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Single cell protein and Leaf protein concentrates as alternative sources of protein for fish feed
- 1. University of Lagos Faculty of Sciences Department of Marine Sciences MSM 439:– Undergraduate Seminar Topic: Single Cell Protein and Leaf Protein Concentrates as alternative source of Protein Iyiola, Daniel Okikioluwa 130811044 Supervisor: Dr. A.Z. Aderolu Date: 12th of January, 2017
- 2. Single Cell Protein and Leaf Protein Concentrates as Alternative Source of Protein
- 3. OUTLINE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 SINGLE CELL PROTEIN 3.0 PROCESS OF PRODUCTION OF SCP 4.0 LEAF PROTEIN CONCENTRATES (LPC) 5.0 PRODUCTION PROCESS OF LPC 6.0 NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENTS OF LPC 7.0 MERITS OF SCP AND LPC 8.0 DEMERITS OF SCP AND LPC 9.0 CONCLUSION
- 4. 1.0 INTRODUCTION • Proteins are an essential nutrient required for the proper nutrition of all animals (Schaefer, 1946). • Sources of protein in fish feed 1. Conventional sources of protein 2. Non-conventional sources of protein • Cost of protein ingredient in fish feed • Problems with cost, availability, nutritional requirements, competition.
- 5. 2.0 Single Cell Protein ■ Single-cell protein (SCP) refers to edible unicellular microorganisms. The biomass or protein extract from pure or mixed cultures of algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteria may be used as an ingredient or a substitute for protein-rich foods, and is suitable for human consumption or as animal feeds. ■ Examples of microorganisms from which SCP can be gotten, includes; • Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis) • Fungi (Aspergillus oryzae, Fusarium venenatum) • Bacteria (Lactobacillus sp., Rhodobacter capsulatus) • Algae (Chlorella, Spirulina)
- 6. 3.0 PROCESS OF PRODUCTION OF SCP Plate 1: Flowchart of SCP production Source: FAO
- 7. Process of Production of SCP Fig 1: ICI ‘Pruteen’ Plant for manufacture of single cell protein Source: Biomaster Blog
- 8. Table 1: Microorganisms and substrates used for single cell protein production Source: Bhalla et al. 2007
- 9. • Source: Themegaway Fig 1: Alfalfa Leaf powder (LPC)
- 10. Leaf Protein Concentrates Leaf Vegetables, Fodder crops, forage crops have been tested as source of Leaf protein concentrates. Examples of Leaf protein concentrates sources includes; Manihot esculenta, Amaranthus hybridus, Telfairia occidentalis, Gliricidia, Moringa oleifera, Eichhonia crassipes and many more. Other product possibility includes; 1. Leaf meal 2. Leaf protein concentrates 3. Leaf protein isolates 4. Leaf protein hydrolysates
- 11. 5.0 Production Process of LPC Source: YouTube
- 12. Production Process of LPC Plate 2: Flowchart of Cassava LPC (CLPC) production Source: FAO
- 13. 6.0 Nutritional Composition of SCP and LPC Single cell protein and leaf protein concentrates contain; • High protein per calorie • Dietary fiber • Vitamin C • Provitamin A • Carotenoids • Folate • Manganese • Vitamin K • Typically low in calories and fat
- 14. Nutritional Composition of LPC Source: FAO
- 15. Table 2: Average different compositions of the main groups of microorganisms (%dry weight) Source: Miller and Litsky 1974
- 16. 7.0 MERITS OF SCP AND LPC Single Cell Protein • Utilization of wastes materials • Low land usage • High protein content • Production is not limited by time • High growth rate • Microbes can build vitamins and nutrients • Entire single cell microorganism is digestible. • Low water footprint Leaf Protein Concentrate • High protein concentrate • Can be purified further to produce even higher concentration of protein • Low cost of production • Can be produced from readily available plants • Contains Tannins which can be medicinal • Concentrates can be stored for a long period of time if dried
- 17. 8.0 DEMERITS OF SCP AND LPC Single Cell Protein • Nucleic acids • Presence of toxins or carcinogenic compounds • Procedure is expensive • Some exhibit unpleasant colour and flavor • Some yeast and fungal proteins tend to be deficient in methionine • Cell wall contains cellulose Leaf Protein Concentrates • Contains some anti-nutritional agents such as phytate, cyanide • Chemical contamination of feeds (genetically modified crops) • Contains some amount of fibre
- 18. 9.0 Conclusion There is a global world increase for food, meat and fish (FAO, 2006), this implies that animal production should be improved. Protein plays an important role in animal nutrition. Recently, leaf protein concentrates and single cell protein have been recognized as good sources of protein.
