral hiatus showed the mean length was 23.65mm and the mean anteroposterior diameter at the apex was 6.11mm. The study aims to improve understanding of sacral hiatus variations which could
This study analyzed 200 lateral cephalograms to categorize variations in soft palate morphology and measure soft palate dimensions. Nine types of soft palate morphology were observed, with Type 1 (leaf-shaped) being most common. Additional variants not fitting previous categories were also seen. Males had significantly longer and wider soft palates than females. Soft palate length increased significantly with age. The study aims to establish normal soft palate morphology for comparison with disease states and aid in treatment planning.
The document discusses sutures of the human skull. It identifies the primary cranial sutures, including the coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and metopic sutures. It also discusses the midpalatal suture and presents a classification system with 5 stages of maturation based on CBCT imaging. The classification aims to assess midpalatal suture morphology for determining candidacy for rapid maxillary expansion. The sutures most commonly affected by craniosynostosis are also identified.
This case report describes a rare case of synovial chondromatosis in the temporomandibular joint of a 36-year-old male patient who presented with a history of difficulty opening his mouth and pain in the left temporomandibular joint region. Imaging and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of synovial chondromatosis. The lesion was surgically excised and the patient's symptoms were relieved post-operatively. Synovial chondromatosis is a benign tumor-like disorder involving the formation of loose cartilaginous nodules in the synovial membrane of joints.
The document evaluates stabilization failure in the thoracolumbar spine. It analyzes 93 patients who underwent spinal stabilization surgery. 9 patients (8.37%) experienced implant failure, mostly screw breakage. Failure was likely due to inadequate bone grafting, poor surgical technique, use of undersized screws, low-quality implants, and inadequate rest after surgery. To prevent failure, the study recommends limiting stabilization to appropriate cases, improving surgical methods, using adequate bone grafts, proper implant selection, and considering spinal biomechanics.
This document summarizes studies that have measured changes in the craniofacial skeleton with age. Several consistent trends are seen: increased facial width in older women; changes in contour of the orbit, anterior maxilla, and mandibular body; and decreased dimensions of the glabellar, pyriform, and maxillary angles. The craniofacial skeleton is found to remodel with aging, and many soft tissue changes may reflect these skeletal changes. The document hypothesizes that mechanotransduction, the process by which mechanical forces from soft tissue cause bone remodeling, may underlie aging changes in the craniofacial skeleton.
Forensic Anthropology* Sutures of the SkullDeepali Panwar
This topic is a part of Forensic Anthropology.
Forensic Anthropology
Sutures of the Skull
The sutures are a type of fibrous joint, found in between many of the bones that make up the skull. Today we're going to take a look at three sutures; the coronal suture, the sagittal suture and the lambdoid suture.
*There are four major sutures that connect the bones of the cranium together: the frontal or coronal, the sagittal, the lambdoid, and the squamous. The frontal suture connects the frontal bone to the two parietal bones. The sagittal suture connects the two parietal bones.
Background: The spectrum of pathological bone lesions ranges from inflammatory to neoplastic conditions. Bone tumours are comparatively uncommon among wide array of lesions. The roentgenogram helps in defining exact location of lesion but becomes difficult to differentiate them. They often pose diagnostic problem as they constitute a small portion of diagnostic experience among pathologist.
Objective: To study histopathological spectrum of bone lesions & correlate them with age, gender and site of occurrence.
Results: All bone biopsies from January 2011 to December 2015 received at department of pathology, S.Nijalingappa Medical College, India. Total 121 cases of bone biopsies were analysed. They were decalcified & processed routinely. Out of 121 bone biopsies, 35 (28.9%) cases are non- neoplastic, 77 (63.6%) are neoplastic and 9 (7.4%) were inadequate for evaluation. The incidence of benign lesions are more than malignant with 51(66.2%) and 26(33.7%) cases respectively. Chronic osteomyelitis is the most common non-neoplastic lesion. Giant cell tumor and osteosarcoma are common benign and malignant lesions respectively. Femur is the common bone involved and metaphysis, the commonest site. The maximum numbers of cases are in the age group between 11-30 years with male preponderance.
Conclusion: Though bone lesions are less common, if viewed in perspective of clinico-radiology and histopathology, correct diagnosis can be reached.
Key-words- Bone lesions, Chronic osteomyelitis, Osteosarcoma, Giant cell tumor, Histopathology
The document discusses a study of anatomical variations in sacral hiatus in dry human sacra bones from southern Nigeria. The study found that the most common shapes of the sacral hiatus were inverted V-shape (33.3% of sacra) and inverted U-shape (24.1% of sacra). The apex of the sacral hiatus was most commonly found at the level of the 4th sacral vertebra (66.7% of sacra). Measurements of the sacral hiatus showed the mean length was 23.65mm and the mean anteroposterior diameter at the apex was 6.11mm. The study aims to improve understanding of sacral hiatus variations which could
This study analyzed 200 lateral cephalograms to categorize variations in soft palate morphology and measure soft palate dimensions. Nine types of soft palate morphology were observed, with Type 1 (leaf-shaped) being most common. Additional variants not fitting previous categories were also seen. Males had significantly longer and wider soft palates than females. Soft palate length increased significantly with age. The study aims to establish normal soft palate morphology for comparison with disease states and aid in treatment planning.
The document discusses sutures of the human skull. It identifies the primary cranial sutures, including the coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and metopic sutures. It also discusses the midpalatal suture and presents a classification system with 5 stages of maturation based on CBCT imaging. The classification aims to assess midpalatal suture morphology for determining candidacy for rapid maxillary expansion. The sutures most commonly affected by craniosynostosis are also identified.
Primary bone tumors of the spine are rare, accounting for only 4.2% of spinal tumors. This study summarizes the experience of treating 18 cases of primary bone tumors of the spine over 10 years at two hospitals in Bangladesh. The most common tumors were malignant (61%), with the dorsal and lumbar spine being most commonly involved. Pain was the primary presenting symptom in most cases. Surgical treatment with the aim of complete resection when possible combined with preservation of neurological function and spinal stabilization was performed. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation were also used. Outcomes were improved pain and function, though malignant tumors often had poorer outcomes and higher mortality. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment were concluded to be important for managing these rare tumors
A Study of Mastoid Foramina in Adult Human Skullsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Within a period from January 2010 to January 2016, there were total of 920 surgically treated patients of Orthopaedy and Traumatology Department, Dubrovnik County Hospital, Croatia, which is a single acute hospital in Dubrovacko-neretvanska County where all patients with proximal femoral fracture are treated within the Orthopaedic-Traumatology Department. The aim of this retrospective study is to compare used implants according to type of the proximal femoral region fracture (femoral neck, pertrochanteric , subtrochanteric) and used osteosynthetic implant depending on the type of fracture. A new surgical techniques were used more commonly. Osteoporotic proximal femoral fractures stayed the major and growing problem in the geriatric traumatology and the traumatollogy in general as well.
