د. ماجدة الجارودي - ملتقى سيدات الأعمال الثقافي الثالثRiyadhBWF
ورشة عمل: (القيادة المبدعة ـــ القيادة التحويلية).
د. ماجدة الجارودي
ملتقى سيدات الأعمال الثقافي الثالث فندق الأنتركونتننتال الرياض برعاية الغرفة التجاري القسم النسائي
د. ماجدة الجارودي - ملتقى سيدات الأعمال الثقافي الثالثRiyadhBWF
ورشة عمل: (القيادة المبدعة ـــ القيادة التحويلية).
د. ماجدة الجارودي
ملتقى سيدات الأعمال الثقافي الثالث فندق الأنتركونتننتال الرياض برعاية الغرفة التجاري القسم النسائي
PROGRESSIVE LENS Step By Step
Definition التعريف
Designs التصميمات
Lens Design Selectionإختيار التصميم للعدسة
Marking and Fitting علامات العدسة والتركيب لملائمة المرتدي
Success with PAL النجاح مع العدسات المتدرجة
Troubleshoot إستكشاف المشاكل وحلها
DEFINITION
There is a continuous downward transition of lens power from a stable distance power in the upper portion of the lens through a progressive zone to a stable near vision portion in the lower area of the lens.
يوجد تغير مستمر لقوة العدسة نحو الأسفل من قوة مسافة ثابتة في الجزء العلوي من العدسة عبر منطقة متدرجة إلى الجزء
الثابت للرؤية القريبة في المنطقة السفلية من العدسة.
A lens designed for presbyopia with power gradually increasing from the distance zone, through a progression (Umbilical line) to the near zone.
عدسة مصممة لطول النظر العمري مع زيادة القوة تدريجيًا من خلال التدرج في الممر السري Umbilical (IP) من منطقة الرؤية البعيدة DP إلى المنطقة الرؤية القريبة NP
The President’s Speech in Cairo: A New Beginning - PersianObama White House
President Obama’s speech in Cairo on America’s relationship with Muslim communities around the world. June 4th, 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/newbeginning/
گزارش توسعهدهندگان بازار در فصل بهار ۱۳۹۸Bazaar Insight
در گزارش فصلی بهار ۹۸ کافهبازار به موضوعات جدیدی از جمله هزینه تبلیغات در جستوجوی بازار هم پرداخته شده است. همچنین توسعهدهندگان هر استان که پرنصبترین برنامهها را تولید کردهاند به تفکیک استانی معرفی شدهاند که فایل کاملتر آن را در اینجا میتوانید مشاهده کنید. در این گزارش همچنین میتوانید اطلاعات دستگاههای اندرویدی کاربران بازار، ساعت خرید کاربران بازار، تغییرات نصب فعال دستههای مختلف در فصل جدید و تغییرات تعداد برنامههای منتشرشده در هر دسته را مشاهده کنید.
The President’s Speech in Cairo: A New Beginning - UrduObama White House
President Obama’s speech in Cairo on America’s relationship with Muslim communities around the world. June 4th, 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/newbeginning/
PROGRESSIVE LENS Step By Step
Definition التعريف
Designs التصميمات
Lens Design Selectionإختيار التصميم للعدسة
Marking and Fitting علامات العدسة والتركيب لملائمة المرتدي
Success with PAL النجاح مع العدسات المتدرجة
Troubleshoot إستكشاف المشاكل وحلها
DEFINITION
There is a continuous downward transition of lens power from a stable distance power in the upper portion of the lens through a progressive zone to a stable near vision portion in the lower area of the lens.
يوجد تغير مستمر لقوة العدسة نحو الأسفل من قوة مسافة ثابتة في الجزء العلوي من العدسة عبر منطقة متدرجة إلى الجزء
الثابت للرؤية القريبة في المنطقة السفلية من العدسة.
A lens designed for presbyopia with power gradually increasing from the distance zone, through a progression (Umbilical line) to the near zone.