- 19. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- Fish feeds prepared with plant (soybean meal) protein typically are low in methionine; therefore, extra methionine must be added to soybean-meal based diets in order to promote optimal growth and health.
- Single-cell protein broadly refers to the microbial biomass or protein extract used as food or feed additive. Yeast; Pichia pastoris, Torulopsis, Geotrichum candidum Fungi: Sclerotium rolfsii, Polyporus, Trichoderma, Scytalidium acidophilum Bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Flavobacterium sp., Psuedomonas fluorecens
- 1. Provision of a carbon source; it may need physical and/or chemical pre-treatments. 2. Addition, to the carbon source, of sources of nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients needed to support optimal growth of the selected microorganism. 3. Prevention of contamination by maintaining sterile or hygienic conditions. The medium components may be heated or sterilized by filtration and fermentation equipment’s may be sterilized. 4. The selected microorganism is inoculated in a pure state. 5. SCP processes are highly aerobic (except those using algae). Therefore, adequate aeration must be provided. In addition, cooling is necessary as considerable heat is generated. 6. The microbial biomass is recovered from the medium. 7. Processing of the biomass for enhancing its usefulness and/or storability. Biomass production is ordinarily carried out in the continuous mode to maximize yields and economic returns.
- Protein synthesis is one of the chief activities of the green part of the plant. Some forage crops produce leaf protein in large quantities of up to 5 tons per hectare - three to four times that of grain crops. The basic technology for separating the leaf protein from the fibrous part or the leaf has been known for about fifty years, but a technology for large-scale production was not developed until the 1970s. The basic steps for the production of leaf protein concentrate (LPC) are grinding the plant and separating the juice by pressing. The protein is dissolved in the juice, after which it is coagulated, usually by heating, and then dried. The machinery needed for large-scale production is expensive, the minimum economical output being about 10 tons of leaf protein per hour - which means that about 5000 hectares are needed for the commercial production of LPC. Smaller machinery has been designed for use at the village level.
- Cross Flow Micro filtration, Bioactive peptides
- Generally, LPC is produced by pulping leaves and pressing the juice out, heating the juice to coagulate the protein, and filtering the protein out and drying it.
- The vitamin K content of leaf vegetables is particularly high, since these are photosynthetic tissues and phylloquinone is involved in photosynthesis. Accordingly, users of vitamin K antagonist medications, such as warfarin, must take special care to limit consumption of leaf vegetables.
- Bacterial protein is similar to fish protein, yeast's protein resembles soya and the fungi protein is somewhat lower than the yeast's.
- Fast growing microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast tend to have a high concentration of nucleic acid, notably RNA. Levels of must be limited in the diets of monogastric animals to <50 g per day. Ingestion of purine compounds arising from RNA breakdown leads to increased plasma levels of uric acid, which can cause gout and kidney stones. Uric acid can be converted to allantoin, which is excreted in urine. Nucleic acid removal is not necessary from animal feeds but is from human foods. A temperature hold at 64 °C inactivates fungal proteases and allows . However, this problem can be remediated.[20] One common method consists in a heat treatment which kills the cells, inactivates proteases and allows endogenous RNases to hydrolyse RNA with release of nucleotides from cell to culture broth.[24] Depending on the kind of SCP and the cultivation conditions, care must be taken to prevent and control contamination by other microorganisms because contaminants may produce toxins such as mycotoxins or cyanotoxins. An interesting approach to address this problem was proposed with the fungus Scytalidium acidophilum which grows at a pH as low as 1. This allows to hydrolyse paper wastes to a sugar medium and creates aseptic conditions at low-cost. Similar to plant cells, the cell wall of some microorganisms such as algae and yeast contain non-digestible components, such as cellulose. The cells of some kind of SCP should be broken up in order to liberate the cell interior and allow complete digestion.[20]
- The Feed Intake (FI), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Protein Intake (PI) have been found to increase as the level of inclusion of leaf protein concentrates increases. The same observation is equally true for the Profit Index, Benefit Cost Ratio and the Incidence Cost. (Aderolu, 2008)