This document describes a case study of a 22-year-old female patient with monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the maxilla. Fibrous dysplasia is a benign bone condition caused by a mutation that results in abnormal bone growth. It can involve single or multiple bones. The patient presented with swelling of the left cheek and nasal obstruction. Imaging showed a mass in the left maxilla. The patient underwent surgery to remove the dysplastic bone. Histopathology confirmed fibrous dysplasia. Post-surgery, the patient's facial asymmetry and nasal obstruction were relieved.
Supraorbital foramen morphometric study and clinical implications in adult.a...Sanjeev kumar Jain
This study examined 100 adult Indian skulls to analyze the morphology and location of the supraorbital foramen relative to other anatomical landmarks. The study found that a supraorbital notch was more common than a foramen. The distance from the supraorbital foramen to the midline was statistically significant between right and left sides. Documenting the typical location and variations of the supraorbital foramen has clinical implications for procedures like nerve blocks by providing a more accurate anatomical target.
This article analyzes 175 mandibular condyle fractures treated over 4 years at a hospital in southern India. It finds that condyle fractures made up 18.39% of all mandibular fractures and were most common in patients over 16 years old. Most condyle fractures were unilateral and associated with other mandible fractures. Non-surgical treatment was used for undisplaced fractures in younger patients, while open reduction and internal fixation was performed for displaced fractures in older patients. The study aims to establish treatment guidelines for condyle fractures based on a patient's age, fracture pattern, and level of displacement.
— Superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) is a rare disease. So when a case of this came at Aravind Eye Institute, a detailed case report was prepared to publish. A 56 years old male patient, a known case of prostatic malignancy with skeletal metastasis presented with ptosis, exotropia, diminished pupillary reflex and limitations in extraocular movements of left eye. MRI brain revealed diffuse skull base and leptomeningeal metastasis. Whole body CT scan showed metastasis in ribs, scapula and in pelvic bones. He was diagnosed to have superior orbital fissure syndrome due to metastatic prostatic malignancy and was offered steroids and radiotherapy.
The Increased Femoral Neck Anteversion in Medieval Cemetery of Pecenjevce - Aetiology and Differential Diagnosis in Archaeological Context
Anteversión Femoral Aumentada en el Cementerio Medieval de Pecenjevce - Etiología y Diagnóstico Diferencial en el Contexto Arqueológico
Ksenija Djukic, Petar Milenkovic, Petar Milovanovic, Milos Dakic and Marija Djuric
This document reports a rare case of fibromyxoma, a benign bone tumor, located in the calcaneum (heel bone) of a 54-year-old man. The man presented with persistent heel pain. Imaging showed a well-defined lytic lesion in the calcaneum. Biopsy demonstrated the characteristic features of fibromyxoma. The tumor was surgically removed via curettage and the cavity was filled with bone cement. The patient's symptoms were relieved with no recurrence after 2 years of follow-up. This case presents an unusual location of fibromyxoma in the calcaneum, which was successfully treated with surgery.
Idiopathic scoliosis is a spinal deformity that affects otherwise healthy children and adolescents during growth. Genetic factors are known to play a role based on twin studies. While over 35 candidate genes have been identified, the genetic variants that affect susceptibility to spinal curvature and progression remain unknown. Estrogen receptors have been extensively examined as candidates due to their role in bone growth, but studies on the association between idiopathic scoliosis and estrogen receptor genes like ESR1 and ESR2 have had inconsistent results. More research is needed to better understand the genetic basis and identify individuals at risk of progression to help improve treatment options.
This document summarizes an observational case series study that used enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) to image and characterize the features of choroidal metastases in 14 eyes. Key findings from EDI-OCT included an irregular, lumpy bumpy anterior tumor surface in most cases, compression of the overlying choriocapillaris, and disruption of the outer retinal layers while sparing the inner retinal layers. EDI-OCT allowed for high-resolution imaging of choroidal metastases and identification of characteristic imaging features not visible on standard ultrasound.
Study of Greater Sciatic Notch in Sex Determination of Hip Bone by Metric MethodMukesh Dhital
Dr. Suma Dnyanesh1, Dr. Dnyanesh DK2, Dr. Phaniraj S3, Dr. Mallikarjun M3, Dr. Vijayashri BH4, Dr. Kapil Amgain1
1Department of Anatomy, KLE University’s Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum-590010, Karnataka
2Department of Paediatrics, KLE University’s Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum-590010, Karnataka
3Department of Anatomy, VIMS, Bellary-583104, Karnataka, INDIA. 4Department of Physiology, KIMS, Hubli, Karnataka, INDIA.
This document discusses principles of surgical approaches to central nervous system (CNS) lesions. It covers brain and spine lesions and various surgical techniques. For the brain, it describes common lesion types and goals of surgery. It then explains different surgical approaches like craniotomy, craniectomy, endoscopy, and stereotactic procedures. For the spine, it outlines common lesion locations and types of tumors. It also discusses posterior and anterior surgical approaches to access different spinal regions. The document provides examples of various patients who underwent these procedures.
This study examined 79 dry crania (55 male and 24 female) from southern Nigeria to determine the incidence and dimensions of single and double hypoglossal canals, and whether these dimensions differ between sexes. Measurements were taken of the internal and external diameters of the hypoglossal canals. The results showed significant differences in all dimensions between males and females. Bilateral single hypoglossal canals were most prevalent. In conclusion, the size of the hypoglossal canal is sex-specific, with significant differences found between males and females in this population.
Retinal Thickness In Macular Region Of High Myopic Eyes Using Sd-OctDr. Jagannath Boramani
The document summarizes a study that used spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to measure retinal thickness in the macular region of eyes with different degrees of myopia. The study found that as the degree of myopia and axial length increased, average foveal thickness increased while inner and outer macular thickness decreased. It also found that females had thicker average foveal thickness but thinner overall macular thickness compared to males. The study provides quantitative data on changes in macular thickness correlated with myopia severity, which can help define clinical features of high myopia and develop reliable follow-up methods.
Objective: To examine the oropharynx of patients with ectodermal dysplasia showing maxillary retrusion and mandibular protrusion with a short and concave facial structure using cone-beam computed tomography method. Ectodermal dysplasia refers to the congenital disorder defined by the abnormal development of the structure originating from the ectoderm.
Study Design: In order to examine the oropharynx airway, measurements and statistical evaluations were made in 3 levels in sagittal and transversal directions on three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography images obtained from 14 individuals divided into 2 groups as Ectodermal Dysplasia group (n=7) and Control group (n=7).
Results: As a result of statistical analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups at any level or direction in metric measurements performed on all 3 planes taken at the sagittal and transversal levels (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings on ectodermal dysplasia are similar to Class III malpositions that show similarity with ectodermal dysplasia.