عدسة مصممة لطول النظر العمري مع زيادة القوة تدريجيًا من خلال التدرج في الممر السري Umbilical (IP) من منطقة الرؤية البعيدة DP إلى المنطقة الرؤية القريبة NP
The President’s Speech in Cairo: A New Beginning - PersianObama White House
President Obama’s speech in Cairo on America’s relationship with Muslim communities around the world. June 4th, 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/newbeginning/
گزارش توسعهدهندگان بازار در فصل بهار ۱۳۹۸Bazaar Insight
در گزارش فصلی بهار ۹۸ کافهبازار به موضوعات جدیدی از جمله هزینه تبلیغات در جستوجوی بازار هم پرداخته شده است. همچنین توسعهدهندگان هر استان که پرنصبترین برنامهها را تولید کردهاند به تفکیک استانی معرفی شدهاند که فایل کاملتر آن را در اینجا میتوانید مشاهده کنید. در این گزارش همچنین میتوانید اطلاعات دستگاههای اندرویدی کاربران بازار، ساعت خرید کاربران بازار، تغییرات نصب فعال دستههای مختلف در فصل جدید و تغییرات تعداد برنامههای منتشرشده در هر دسته را مشاهده کنید.
The President’s Speech in Cairo: A New Beginning - UrduObama White House
President Obama’s speech in Cairo on America’s relationship with Muslim communities around the world. June 4th, 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/newbeginning/
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
Sj 공학심리학 Ch3 Selective Attention
1. Chapter 3. Attention in Perception and Display Space
Selective Attention
Engineering Psychology and Human Performance Page 69 ~ page 86
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
2. Ch3. Attention in Perception and Display Space
Overview
• Experimental finding of attentions in perception
1. Selective attention
2. Focused attention
3. Divided attention
• Relevance to Display layout
• Aspects of Serial attention
• Parallel characteristics in Vision and Audition
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
3. Overview
The limitation of human attention
Three categories of attention Failures
1.Selective attention
decision makers sometimes selects the cues that stand out than useful
decision maker가 (의도적으로) 유용한 것보다 눈에 띄는것을 선택함
ex) chapter1에 등장한 운전자는 네비게이션, 도로, 계기판 등을 모두 확인 해야 했음.
하지만 운전자는 네비게이션에 너무 selective attention … 사고로 이어짐.
2.Focused attention
*unable to concentrate on one source in the environment by external information.
decision maker 의 의도와 달리 외부의 정보에 의해 최적이 아닌 값을 선택함
ex) 떠들썩한 방에서 테이프에서 나오는 소리를 글로 옮기는 작업을 수행하는 사무원
3.Divided attention
*unable to divide our attention among tasks, all of which we wish to process.
decision maker는 의도적으로 여러 자극, tasks에 주의를 분산시키지만
동시에 여러 과제를 수행하기 위한 time-share performance의 한계에 의해 제한됨.
ex) fault diagnostician 의 경우. 여러 개의 가설을 working memory에서 계속 생각하면서, 진단을 위해 환경을 살피고,
이 정보를 기록해야 했다. 즉, 동시에 너무 여러곳에 주의를 분산시키다가 오진이 발생.
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
4. Overview
The limitation of human attention in human information processing
*Three categories of attention Failures
1. Selective attention
2. Focused attention
3. Divided attention
*Experimental findings of (S,F,D) attentions in Perception
*Relevance to Display layout
*Aspects of Serial attention & Parallel characteristics .
