The document summarizes a seminar on the skeletal system presented by Mr. Arvind Joshi. It covers the embryology, anatomy, physiology and classification of bones. It also discusses diagnostic criteria and common medical treatments for skeletal issues like fractures, club foot, congenital hip dysplasia, osteomyelitis, and polydactyly/syndactyly. Nursing management is outlined for various conditions and treatments involving casting, traction, splinting and bracing. Recent advances in treating skeletal issues are also mentioned.
Club foot in child pediatric nursing. Brief presentation
It includes
Introduction
Definition
Risk factors
Etiology
Classification
Sign and symptoms
Management
Nursing diagnosis
nursing intervention for patients with musculoskeletal system disorders by Mulugeta Emiru (MSc in Adult health Nursing): Mizan Tepi university. 2017/2018.
Club foot in child pediatric nursing. Brief presentation
It includes
Introduction
Definition
Risk factors
Etiology
Classification
Sign and symptoms
Management
Nursing diagnosis
nursing intervention for patients with musculoskeletal system disorders by Mulugeta Emiru (MSc in Adult health Nursing): Mizan Tepi university. 2017/2018.
this is a rhematoid arthritis which is a common condition in all old age group and all the nursing student who can take care of a patient with this condition can review this ppt so that the get the proper idea about it and care in best possible way
At the end of this session the students will be able to:
define fracture
classify fracture
list out the causes of fracture
explain the clinical features of fracture
specify the diagnostic studies for identification of fracture
elaborate the process of fracture healing
explain the management of fracture
describe various approaches of treatment of fracture
discuss the nursing management for fracture
enlist the complications
The effect of intact fibula on functional outcome of reamed intramedullary in...Love2jaipal
detailed journal club presentation on The effect of intact fibula on functional outcome of reamed intramedullary interlocking nail in open and closed isolated tibial shaft fractures
Fracture regarding information and also useful in nursing in that types of fracture included and also include treatment regarding fracture , nursing care plan...commonly fracture is more so its very useful for study.....
this is a rhematoid arthritis which is a common condition in all old age group and all the nursing student who can take care of a patient with this condition can review this ppt so that the get the proper idea about it and care in best possible way
At the end of this session the students will be able to:
define fracture
classify fracture
list out the causes of fracture
explain the clinical features of fracture
specify the diagnostic studies for identification of fracture
elaborate the process of fracture healing
explain the management of fracture
describe various approaches of treatment of fracture
discuss the nursing management for fracture
enlist the complications
The effect of intact fibula on functional outcome of reamed intramedullary in...Love2jaipal
detailed journal club presentation on The effect of intact fibula on functional outcome of reamed intramedullary interlocking nail in open and closed isolated tibial shaft fractures
Fracture regarding information and also useful in nursing in that types of fracture included and also include treatment regarding fracture , nursing care plan...commonly fracture is more so its very useful for study.....
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. Embryology
Major parts arise from mesoderm of embryo
Osteoprogenitor cells become differentiated into
osteoblasts
Surrounded by the bone matrix, osteoblasts becum
mature bone cells (osteocytes)
Vertebrae & ribs are 1st to form( 4th & 6th wk)
Buds of upper & lower limbs (5th wk)
Cartilagenous skeleton gets replaced by bone(8th
wk)
Primitive joint cavities develop (10th wk)
3. Anatomy
Endosteum (interfares
marrow space with
trabecular bone)
Central haversian
channel(surrounds the
blood vessels)
3rd envelope –
periosteum- blood
vessels from the
periosteum penetrate
the bone & connect
with the blood vessels
5. Physiology
Functions of bone:
Give rigid support to the spinal cord,extremities &
movable joints
They supply the points of attachment for locomotive
muscles
They protect the neural structures blood forming
elementsof the bone marrow
Bone undergoes 2 physiological processes:
Modelling & remodelling
6. Diagnostic criteria:
Sr. tests helps in assessing skeletal problems
CPK,SGOT,SGPT,LDH are elevated in muscular disease
WBC & Hb levels are elevated in traumatic injury
Bone marrow aspiration
Bone scan (scintigraphy)
Computerized axial tomography
Electromyography
Joint aspiration
Radiography
ESR
CRP
Blood culture
9. Common medical treatments
Traction
Explanation: application of a pulling force on an
extremity or body part
Indications: fracture reduction, dislocation,
correction of deformities
Nsg implications:
Ensure wt hang free
Maintain prescribed weights
Elevate head/foot of bed only with physical
order
Monitor for complications
10.
11. Casting – application of plaster or fiber glass
material to form a rigid material to immobilise a
body part
Indication: same
Nsg implications:
Assess frequently
Protect cast from moisture
Teach family how to care for cast at home
3) Splinting- temporary stiff support of injured
area
Indication- fracture reduction, immobilisation &
support of sprains
12. Nsg care in casts
1. Apply plastic wraps to the perineal area
2. Use a bedpan
3. Tuck 2 diapers
Nsg care in traction:
1. Pad bony prominences
2. Gently massage the back
13. 4) Fixation – surgical reduction of a fracure/skeletal
deformitywith an int/ext pin or fixation device
Indication: fracture,skeletal deformities
Nsg implications:
Assess for excess drainage
No additional care
5) Cold therapy- application of ice bags,commercial cold
packsor cold compress
Indication – in ac injuries for vasoconstriction, thereby
decreasing pain & swelling
Nsg implications:
Apply for 20 – 30 mins
Discontinue when numb
Place a towel
15. 6)Crutches- ambulatory devices that transfer body
weight from lower to upper extremities
Indication: whenever weight is contraindicated
Nsg implications:
Teach child appropraite ambulation
Top of crutch should reach 2 – 3 fingers below
the axillae
16.