Osteoscopic assessment of sexual dimorphism in hip bone.acta medica internati...Sanjeev kumar Jain
This study visually assessed sexual dimorphism in 46 hip bones from known-sex individuals using five non-metric traits: (1) preauricular surface, (2) greater sciatic notch, (3) composite arch, (4) inferior pelvis, and (5) ischiopubic proportions. Traits in group 1 were most sexually dimorphic while traits in group 5 were least dimorphic. Visual assessment of complete hip bones can accurately determine sex, though some difficulties may arise with fragmentary remains. Hip bone features are fairly stable for sex determination across populations.
Call for case report,review and research article for journals
1.International journal of medical and applied sciences.
Volume 6 issue2,2018
2.IRO International journal of medical and applied sciences.
Print journal
Volume 1 issue2, 2018
email: earthjournals@gmail.com
www.earthjournals.in
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma of the left zygomatic bone rare case report and ...Prashant Munde
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma (COS), a subgroup of intramedullary
osteosarcoma (OS), is the most common osteosarcoma that occurs in
adolescents and early adulthood. The COS has similar clinical and radiological
features to those of conventional OS. We present a case of 20‑year‑old male
patient with the chief complaint of pain and swelling in the left zygomatic region.
The computed tomography (CT) and three‑dimensional (3D) CT face showed
erosion, calcific foci, sunray type of spicules suggestive of OS. On fine‑needle
aspiration cytology (FNAC) examination, initial diagnosis was malignant
chondroid lesion, with differential diagnosis of mesenchymal chrondrosarcoma,
COS on incisional biopsy and finally COS on excisional biopsy. The patient
underwent radical resection of left zygomatic arch, followed by chemotherapy.
Although clinically unsuspected in this unusual site, histopathology along with
immunohistochemistry (IHC) results confirmed the COS. Because zygomatic
location of COS is very rare, this report aimed to discuss clinical, radiographic,
histopathologic, IHC findings and diagnostic pitfalls of COS in light of the
literature.
A Study of Interparietal Bones in Adult Human Skullsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Identifying a safe zone for midface augmentation using anatomic landmarks for...Nhat Nguyen
The study identifies a safe zone for dissection during midface augmentation to avoid injury to the infraorbital nerve. Measurements were taken on 44 CT scans of adult faces to determine the average distance between the infraorbital foramen and nearby bony landmarks. For men, the average distances were 8.61 mm from the infraorbital rim, 17.43 mm from the piriform aperture, 41.81 mm from the second premolar tip, and 25.93 mm from the lateral orbital rim. For women, the averages were 8.25 mm, 15.69 mm, 37.33 mm, and 24.21 mm, respectively. Defining this safe zone can help clinicians locate the infraorbital for
Primary bone tumors of the spine are rare, accounting for only 4.2% of spinal tumors. This study summarizes the experience of treating 18 cases of primary bone tumors of the spine over 10 years at two hospitals in Bangladesh. The most common tumors were malignant (61%), with the dorsal and lumbar spine being most commonly involved. Pain was the primary presenting symptom in most cases. Surgical treatment with the aim of complete resection when possible combined with preservation of neurological function and spinal stabilization was performed. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation were also used. Outcomes were improved pain and function, though malignant tumors often had poorer outcomes and higher mortality. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment were concluded to be important for managing these rare tumors
A Study of Mastoid Foramina in Adult Human Skullsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Within a period from January 2010 to January 2016, there were total of 920 surgically treated patients of Orthopaedy and Traumatology Department, Dubrovnik County Hospital, Croatia, which is a single acute hospital in Dubrovacko-neretvanska County where all patients with proximal femoral fracture are treated within the Orthopaedic-Traumatology Department. The aim of this retrospective study is to compare used implants according to type of the proximal femoral region fracture (femoral neck, pertrochanteric , subtrochanteric) and used osteosynthetic implant depending on the type of fracture. A new surgical techniques were used more commonly. Osteoporotic proximal femoral fractures stayed the major and growing problem in the geriatric traumatology and the traumatollogy in general as well.
This document describes a case study of a 22-year-old female patient with monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the maxilla. Fibrous dysplasia is a benign bone condition caused by a mutation that results in abnormal bone growth. It can involve single or multiple bones. The patient presented with swelling of the left cheek and nasal obstruction. Imaging showed a mass in the left maxilla. The patient underwent surgery to remove the dysplastic bone. Histopathology confirmed fibrous dysplasia. Post-surgery, the patient's facial asymmetry and nasal obstruction were relieved.
Supraorbital foramen morphometric study and clinical implications in adult.a...Sanjeev kumar Jain
This study examined 100 adult Indian skulls to analyze the morphology and location of the supraorbital foramen relative to other anatomical landmarks. The study found that a supraorbital notch was more common than a foramen. The distance from the supraorbital foramen to the midline was statistically significant between right and left sides. Documenting the typical location and variations of the supraorbital foramen has clinical implications for procedures like nerve blocks by providing a more accurate anatomical target.
This article analyzes 175 mandibular condyle fractures treated over 4 years at a hospital in southern India. It finds that condyle fractures made up 18.39% of all mandibular fractures and were most common in patients over 16 years old. Most condyle fractures were unilateral and associated with other mandible fractures. Non-surgical treatment was used for undisplaced fractures in younger patients, while open reduction and internal fixation was performed for displaced fractures in older patients. The study aims to establish treatment guidelines for condyle fractures based on a patient's age, fracture pattern, and level of displacement.
— Superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) is a rare disease. So when a case of this came at Aravind Eye Institute, a detailed case report was prepared to publish. A 56 years old male patient, a known case of prostatic malignancy with skeletal metastasis presented with ptosis, exotropia, diminished pupillary reflex and limitations in extraocular movements of left eye. MRI brain revealed diffuse skull base and leptomeningeal metastasis. Whole body CT scan showed metastasis in ribs, scapula and in pelvic bones. He was diagnosed to have superior orbital fissure syndrome due to metastatic prostatic malignancy and was offered steroids and radiotherapy.
The Increased Femoral Neck Anteversion in Medieval Cemetery of Pecenjevce - Aetiology and Differential Diagnosis in Archaeological Context
Anteversión Femoral Aumentada en el Cementerio Medieval de Pecenjevce - Etiología y Diagnóstico Diferencial en el Contexto Arqueológico
Ksenija Djukic, Petar Milenkovic, Petar Milovanovic, Milos Dakic and Marija Djuric
This document reports a rare case of fibromyxoma, a benign bone tumor, located in the calcaneum (heel bone) of a 54-year-old man. The man presented with persistent heel pain. Imaging showed a well-defined lytic lesion in the calcaneum. Biopsy demonstrated the characteristic features of fibromyxoma. The tumor was surgically removed via curettage and the cavity was filled with bone cement. The patient's symptoms were relieved with no recurrence after 2 years of follow-up. This case presents an unusual location of fibromyxoma in the calcaneum, which was successfully treated with surgery.