*in Vision and Audition
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
5. Selective Attention
1. Visual Sampling
• Eye fixation system
• Visual Sampling behavior
2. Supervisory Control Sampling
• Optimality of selective attention
3. Eye Movement in Target Search
• Characteristics of visual Search & Scanning
4. Visual Search Models
• model 1 - predict time to detect a flaw in a product
• model 2 – variables that affect search speed
5. Structured Search
• Basic of Structured Search
• Application of Structured Search, Menu
6. Directing Attention
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
6. 1.Visual Sampling
Characteristics of the eye fixation system
Definition of fovea
only small region of visual field perceives detail 2°
region about 2 degrees of visual angle that.
fovea 안에 물체를 넣고 주시하기 위한 안구운동
1. pursuit movement
움직이는 표적을 연속적으로 fovea안에 넣을 수 있는 movement
2. saccadic movement
움직이는 표적의 속도가 빠를때, 일단 눈으로 물체의 위치를 따라잡은 후에 fovea 안에 넣음
1) Saccade -visual input 이 제한됨
2) Fixation -visual input 을 받음.
*location :: the center of the fixation
*useful field of view :: 정보가 추출될 수 있는 중심 주변의 영역
* dwell time :: how long the eye remain at that location
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
7. 1.Visual Sampling
Characteristics of the eye fixation system
Definition of fovea
only small region of visual field perceives detail 2°
region about 2 degrees of visual angle that.
fovea 안에 물체를 넣고 주시하기 위한 안구운동
1. pursuit movement
움직이는 표적을 연속적으로 fovea안에 넣을 수 있는 movement
2. saccadic movement
움직이는 표적의 속도가 빠를때, 일단 눈으로 물체의 위치를 따라잡은 후에 fovea 안에 넣음
Visual Sampling Behavior
Supervisory Control Target Search
표적의 위치나 존재여부를 모른다.
표적의 위치를 알고 있다. 한 영역을 조사하며 표적을 찾는다.
원하는 표적을 적절한 시간에 sampling Ex) 품질관리 검사관: 회로판에 고장이 있나 찾아봄
하는 게 관건. Ex) 추락한 비행기 찾기
Ex) 항공기 조종실 Visual Scanning Visual Search
여러 display들을 응시하며 주의를 할당함 detail process of Product of the Search
Search
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
8. Selective Attention
1. Visual Sampling
• Eye fixation system
• Visual Sampling behavior
2. Supervisory Control Sampling
• Optimality of selective attention
3. Eye Movement in Target Search
• Characteristics of visual Search & Scanning
4. Visual Search Models
• model 1 - predict time to detect a flaw in a product
• model 2 – variables that affect search speed
5. Structured Search
• Basic of Structured Search
• Application of Structured Search, Menu
6. Directing Attention
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
9. 2.Supervisory Control Sampling
Optimality of selective Attention
Optimality
Target의 위치를 이미 다 알고있는 상태
원하는 정보를 적절한 시간에, 최소의 sampling으로 얻을때.
behavior that will maximize expected value or minimize expected cost
Expected cost - sampling miss.
sampling을 못해서 놓쳤을때 예상되는 cost.
*Frequency ::
Frequency ↑ Expected cost ↑ ch1 ch2 ch3 ch4
마지막으로 sampling 된 이후, 시간 ↑ Expected cost ↑ 1 4 9 3
*Uncertainty :: 사건이 조금 예측 가능한 비율로 발생할 때
ex) instrument dial. (Figure3.1.)
event : needle moving into danger zone.
이 연구에 대해 6가지 결론이 나타남
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
10. 2.Supervisory Control Sampling
Conclusion of instrument dial Study
1. Mental model
“경험적으로 통계를 내보니 각 계기판에 events가 언제쯤, 얼마나 자주 나타나더라“
전문성이 높을 수록 심적 모형이 정교하고
자주 sampling되는 display를 중앙에, 순차적으로 표집하는 display들은 가까이 두는식
으로 sampling strategies가 변화.
2. Adjustment to event rate – sluggish beta.
“계기판 바늘이 천천히 변한다면, 자주 표집할 필요 없다. Ex) 4번 계기판“
불확실성이 최대로 증가했을때 한 번 sampling 해주면, 다시 uncertainty가 0이 됨.
3. Sampling affected by arrangement
“eye movement 수평 움직임이 대각선 움직임보다 잦음 ”
채널 및 사건 발생률 뿐만 아니라, 계기의 배치도 scanning에 영향을 줌.