17. 7) Orthotics, braces:- adaptive positioning devices
specially fitted for each child ( used to maintain
proper body allignment)
Indication- treat developmental dysplasia of the
hip,scoliosis
Nsg implications:
Provide frequent assessments
Cotton undergarments worn under the brace
Encourage family
19. 9)Physical therapy,occupational therapy-focusses
on attainment or improvement of gross motor
skills
Focusses on refinement of fine motor skills,feeding
,ADLs
Indication:
Promote developmental activities
Restore function after injury/surgery
Nsg implications:
Provide follow up
Ensure adequate communication
20. Club foot
Refers to the congenital deformities involving
the bones,muscles,ligaments & tendons of the
foot.
Club foot consists of:
Talipus varus
Talipus equinus
Cavus
Talipus calcanus
Talipus valgus
Talipus varus
24. Medical therapy
Treatment starts
with birth
Wear split casts –
“Denis
Browne splint
Passive exercises
Surgery if required
25. Nsg management
Family members need to know the cast care
Imporatnce of dennis browne splint
Not to change the angle of the shoes
Give daily passive exercises,schedule the specific
time
30. Nsg mgt
Correct application of diapers
& splints
Specific guidelines to be told for removal
Cast care to be explained
Prevent skin breakdown
Use of plastic drapes
Change wet diapers
Elevate 30 40 degrees
Keep a roll under the limb arch to dec stress on
the cast
32. Osteomyelitis
Bacterial infection of
the bone & marrow
caused by pathogens
Etiology:
Staphy aureus
Streptococcus
Incidence: bet 3 – 12
yrs
33. DE:
a) Elevated WBC,ESR,CRP
b) Positive blood cultures
c) Deep soft swelling(tissue) on X-Ray
d) Changes on ultrasound or CT scan
Medical therapy:
a) Antibiotics
b) Drainage of infected site
c) Immobilization – splint,cast,traction
34. Nursing management
Detailed history
Inspect extremity
Palpate
Maintain bed rest
Administer antipyretics
Skin care
Teach parents
Encourage use of unaffected extremities
35. Fracture
Trauma resulting in the break in the continuity
of the bone
Incidence:
40% boys & 25% girls suffer by age 16
Etiology:
Accidental trauma
Non – accidental trauma
Other disease process
36. Repair of a fracture;
a) Inflamatory phase
b) Reparative phase
c) Remodelling phase
DE:
a) X- Rays
b) CT scan
c) MRI
40. Nursing management:
a) Immobilise the limb
b) Use of cold therapy
c) Elevate the injured limb
d) Administer TT
e) Assess for 5 P’s – pain ,pulseness, pallor,
paresthesia, paralysis
f) Administer analgesics
g) Advise parents- preventing fracture, family
education
43. Polydactyly/syndactyly
Polydactyly – is the presence of extra digits on
the hand/foot
Syndactyly – is webbing of fingers /toes
Treatment –
a) Tying off the additional digit
b) Or surgical removal
c) No t/t for syndactyly
Management –
If tied – observe for necrosis of tissue.
44. Nursing diagnosis
1. Impaired physical related to
injury,pain,weaknessas evidenced by inability
to move an extremity or ambulate.
2. Risk for constipation related to immobility
3. Self care deficit related to immobility as
evidenced by inability to perform hygiene
care.
4. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to
immobility,casting,traction,use of braces
5. Risk for delayed devptrelated alteration in
extremities
46. Introduction - Skeletal Fluorosis in India & Its Relevance to the West -
Fluoride Action Network, May 2004
Included below are recent newspaper articles detailing the impact of
skeletal fluorosis in India.
Skeletal fluorosis is a bone disease caused by excessive consumption
of fluoride. In India, the most
common cause of fluorosis is fluoride-laden water derived from
borewells dug deep into the earth While fluorosis is most severe and
widespread in the two largest countries - India and China - UNICEF
estimates that "fluorosis is endemic in at least 25 countries across the
globe. The total number of people affected is not known, but a
conservative estimate would number in the tens of millions."
47. Common causes of fluorosis include: inhalation of fluoride dusts/fumes
by workers in industry, use of coal as an indoor
fuel source (a common practice in China), and consumption of fluoride
from drinking water.
In China, the World Health Organization recently estimated that 2.7
million people have the crippling form of skeletal fluorosis, while in
India, 17 of its 32 states have been identified as "endemic" areas, with
an estimated 66 million people at risk and 6 million people seriously
afflicted.
According to scientific surveys, skeletal fluorosis in India and China
occurs when the fluoride concentration in water exceeds 1 part per
million (ppm), and has been found to occur in communities with only
0.7 part per million (SOURCE: Singh 1961; Singh 1963; Jolly 1970;
Siddiqui 1970; Susheela 1993; Choubisa 1997; Xu 1997; Bo 2003).
The Chinese government now considers any water supply containing
over 1 ppm fluoride a risk for skeletal fluorosis (SOURCE: Bo 2003).