Idiopathic scoliosis is a spinal deformity that affects otherwise healthy children and adolescents during growth. Genetic factors are known to play a role based on twin studies. While over 35 candidate genes have been identified, the genetic variants that affect susceptibility to spinal curvature and progression remain unknown. Estrogen receptors have been extensively examined as candidates due to their role in bone growth, but studies on the association between idiopathic scoliosis and estrogen receptor genes like ESR1 and ESR2 have had inconsistent results. More research is needed to better understand the genetic basis and identify individuals at risk of progression to help improve treatment options.
This document summarizes an observational case series study that used enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) to image and characterize the features of choroidal metastases in 14 eyes. Key findings from EDI-OCT included an irregular, lumpy bumpy anterior tumor surface in most cases, compression of the overlying choriocapillaris, and disruption of the outer retinal layers while sparing the inner retinal layers. EDI-OCT allowed for high-resolution imaging of choroidal metastases and identification of characteristic imaging features not visible on standard ultrasound.
Study of Greater Sciatic Notch in Sex Determination of Hip Bone by Metric MethodMukesh Dhital
Dr. Suma Dnyanesh1, Dr. Dnyanesh DK2, Dr. Phaniraj S3, Dr. Mallikarjun M3, Dr. Vijayashri BH4, Dr. Kapil Amgain1
1Department of Anatomy, KLE University’s Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum-590010, Karnataka
2Department of Paediatrics, KLE University’s Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum-590010, Karnataka
3Department of Anatomy, VIMS, Bellary-583104, Karnataka, INDIA. 4Department of Physiology, KIMS, Hubli, Karnataka, INDIA.
This document discusses principles of surgical approaches to central nervous system (CNS) lesions. It covers brain and spine lesions and various surgical techniques. For the brain, it describes common lesion types and goals of surgery. It then explains different surgical approaches like craniotomy, craniectomy, endoscopy, and stereotactic procedures. For the spine, it outlines common lesion locations and types of tumors. It also discusses posterior and anterior surgical approaches to access different spinal regions. The document provides examples of various patients who underwent these procedures.
This study examined 79 dry crania (55 male and 24 female) from southern Nigeria to determine the incidence and dimensions of single and double hypoglossal canals, and whether these dimensions differ between sexes. Measurements were taken of the internal and external diameters of the hypoglossal canals. The results showed significant differences in all dimensions between males and females. Bilateral single hypoglossal canals were most prevalent. In conclusion, the size of the hypoglossal canal is sex-specific, with significant differences found between males and females in this population.
Retinal Thickness In Macular Region Of High Myopic Eyes Using Sd-OctDr. Jagannath Boramani
The document summarizes a study that used spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to measure retinal thickness in the macular region of eyes with different degrees of myopia. The study found that as the degree of myopia and axial length increased, average foveal thickness increased while inner and outer macular thickness decreased. It also found that females had thicker average foveal thickness but thinner overall macular thickness compared to males. The study provides quantitative data on changes in macular thickness correlated with myopia severity, which can help define clinical features of high myopia and develop reliable follow-up methods.
Objective: To examine the oropharynx of patients with ectodermal dysplasia showing maxillary retrusion and mandibular protrusion with a short and concave facial structure using cone-beam computed tomography method. Ectodermal dysplasia refers to the congenital disorder defined by the abnormal development of the structure originating from the ectoderm.
Study Design: In order to examine the oropharynx airway, measurements and statistical evaluations were made in 3 levels in sagittal and transversal directions on three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography images obtained from 14 individuals divided into 2 groups as Ectodermal Dysplasia group (n=7) and Control group (n=7).
Results: As a result of statistical analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups at any level or direction in metric measurements performed on all 3 planes taken at the sagittal and transversal levels (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings on ectodermal dysplasia are similar to Class III malpositions that show similarity with ectodermal dysplasia.
Osteoscopic assessment of sexual dimorphism in hip bone.acta medica internati...Sanjeev kumar Jain
This study visually assessed sexual dimorphism in 46 hip bones from known-sex individuals using five non-metric traits: (1) preauricular surface, (2) greater sciatic notch, (3) composite arch, (4) inferior pelvis, and (5) ischiopubic proportions. Traits in group 1 were most sexually dimorphic while traits in group 5 were least dimorphic. Visual assessment of complete hip bones can accurately determine sex, though some difficulties may arise with fragmentary remains. Hip bone features are fairly stable for sex determination across populations.
Call for case report,review and research article for journals
1.International journal of medical and applied sciences.
Volume 6 issue2,2018
2.IRO International journal of medical and applied sciences.
Print journal
Volume 1 issue2, 2018
email: earthjournals@gmail.com
www.earthjournals.in
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma of the left zygomatic bone rare case report and ...Prashant Munde
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma (COS), a subgroup of intramedullary
osteosarcoma (OS), is the most common osteosarcoma that occurs in
adolescents and early adulthood. The COS has similar clinical and radiological
features to those of conventional OS. We present a case of 20‑year‑old male
patient with the chief complaint of pain and swelling in the left zygomatic region.
The computed tomography (CT) and three‑dimensional (3D) CT face showed
erosion, calcific foci, sunray type of spicules suggestive of OS. On fine‑needle
aspiration cytology (FNAC) examination, initial diagnosis was malignant
chondroid lesion, with differential diagnosis of mesenchymal chrondrosarcoma,
COS on incisional biopsy and finally COS on excisional biopsy. The patient
underwent radical resection of left zygomatic arch, followed by chemotherapy.
Although clinically unsuspected in this unusual site, histopathology along with
immunohistochemistry (IHC) results confirmed the COS. Because zygomatic
location of COS is very rare, this report aimed to discuss clinical, radiographic,
histopathologic, IHC findings and diagnostic pitfalls of COS in light of the
literature.
A Study of Interparietal Bones in Adult Human Skullsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Identifying a safe zone for midface augmentation using anatomic landmarks for...Nhat Nguyen
The study identifies a safe zone for dissection during midface augmentation to avoid injury to the infraorbital nerve. Measurements were taken on 44 CT scans of adult faces to determine the average distance between the infraorbital foramen and nearby bony landmarks. For men, the average distances were 8.61 mm from the infraorbital rim, 17.43 mm from the piriform aperture, 41.81 mm from the second premolar tip, and 25.93 mm from the lateral orbital rim. For women, the averages were 8.25 mm, 15.69 mm, 37.33 mm, and 24.21 mm, respectively. Defining this safe zone can help clinicians locate the infraorbital for
Abstract
Juvenile ossifying fibroma is an uncommon clinical entity, its aggressive local behaviour and high recurrence rate mean that it is important to make an early diagnosis, apply the appropriate treatment and, especially, follow the patient up over the long term. In the current article we report a case of juvenile ossifying fibroma-WHO type in 12yr old patient which was clinical and histopathologically challenging as it was asymptomatic and at an unusual location.