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
11. 2.Supervisory Control Sampling
Conclusion of instrument dial Study
4. Memory imperfect, Sampling imperfect
“기억력이 완벽하면, 불완전 할 때 보다 더 자주 sampling 증가.
기억이 잘 안난다. (= 바늘이 이땐 안움직인것 같은데..) Sampling 감소.
이런 memory의 한계 때문에, 'sampling reminder’의 유용성이 강조됨.
5. Preview helps
“미래에 일어날 예정된 사건을 Preview할 경우, 불확실성이 줄어 optimal에 가까워짐”
교과과정을 미리 알려주어 여러교과목(channels)에 대한 과제를 preview.
하지만 교과목수(number of channels)이 증가할 경우, preview 작업이 과부하 될 수 있음.
6. Processing Strategies – Cognitive tunneling
“selective attention이 과하여 다른 작업을 병행하지 못함. Visual attention의 낭비quot;
ex1) 하나의 system error에 대해 고장 진단이 수행되는 동안 다른 system들의 상태파악을 하지않음.
ex2) 하나의 정보에 대해 피드백이 어떤 지시계로 display되는 경우, 피드백이 올때 까지 그 지시계만 쳐
다볼 뿐 다른 작업을 하지 않음.
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
12. Selective Attention
1. Visual Sampling
• Eye fixation system
• Visual Sampling behavior
2. Supervisory Control Sampling
• Optimality of selective attention
3. Eye Movement in Target Search
• Characteristics of visual Search & Scanning
4. Visual Search Models
• model 1 - predict time to detect a flaw in a product
• model 2 – variables that affect search speed
5. Structured Search
• Basic of Structured Search
• Application of Structured Search, Menu
6. Directing Attention
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
13. 3.Eye Movement in Target Search
Characteristics of visual Search & Scanning
1. Environmental Expectation
target search :: scanning where a target is likely to be found
초보자와 숙련자의 차이 :: x-ray판으로 종양을 찾을때
숙련자- 자주 나타나는 영역을 먼저, 세밀하게
초보자- 전체 판을 고르게
같은 그림이라도 viewer의 목적이 다른경우 scanning path 가 달라짐
2. Display Factor and Salience
visual search behavior은 원래 일관된/최적의 pattern은 없다.
하지만 몇가지 요인은 visual attention을 유도하기도 한다.
1) large, bright, colorful and changing
2) an abrupt stimulus onset
3) singletons (단일자)
4) 왼쪽 위부터 scan시작
5) 수평,수직 scan이 대각선 scan보다 흔하다.
6) 디스플레이의 가장자리에는 잘 집중하지 못함 (edge-effect)
3. Display-Driven and Conceptually Driven Processing
display 로 conceptual한 정보를 이끌어내고
사용자가 기대하는 곳에 적당한 display를 만들어 둔다.
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
14. 3.Eye Movement in Target Search
Characteristics of visual Search & Scanning
4. Search Coverage and the Useful Field of View 2°
UFOV (Useful Field Of View) :: Mackworth(1976) 정의
: a circular area around the fixation point
from which information necessary for the task can be extracted.
* Size of UFOV : minimum distance of between successive fixations in a search task,
on assumption that two adjacent UFOVs touch but not overlap.
varies from 1 to 4 degrees of visual angle
* Several Factors affect the UFOV
1. 정보밀도 저밀도 /고밀도
2. 배경(background) 유리 / 회로판
3.나이 나이든성인 /젊은성인
4. foveal task 난이도 쉬움 /어려움
5.시간제한 있을때 2~4 개/SEC /없을때
6. decision criterion 각자의 기준에 따라 다르다.
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
15. 3.Eye Movement in Target Search
Characteristics of visual Search & Scanning
5. Fixation Dwells
• a mount of information
Survey Dwells (조사체류) Examination Dwells (검사체류)
Ex) 비행영역 안에서 비행 중인가. Ex) 비행기 시야 안에 장애물이 있는가.