This study analyzed 66 patients with mandibular fractures to determine patterns and epidemiology in Lucknow, India. The highest percentage of fractures occurred in patients ages 21-30, who were predominantly male. Road traffic accidents were the primary cause, with the parasymphysis as the most common fracture site. The most frequent fracture combination involved the parasymphysis and subcondyle. While most fractures occurred singly, the number of fracture sites correlated with younger and older age groups.
CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PERIPHERAL OSSIFYING FIBROMA IN A SERIES OF 4...ishita1994
Peripheral ossifying fibromas are benign mesenchymal lesions that usually arise in the anterior maxilla of young female patients. Histologically they consist of spindle cell proliferation with focal mineralization. We reviewed 48 specimens from 41 patients and recorded the clinical data, sex, and age of the patients, site, and size of the lesions, treatment, and postoperative outcome. Histologically the presence of mature, woven bone, cementum, and calcifications was evaluated and evaluated immunohistochemically. Lesions were more frequent in female patients in the third and fourth decade and were usually in the lower maxilla and smaller than 2 cm. All lesions were conservatively excised, and they relapsed in eight patients. Histopathologically, the lesions were poorly circumscribed, with moderately cellular proliferation, and with no discernible architectural pattern. All tumors showed some degree of mineralization, the presence of immature bone being the most common. Immunohistochemical examination showed staining of tumoral cells for smooth muscle actin and CD68. Lesions tended to occur more commonly in female patients, but one decade later than usually reported. We found a higher recurrence rate in lesions that contained cementum-like material but without bone formation, suggesting a lack of maturation in this group. Immunohistochemical results were consistent with myofibroblastic differentiation but they added no information about the behavior of the lesions.
Basal cell ameloblastoma a rare case report and review of literatureQuách Bảo Toàn
The document reports on a rare case of basal cell ameloblastoma occurring in a 12-year-old patient. Basal cell ameloblastoma is believed to be the rarest histologic subtype of ameloblastoma and typically occurs in adults aged 30-40 years. Only 6 previous cases had been reported in the literature. Microscopic examination of the lesion showed uniform basaloid cells without stellate reticulum, consistent with basal cell ameloblastoma. Considering the rarity of this lesion in such a young patient, this case highlights the importance of histopathological examination for diagnosing odontogenic tumors.
This study evaluated the dimensions of the foramen magnum in 68 adult human skulls from North India to determine if the measurements could be used to estimate sex. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum were measured. Statistical analysis found both diameters were significantly larger in male skulls compared to female skulls. The study concluded that foramen magnum dimensions can be useful in sex determination and establishing a biological profile for skeletal remains.
Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot with ladies.Omaxe Reviews get lot of hits on omaxe reviews official omaxe reviews introducing omaxe reviews and Mr. Anil Kumar get set go. Omaxe Reviews at next month but all over get hot. oma
Fibrous Dysplasia in a 120.000+ year old Neandertal from Krapinabiocenose_consultoria
1) A Neanderthal rib fragment from Krapina, Croatia dating back over 120,000 years shows evidence of fibrous dysplasia, making it the earliest known case of this bone tumor.
2) Fibrous dysplasia is a benign bone tumor where normal bone is replaced by fibrous tissue and abnormal bone growth. It occurs rarely in the human fossil record.
3) Analysis of the rib fragment found features consistent with fibrous dysplasia, including an expanded medullary cavity with smooth walls, indicating the growth and effects of the tumor. This provides evidence that Neanderthals could suffer from bone diseases also found in modern humans.
Position of the Mental Foramen in a Northern Regional Palestinian PopulationAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Background: The mental foramen is one of important anatomical features frequently encountered
in maxillofacial surgical procedures in premolars area. Its position has been shown to vary according to
race. In this study researchers aim to study the position, shape, and appearance of the mental foramen,
as seen on panoramic radiographs of Palestinians, and to compare our findings with international
values.
Materials and methods: A randomly selected panoramic radiographs (368 with 736 sides)
from the records of dental patients attending three dental services in north of Palestine, the mental
foramina’s anterior–posterior position, shape, and radiologic appearance were subjected to analysis.
Results: The most frequent anterior–posterior position was in the area between the long axes of
first and second mandibular premolar teeth. The most frequent appearance was the continuous type
and majority of foramina were rounded in shape.
Conclusion: The position of the mental foramen on panoramic radiographs in this selected group
of Palestinians was most commonly between the mandibular premolars. The continuous type and
rounded shape of the mental foramen was founded in majority of cases. These results are similar to
previous findings in Caucasian populations.
This document discusses craniofacial microsomia (CFM), a birth defect involving structures from the first and second branchial arches. CFM causes facial asymmetry and affects the mandible, ear, and soft tissues. It has various proposed causes but is thought to involve disruption of neural crest cell migration. Diagnosis involves assessing the skeletal, auricular and soft tissue involvement. Treatment planning relies on thorough documentation through photos, CT scans and cephalograms to characterize the abnormalities.
Desmoplastic ameloblastoma of maxilla a case reportQuách Bảo Toàn
This case report describes a rare variant of ameloblastoma called desmoplastic ameloblastoma. A 35-year-old female presented with a swelling in her upper left jaw that had been slowly growing over a year. Imaging showed a mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion. Histopathological examination of a biopsy found strands and islands of odontogenic epithelium within a dense collagenous stroma, consistent with desmoplastic ameloblastoma. Desmoplastic ameloblastoma is characterized by extensive collagen deposition and small nests of odontogenic epithelium. It commonly occurs in the front of the upper jaw, unlike the more common variants that occur in the back of the lower
Physiognomy in classification of individuals with lateral preference in masti...Jinny Shaw
This paper attempts to classify individuals with a lateral preference in mastication (CHUCs) based on their physiognomy and patterns of mandibular movement. It proposes five categories of CHUCs based on features such as head tilt, eye size differences, chin deviation, and symmetry of mandibular movement. CHUCs can be further subclassified by facial shape, range of mandibular movement, condylar morphology, and symmetry at different jaw positions. Clinical observations showed associations between preferential chewing side and factors like head tilt, eye size differences, nasal septum deviation, and presence of malocclusions. The paper aims to better understand mechanisms underlying the link between masticatory preferences and mandibular asym
This study examined 79 dry crania (55 male and 24 female) from southern Nigeria to determine the incidence and dimensions of single and double hypoglossal canals, and whether these dimensions differ between sexes. Measurements were taken of the internal and external diameters of the hypoglossal canals. The results showed significant differences in all dimensions between males and females. Bilateral single hypoglossal canals were most prevalent. In conclusion, the size of the hypoglossal canal is sex-specific, with significant differences found between males and females in this population.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This case report describes a rare case of true fibroma occurring on the palate of a 35-year-old male patient. The patient reported a lump on his palate that was interfering with chewing. Clinical examination revealed an irregular, grayish growth on the palate that was excised using diode laser. Histological examination showed features consistent with true fibroma, including sharp demarcation from surrounding tissue and a fibrous capsule. Immunohistochemical staining was negative for S-100, confirming it was not a neural tumor, and positive for fibrous tissue antigens. This supported the diagnosis of a true fibroma, which is a rare benign neoplasm of the oral cavity. The patient had no recurrence at 15-day
Analytical Study of Clinicopathological Data of Saudi Patients with Osteoarth...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
SUMMARY: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disabling disease. Epidemiological studies have revealed various risk
factors for OA, including sex, aging, obesity, occupational illnesses, and chronic diseases. Here we evaluate the clinical, pathological,
and radiological findings of knee OA in a subset of Saudi patients who were subjected to total knee replacement (TKA). The study
population included 30 Saudi patients with knee OA who were operated by TKA (from June 2014 to December 2015) in the Department
of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. Patient’s clinical and radiological data were collected
from the hospital files. Pathological examination of the excised superior articular surface of tibia and femoral condyles were done.
Pearson Chi-squared analysis was used to test for differences between the variables in associated risk factors. There were more women
than men. Sixty per cent of patients were older than 60 years [mean age, 59.2 (females) and 61.7 (men) years-old]. All patients exceeded
obesity class 1, with females being more obese than males. Pathological examination of the superior articular surface of tibia and femoral
condyles showed high score lesions, which was more apparent in females than in males. Radiological findings showed that most lesions
were high grade. The findings of this study will help to understand the pathogenesis of OA and improve treatment decision making
relevant to TKA in knee OA in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere.
KEY WORDS: Osteoarthritis; Knee; Arthroplasty.
The document discusses an international ambassador initiative program for an academic journal. The program aims to honor authors who successfully publish manuscripts through double-blind peer review. Selected ambassadors will have their work published free of charge and their biography and photo displayed on the journal's website. They will also be issued a certificate naming them as a lead scientist or international ambassador and may be included in future editorial or reviewer panels with additional certification. Sample manuscripts and guidelines are available upon request.
This document summarizes a study on using ultrasound to assess cystic neck lesions prior to treatment. The study examined 120 patients with neck masses and found cystic lesions in 7.5% of cases, including branchial cysts and lymphangiomas. Ultrasound was able to differentiate cystic from solid lesions and characterize features like contents, borders, and location. The study concluded ultrasound is a useful non-invasive tool for evaluating cystic neck lesions before treatment due to its low cost, lack of radiation, and ability to detect diagnostic imaging characteristics of various cyst types.
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Jain has published 14 research articles in medical and anatomical journals over the past three years. The publications cover a range of topics including human tissue banking, the structure and function of the placenta, correlations between anatomical structures and variables like gender, ethnicity and physical measurements. Several articles present original research analyzing anatomical structures and their variations using techniques like radiography, ultrasonography and computerized tomography.
This study examined the relationship between palmar skin creases and underlying bone anatomy in the hand. Researchers measured the distance between prominent palmar creases (distal transverse, proximal transverse, proximal digital) and associated joints/bones like the metacarpophalangeal joints on x-rays of 50 female subjects. Statistical analysis found significant correlations between certain creases and bones. The positions of creases relative to underlying structures varied between fingers. Understanding the relationships between creases and anatomy could aid in hand examinations, surgery planning and reconstruction.
The doctrine of parens patriae refers to the authority of the state to act as guardian for those unable to care for themselves, such as minors, people with disabilities, and the mentally ill. It originated from the King's duty to protect vulnerable subjects and has now been adopted by states. The Supreme Court of India has upheld the applicability of parens patriae in medical cases, stating that if a patient is incompetent to make decisions about life support, it is the court's role as parens patriae to make the decision, considering medical opinions and the views of family. The court derives this power from Article 226 of the Constitution, which allows High Courts to issue orders for enforcing fundamental rights or for any other purpose
This document provides information about the Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine (JIAFM), including its editor, joint editor, international advisory board, national advisory board, contents of the current issue, and subscription information. It lists the governing council of the Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine and provides details about the journal, including its aims, scope, and publication process. The editor expresses that the journal is gaining recognition globally and has been accepted for inclusion in Scopus.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed sexual dimorphism in the greater sciatic notch by measuring various parameters in 46 hip bones. The study found:
1) Maximum width and depth differed significantly between males and females on the left side.
2) The posterior segment width differed significantly on the right side.
3) Two indices measuring width and depth ratios were also significantly different between sexes.
4) The findings support using greater sciatic notch measurements to determine sex.
This study aimed to compare the quality of life of men and women with diabetic foot ulcers. 120 patients participated, of which 60% were men and 40% were women, with a mean age of 54 years. The results showed that women had lower quality of life scores than men in most domains, including friendship, following treatment plans, and financial status. Additionally, quality of life was found to be significantly related to age, marital status, and economic status. The study provides information to help healthcare providers improve support and programs for diabetic patients with foot ulcers.
This document summarizes a study on the incidence and types of mylohyoid bridging found in mandibles from the Uttarakhand region of India. The study examined 121 mandibles (69 male, 52 female) and found mylohyoid bridging in 9 mandibles (7.43% incidence). Only distal-partial, proximal-trace, and trace types of bridging were present. Bilateral bridging occurred in 5 mandibles and unilateral bridging in 4 mandibles. There was no significant difference in bridging between males and females. The incidence was similar to other studies on North Indian populations.
This document summarizes a study on the location and morphology of the pterion in human skulls from Uttarakhand, India. The study examined 40 dry skulls. The main findings are:
1) The majority of skulls (86.25%) had a sphenoparietal type of pterion, where the sphenoid and parietal bones meet.
2) On average, the pterion was located 3.25 cm behind the frontozygomatic suture and 3.76 cm above the temporozygomatic suture.
3) The location of the pterion relative to these landmarks did not significantly differ between left and right sides of skulls.
This study analyzed 60 human mandibles (30 male, 30 female) to evaluate differences in mandibular angle and ramus height between sexes. Measurements were taken of the mandibular angle and maximum ramus height on both right and left sides. Statistical analysis found:
1) No significant difference in mean right mandibular angle between sexes, but a significant difference in mean left angle.
2) Significant differences in mean right and left ramus heights between sexes, with heights greater in males.
3) A significant difference between mean left and right mandibular angles and ramus heights in females.
The results indicate the mandibular angle and ramus height can help determine sex and
The document summarizes a study that analyzed sexual dimorphism in the greater sciatic notch by measuring various parameters in hip bones. The study measured the maximum width, maximum depth, posterior segment width, and two indices in the greater sciatic notches of 46 hip bones (24 male, 22 female). Most parameters showed significant sexual dimorphism between male and female hip bones, with male notches generally wider and deeper. The study concludes that measurements of the greater sciatic notch can reliably be used to determine the sex of skeletal remains.