단순한 확인. 짧은 시간 동안 fixation 중요한 확인. 자주, 오랫동안 fixation
• difficulty
어려운, 조밀한 정보의 display – Fixation Dwell ↑
ex) 독서 - 어려운 글, 낯선 단어
ex) 그림 - 전체 맥락에서 벗어나 이질적인 부분
• low frequency (Information Theory)
low frequency - Hs ↑(높은 정보량) - 어려운, 난이도 높은 정보
so, Fixation Dwells :: 초보자 > 숙련자
Conclusion :: Visual Scanning Behavior
1. scanning tell us a good deal about the internal expectancies that drive selective attention
2. area of diagnostics (진단영역)
:: frequently watched instruments
:: Differences of novice and expert
:: display items that require long dwells may indicate nonoptimal formatting
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
16. Selective Attention
1. Visual Sampling
• Eye fixation system
• Visual Sampling behavior
2. Supervisory Control Sampling
• Optimality of selective attention
3. Eye Movement in Target Search
• Characteristics of visual Search & Scanning
4. Visual Search Models
• model 1 - predict time to detect a flaw in a product
• model 2 – variables that affect search speed
5. Structured Search
• Basic of Structured Search
• Application of Structured Search, Menu
6. Directing Attention
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
17. Target Search
4. Visual Search Models 표적의 위치나 존재여부를 모른다.
한 영역을 조사하며 표적을 찾는다.
Ex) 품질관리 검사관: 회로판에 고장이 있나 찾아봄
Characteristics of Visual search Ex) 추락한 비행기 찾기
Visual Scanning Visual Search
1. Target identification 의 불확실성을 알 수있다.
detail process of Search Product of the Search
Physical make up of target 을 알 수 있다.
2. Search의 수치적 성과를 예측할 수 있는 model 개발 가능
Model 1 . Predict time to detect a flaw in a product
Stage 1. target Search
검색시간이 주어질수록 찾을 확률증가, 증가율 감소
증가율감소원인
1. 한 번 이상 fixation 하더라도 탐지되지 않을 수 있다.
2. search strategies 는 충분한 시간이 주어져도 전체 영역을
fixation 하지 않는다.
Stage 2. 결정단계
chapter2에서 한 베타와 같음
expectancy of flaw가 높으면, criterion가 낮게 설정된다.
* Figure 3.2 의 곡선의 의미
검사시간에 드는 손실(linear) , loss(간과)에 의한 손실 을 계산하여 각 제품의 최적 검사시간을 구할 수 있다.
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
18. 4. Visual Search Models
Model 2 . Variables that affect Search speed
Particular target의 위치를 찾을때, 검색속도에 영향을 주는 변수들을 modeling.
Ex) 택배회사에서 지도상으로 놀고있는 차량의 위치를 찾을때.
Ex) 군지휘관이 특정 부대의 기호를 지도상으로 찾을때.
Task1. the presence of White X
Task2. the presence of Large T
Task3. the presence of black target
Parallel Search
Serial and Self terminating Search
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
19. 4. Visual Search Models
Model 2 . Variables that affect Search speed
1. TASK1,2) Serial and Self-terminating
The number of elements to be searched has the dominant effect to search time
2. TASK3) 병렬 처리- Serial search의 예외
target이 다른 차원의 한 수준으로 정의될 때. Task3 – 차원(Color)의 한 수준(Black)
이 경우 검색시간는 항목들의 수에 거의 영향을 받지 않는다.