This study evaluated 120 thyroid nodule patients using ultrasonography to assess diagnostic accuracy. Ultrasonography detected multiple nodules in 58% of patients, compared to 17% on clinical exam. 50% of clinically solitary nodules were shown to be multiple by ultrasound. Ultrasound features like composition, borders, calcifications and vascularity were analyzed. 80 patients (66.6%) were diagnosed with benign disease and 40 (33.3%) with thyroid malignancy based on ultrasound and histopathology results. The study concludes that ultrasonography is a useful complementary method to physical exam for diagnosing thyroid nodules due to its ability to detect more nodules and evaluate characteristics that suggest benign or malignant lesions.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the efficacy of ultrasonography and computed tomography in diagnosing palpable neck masses. 40 patients with neck masses were examined clinically and underwent ultrasound and CT scans. The results found that ultrasound was useful for characterizing masses as solid or cystic and identifying features like margins, calcifications and necrosis. CT provided additional information on tissue attenuation, extent of lesions, and involvement of surrounding structures or distant spread. The study concluded that ultrasound combined with CT provides valuable information to accurately diagnose neck masses and guide their management.
This document reviews various techniques that have been used to study neural crest cell migration, including:
1. Classic ablation experiments, which remove neural folds to observe structure development but have interpretive issues.
2. Explantation experiments, which culture neural crest cells but their potential varies depending on location.
3. Cell marking techniques like radioactive labeling but the label is diluted over generations.
4. The quail-chick chimera technique, which grafts quail neural tissue into chicks to track migration based on nuclear differences.
5. Cell lineage studies using fluorescent dyes to label and track single cells and their descendants.
6. Cell lineage studies using retroviruses to incorporate genetic markers into mouse
1. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences/ Volume 2/ Issue 27/ July 8, 2013 Page 4974
THE MYLOHYOID BRIDGING: INCIDENCE AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS.
Rajesh Kumar1, Alok Kumar Choudhary2, S.K. Jain3, Anurag4, Shashi Munjal5, Puja Chauhan6.
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:
Rajesh Kumar, Alok Kumar Choudhary, S.K. Jain, Anurag, Shashi Munjal, Puja Chauhan. “The mylohyoid
bridging: incidence and clinical implications”. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2013; Vol2,
Issue 27, July 8; Page: 4974-4982.
ABSTRACT: The evaluation of non-metrical traits of mandible can be used for the assessment of the
existence of parental structures within a community or as taxonomic indicators. The non-metric
traits are categorised into three types: foraminal, hyperostotic/ hypoostotic and fusion. In the
mandible the mylohyoid bridge is a hyperostotic variant where the mylohyoid groove becomes
variably ossified. The occurrence of this trait, independent of sex, is consistent with the assumption
that genetic background is relevant to its formation. AIM & OBJECTIVE: The study was planned to
investigate the incidence and types of mylohyoid bridging in the mandibles of Uttarakhand region.
The data may be useful for the anthropologists, and its clinical implications may guide the dental
surgeons in nerve block injections. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A collection of 69 male and 52
female mandibles (total samples = 121), available in the department of Anatomy at Sri Guru Ram Rai
Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand were used as the material for the
study. ANALYTICAL TEST: Fisher's exact probability test. RESULT: Neither total nor superior and
inferior type of mylohyoid bridging was observed in any mandible included in the present study.
Only distal-partial, proximal-trace and trace type of bridging was found. Only 9 mandibles showed
the presence of mylohyoid bridging (9/121; 7.43%). Bilateral bridging was found in 5 mandibles and
4 had unilateral incidence of mylohyoid bridging [3 (1.24% of the total 242 sides examined) on left
side in male mandibles and 1 (0.41%) on right side in female mandible. CONCLUSION: The presence
of mylohyoid bridging can be used for the assessment of the existence of parental structures within a
community or as a taxonomic indicator. Clinically, the entrapment of the nerve to mylohyoid may
lead to poorly localized deep pain from the muscles it innervates. Moreover, the nerve may also
escape the local anaesthesia which may be overcome by other recent techniques of nerve block.
KEYWORDS: Non-metrical traits, hyperostotic, taxonomic indicators, mylohyoid bridging.
INTRODUCTION: Mandible is the largest and strongest bone of the facial skeleton and is
preferentially preserved in archaeological and paleontological deposits. Furthermore, this bone has
provided useful information in studies of sexual dimorphism, geographical variations and
evolutionary changes in the morphology.
The expression of non-metric traits is more influenced by the genetic factors as compared to
non-genetic factors. Therefore, in anthropological and paleo-anthropological studies, the evaluation
of non-metrical traits of mandible can be used for the assessment of the existence of parental
structures within a community or as taxonomic indicators. (1) The non-metric traits are categorised
into three types: foraminal, hyperostotic/hypostotic and fusion.(2) The hyperostotic traits represent
variable ossification of connective tissue, which separates or encloses nerve fibers and vessels. (3) In
the mandible the mylohyoid bridge is a hyperostotic variant where the mylohyoid groove becomes
variably ossified. (4-6) This variant has been otherwise referred to using several terms such as
ponticulus mylohyoideus, canalis mylohyoideus, mylohyoid arch and arcus mylohyoideus. (7-10)
2. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences/ Volume 2/ Issue 27/ July 8, 2013 Page 4975
Ossenberg (4) suggests that the precursor of this bridge is a membrane continuous
proximally with the sphenomandibular ligament and stretching the ligament of the mylohyoid
groove medial to the contained neurovascular structures. According to the investigator, this
membrane and its bony variant may be derived from Meckel’s cartilage.
Mylohyoid groove, beginning antero-inferior to the mandibular foramen and containing the
neurovascular bundle, is normally closed over to become a connective tissue canal, which is the
extension of the sphenomandibular ligament attached to the lingula. Either or both parts of this
tissue may become partially or completely transformed into bone, forming bridges or an elongated
canal, which may extend above the foramen. (11)
Mylohyoid bridging is classified by Hauser and De Stefano (10) according to:
1. Location of bridging
a) Proximal = in the vicinity of the mandibular foramen.
b) Distal = approximately at the centre of the mylohyoid groove.
c) Superior and Inferior = interrupted canal formation, appearing as two separate bridges.
2. Degree of bridging
a) Trace = formation of two spicules or lipping protruding from the edges of the mylohyoid
groove.
b) Partial bridging.
c) Total bridging of the mylohyoid groove.
We planned this study to investigate the incidence and types of mylohyoid bridging in the
mandibles of Uttarakhand region; at the same time a note was made to its clinical implications along
with a comparison to the incidences of mylohyoid bridging in different Indian populations.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The material for this study consisted of a collection of 69 male and 52
female mandibles (total samples = 121), available in the department of Anatomy at Sri Guru Ram Rai
Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
Sex determination of mandibles was done according to the following criteria:
MALE FEMALE
1) Gonial eversion - Marked Slight/absent
2) Chin - Square Pointed/rounded
3) Robustness - Larger, broader Slender, smaller
Thicker, heavier
All were adult mandibles, the exact ages of which were unknown. Both the medial surfaces
of each mandible were inspected for the presence of the bony bridges along the mylohyoid groove.