순차 검색 Serial Search 병렬 처리 Parallel Search
Black J
• Requires attentional resources • Preattentive
• UFOV(시야의 제한된 부분)상에서만 (requiring few attentional resources) Color Gray U
수행될 수 있다. • Entire visual field 탐색가능 White T L S U
( Treisman & Gelad, 1980 ; Wolfe,1994 )
3. Target 의 변별성
QQQQQ OOOOO
- 타겟이 방해 자극들과 변별되기 어려울 때 (색 차이↓/ 휘도↓) QQQQQ OOOOO
QQQQQ OOOOO
방해 자극의 수 ↑ 검색 시간 ↑ -순차검색
QQQQQ OQOOO
- 타겟이 특징있는 것으로 정의됐을 때 QQQOQ OOOOO
방해 자극의 수가 검색 시간에 거의 영향을 미치지 않는다. -병렬처리 순차 검색 병렬 처리
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
20. 4. Visual Search Models
Model 2 . Variables that affect Search speed
4. 요소들 사이의 거리-밀한 정도-는 검색속도에 별로 중요하지 않다.
소요시간
간격
고밀도 저밀도
5. 타겟 검색시 고려해야하는 타입이 많을 수록 검색 속도가 느리다.
여러 different Type
색, 크기, 모양 등등 <
검색속도
Only one Type
색
Ex) X 와 K 를 검색 - [모양] : 대각선을 갖는 문자들
이런 특징을 변별하는 능력은 훈련으로 늘릴 수 있음 EX) 산업체 검사원
6. 검색을 반복시행시 target이 nontarget으로 나타나지 않는 경우(consistent mapping)
2차 검색결과
검색 속도가 빠르다.
target과 nontarget이 분명하게 분리 -> automatic -> Parallel Search
1차 검색결과
검색 반복 시행시 target이 nontarget으로 나타난 경우
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
21. 4. Visual Search Models
Model 2 . Variables that affect Search speed
차원2.
Size
Application :: Symbol coding
Target을 다차원으로 부호화 할 때 사용
- 검색기준을 여러가지 차원으로 나눈다.
차원 1. color
차원 2. size
차원 3. shape
...
차원3.
Shape
- 각 차원을 검사한다.
차원1.
방법 1. 각 차원의 level을 순차적으로 검사한다 Color
∴ 차원의 수↑ 검색시간 ↑
방법 2. 원하는 특정 순서대로 차원을 검사한다. 동일 타겟
가장 빠른 순서의
∴ 검색시간이 차원들의 검색 순서에 의해 결정 됨 검색량
EX) 오른쪽 그림의 경우
가장 빠른 순서 : 2.size - 1.color - 3.shape
동일 타겟
가장 느린 순서 : 3.shape - 1.color - 2.size
가장 느린 순서의
검색량
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
22. Selective Attention
1. Visual Sampling
• Eye fixation system
• Visual Sampling behavior
2. Supervisory Control Sampling
• Optimality of selective attention
3. Eye Movement in Target Search
• Characteristics of visual Search & Scanning
4. Visual Search Models
• model 1 - predict time to detect a flaw in a product
• model 2 – variables that affect search speed
5. Structured Search
• Basic of Structured Search
• Application of Structured Search, Menu
6. Directing Attention
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
23. 5.Structured Search
Basic of Structured Search
이전 내용까지는 free field search 로서, target이 모형의 어느영역에서 발견될지 모른다.
Structured Search는 체계적인 검색 순서가 있어서, 검색을 도와주는 정보를 display상에서 얻을 수 있다.
Basic Model :: Letter-search Paradigm , application Model :: Menus
Basic Model :: Letter-search paradigm (Neisser, 1963)
• 행,열에 무작위 배치된 문자들 중
target 문자를 찾는데 걸리는 시간을 조사
①②③
• X : target 문자의 위치
④⑤⑥
Y : Search time
⑦⑧⑨
• 선형관계. 이 때의 기울기가 한문자 search당 걸린 시간.
• The slope of this function, which represents the time to
process each letter in this structures search, is roughly the
same as what was observed in free field search.
∵ visual attention을 유도하는 몇가지 중 하나로 ‘왼쪽 위부터
scan시작‘ 과 ’수평scan선호’가 있었다. 이 study의 Structured
search와 같은 방식이므로 기울기가 비슷하다..
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
24. 5.Structured Search
Application of Structured Search :: MENU
Menu task. User must locate a target word, symbol, or command.
원하는 item을 찾을 때까지 목록을 scan, 찾은 후에 버튼을 클릭.
메뉴구조화 :: Minimum average time 에 target이 찾아지도록 구조화
• linear search strategy. (대각선<수평,수직)
self-terminating search. (target 찾으면 search 종결)
NT/2 ( N: 메뉴size, T: search time/item)
• the various menu 에 대해 The Lee and MacGregor (1985)
Reading speed 와 Computer response speed 를 고려했을 때,
메뉴당 최적 항목 수는 3~10개 임을 계산함.
• menu alternative 와 target, menu alternative 와 menu alternative 의 유사성 고려시,
menu alternative 와 target :: 서로 유사할 수록 검색속도 증가
menu alternative 와 menu alternative :: 서로 유사할수록 검색속도 감소
• a criterion-based model
reject accept
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
25. Selective Attention
1. Visual Sampling
• Eye fixation system
• Visual Sampling behavior
2. Supervisory Control Sampling
• Optimality of selective attention
3. Eye Movement in Target Search
• Characteristics of visual Search & Scanning
4. Visual Search Models
• model 1 - predict time to detect a flaw in a product
• model 2 – variables that affect search speed
5. Structured Search
• Basic of Structured Search
• Application of Structured Search, Menu
6. Directing Attention
• Peripheral cues, central cues
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
26. 6.Directing Attention
SOA (stimulus-onset asynchrony)
cues(or warnnig) 가 target이 출현하기 몇 초 전에 등장하느냐.
ex) the cue appears 200 milliseconds before the target. SOA=200ms.
SOA ↑ , Target search ↑
Cues
Peripheral cues Central cues
Cues at the pending target location , which is Some neutral foveal location but indicates the
typically out of foveal vision. target location in someway
짧은 SOA에 더 효과적이고, 긴 SOA에서 효과적이며 (e,g, 400ms) ,
그 효과가 일시적이다 효과가 오래간다.
Stimulus-driven 자극물주도적 Goal-directed 목표지향적
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
27. 6.Directing Attention
Switch attention : discrete, „all-or-none‟ fashion
intermediate elements in the display would not be attended
as the switch was being made.
Cost-benefit relationship : cues are not perfectly valid indicators of target.
80% 신뢰할만한 cues : 80% 는 target을 더 빨리 찾고 더 적은 error를 냄
20%는 target을 더 늦게 찾고 더 잦은 error를 냄.
적은 error : criterion 을 낮춰서 인가 or 민감도를 높여서인가?
criterion만 낮추면 단서는 잘 찾아내지만, target을 찾는 정확도는 변하지 않는다.
적은 error을 내려면 criterion도 낮고 민감도도 높아야 한다.
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University
28. 6.Directing Attention
Applications : automated systems , hightlighting
automated systems
• Cueing lowered target detection response times for expected targets
but made it more difficult to detect unexpected targets. (cost-benefit relationship)
• 단서가 신뢰할만 하지 못하면, target도 nontarget 취급해버리는 경우가 많다.
단서가 신뢰할만 하면, 무분별하게 target 취급해버리는 경향이 있다.
그러므로 direction attention은 효과적일 수도, 비효과적일 수도 있다.
highlighting
이러한 directing attention 말고도 highlighting 를 통해 복잡한 display에서의 attention을
이끌어 낼 수 도 있다. 밑줄긋기, 깜빡임, 상자씌우기 등등.
주의해야 할 것은 highlighting 때문에 해석능력을 떨어뜨리는 경우이다.
예를 들어 글자를 깜빡이게 하는것은 읽는 능력을 떨어뜨린다.
또한 Highlighting은 강조하는 영역의 내용들이 모두 search에 도움이 되는 내용들인지에 대
한 것인지, 확신하기 어려울때가 종종 있다. 하지만 낮은 타당성을 갖는 highlighting이라도
검색시간이 감소하는 결과를 낳는다.
Seo-jung ko, Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University