Fisher's exact probability test was applied to the sex related incidences of mylohyoid
bridging in the test samples, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Data obtained from the
mandibles were evaluated using GraphPad Prism version 5.00 for Windows, GraphPad Software, San
Diego California USA, www.graphpad.com.
A comparison of the present results was made with the incidences of mylohyoid bridging
reported by earlier authors in different Indian populations.
3. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences/ Volume 2/ Issue 27/ July 8, 2013 Page 4976
RESULTS: Altogether 121 mandibles were examined for the presence of mylohyoid bridging on both
the sides, out of which 101 mandibles were dentulous and rest were edentulous.
According to the classification cited above, neither total nor superior and inferior type of
mylohyoid bridging was observed in any mandible included in the present study. Only distal-partial
(fig. 1), proximal-trace (fig. 2) and trace (fig. 3) type of bridging was found. The proximal type is just
the extension of the sphenomandibular ligament, as is apparent by the ossified backward projection
of the lingula (fig. 4).
Only 9 mandibles showed the presence of mylohyoid bridging (9/121; 7.43%) (table.1).
Bilateral bridging was found in 5 mandibles and 4 had unilateral incidence of mylohyoid bridging [3
(1.24% of the total 242 sides examined) on left side in male mandibles and 1 (0.41%) on right side in
female mandible (fig. 5)].
FIGURE 5: Side distribution of incidences of mylohyoid bridging in male and female mandibles.
Sex Presence Absence Row Total Percentage
males 06 63 69 8.69%
females 03 49 52 5.76%
Column Total 09 112 121 7.43%
Table 1: The incidence of mylohyoid bridging according to sex
In respect to the incidence of mylohoid bridging in relation to sex, the results indicated that
the difference between male and female mandibles is statistically not significant as P < .05.
4. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences/ Volume 2/ Issue 27/ July 8, 2013 Page 4977
DISCUSSION: The mylohyoid bridge, a hyperostotic variant is formed under some genetic
background and is one of the useful genetic markers for researching populational relationships. (12)
However, certain reports disagree to this concept. (13) Mechanical forces too are believed to take
part in the formation of mylohyoid bridging. (14)
The results of the present study indicate that the incidence of mylohyoid bridging did not
show any sex difference. The occurrence of the trait, independent of sex, is consistent with the
assumption that genetic background is relevant to its formation. (12) Though, slight male
predominance in the incidence was noted by Ossenberg (9) and Dodo (15) while Sawyer et al. (5)
distinctly reported a predominance of females in Euro-Americans. However, non-metrical traits, on
the whole did not diverge (or very little if at all) on the account of sex as reported by several
researchers. (16-18)
Contrary to the results of K. Narayana et al. (19), mylohyoid bridge seems to be expressed
more on the left side than on the right in the present study. Though, there was statistically no
significant difference (P < .05) between frequencies on sides.
Total bridging of the mylohyoid groove is rarely found as indicated by the results of this
study, although this trait has been reported in some mandibles in earlier studies. (20) The incidence
reported by Kaul, S.S. and Pathak, R.K. (6) in north Indian sample (2.98–7.14%) and Narayana, K.
(19) in Indians (pooled) coincides with the results of the present study (table. 2). However, the total
incidence of 7.43% as found in this study is less than that in another study on north Indians (8.63%).
(20) Differences in the incidence of mylohyoid bridging may be due to variations related to era,
climate, diet, geography, or race, as non-metrical variants are known to depend on these factors. (21,
22)
Table 2: Percentage incidences of mylohyoid bridging in various Indian populations.
As the mylohyoid nerve passes through the tunnel formed by the mylohyoid bridge, it may
be unusually entrapped against the bone, imparting poorly localized deep pain from the muscles it
innervates. Chronic compression of the nerve results in muscular paresis. This symptom would be
subclinical unless the nerve entrapment is bilateral; then swallowing difficulties may ensue. (24)
Due to the variability in location of branching and the potential barriers formed by both the
pterygomandibular fascia and the sphenomandibular ligament, the nerve to the mylohyoid may
escape anaesthesia in an inferior alveolar nerve block. (25) The failed local anaesthesia may be
overcome either by high block (Gow- Gates or Akinosi techniques) or by lingual infiltration. (26) The
Gow-Gates and Akinosi methods are best reserved for those cases where the conventional block
methods fail.
Population Incidence of mylohyoid bridging Percentage Reference no.
North Indians 8.63 20
North east Indians 2.98–7.14 6
South Indians 6.39 Manjunath, K.Y. (23)
Indians 7.20 19
Uttarakhand population 7.43 Present study
5. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences/ Volume 2/ Issue 27/ July 8, 2013 Page 4978
In conclusion, the total type of mylohyoid bridging is not commonly found in the mandibles
of Uttarakhand region. The relevance of genetic background in its formation confers that this trait
can be used for the assessment of the existence of parental structures within a community or as a
taxonomic indicator. Clinically, the unusual entrapment of the nerve to mylohyoid against the bone
may lead to poorly localized deep pain from the muscles it innervates. Moreover, the nerve may also
escape the local anaesthesia which may be overcome by other recent techniques of nerve block.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge, with heartfelt gratitude, the
inspiration, guidance and help I have received from my teachers in preparing this article. I would
also like to thank the statistician of SGRRIM & HS for helping me in statistical analysis.
Last but not the least; I am really indebted and grateful to my family for supporting me
spiritually throughout because without their encouragement, this article would not have
materialized.
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FIGURE.1: Distal-partial type of mylohyoid bridging with probe passing through the tunnel.
FIGURE.2: Proximal-trace type of mylohyoid bridging.
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FIGURE.3: Trace type of mylohyoid bridging.
FIGURE.4: Ossified backward projection of the lingula.
9. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences/ Volume 2/ Issue 27/ July 8, 2013 Page 4982
AUTHORS:
1. Rajesh Kumar
2. Alok Kumar Choudhary
3. S.K. Jain
4. Anurag
5. Shashi Munjal
6. Puja Chauhan
PARTICULARS OF CONTRIBUTORS:
1. Post graduate student, Department of Anatomy,
Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health
Sciences.
2. Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Shri Guru
Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences.
3. Professor & Head, Department of Anatomy, Shri
Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health
Sciences.
4. Professor, Department of Anatomy, Shri Guru
Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences.
6. Associate Professor, Department of
Anatomy, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of
Medical & Health Sciences.
7. Associate Professor, Department of
Anatomy, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of
Medical & Health Sciences.
NAME ADRRESS EMAIL ID OF THE
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
Dr. Alok Kumar Choudhary,
Lecturer,Department of Anatomy,
SGRRIM& HS,Patel Nagar,
Dehradun.Pin- 248001.
Uttarakhand.
Email:dr_alokchoudhary@yahoo.com
Date of Submission: 27/06/2013.
Date of Peer Review: 28/06/2013.
Date of Acceptance: 05/07/2013.
Date of Publishing: 08/07/2013